RULE 110 - PROSECUTION OF OFFENSES . . Section 1. Institution of criminal actions. Criminal actions shall be instit te!

as "ollo#s$ %a& For o""enses #here a 'reliminar( in)esti*ation is re+ ire! ' rs ant to section 1 o" R le 11,- b( "ilin* the com'laint #ith the 'ro'er o""icer "or the ' r'ose o" con! ctin* the re+ isite 'reliminar( in)esti*ation. %b& For all other o""enses- b( "ilin* the com'laint or in"ormation !irectl( #ith the . nici'al Trial Co rts an! . nici'al Circ it Trial Co rts- or the com'laint #ith the o""ice o" the 'rosec tor. In .anila an! other chartere! cities- the com'laints shall be "ile! #ith the o""ice o" the 'rosec tor nless other#ise 'ro)i!e! in their charters. The instit tion o" the criminal action shall interr 't the r nnin* o" the 'erio! o" 'rescri'tion o" the o""ense char*e! nless other#ise 'ro)i!e! in s'ecial la#s. Sec. ,. The complaint or information The com'laint or in"ormation shall be in #ritin*in the name o" the Peo'le o" the Phili''ines an! a*ainst all 'ersons #ho a''ear to be res'onsible "or the o""ense in)ol)e!. Sec. /. Complaint defined. 0 com'laint is a s#orn #ritten statement char*in* a 'erson #ith an o""ense- s bscribe! b( the o""en!e! 'art(- an( 'eace o""icer- or other ' blic o""icer char*e! #ith the en"orcement o" the la# )iolate!. Sec. 1. Information defined. 0n in"ormation is an acc sation in #ritin* char*in* a 'erson #ith an o""ense- s bscribe! b( the 'rosec tor an! "ile! #ith the co rt. Sec. 2. Who must prosecute criminal actions. 0ll criminal actions commence! b( a com'laint or in"ormation shall be 'rosec te! n!er the !irection an! control o" the 'rosec tor. 3o#e)er- in . nici'al Trial Co rts or . nici'al Circ it Trial Co rts #hen the 'rosec tor assi*ne! thereto or to the case is not a)ailable- the o""en!e! 'art(- an( 'eace o""icer- or ' blic o""icer char*e! #ith the en"orcement o" the la# )iolate! ma( 'rosec te the case. This a thorit( shall cease 'on act al inter)ention o" the 'rosec tor or 'on ele)ation o" the case to the Re*ional Trial Co rt. The crimes o" a! lter( an! conc bina*e shall not be 'rosec te! e4ce't 'on a com'laint "ile! b( the o""en!e! s'o se. The o""en!e! 'art( cannot instit te criminal 'rosec tion #itho t incl !in* the * ilt( 'arties- i" both are ali)e- nor- in an( case- i" the o""en!e! 'art( has consente! to the o""ense or 'ar!one! the o""en!ers. The o""enses o" se! ction- ab! ction an! acts o" lasci)io sness shall not be 'rosec te! 'on a com'laint "ile! b( the o""en!e! 'art( o" her 'arents- *ran!'arents or * ar!iannor- in an( case- i" the o""en!er has been e4'ressl( 'ar!one! b( an( o" them. I" the o""en!e! 'art( !ies or becomes inca'acitate! be"ore she can "ile the com'laint- an! she has

no 5no#n 'arents- *ran!'arents or * ar!ian- the State shall initiate the criminal action in her behal".chan robles )irt al la# librar( The o""en!e! 'art(- e)en i" a minor- has the ri*ht to initiate the 'rosec tion o" the o""enses o" se! ction- ab! ction an! acts o" lasci)io sness in!e'en!entl( o" her 'arents*ran!'arents- or * ar!ian- nless she is incom'etent or inca'able o" !oin* so. 6here the o""en!e! 'art(- #ho is a minor- "ails to "ile the com'laint- her 'arents- *ran!'arents- or * ar!ian ma( "ile the same. The ri*ht to "ile the action *rante! to 'arents- *ran!'arentsor * ar!ian shall be e4cl si)e o" all other 'ersons an! shall be e4ercise! s ccessi)el( in the or!er herein 'ro)i!e!- e4ce't as state! in the 'rece!in* 'ara*ra'h. No criminal action "or !e"amation #hich consists in the im' tation o" an( o" the o""enses mentione! abo)e shall be bro *ht e4ce't at the instance o" an! 'on com'laint "ile! b( the o""en!e! 'art(. The 'rosec tion "or )iolation o" s'ecial la#s shall be *o)erne! b( the 'ro)ision thereo". Sec. 7. Sufficiency of complaint or information. 0 com'laint or in"ormation is s ""icient i" it states the name o" the acc se!8 the !esi*nation o" the o""ense *i)en b( the stat te8 the acts or omissions com'laine! o" as constit tin* the o""ense8 the name o" the o""en!e! 'art(8 the a''ro4imate !ate o" the commission o" the o""ense8 an! the 'lace #here the o""ense #as committe!. 6hen an o""ense is committe! b( more than one 'erson- all o" them shall be incl !e! in the com'laint or in"ormation. Sec. 9. Name of the accused. The com'laint or in"ormation m st state the name an! s rname o" the acc se! or an( a''ellation or nic5name b( #hich he has been or is 5no#n. I" his name cannot be ascertaine!- he m st be !escribe! n!er a "ictitio s name #ith a statement that his tr e name is n5no#n. I" the tr e name o" the acc se! is therea"ter !isclose! b( him or a''ears in some other manner to the co rt- s ch tr e name shall be inserte! in the com'laint or in"ormation an! recor!. Sec. :. Designation of the offense. The com'laint or in"ormation shall state the !esi*nation o" the o""ense *i)en b( the stat te- a)er the acts or omissions constit tin* the o""ense- an! s'eci"( its + ali"(in* an! a**ra)atin* circ mstances. I" there is no !esi*nation o" the o""ense- re"erence shall be ma!e to the section or s bsection o" the stat te ' nishin* it. Sec. ;. Cause of the accusation. The acts or omissions com'laine! o" as constit tin* the o""ense an! the + ali"(in* an! a**ra)atin* circ mstances m st be state! in or!inar( an! concise lan* a*e an! not necessaril( in the lan* a*e se! in the stat te b t in terms s ""icient to enable a 'erson o" common n!erstan!in* to 5no# #hat o""ense is bein* char*e! as #ell as its + ali"(in* an! a**ra)atin* circ mstance an! "or the co rt to

'rono nce

< !*ment.

Sec. 10. Place of commission of the offense. The com'laint or in"ormation is s ""icient i" it can be n!erstoo! "rom its alle*ations that the o""ense #as committe! or some o" its essential in*re!ients occ rre! at some 'lace #ithin the < ris!iction o" the co rt- nless the 'artic lar 'lace #here it #as committe! constit tes an essential element o" the o""ense char*e! or is necessar( "or its i!enti"ication. Sec. 11. Date of commission of the offense. - It is not necessar( to state in the com'laint or in"ormation the 'recise !ate the o""ense #as committe! e4ce't #hen it is a material in*re!ient o" the o""ense. The o""ense ma( be alle*e! to ha)e been committe! on a !ate as near as 'ossible to the act al !ate o" its commission. Sec. 1,. Name of the offended party. The com'laint or in"ormation m st state the name an! s rname o" the 'erson a*ainst #hom or a*ainst #hose 'ro'ert( the o""ense #as committe!- or an( a''ellation or nic5name b( #hich s ch 'erson has been or is 5no#n. I" there is no better #a( o" i!enti"(in* him- he m st be !escribe! n!er a "ictitio s name. %a& In o""enses a*ainst 'ro'ert(- i" the name o" the o""en!e! 'art( is n5no#n- the 'ro'ert( m st be !escribe! #ith s ch 'artic larit( as to 'ro'erl( i!enti"( the o""ense char*e!. %b& I" the tr e name o" the 'erson a*ainst #hom or a*ainst #hose 'ro'ert( the o""ense #as committe! is therea"ter !isclose! or ascertaine!- the co rt m st ca se s ch tr e name to be inserte! in the com'laint or in"ormation an! the recor!. %c& I" the o""en!e! 'art( is a < ri!ical 'erson- it is s ""icient to state its name- or an( name or !esi*nation b( #hich it is 5no#n or b( #hich it ma( be i!enti"ie!- #itho t nee! o" a)errin* that it is a < ri!ical 'erson or that it is or*ani=e! in accor!ance #ith la#. Sec. 1/. Duplicity of the offense. 0 com'laint or in"ormation m st char*e onl( one o""ense- e4ce't #hen the la# 'rescribes a sin*le ' nishment "or )ario s o""enses. Sec. 11. Amendment or substitution. 0 com'laint or in"ormation ma( be amen!e!- in "orm or in s bstance- #itho t lea)e o" co rt an! #hen it can be !one #itho t ca sin* 're< !ice to the ri*hts o" the acc se!. 3o#e)er- an( amen!ment be"ore 'lea- #hich !o#n*ra!es the nat re o" the o""ense char*e! in or e4cl !es an( acc se! "rom the com'laint or in"ormation- can be ma!e onl( 'on motion b( the 'rosec tor- #ith notice to the o""en!e! 'art( an! #ith lea)e o" co rt. The co rt shall state its reasons in resol)in* the motion an! co'ies o" its or!er shall be " rnishe! all 'arties- es'eciall( the o""en!e! 'art(. I" it a''ears at an(time be"ore < !*ment that a mista5e has been ma!e in char*in* the 'ro'er o""ense- the co rt shall !ismiss the ori*inal com'laint or in"ormation 'on the "ilin*

o" a ne# one char*in* the 'ro'er o""ense in accor!ance #ith section 1;- R le 11;- 'ro)i!e! the acc se! shall not be 'lace! in !o ble <eo'ar!(. The co rt ma( re+ ire the #itnesses to *i)e bail "or their a''earance at the trial. Sec. 12. Place where action is to be instituted. %a& S b<ect to e4istin* la#s- the criminal action shall be instit te! an! trie! in the co rt o" the m nici'alit( or territor( #here the o""ense #as committe! or #here an( o" its essential in*re!ients occ rre!. %b& 6here an o""ense is committe! in a train- aircra"t- or other ' blic or 'ri)ate )ehicle in the co rse o" its tri'- the criminal action shall be instit te! an! trie! in the co rt o" an( m nici'alit( or territor( #here s ch train- aircra"t- or other )ehicle 'asse! ! rin* its tri'incl !in* the 'lace o" its !e'art re an! arri)al.chan robles )irt al la# librar( %c& 6here an o""ense is committe! on boar! a )essel in the co rse o" its )o(a*e- the criminal action shall be instit te! an! trie! in the co rt o" the "irst 'ort o" entr( or o" an( m nici'alit( or territor( #here the )essel 'asse! ! rin* s ch )o(a*e- s b<ect to the *enerall( acce'te! 'rinci'les o" international la#. %!& Crimes committe! o tsi!e the Phili''ines b t ' nishable n!er 0rticle , o" the Re)ise! Penal Co!e shall be co*ni=able b( the co rt #here the criminal action is "irst "ile!. Sec. 17. Inter!ention of the offended party in criminal action. 6here the ci)il action "or reco)er( o" ci)il liabilit( is instit te! in the criminal action ' rs ant to R le 111- the o""en!e! 'art( ma( inter)ene b( co nsel in the 'rosec tion o" the o""ense. RULE 111 - PROSECUTION OF CI>IL 0CTION Section 1. Institution of criminal and ci!il actions. %a& 6hen a criminal action is instit te!- the ci)il action "or the reco)er( o" ci)il liabilit( arisin* "rom the o""ense char*e! shall be !eeme! instit te! #ith the criminal action nless the o""en!e! 'art( #ai)es the ci)il action- reser)es the ri*ht to instit te it se'aratel( or instit tes the ci)il action 'rior to the criminal action. The reser)ation o" the ri*ht to instit te se'aratel( the ci)il action shall be ma!e be"ore the 'rosec tion starts 'resentin* its e)i!ence an! n!er circ mstances a""or!in* the o""en!e! 'art( a reasonable o''ort nit( to ma5e s ch reser)ation. 6hen the o""en!e! 'art( see5s to en"orce ci)il liabilit( a*ainst the acc se! b( #a( o" moral- nominal- tem'erate- or e4em'lar( !ama*es #itho t s'eci"(in* the amo nt thereo" in the com'laint or in"ormation- the "ilin* "ees there"ore shall constit te a "irst lien on the < !*ment a#ar!in* s ch !ama*es.

6here the amo nt o" !ama*es- other than act al- is s'eci"ie! in the com'laint or in"ormation- the corres'on!in* "ilin* "ees shall be 'ai! b( the o""en!e! 'art( 'on the "ilin* thereo" in co rt. E4ce't as other#ise 'ro)i!e! in these R les- no "ilin* "ees shall be re+ ire! "or act al !ama*es. No co nterclaim- cross-claim or thir!-'art( com'laint ma( be "ile! b( the acc se! in the criminal case- b t an( ca se o" action #hich co l! ha)e been the s b<ect thereo" ma( be liti*ate! in a se'arate ci)il action. %b& The criminal action "or )iolation o" ?atas Pambansa ?l*. ,, shall be !eeme! to incl !e the corres'on!in* ci)il action. No reser)ation to "ile s ch ci)il action se'aratel( shall be allo#e!. U'on "ilin* o" the a"oresai! <oint criminal an! ci)il actions- the o""en!e! 'art( shall 'a( in " ll the "ilin* "ees base! on the amo nt o" the chec5 in)ol)e!- #hich shall be consi!ere! as the act al !ama*es claime!. 6here the com'laint or in"ormation also see5s to reco)er li+ i!ate!- moral- nominal- tem'erate or e4em'lar( !ama*es- the o""en!e! 'art( shall 'a( a!!itional "ilin* "ees base! on the amo nts alle*e! therein. I" the amo nts are not so alle*e! b t an( o" these !ama*es are s bse+ entl( a#ar!e! b( the co rt- the "ilin* "ees base! on the amo nt a#ar!e! shall constit te a "irst lien on the < !*ment. 6here the ci)il action has been "ile! se'aratel( an! trial thereo" has not (et commence!it ma( be consoli!ate! #ith the criminal action 'on a''lication #ith the co rt tr(in* the latter case. I" the a''lication is *rante!- the trial o" both actions shall 'rocee! in accor!ance #ith section , o" this R le *o)ernin* consoli!ation o" the ci)il an! criminal actions. Sec. ,. When separate ci!il action is suspended . 0"ter the criminal action has been commence!- the se'arate ci)il action arisin* there"rom cannot be instit te! ntil "inal < !*ment has been entere! in the criminal action.chan robles )irt al la# librar( I" the criminal action is "ile! a"ter the sai! ci)il action has alrea!( been instit te!- the latter shall be s s'en!e! in #hate)er state it ma( be "o n! be"ore < !*ment on the merits. The s s'ension shall last ntil "inal < !*ment is ren!ere! in the criminal action. Ne)ertheless- be"ore < !*ment on the merits ren!ere! in the ci)il action- the same ma('on motion o" the o""en!e! 'art(- be consoli!ate! #ith the criminal action in the co rt tr(in* the criminal action. In case o" consoli!ation- the e)i!ence alrea!( a!! ce! in the ci)il action shall be !eeme! a tomaticall( re'ro! ce! in the criminal action #itho t 're< !ice to the ri*ht o" the 'rosec tion to cross-e4amine the #itness 'resente! b( the o""en!e! 'art( in the criminal case an! o" the 'arties to 'resent a!!itional e)i!ence. The consoli!ate! criminal an! ci)il actions shall be trie! an! !eci!e! <ointl(.

@ rin* the 'en!enc( o" the criminal action- the r nnin* 'erio! o" 'rescri'tion o" the ci)il action #hich cannot be instit te! se'aratel( or #hose 'rocee!in* has been s s'en!e! shall be tolle!. The e4tinction o" the 'enal action !oes not carr( #ith it e4tinction o" the ci)il action. 3o#e)er- the ci)il action base! on !elict shall be !eeme! e4tin* ishe! i" there is a "in!in* in a "inal < !*ment in the criminal action that the act or omission "rom #hich the ci)il liabilit( ma( arise !i! not e4ist. Sec. /. When ci!il action may proceed independently . In the cases 'ro)i!e! in 0rticles /,- //- /1 an! ,197 o" the Ci)il Co!e o" the Phili''ines- the in!e'en!ent ci)il action ma( be bro *ht b( the o""en!e! 'art(. It shall 'rocee! in!e'en!entl( o" the criminal action an! shall re+ ire onl( a 're'on!erance o" e)i!ence. In no case- ho#e)er- ma( the o""en!e! 'art( reco)er !ama*es t#ice "or the same act or omission char*e! in the criminal action. Sec. 1. "ffect of death on ci!il actions. The !eath o" the acc se! a"ter arrai*nment an! ! rin* the 'en!enc( o" the criminal action shall e4tin* ish the ci)il liabilit( arisin* "rom the !elict. 3o#e)er- the in!e'en!ent ci)il action instit te! n!er section / o" this R le or #hich therea"ter is instit te! to en"orce liabilit( arisin* "rom other so rces o" obli*ation ma( be contin e! a*ainst the estate or le*al re'resentati)e o" the acc se! a"ter 'ro'er s bstit tion or a*ainst sai! estate- as the case ma( be. The heirs o" the acc se! ma( be s bstit te! "or the !ecease! #itho t re+ irin* the a''ointment o" an e4ec tor or a!ministrator an! the co rt ma( a''oint a * ar!ian ad litem "or the minor heirs. The co rt shall "orth#ith or!er sai! le*al re'resentati)e or re'resentati)es to a''ear an! be s bstit te! #ithin a 'erio! o" thirt( %/0& !a(s "rom notice. 0 "inal < !*ment entere! in "a)or o" the o""en!e! 'art( shall be en"orce! in the manner es'eciall( 'ro)i!e! in these r les "or 'rosec tin* claims a*ainst the estate o" the !ecease!.chan robles )irt al la# librar( I" the acc se! !ies be"ore arrai*nment- the case shall be !ismisse! #itho t 're< !ice to an( ci)il action the o""en!e! 'art( ma( "ile a*ainst the estate o" the !ecease!. Sec. 2. #udgment in ci!il action not a bar. 0 "inal < !*ment ren!ere! in a ci)il action absol)in* the !e"en!ant "rom ci)il liabilit( is not a bar to a criminal action a*ainst the !e"en!ant "or the same act or omission s b<ect o" the ci)il action. Sec. 7. Suspension by reason of pre$udicial %uestion. 0 'etition "or s s'ension o" the criminal action base! 'on the 'en!enc( o" a 're< !icial + estion in a ci)il action ma( be "ile! in the o""ice o" the 'rosec tor or the co rt con! ctin* the 'reliminar( in)esti*ation. 6hen the criminal action has been "ile! in co rt "or trial- the 'etition to s s'en! shall be "ile! in the same criminal action at an( time be"ore the 'rosec tion rests. Sec. 9. "lements of pre$udicial %uestion. The elements o" a 're< !icial + estions are$ %a& the 're)io sl( instit te! ci)il action in)ol)es an iss e similar or intimatel( relate! to the

iss e raise! in the s bse+ ent criminal action- an! %b& the resol tion o" s ch iss e !etermines #hether or not the criminal action ma( 'rocee!. RULE 11, - PRELI.IN0RA IN>ESTIB0TION

Section 1. Preliminary in!estigation defined& when re%uired. Preliminar( in)esti*ation is an in+ ir( or 'rocee!in* to !etermine #hether there is s ""icient *ro n! to en*en!er a #ell-"o n!e! belie" that a crime has been committe! an! the res'on!ent is 'robabl( * ilt( thereo"- an! sho l! be hel! "or trial. E4ce't as 'ro)i!e! in Section 9 o" this R le- a 'reliminar( in)esti*ation is re+ ire! to be con! cte! be"ore the "ilin* o" a com'liant or in"ormation "or an o""ense #here the 'enalt( 'rescribe! b( la# is at least "o r %1& (ears- t#o %,& months an! one %1& !a( #itho t re*ar! to the "ine. Sec. ,. 'fficers authori(ed to conduct preliminary in!estigations. The "ollo#in* ma( con! ct 'reliminar( in)esti*ations$ %a& Pro)incial or Cit( Prosec tors an! their assistants8 %b& C !*es o" the . nici'al Trial Co rts an! . nici'al Circ it Trial Co rts8 %c& National an! Re*ional State Prosec tors8 an! %!& Other o""icers as ma( be a thori=e! b( la#. Their a thorit( to con! ct 'reliminar( in)esti*ations shall incl !e all crimes co*ni=able b( the 'ro'er co rt in their res'ecti)e territorial < ris!ictions. Sec. /. Procedure. The 'reliminar( in)esti*ation shall be con! cte! in the "ollo#in* manner$ %a& The com'laint shall state the a!!ress o" the res'on!ent an! shall be accom'anie! b( the a""i!a)its o" the com'lainant an! his #itnesses- as #ell as other s ''ortin* !oc ments to establish 'robable ca se. The( shall be in s ch n mber o" co'ies as there are res'on!ents- 'l s t#o %,& co'ies "or the o""icial "ile. The a""i!a)its shall be s bscribe! an! s#orn to be"ore an( 'rosec tor or *o)ernment o""icial a thori=e! to a!minister oath- or- in their absence or na)ailabilit(- be"ore a notar( ' blic- each o" #hom m st certi"( that he 'ersonall( e4amine! the a""iants an! that he is satis"ie! that the( )ol ntaril( e4ec te! an! n!erstoo! their a""i!a)its. %b& 6ithin ten %10& !a(s a"ter the "ilin* o" the com'laint- the in)esti*atin* o""icer shall either !ismiss it i" he "in!s no *ro n! to contin e #ith the in)esti*ation- or iss e a

s b'oena to the res'on!ent attachin* to it a co'( o" the com'laint an! its s ''ortin* a""i!a)its an! !oc ments. The res'on!ent shall ha)e the ri*ht to e4amine the e)i!ence s bmitte! b( the com'lainant #hich he ma( not ha)e been " rnishe! an! to co'( them at his e4'ense. I" the e)i!ence is )ol mino s- the com'lainant ma( be re+ ire! to s'eci"( those #hich he inten!s to 'resent a*ainst the res'on!ent- an! these shall be ma!e a)ailable "or e4amination or co'(in* b( the res'on!ent at his e4'ense. Ob<ects as e)i!ence nee! not be " rnishe! a 'art( b t shall be ma!e a)ailable "or e4amination- co'(in*- or 'hoto*ra'hin* at the e4'ense o" the re+ estin* 'art(. %c& 6ithin ten %10& !a(s "rom recei't o" the s b'oena #ith the com'laint an! s ''ortin* a""i!a)its an! !oc ments- the res'on!ent shall s bmit his co nter-a""i!a)it an! that o" his #itnesses an! other s ''ortin* !oc ments relie! 'on "or his !e"ense. The co ntera""i!a)its shall be s bscribe! an! s#orn to an! certi"ie! as 'ro)i!e! in 'ara*ra'h %a& o" this section- #ith co'ies thereo" " rnishe! b( him to the com'lainant. The res'on!ent shall not be allo#e! to "ile a motion to !ismiss in lie o" a co nter-a""i!a)it. %!& I" the res'on!ent cannot be s b'oenae!- or i" s b'oenae!- !oes not s bmit co ntera""i!a)its #ithin the ten %10& !a( 'erio!- the in)esti*atin* o""ice shall resol)e the com'laint base! on the e)i!ence 'resente! b( the com'lainant. %e& The in)esti*atin* o""icer ma( set a hearin* i" there are "acts an! iss es to be clari"ie! "rom a 'art( or a #itness. The 'arties can be 'resent at the hearin* b t #itho t the ri*ht to e4amine or cross-e4amine. The( ma(- ho#e)er- s bmit to the in)esti*atin* o""icer + estions #hich ma( be as5e! to the 'art( or #itness concerne!. The hearin* shall be hel! #ithin ten %10& !a(s "rom s bmission o" the co nter-a""i!a)its an! other !oc ments or "rom the e4'iration o" the 'erio! "or their s bmission. It shall be terminate! #ithin "i)e %2& !a(s. %"& 6ithin ten %10& !a(s a"ter the in)esti*ation- the in)esti*atin* o""icer shall !etermine #hether or not there is s ""icient *ro n! to hol! the res'on!ent "or trial. Sec. 1. )esolution of in!estigating prosecutor and its re!iew . I" the in)esti*atin* 'rosec tor "in!s ca se to hol! the res'on!ent "or trial- he shall 're'are the resol tion an! in"ormation. 3e shall certi"( n!er oath in the in"ormation that he- or as sho#n b( the recor!- an a thori=e! o""icer- has 'ersonall( e4amine! the com'lainant an! his #itnesses8 that there is reasonable *ro n! to belie)e that a crime has been committe! an! that the acc se! is 'robabl( * ilt( thereo"8 that the acc se! #as in"orme! o" the com'laint an! o" the e)i!ence s bmitte! a*ainst him8 an! that he #as *i)en an o''ort nit( to s bmit contro)ertin* e)i!ence. Other#ise- he shall recommen! the !ismissal o" the com'laint. 6ithin "i)e %2& !a(s "rom his resol tion- he shall "or#ar! the recor! o" the case to the 'ro)incial or cit( 'rosec tor or chie" state 'rosec tor- or to the Omb !sman or his !e' t(

in cases o" o""enses co*ni=able b( the San!i*anba(an in the e4ercise o" its ori*inal < ris!iction. The( shall act on the resol tion #ithin ten %10& !a(s "rom their recei't thereo" an! shall imme!iatel( in"orm the 'arties o" s ch action. No com'laint or in"ormation ma( be "ile! or !ismisse! b( an in)esti*atin* 'rosec tor #itho t the 'rior #ritten a thorit( or a''ro)al o" the 'ro)incial or cit( 'rosec tor or chie" state 'rosec tor or the Omb !sman or his !e' t(. 6here the in)esti*atin* 'rosec tor recommen!s the !ismissal o" the com'laint b t his recommen!ation is !isa''ro)e! b( the 'ro)incial or cit( 'rosec tor or chie" state 'rosec tor or the Omb !sman or his !e' t( on the *ro n! that a 'robable ca se e4iststhe latter ma(- b( himsel"- "ile the in"ormation a*ainst the res'on!ent- or !irect another assistant 'rosec tor or state 'rosec tor to !o so #itho t con! ctin* another 'reliminar( in)esti*ation. I" 'on 'etition b( a 'ro'er 'art( n!er s ch r les as the @e'artment o" C stice ma( 'rescribe or motu propio- the Secretar( o" C stice re)erses or mo!i"ies the resol tion o" the 'ro)incial or cit( 'rosec tor or chie" state 'rosec tor- he shall !irect the 'rosec tor concerne! either to "ile the corres'on!in* in"ormation #itho t con! ctin* anther 'reliminar( in)esti*ation- or to !ismiss or mo)e "or !ismissal o" the com'laint or in"ormation #ith notice to the 'arties. The same r le shall a''l( in 'reliminar( in)esti*ations con! cte! b( the o""icers o" the O""ice o" the Omb !sman. Sec. 2. )esolution of in!estigating $udge and its re!iew . 6ithin ten %10& !a(s a"ter the 'reliminar( in)esti*ation- the in)esti*atin* < !*e shall transmit the resol tion o" the case to the 'ro)incial or cit( 'rosec tor- or to the Omb !sman or his !e' t( in cases o" o""enses co*ni=able b( the San!i*anba(an in the e4ercise o" its ori*inal < ris!iction- "or a''ro'riate action. The resol tion shall state the "in!in*s o" "acts an! the la# s ''ortin* his action- to*ether #ith the recor! o" the case #hich shall incl !e$ %a& the #arrant- i" the arrest is b( )irt e o" a #arrant8 %b& the a""i!a)its- co nter-a""i!a)its an! other s ''ortin* e)i!ence o" the 'arties8 %c& the n!erta5in* or bail o" the acc se! an! the or!er "or his release8 %!& the transcri'ts o" the 'rocee!in*s ! rin* the 'reliminar( in)esti*ation8 an! %e& the or!er o" cancellation o" his bail bon!- i" the resol tion is "or the !ismissal o" the com'laint. 6ithin thirt( %/0& !a(s "rom recei't o" the recor!s- the 'ro)incial or cit( 'rosec tor- or the Omb !sman or his !e' t(- as the case ma( be- shall re)ie# the resol tion o" the in)esti*atin* < !*e on the e4istence o" 'robable ca se. Their r lin* shall e4'ressl( an! clearl( state the "acts an! the la# on #hich it is base! an! the 'arties shall be " rnishe! #ith co'ies thereo". The( shall or!er the release o" an acc se! #ho is !etaine! i" no 'robable ca se is "o n! a*ainst him. Sec. 7. When warrant of arrest may issue. %a& *y the )egional Trial Court. 6ithin ten %10& !a(s "rom the "ilin* o" the com'laint or in"ormation- the < !*e shall 'ersonall( e)al ate the resol tion o" the 'rosec tor an! its s ''ortin* e)i!ence. 3e ma( imme!iatel( !ismiss the case i" the e)i!ence on recor! clearl( "ails to establish 'robable ca se. I" he

"in!s 'robable ca se- he shall iss e a #arrant o" arrest- or a commitment or!er i" the acc se! has alrea!( been arreste! ' rs ant to a #arrant iss e! b( the < !*e #ho con! cte! the 'reliminar( in)esti*ation or #hen the com'laint or in"ormation #as "ile! ' rs ant to section 9 o" this R le. In case o" !o bt on the e4istence o" 'robable ca se- the < !*e ma( or!er the 'rosec tor to 'resent a!!itional e)i!ence #ithin "i)e %2& !a(s "rom notice an! the iss e m st be resol)e! b( the co rt #ithin thirt( %/0& !a(s "rom the "ilin* o" the com'laint o" in"ormation.chan robles )irt al la# librar( %b& *y the +unicipal Trial Court . 6hen re+ ire! ' rs ant to the secon! 'ara*ra'h o" section o" this R le- the 'reliminar( in)esti*ation o" cases "allin* n!er the ori*inal < ris!iction o" the .etro'olitan Trial Co rt- . nici'al Trial Co rt in Cities- . nici'al Trial Co rt- or . nici'al Circ it Trial Co rt ma( be con! cte! b( either the < !*e or the 'rosec tor. 6hen con! cte! b( the 'rosec tor- the 'roce! re "or the iss ance o" a #arrant o" arrest b( the < !*e shall be *o)erne! b( 'ara*ra'h %a& o" this section. 6hen the in)esti*ation is con! cte! b( the < !*e himsel"- he shall "ollo# the 'roce! re 'ro)i!e! in section / o" this R le. I" his "in!in*s an! recommen!ations are a""irme! b( the 'ro)incial or cit( 'rosec tor- or b( the Omb !sman or his !e' t(- an! the corres'on!in* in"ormation is "ile!- he shall iss e a #arrant o" arrest. 3o#e)er- #itho t #aitin* "or the concl sion o" the in)esti*ation- the < !*e ma( iss e a #arrant o" arrest i" he "in!s a"ter an e4amination in #ritin* an! n!er oath o" the com'lainant an! his #itnesses in the "orm o" searchin* + estions an! ans#ers- that a 'robable ca se e4ists an! that there is a necessit( o" 'lacin* the res'on!ent n!er imme!iate c sto!( in or!er not to "r strate the en!s o" < stice. %c& When warrant of arrest not necessary. 0 #arrant o" arrest shall not iss e i" the acc se! is alrea!( n!er !etention ' rs ant to a #arrant iss e! b( the m nici'al trial co rt in accor!ance #ith 'ara*ra'h %b& o" this section- or i" the com'laint or in"ormation #as "ile! ' rs ant to section 9 o" this R le or is "or an o""ense 'enali=e! b( "ine onl(. The co rt shall them 'rocee! in the e4ercise o" its ori*inal < ris!iction. Sec. 9. When accused lawfully arrested without warrant. 6hen a 'erson is la#" ll( arreste! #itho t a #arrant in)ol)in* an o""ense #hich re+ ires a 'reliminar( in)esti*ationthe com'laint or in"ormation ma( be "ile! b( a 'rosec tor #itho t nee! o" s ch in)esti*ation 'ro)i!e! an in+ est has been con! cte! in accor!ance #ith e4istin* r les. In the absence or na)ailabilit( o" an in+ est 'rosec tor- the com'laint ma( be "ile! b( the o""en!e! 'art( or a 'eace o""icer !irectl( #ith the 'ro'er co rt on the basis o" the a""i!a)it o" the o""en!e! 'art( or arrestin* o""icer or 'erson. ?e"ore the com'laint or in"ormation is "ile!- the 'erson arreste! ma( as5 "or a 'reliminar( in)esti*ation in accor!ance #ith this R le- b t he m st si*n a #ai)er o" the 'ro)ision o" 0rticle 1,2 o" the Re)ise! Penal Co!e- as amen!e!- in the 'resence o" his co nsel. Not#ithstan!in* the #ai)er- he ma( a''l( "or bail an! the in)esti*ation m st be terminate! #ithin "i"teen %12& !a(s "rom its ince'tion. 0"ter the "ilin* o" the com'laint or in"ormation in co rt #itho t a 'reliminar( in)esti*ation- the acc se! ma(- #ithin "i)e %2& !a(s "rom the time he learns o" its "ilin*- as5

"or a 'reliminar( in)esti*ation #ith the same ri*ht to a!! ce e)i!ence in his !e"ense as 'ro)i!e! in this R le. Sec. :. )ecords. %a& )ecords supporting the information or complaint . 0n in"ormation or com'laint "ile! in co rt shall be s ''orte! b( the a""i!a)its an! co nter-a""i!a)its o" the 'arties an! their #itnesses- to*ether #ith the other s ''ortin* e)i!ence an! the resol tion on the case. %b& )ecord of preliminary in!estigation. , The recor! o" the 'reliminar( in)esti*ation#hether con! cte! b( a < !*e or a 'rosec tor- shall not "orm 'art o" the recor! o" the case. 3o#e)er- the co rt- on its o#n initiati)e or on motion o" an( 'art(- ma( or!er the 'ro! ction o" the recor! or an( o" its 'art #hen necessar( in the resol tion o" the case or an( inci!ent therein- or #hen it is to be intro! ce! as an e)i!ence in the case b( the re+ estin* 'art(. Sec. ;. Cases not re%uiring a preliminary in!estigation nor co!ered by the )ule on Summary Procedure. -a. If filed with the prosecutor. I" the com'laint is "ile! !irectl( #ith the 'rosec tor in)ol)in* an o""ense ' nishable b( im'risonment o" less than "o r %1& (ears- t#o %,& months an! one %1& !a(- the 'roce! re o tline! in section /%a& o" this R le shall be obser)e!. The 'rosec tor shall act on the com'laint base! on the a""i!a)its an! other s ''ortin* !oc ments s bmitte! b( the com'lainant #ithin ten %10& !a(s "rom its "ilin*. -b. If filed with the +unicipal Trial Court. I" the com'laint or in"ormation is "ile! #ith the . nici'al Trial Co rt or . nici'al Circ it Trial Co rt "or an o""ense co)ere! b( this section- the 'roce! re in section / %a& o" this R le shall be obser)e!. I" #ithin ten %10& !a(s a"ter the "ilin* o" the com'laint or in"ormation- the < !*e "in!s no 'robable ca se a"ter 'ersonall( e)al atin* the e)i!ence- or a"ter 'ersonall( e4aminin* in #ritin* an! n!er oath the com'lainant an! his #itnesses in the "orm o" searchin* + estions an! ans#ers- he shall !ismiss the same. 3e ma(- ho#e)er- re+ ire the s bmission o" a!!itional e)i!ence#ithin ten %10& !a(s "rom notice- to !etermine " rther the e4istence o" 'robable ca se. I" the < !*e still "in!s no 'robable ca se !es'ite the a!!itional e)i!ence- he shall- #ithin ten %10& !a(s "rom its s bmission or e4'iration o" sai! 'erio!- !ismiss the case. 6hen he "in!s 'robable ca se- he shall iss e a #arrant o" arrest- or a commitment or!er i" the acc se! ha! alrea!( been arreste!- an! hol! him "or trial. 3o#e)er- i" the < !*e is satis"ie! that there is no necessit( "or 'lacin* the acc se! n!er c sto!(- he ma( iss e s mmons instea! o" a #arrant o" arrest.

RULE 11/ - 0RREST

Section 1. Definition of arrest. 0rrest is the ta5in* o" a 'erson into c sto!( in or!er that he ma( be bo n! to ans#er "or the commission o" an o""ense. Sec. ,. Arrest& how made. 0n arrest is ma!e b( an act al restraint o" a 'erson to be arreste!- or b( his s bmission to the c sto!( o" the 'erson ma5in* the arrest. No )iolence or nnecessar( "orce shall be se! in ma5in* an arrest. The 'erson arreste! shall not be s b<ect to a *reater restraint than is necessar( "or his !etention. Sec. /. Duty of arresting officer. It shall be the ! t( o" the o""icer e4ec tin* the #arrant to arrest the acc se! an! !eli)er him to the nearest 'olice station or <ail #itho t nnecessar( !ela(. Sec. 1. "/ecution of warrant. The hea! o" the o""ice to #hom the #arrant o" arrest #as !eli)ere! "or e4ec tion shall ca se the #arrant to be e4ec te! #ithin ten %10& !a(s "rom its recei't. 6ithin ten %10& !a(s a"ter the e4'iration o" the 'erio!- the o""icer to #hom it #as assi*ne! "or e4ec tion shall ma5e a re'ort to the < !*e #ho iss e! the #arrant. In case o" his "ail re to e4ec te the #arrant- he shall state the reason there"ore. Sec. 2. Arrest without warrant& when lawful. 0 'eace o""icer or a 'ri)ate 'erson ma(#itho t a #arrant- arrest a 'erson$ %a& 6hen- in his 'resence- the 'erson to be arreste! has committe!- is act all( committin*- or is attem'tin* to commit an o""ense8 %b& 6hen an o""ense has < st been committe! an! he has 'robable ca se to belie)e base! on 'ersonal 5no#le!*e o" "acts or circ mstances that the 'erson to be arreste! has committe! it8 an! %c& 6hen the 'erson to be arreste! is a 'risoner #ho has esca'e! "rom a 'enal establishment or 'lace #here he is ser)in* "inal < !*ment or is tem'oraril( con"ine! #hile his case is 'en!in*- or has esca'e! #hile bein* trans"erre! "rom one con"inement to another. In cases "allin* n!er 'ara*ra'hs %a& an! %b& abo)e- the 'erson arreste! #itho t a #arrant shall be "orth#ith !eli)ere! to the nearest 'olice station or <ail an! shall be 'rocee!e! a*ainst in accor!ance #ith section 9 o" R le 11,. Sec. 7. Time of ma0ing arrest. 0n arrest ma( be ma!e on an( !a( an! at an( time o" the !a( or ni*ht. Sec. 9. +ethod of arrest by officer by !irtue of warrant. 6hen ma5in* an arrest b( )irt e o" a #arrant- the o""icer shall in"orm the 'erson to be arreste! o" the ca se o" the arrest an! the "act that a #arrant has been iss e! "or his arreste4ce't #hen he "lees or "orcibl( resists be"ore the o""icer has o''ort nit( to so in"orm himor #hen the *i)in* o" s ch in"ormation #ill im'eril the arrest. The o""icer nee! not ha)e

the #arrant in his 'ossession at the time o" the arrest b t a"ter the arrest- i" the 'erson arreste! so re+ ires- the #arrant shall be sho#n to him as soon as 'racticable.chan robles )irt al la# librar( Sec. :. +ethod of arrest by officer without warrant. 6hen ma5in* an arrest #itho t a #arrant- the o""icer shall in"orm the 'erson to be arreste! o" his a thorit( an! the ca se o" the arrest- nless the latter is either en*a*e! in the commission o" an o""ense- is ' rs e! imme!iatel( a"ter its commission- has esca'e!- "lees- or "orcibl( resists be"ore the o""icer has o''ort nit( to so in"orm him- or #hen the *i)in* o" s ch in"ormation #ill im'eril the arrest. Sec. ;. +ethod of arrest by pri!ate person. 6hen ma5in* an arrest- a 'ri)ate 'erson shall in"orm the 'erson to be arreste! o" the intention to arrest him an! the case o" the arrest- nless the latter is either en*a*e! in the commission o" an o""ense- is ' rs e! imme!iatel( a"ter its commission- or has esca'e!- "lees- or "orcibl( resists be"ore the 'erson ma5in* the arrest has o''ort nit( to so in"orm him- or #hen the *i)in* o" s ch in"ormation #ill im'eril the arrest. Sec. 10. 'fficer may summon assistance. 0n o""icer ma5in* a la#" l arrest ma( orall( s mmon as man( 'ersons as he !eems necessar( to assist him in e""ectin* the arrest. E)er( 'erson so s mmone! b( an o""icer shall assist him in e""ectin* the arrest #hen he can ren!er s ch assistance #itho t !etriment to himsel". Sec. 11. )ight of officer to brea0 into building or enclosure . 0n o""icer- in or!er to ma5e an arrest either b( )irt e o" a #arrant- or #itho t a #arrant as 'ro)i!e! in section 2- ma( brea5 into an( b il!in* or enclos re #here the 'erson to be arreste! is or is reasonabl( belie)e! to be- i" he is re" se! a!mittance thereto- a"ter anno ncin* his a thorit( an! ' r'ose. Sec. 1,. )ight to brea0 out from building or enclosure. 6hene)er an o""icer has entere! the b il!in* or enclos re in accor!ance #ith the 'rece!in* section- he ma( brea5 o t there"rom #hen necessar( to liberate himsel". Sec. 1/. Arrest after escape or rescue. I" a 'erson la#" ll( arreste! esca'es or is resc e!an( 'erson ma( imme!iatel( ' rs e or reta5e him #itho t a #arrant at an( time an! in an( 'lace #ithin the Phili''ines. Sec. 11. )ight of attorney or relati!e to !isit person arrested. 0n( member o" the Phili''ine ?ar shall- at the re+ est o" the 'erson arreste! or o" another actin* in his behal"ha)e the ri*ht to )isit an! con"er 'ri)atel( #ith s ch 'erson in the <ail or an( other 'lace o" c sto!( at an( ho r o" the !a( or ni*ht. S b<ect to reasonable re* lations- a relati)e o" the 'erson arreste! can also e4ercise the same ri*ht.