CHAPTER 4: THERMOCHEMISTRY
1. Define the exothermic
reaction.
2. .Define the endothermic
reaction.
3. Give 3 examples of
exothermic reaction and 3
examples of endothermic reaction
4. Compare and contrast between
exothermic and endothermic
reaction
Energy changes in
chemical reaction
Several source of energy
4.5
Heat of combustion
1. Define the combustion
reaction.
2. Define the heat of combustion.
3. Give 3 examples of
combustion reaction and then
write their chemical equation
respectively.
4. . Describe an experiment to
determine the heat of combustion
of ethanol.
1. Define the precipitation
reaction.
2. Define the heat of
precipitation.
3. Give 3 example of
precipitation reaction and then
write the chemical equation
respectively.
Heat of formation
4.1
4.2
THERMOCHEMISTRY
4.3
Heat of displacement
4.4
Heat of neutralization 1. Define the displacement
reaction.
2. Define the heat of displacement.
3. Give 3 example of displacement
reaction and then write the chemical
1. Define the neutralization equation respectively.
reaction. 4. Describe an experiment to
2. Define the heat of determine the heat of displacement
neutralization. for a certain displacement reaction.
3. Give 3 examples of
neutralization reaction and then
write their chemical equation
respectively.
4. . Describe an experiment to
determine the heat of
neutralization for a certain
displacement reaction between an
acid and an alkali.
30
 B.4.1

Examples of exothermic
Definition: Assumption:
reaction;
1. Density of solution
Definition:
= 1g cm-3
2. Concentration of
solution is very low
Examples of endothermic
reaction;
Exothermic
reaction
θ
Q = mcθ ∆H= -
Heat of (Exothermic)
reaction, ∆ H ∆H= +
Endothermic (Endothermic)
reaction Type of thermo
chemical reaction Change of
heat, (Q) Energy level
Definition: diagram

ENERGY CHANGE IN Energy

CHEMICAL REACTIONS Formulae
of reactant
Application of
Formulae of
exothermic and product
endothermic
reactions Energy change and
chemical bond Exothermic reaction

Energy
All chemical reaction should involved breaking and formation of bond
Heat is absorbed as the bond is breaking in the reactant. Formulae of
Heat is releases as the bond is forming in the product. product
Formulae of
If the total of heat released > total of heat absorbed… Exothermic reactant

If the total of heat realeased < total of heat absorbed… Endothermic

Endothermic reaction

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 B. 4.2

Diagram

Experiment B1:
To determine heat of
precipitation of
silver chloride

Definition
HEAT OF
PRECIPITATION

Lab Report for the above experiment:

32
 B. 4.3

Diagram

Experiment:
To determine copper's
heat of displacement
by zinc

Definition HEAT OF
DISPLACEMENT

Lab. Report for the above experiment:

33
 B. 4.4

Thermometer

1 Strong acid with

Plastic
Acid strong alkali
2 Weak acid with
strong alkali

Alkali

Experiment

The heat evolved when one

mole of H+ reacted with one
mole of OH- to produce one
mole of water.
To determine Heat of
Neutralization

Definition

HEAT OF
NEUTRALIZATION

Examples of
calculation/
question

Comparing heat of
Calculation involved heat of neutralization; neutralization;

1. Why heat of neutralization

of sulphuric acid is double
compare to nitric acid?
2. Why heat of neutralization
of acetic acid is lower than
hydrochloric even both of
them are monobasic?

34
 B.4.5
Thermometer

Water

Metal
tin
Experiment;
Heat of combustion
of Ethanol
Lamp filled
with ethanol

Quantity of heat evolved

when one mole fuel is Determination of the heat of
burnt completely. combustion of alcohols

Alcohol Heat kJ/mol

Definition CH3OH
C2H5OH
C3H7OH
HEAT OF
COMBUSTION
Alcohol

Calculation
Comparison of heat
of combustion for
several substances

Calculate heat of combustion for Effectiveness of

ethanol if 0.8 g ethanol is burnt to any fuel is depend
Food
rise the temperature of 100 g of to the heat
water as much as 30o C. evolved per gram

Food Heat kJg-1

Rice 15
Margarine 34
Orange

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1. Write down the type of reaction ( exothermic or endothermic reaction ) in the column provided.

Statements Type of reaction

1. A chemical reaction that gives out heat to the surrounding

2. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy from the surrounding

3. The temperature of reaction increases

4. The temperature of reaction decreases

5. Energy required to form bonds of the products are higher than the
energy required to break bonds of the reactants.
6. Energy required to form bonds of the products are lower than the
energy required to break bonds of the reactants
7 The products level of the energy level diagram is lower than the
reactants level.
8 The reactants level of the energy level diagram is lower than the
products level.

2. Examples of exothermic reactions

(a) Neutralization reactions.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(b) Reaction between metals and acids

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(c) Reaction between metal carbonates and acids

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(d) Precipitation reactions

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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 (e) Displacement reactions

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(f) Combustion of fuels.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

3. Examples of endothermic reactions:

(i) Dissolving of ammonium salts such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate,

ammonium nitrate.

(a) NH4Cl(p) + H2O
NH4+ (ak) + Cl- (ak)

(b) ……………………………………………………….

(c) ………………………………………………………

(ii) Heat decomposition of metal carbonates.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(iii) Heat decomposition of metal nitrates.

(a)

(b)

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4. Write down the ‘products’, ‘reactants’, ‘positive or negqtive’ and the type of reaction
( endothermic or exothermic reaction) in the space provided.

Energy

∆H = ____?_______

Type of reaction : _______________________

Energy

∆H = ___________

Type of reaction : _______________________

5. Construct an energy level diagram for each of the following chemical reactions.

eg. Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq)
MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) ∆H = - 467kJ

Energy

Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq)

∆H = -467kJ

MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

38
 Chemical reactions Energy level diagram
1.

2HgO (s)
2Hg (l) + O2

∆H = +182 kJ mol-1

2.

Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq)
ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

∆H = - 190 kJ mol-1

3.
Pb 2+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq)
PbSO4 (s)

∆H = - 50 kJ mol-1

39
 6. Fill in the boxes with the correct answers.
Definitions Type of Heat of Reaction Examples
1)
The heat change when one mole of a
metal is displaced from its salt
solution by a more electropositive 2)
metals.

1) AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)

AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)

Heat of Precipitation 2)

1)
The heat change when one mole of
water is formed frm the reaction
between an acid and an alkali. 2)

1)
The heat change when one mole of a
substance is completely burnt in
oxygen under standard conditions. 2)

7. Match column A to column B

A B
• m •Temperature change
• C • joule
• θ • Heat of reaction
• mc θ • Mass of solution
• ∆H • Specific heat capacity of solution
• J • Amount of heat given out.

8. In an experiment, to determine the heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate, 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol
dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is added to 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution in a
plastic cup. The following results are obtained.

Initial temperature of lead(II) nitrate solution = 28.0oC

Initial temperature of sodium sulphate solution = 28.0oC
Highest temperature reached when the two solutions are mixed = 30.5oC

40
 (a) Calculate the number of mole of the following ions

(i) Pb2+ ions (ii) SO42- ions (iii) the number of mole of lead(II) sulphate
precipitated

(b) Calculate the heat given out in this experiment

m=

c = 4.2 Jg-1oC-1

θ = ( highest temperature - lowest temperature ) =

Then, mcθ =

(c) Calculate the heat of precipitation.

8. In an experiment to determine the heat of neutralization between hydrochloric acid and ammonia
solution, 50cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to 50cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 ammonia
solution. The temperature increases from 29.0oC to 35.5oC. Calculate the heat of neutralization.

(d) Calculate the number of mole of the following ions

(i) H+ ions (ii) OH- ions (iii) the number of mole of H2O formed

(e) Calculate the heat given out in this experiment

m=

c = 4.2 Jg-1oC-1

θ = ( highest temperature - lowest temperature ) =

Then, mcθ =

41
(f) Calculate the heat of neutralization

(g) Draw an energy level diagram for the above reaction.

42
Objective Questions

1 Which of the following absorbs heat from the surroundings?

A Adding acid to alkali.

B Adding concentrated acid to water.
C Dissolving solid ammonium chloride in water
D Dissolving anhydrous copper(II) sulphate in water.

2 Figure below shows an energy level diagram

OH- (aq) + H+(aq)

Energy

∆ H = - 57 kJ mol-1

H2O (l)

Based on the figure, it can be concluded that

A the heat of neutralization is – 57 kJ mol-1

B 57 kJ of energy is needed for the reaction.
C the products of reaction contain more energy than the reactants.
D the temperature at the end of the reaction is lower than that at the begining of the
reaction.

3 Figure shows an energy level diagram.

Energy J (s) + T2+ (aq)

∆ H = - 220 kJ mol-1

J2+(aq) + T(s)

Based on the figure, what is the increase in temperature of the solution if excess J powder is
added to 50 cm3 of T salt solution 0.2 mol dm-3?

A 4.4oC
B 5.5oC
C 8.8oC
D 11.0oC

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4 The following equation shows the reaction between Ag+ and Cl- ions.

Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
AgCl (s) ∆ H = - 65 kJ mol-1

Which of the following is true about the above equation?

A Endothermic reaction occurs.

B Heat is released to the surroundings.
C The temperature of the product decreases.
D 65 kJ of heat is absorbed when 1 mole of silver chloride is formed.

5 The following equation shows the combustion of heptane, C7H16 in excess oxygen.

C7H16 (l) + 11O2 (g)
7CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l), ∆ H = - 5512 kJ mol-1

The combustion of heptane in excess oxygen releases 1378 kJ of energy.

What is the mass of heptane used?

Use the information that thee relative atomic mass of H = 1 and C = 12

A 25.0 g
B 36.0 g
C 77.0 g
D 88.0 g

Structure Questions

1. A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of displacement for the reaction
between copper and silver nitrate solution. In this experiment excess copper powder was
added to 100cm3 of silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm-3. The heat of displacement in this
experiment was -105 kJ mol-1.
[ Specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, and the density of the solution is
1 gcm-1 ]

(a) What is meant by heat of displacement ?

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark ]

(b) Besides the data given above, state one other piece of data that is needed to calculate
the heat of displacement.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark ]

(c) State one precaution that must be taken while carrying out the experiment.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

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 [ 1 mark ]

(d) (i) State one observation of the experiment.

…………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) State the reason for the observation in (d)(i)

…………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark ]

(e) Based on the information from this experiment, calculate

(i) the number of moles of silver ions reacted. [ 1 mark ]

(ii) the amount of heat released. [ 1 mark ]

(iii) the change in temperature [ 1 mark ]

(f) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction in this experiment. [ 2 marks ]

(g) The experiment is repeated using 100cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution and
excess copper powder. Calculate the temperature change in this experiment. Explain
why this change of temperature is different from that in (e)(iii). [ 3 marks ]

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 2.

Thermometer

Before
reaction Polystyrene cup

Silver nitrate solution

Sodium chloride solution
Initial temperature = 29.0 0 C
Initial temperature = 29.0 0 C

Thermometer

Polystyrene cup
After
reaction
White
percipitate
Mixture of the solution
Maxsimum temperature = 31.5 o C

Figure 4

Figure 4 shows the set-up of the apparatus of an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation.
25.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution is reacted with 25.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride
solution. As a result there is a change in temperature of the mixture and a white precipitate is formed.

(a) Why is a polystyrene cup used in the experiment ?

………………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark ]

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(b) (i) Based on the change of temperature in the experiment, state the type of reaction that
occurred.

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[ 1 mark ]

(ii) How is the total energy of the products different from the total energy of the reactants?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[ 1 mark ]

(c) State one step that should be taken while adding the two solutions in order to get a more accurate
result..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[ 1 mark ]

(d) The ionic equation for the precipitation reaction of silver chloride is :

Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
AgCl (s)

(i) What is the number of moles of Ag+ ions that reacted with Cl- ions ?
[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Calculate the heat change of the precipitation reaction that has taken place.

Use the information that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 and density
of water is 1 gcm-1. [ 2 marks ]

(iii) Calculate the heat of precipitation for this reaction. [ 2 marks ]

(e) The calculated value of the heat of precipitation for this reaction is less than the actual value.
Give a reason.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 [ 1 mark ]

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