Strength of Material

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Strength of Material
Syllabus:
1. Introduction
2. Stress-Strain [1 question]
3. a. Principle Stress [1/2 question]
3. b. Moment of Inertia (M. I.) [1/2 question]
4. B.M., S.F. diagram [12 marks, 1 full question]
5. Theory of flexure [1 question]
6. Torsion [1/2 question]
7. Thin walled vessel [1/2 question]
8. Column (succeing of column) [1/2 question]
Direct Stress [1/2 question]
9. Theory of failure [1/2 question]

M.I. Strength
so,
Section design = M.I. t ==- = =c
Depth t= - M.I. tc
k
E
y
f
I
M
= = Theory of flexure


Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Types of Load
(i) Static Load: Load acting on a body in equilibrium is called static load.
(ii) Dynamic Load: The load acting on a body in motion is called dynamic load. Its
effect depends on time.
(iii) Dead Load: It includes the wf of all permanent components of the structure such
as beams, columns, floors, slabs, etc and any other immovable loads that are
constant in magnitude and permanently attached to the structure.
(iv) Live Load: It includes any external loads imposed on the structure during its
service such as the wf. Of the stored material, furniture and people.

Dynamic Load: Wind load, earthquake, hydrostatic load, uplift pressure, snow and rain
load.

1.2 Supports
(i) Roller support:
F
x
= 0
F
y
= acted
m = 0
Example : + =-

(ii) Hinge support:
F
x
= acted
F
y
= acted
m = 0

(iii) Fixed support:
F
x
, F
y
, and m are acted.

(iv) Ball and socket support:
- F
x
, F
y
and F
z
are acted
- m = 0

M
Fx
Fy

R
y
R
z
R
x


- This is example of hinge support in 3-D.

(v) Fixed support:

Determinant and Indeterminant Structure:

Determinate Structure:
If number of unknown = number of equilibrium equation then the structure is called
determinate structure.

Indeterminate Structure:
If number of unknown is not equal to the number of equilibrium equation then the
structure is called indeterminate.

Number of Indeterminacy:
Let,
R = no. of unknown reaction
r = no. of equilibrium equation
Degree of indeterminacy, E = R r
Here,
no. of unknown reaction, (R) = 7
no. of equilibrium equation, (r) = 3
so,
Degree of indeterminacy, E = R r = 7 3 = 4
Also,
no. of unknown reaction, R = 5
no. of equilibrium equation, r = 3
then,
Degree of indeterminacy, E = R r = 5 3 = 2

R
x
, Ry & Rz
#j 6}5 .
m
x
,m
y
& m
z

# j 6}5 .

Hinge Support Fixed Support
Fig - 1
Fig - 2


Here, Here,
no. of unknown = 2 = R no. of unknown, R = 4
no. of equilibrium equation = 3 =1 no. of equilibrium equation , r = 3
Now, Now,
E = R r =2 3 = 1 E = R r = 4 3 = 1
Hence, Hence,
E > 0 E > 0
So, it is determinatre. So, it is indeterminate and stable.
Conditions:
When, E = 0 = R r = 0 (structure is determinate)
E > 0 = indeterminate and stable
E < 0 = Indeterminate and un-stable

Direct stress and strain:
Stress:
When a body is subjected to any external load then there is a deformation of a body.
During a deformation the percicles of a body exerts resisting force and the deformation stops
when the resisting force becomes equal to the applied external load. This resisting force per
unit area is called stresses.

A
F
= =
Area
Force y Resistivit
Stress i.e.

Strain:
Change in length per unit length when applying a force on a obdy.

L
L
= Strain i.e.

Normal stress:
When the force acts normal to he surface of a body is called normal stress.

P P
Compressive Stress
P P
Tangential Stress


Tangential Stress (Shear Stress):
When the force acts (transverse) i.e. tangentially the surface of the body then the
resulting stress is called shear stress (=: += act -- force)
Longitudinally (-- +=) act -- force =: axial force -c beam tail - longitudinal = + +=
-c transverse = = tail -c

Hooks Law:
It states that stress is directly proportional to strain within elastic limit.
So, Stress () Strain (e)
= e.E
where, E = permittivity constant and is called Yongs modulus of elasticity.
Since,
E e. =
E
L
L
A
P
=

AE
PL
L =
(
= =
Strain
Stress
e
E , elasticity of modulus or modulus s Yong'

Modulus of rigidity (c):
It is ratio shear stress and shear strain.
So,
Strain Shear
Stress Stress
c =

q
c =

Bulk Modulus (K):
It is the ratio of volumetric stress to the volumetric strain.
So,
V
V
e
K

=

Stress given by all six (6) directions normally.

Stress and strain diagram of mild steel:
Shear Strain

A
B
C
U
L
Rasabolic
(Strain hardening)
region
Strain
Max Limit


B
C t
L
1
L
2
L
3

Mild steel 250 M Pa (N/mm
2
)
Tor Steel 495 M Pa
TMT (Thermo Mechanical Treated) 500 M Pa
Dutility for earth quake = 16% - 25% desisable.
AB = += load (stress) = +- Strain t+
A = elastic limit
B = Yield point (upper) = Y
U
S
C = Lower end point
= Y
L
(stress dropped on const strain)
(load -|+- = action -c)
UL = pure plastic state (stress const and strain increase)
U = ultimate stress
U = Stress -t+- strain tc meening - -c
Working load = OA region = elastic limit
Max capacity = ultimate load

Ultimate Stress:
Maximum load per unit original cross-sectional area is called ultimate stress.

Working Stress (or safe load):
It is a safe load within elastic limit.

safely of factor
load Ultimate
stress working =
OR

safety of factor
stress Yield
stress working =

Factor of Safety: F:

stress working
stress ultimate
or
stress working
stress Yield
F =
Factor of safety for,
R.C.C. work = 3
Timer = 4 to 6
Steel = 1.85

Principle of Superposition:
It states that when the no. of loads are acting
on a body then the resulting strain will be the
algebraic sum of strains caused by the individual
loads.

Prob Sol
n
:

Cross-sectional area of the all body i.e. A, B & C are same.
Now,

Now, for a body A:

AE AE AE
PL
L
A
20 2 10
=
= =
For body, B:

AE AE AE
PL
L
B
24 3 7
=
= =
For body, C:

AE AE AE
PL
L
C
36 4 9
=
= =
Now,
total elongating
AE AE
L L L L
C B A
77 36 24 20
=
+ +
= + + =

Bar of Varying Cross-Section:

Let, a force P is acting on a body of varying cross-section as shown in figure.
A
B C
10KN
3KN
2KN
9KN
2m 3m 4m

A
10KN
(3-2+9)=10KN

10-3=7KN
B
C
9-2=7
10+2-3=9KN
9KN

P
A
2
A
3
L
1
L
2 L
3


Extension of bar (I)
E A
PL
1
1
1
=
Extension of bar (II)
E A
PL
2
2
2
=
Extension of bavr (III)
E A
PL
3
3
3
=
Net extension
E A
PL
E A
PL
E A
PL
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
+ + = + + =

|
|
\
|
+ + =
3
3
2
2
1
1
A
L
A
L
A
L
E
P

If no. bars are these then,

(
+ + + + = =
n
n
A
L
A
L
A
L
A
L
E
P
......... ..........
3
3
2
2
1
1

Tapered Section:

Suppose a uniformly tapered section from diameter d
1
to d
2
of length L. Consider a strip
of length dx at a distance x from face AA
|

x
L
d d
d dx
+ =
1 2
1
(from similar
s
relation)
Extension of x length of a stress

E x
L
d d
d
x P
AE
PL
= =
2
1 2
1
4

( ) t kx d
x P
2
1
4
+
( ) let k
L
d d
where =
1 2
,
Hence, total elongalation,

=
L
O

A
A
1
L
d
2
d
1
d
B
B
1
x
d
x
p


160xN
180 xN

( )
+
=
L
O
E kx d
x P
2
1
4

( )
+ =

L
O
x kx d
E
P
2
2
1
4

( )
( )
L
O
K
kx d
E
P
(
(
+
+
=
+
1 2
4
1 2
2
1

L
O
kx d Ek
P
(
+
=
1
1 4
+
=
1 1
1 1 4
d kL d Ek
P

( )
(
+
=
1 1 2 1 1 2
1 1 4
d d d d d d E
PL

( )
|
|
\
|
=
2 1
2 1
1 2
4
d d
d d
d d E
PL

( )
( )
2 1
1 2
1 2
4
d d
d d
d d E
PL

2 1
4
d d E
PL

Check if it is rectangular section then, (solid cylindrical -)
d d d = =
2 1

AE
PL
d
E
PL
d E
PL
= =
=
4
4
2 2

Q. A specimen of steel 25 mm diameter with gauge length of 200 m is tested to destruction. It
has an extension of 0.16 mm under a load of 80 KN and the load at elastic limit is 160 KN.
The maximum load is 180 KN.
The total extension at fracture is 56 mm and diameter at neck is 180 mm. Find
(i) The stress at elastic limit
(ii) Percentage elongation
(iii) Yongs modulus of elasticity
(iv) Percentage reduction in area
(v) Ultimate tensile stress.
AE
PL
=

53 grade cement = characteristics strength of
cement i.e. 57% += sample = =+ =
strength -=- Test fulfill -c 100 -=
sample with c/s ratio 1:13.
53v M Pa load up to 95 sample = - +c
So|
n
:

( )
2
2 2
874 . 490
4
25
4
mm
d
A =
= =

(i) The stress at elastic limit
area sectional - cross original
limit elastic at load
=

2
2
3
/ 949 . 325
874 . 490
10 460
mm N
mm
N
=
=
(ii) Percentage elongation 100
length original
extension Final
=
100
200
56
=
% 28 =
(iii) Yongs modulus of elasticity (within elastic limit only)
Strain
Stress
=
Since,
AE
PL
=

( )
16 . 0 874 . 490
10 200 80
16 . 0
4
25
200 80
3
2
=

=
N
A
PL
E

2 5
/ 10 03 . 2 mm N =
(iv) Percentage reduction in area % 100
area Initial
area Final - area Initial
=
% 100
4
25
4
18
4
25
2
2 2

% 16 . 48 =
(v) Ultimate stress
area sectional - cross Original
load ultimate or load Maximum
=

2
3
/ 693 . 366
874 . 490
10 180
mm N =
=
Pa M 693 . 366 =
[here, E = 2 10
5
N/mm
2
= 200 KN/mm
2
always]

In 28 days, 7 days 66% strength 28 days
M
15
= 15 M Pa
M
20
= 20 M Pa

53 grade = quick section

dx
x
L
x

43 grade = less quick than 53 grade

Q. A steel bar of 25 mm diameter is acted upon by forceless shown in figure. Determine the
focal elongation of the bar if, (i.e. take)
E = 200 KN/m
2

So|
n
:

For body (i):

5 2
1 1
1
10 2 9 . 490
1000 1000 5 . 1 600
200
4
54 . 1 60

=
= =
d AE
L P

mm 917 . 0
1
=
For body (ii):

5
2 2
2
10 2 9 . 490
1000 1 1000 70

= =
AE
L P

mm 713 . 0
2
=
For body (iii):

5
3
3 3
3
10 20 9 . 490
1000 2 10 50

= =
AE
L P

mm 019 . 1
3
=
Total elongation ( ) ( )mm 019 . 1 713 . 0 917 . 0
3 2 1
+ + = + + =
mm 649 . 2 =

Elongation due to self f :
(Bar of uniform section):
Let a bar of length L hanging freely. Suppose a strip of
length dx, its extension
, is given by,

AE
dx Wx
=

Where, Wx = wf. of portion belone the strip
= Ax
Now,

E
dx x
AE
dx Ax
=

=

E
dx x
=
.

Total elongation of the bar,
1 2 3
60 xN 20 xN 20 xN 50 xN
1.5 m 1.0 m 2.0 m

60 xN 50 + 20 - 10 = 60 xN
1
1.5 m

60 + 10 = 70 20 + 50 = 70 xN
2
I m


dx
x y
L
d
x

=
(
= =

= =

L
O
L
O
L
O
L
O
L
E
x
E
dx x
E E
dx x
2 2
2 2

E
gL
E
L
2 2
2 2

= =
If w be the total wf of the bar,
L A w =

AL
w
=
A
w
= =
L
P
stress

EAL
wL
2
2
=
E
PL
aE
wL
2 2
= =

AE
wL
2
= (in terms of area)
wf = wf. of the bar [in Newton (N) or Kilo Newton (KN)]

Elongation of bar of tapered shape due to self f :
Let a tapering bar as shown in figure. Consider an
elementary area of length dx. Let, Ax be the area of cross
section at face x.y.
Total elongation of the strip,

E Ax
ax wx

Where, wx = wf of the position below the strip
Wx = (x Ax) 1/3
Note:
Vol(V) + Vol(V
V
) + Vol(Vv
v
) = whole Vol of rectangle
volume rectangle of
3
1
Volume bar Tapered =
Now,

E Ax
dx x Ax
3
1

E
dx x
3
=

Total elongation,

=

=
L
O
L
O
dx x
E E
dx x
3 3

L
O
x
E
(
=
2 3
2


L

2 3
2
L
E
=

E
gL
E
L
6 6
2 2

= =
Let, w = total wf. of the bar

= L
d
w
4 3
1
2

L d
w
2
12
=
Here,
E
d
wL
E d
wL
E
L
L d
w
4
2
2
6
12
2 2
2
2

= = =

AE
wL
2
=

Temperature Stress:
When the temperature of the body is raised oe lowered and the body not allowed to
expand or contract freely, the stress are setup in the body. This stress is known as temperature
stress.

Single Bar:
Suppose a bar of length L is placed between two rigid
suppose and temperature is raised through tC then the
extension of the bar,
t L =
Where, = coefficient linear expansion
Also,

E
L
AE
P
= =

2

(
=
A
P
Since ,
Where, = Temp. Stress
Now,
t L
E
L
=

Let, the case when the end fields by an amount a, then the stress will be due to
extension of a ,

( )
L
t a
= (since Stress = e E)
E t =
a


( )
L
E
a t L =
But strain,
L
a
e

= =
length Actual
expansion Actual

( ) ( )
L
E a
E
L
e
L
a
e

= =

= &

Composite Bar:

Consider two bar of length L of different materials suppose steel and copper as
shown in figure, are composite. Let the composite bar subjected to a temperature. As a result
due to different capacity of expansion of each bar, there is setup opposite kinds of stresses i.e.
(Tensile and compressive in the bar). Then,
P
s
= P
c
= P
i.e. Tensile force in steel = Compressive force in steel = P
Also, = =
C S

From figure,

P
S
t
S S
+ =

P
C
t
C C
=
Where,
S
=
C
= = final extension

t
S
= free extension of steel due to temperature

t
C
= free extension of copper due to temperature

P
S
= Expansion of steel due to temperature stress

P
C
= Compression of copper due to temperature stress.
Since,

C S
=

P
C
t
C
P
S
t
S
= +

t
S
t
C
P
C
P
S
or = + ,
t L t L
S C
=
Steel,
s
As
Copper,
c, Ac
Ds Ds
L
x
Dc
D
p
Dc
t p


1 2
A
1
A
2
P
L

( )
S C
Lt =
Where,
c
= coefiicient of linear expansion of copper

s
= coefficientr of linear expansion of steel

Composite section:
Now, ( )
S C
t
S
t
C
P
C
P
S
Lt = = + (From above proff)
( )
S C
C C S S
Lt
E A
PL
E A
PL
= +
( )
S C
C C S S
Lt
E A E A
PP or =
(
+
1 1
,
( ) ) (
1 1
i t
E A E A
P
S C
C C S S
=
|
|
\
|
+

( )
) (
1 1
ii
E A E A
t
P
C C S S
S C

+
=

Also we know,

C
C
S
S
A
P
A
P
= = &
From equation (i), we get,
( ) ) (iii t
E E
S C
C
C
S
S
= +

( ) ) (iv t e e
S C C S
= + [From formula]
Equations (ii), (iii), and (iv) are required expression for composite section for
temperature stress.

2.5 compound Bars subjected to axial tension compression:
Consider two bars of different material having
equal lengths are rigidly fixed at one unit and let P is
applied as shown in figure, then the load P which equal
to sum of the loads carried by each material.
P = P
1
+ P
2

Also, the extension of each bar is same i.e. B
1
= B
2

So,

2 2
2
1 1
1
E A
L P
E A
L P
=
) (
2 2
1 1
2 1
i
E A
E A
P P =

d
BL L
D

So, from (i),

|
|
\
|
+ = + =
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
1 1
2
1
E A
E A
P P
E A
E A
P P

2 2
1 1
2
1
E A
E A
P
P
+
=
Similarly,
P
1
= P
2

1 1
2 2
2
1
E A
E A
P
P
+
=

Poissons Ratio:
It is the ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain.
i.e.
al strain longitudin
rain lateral st
=
Suppose a solid circular bar of length L and
diameter D. Due to stress, the length increases by L
and diameter reduces by ( ) d

=
d
Strain Lateral

L
L
= Strain al Longitudin
If the strain in the direction of load is /E then in other two direction is,

E E
&

Q. A rod as shown in figure is subjected to poll of 500 KN on the ends. Take E = 2.0510
5

N/mm
2
. Find extension of rod.

So|
n
:
) (
3
3
2
2
1
1
i
A
L
A
L
A
L
E
P

|
|
\
|
+ + =
120
80 100 80 100 80 120
200
100 250 150 250 150 350 20 0


A D
C
B C
1
B
1
z
z
z
F

Now, 11310
4
120
4
2 2
1
=
= =
d
A
5027
4
80
2
2
=
=

A
7854
4
100
2
3
=
=

A
Then, equation (i) written as,

|
\
| + +
+
+ +
+
+
=
7854
200 250 250
5027
150 150 100
11310
200 200
10 05 . 2
800
5

mm 796 . 0 =

Relation between modulus of elasticity(E), modulus of rigidity(C) and bulk modulus(K):
Relation between E and C:
Consider a square element ABCD deformed to ADC
|
B
|

due to stress.
Due to pure shear, there is tensile stress along the
diagonal BD and compressive stress at right angle to the
diagonal.

|
\
|
=
E
q
E
q
BD diagonal of Strain
( ) ) ( 1 i
E
q
+ =

2
BD diagonal in Strain
| |
AB
FB
BD
FB
= =
Since, the deformation is very small so we can take,
45
|
F BB then,
FB
|
= B
|
BCos45 -------- (a)
From equation (a), putting the value of FB
|
in equation (i),

2
45
2
BD diagonal in Strain
| |
AB
Cos BB
AB
FB
= =

AB
BB
AB
BB
2
2
2
1
|
|
= =

AB
BB
|
2
1
=

2
1
= (since is very small)

Since,
c
q
= rigidity) of modulus (
() Strain Shear
(q) Sress Shear
C =
(

So, ) (
2
BD diagonal in Strain ii
C
q
=
Since, equation (i) and (ii) are same,
So, ( ) + = 1
2 E
q
C
q

( ) ) ( 1 2 iii C E + =
Which is required relation between E and C.

Relation between E and K:
Consider a cube subjected to three mutually
perpendicular tensile stress along X,Y,Z directions.

E E E
e
X
=
( )
2 1 =
E

E E E
e
Y
=
( )
2 1 =
E

E E E
e
Z
=
( )
2 1 =
E

Now,
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1 + + = + + =
E E E
e e e e
Z Y X V

( )
2 1
3
=
E

Since,

( )
2 1
3
Strain Volumetric
Stress Volumetric
= =
E
K

( ) 2 1 3
=
E
K
( ) ) ( 2 1 3 iv K E =
Which is required relation between E and K.


Putting the value of from equation (iii) to equation (iv) then,

)
`
\
|
= 1 3
2C
E
2 1 K E
2 1
3
+ =
C
E
K
E

C
E
K
E
= 3
3

C
EK
K E
3
9 =
K
C
EK
E 9
3
= +
K
C
K
E or 9
3
1 , = |
\
|
+

|
\
| +
=
C
K C
K
E
3
9

K C
KC
E
3
(
+
=
Which is required relation between E, C, and K.

Q. A copper rod 25 mm in diameter is inclosed in steel 30 mm internal diameter and 35 mm
external diameter. The ends are rigidly attached. The composite bar is 500 mm long and is
subjected to an axial pull of 300 KN. Find the stresses induced in the rod and the tube. Take
E for steel 210
5
N/mm
2
and E for copper as 110
5
N/mm
2
.

So|
n
:
A
C
= Area of copper in cross-section = (25)
2
/4
A
C
= 490.9 mm
2

A
S
= cross section area of steel = {(35)
2
/4} {(30)
2
/4}
A
S
= 255.25 mm
2

Now, P
C
+ P
S
= P
) ( 10 30
3
i A A
S S C C
= +
Elongation in steel = Elongation in copper
25 30 35 30 KN 30 KN


C
C
S
S
E
t
E
t
or

= ,

C
C
S
S
E E
or

= ,

5
5
10 1
10 2
,
= =
C
C
S
C S
E
E
or
. 26c
S
=
From equations (i),

3
10 30 25 . 255 26 9 . 490 = + c
C

2
3
/ 95 . 29
4 . 1001
10 30
, mm N or
C
=
=

2
/ 95 . 29 mm N
C
=
And, 91 . 59 95 . 29 2 26 = = = c
S

2
/ 91 . 59 mm N
S
=

Principal stresses:
The planes having no shear stresses are known as principal planes. The normal stresses
acting on a principal plane are known as principal stress.
CASE-I: Stress acting on a plane inclined to the direction of a applied forces:

Consider a rectangular member of unit thickness and of uniform cross-sectional area.
Let, P = Axial force acting on the member
A = Area of cross-section, which is perpendicular to the line of a action of the force P
Here, the area of section EF which is perpendicular to the line action of force, P is,
A = EF 1
Now, let us consider an oblique plane FG inclined at an angle with the section EF.
The area of section FG = FG 1

Cos
A
Cos
EF
Cos
EF
=
= =
1
1
Sec A
Stresses on the section FG,
E G
P
F
P


A
P
=
(
FG of Section
P
i.e.

Sec A
P
=
Cos =
Since, this stress is not normal to the FG, it is parallel to the axis of the member. So, it
has normal and tangential components on the sections FG.
P
X
= P Cos
P
t
= P Sin
Hence, normal stress (
n
) on the plane FG,

Sec
Cos
Sec A
Cos P
=
= =
FG of area
force normal

(
=
A
P
Since,

2
Cos =

2
Cos
n
=
Tangential Stress (
t
) on the plane FG,

2
2
2
2 FG of area
Force Tangential
Sin Cos Sin Cos Sin
Sec A
Sin P
t
= = =
= =

2
2
Sin
t
=
The normal stress which be maximum when Cos = 1 i.e. = 0
Maximum normal stress =
Also, the tangential stress which be maximum when Sin2 = 1
or, Sin2 = Sin 90 or Sin270
or, = 45 or 155
Hence, maximum tangential stress = 1/2
= /2
For principal plane,
t
= 0
0 2
2
=
Sin
0 =
LEFT A LOT OF PAGES

Case:III:
(Left A Lot Of Lines)

1
1 2
=
FC
Cos Q Sin Q

FC
Cos BC Sin FB
=
2 2


Cos
FC
BC
q Sin
FC
FB
= 2
Cos Cos Sin Sin = 2 2
( )
2 2
2 Sin Cos =
2 qCos
t
=

Case-IV:
A member subjected to direct stresses in two mutually perpendicular directions
accompanied by a simple shear stress.

Consider a rectangular plate ABCD of unit thickness which is subjected to tensile
stresses
1
and
2
and shear stresses 1 at their faces as shown in figure.
Suppose oblique plane FC inclined at an angle .
Let, P
1
= tensile force on face BC due to stresses
1

=
1
BC1
P
2
= tensile force on face BF due to stresses
2

=
2
BF1
Q
1
= shear force on face BC due to shear stress q
= qBC1
Q
2
= shear force on face BF due to shear stress q
= qBF1
Hence, resolving all forces total normal force on oblique plane FC;
Cos Q Sin Q Sin P Cos P
2 1 2 1
+ + + =
Cos BF q Sin BC q Sin BF Cos BD + + + =
2 1

And, total tangential force on oblique plane FC;
Cos Q Sin Q Cos P Sin P
1 2 2 1
+ =
Cos BC q Sin BF q Cos BF Sin BC + =
2 1

Hence, total normal stress (
n
) on oblique plane FC;
1
2
1
2
F
q
q

D
A F B
C
Q1 Cos
P1 Sin
P2 Cos
Q2 Sin
Q2 = Q x BC x Z
P2 = 2 x FB x 1
P1 Cos +P2 Sin
q x BC Sin
Q
1
Cos
P
1
=
1
x BC 1
B
1
=
q
x BC x 1


1
2 1
+ + +
=
FC
Cos BF q Sin BC q Sin F Cos BC
n

Cos
FC
BF
q Sin
FC
BC
q Sin
FC
BF
Cos
FC
BC
+ + + =
2 1

Cos qSin Cos qSin Sin Sin Cos Cos + + + =
2 1

( ) ( )
Cos qSin Cos Cos + + + = 2 2 1

2
2 1
2
2 1

2 2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1
Sin Cos
n
+
+
+
=
And, Tangential stress across FC;

1
2 1
+
=
FC
Cos BC q Sin BF q Cos FB Sin BC
t

Cos
FC
BC
q Sin
FC
BF
q Cos
FC
FB
Sin
FC
BC
+ =
2 1

Cos qCos Sin qSin Cos Sin Sin Cos + =
2 1

2 2 2
2
2 1
Cos Sin
t

=

Major and minor principle stress:
For principle plane;
0 =
t

0 2 2 2
2
2 1
=

Cos Sin

2 2
2
2 1
qCos Sin =

2 1
2
2
2

=
q
Cos
Sin

b
p q
=
=
2 1
2
2 tan

Hence, diagonal of right angle triangle,
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1
2q + =
either ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1
2q + or ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1
2q +
Let,
( )
2 2
2 1
4q diagonal + =

( )
2 2
2 1
4
2
2
q
q
Sin
+
=

For major principle stress:

2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1
qSin Cos +
+
+
=

( ) ( )
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
4
2
4
2 2
q
q
q
q +
+
+
+
+
=

( )
( )
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 1 2 1
4 2
4
2
q
q
+
+
+
+
=

( )
2 2
2 1
2 1
4
2
1
2
q + +
+
=

2
2
2 1 2 1
2 2
q + |
\
|
+
+
=

Minor principle stress:
Let, ( )
2 2
2 1
4q diagonal + =

( )
2 2
2 1
2 1
4
2
q
Cos
+
=

( )
2 2
2 1
4
2
2
q
q
Sin
+
=

2 2
2 2
stress principle Minor
2 1 2 1
qSin Cos +
+
+
=

( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
4
2
4
2 2
q
q
q
q +
+
+
+
+
=

( )
( )
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 1 2 1
4 2
4
2
q
q
+
+
+
=

( )
2 2
2 1
2 1
4
2
1
2
q +
+
=

2
2
2 1 2 1
2 2
q + |
\
|
+
=

For maximum and minimum shear stress:
The shear stress will be maximum or minimum when,

( )
0 =
d
d
t

0 2 2 2
2
2 1
= |
\
|

Cos Sin
d
d

( ) 0 2 2 2 2
2
,
2 1
=

Sin q Cos or

( ) 0 2 2 2 ,
2 1
= + qSin Cos or
( ) 2 2 2 2 ,
1
Cos qSin or =

( )
also
2 2
2 ,
1 2 2 1
q q
TTa or

+ =
=

( )
2 2
1 2
1 2
4
2
q
Sin
+
=

( )
2 2
1 2
4
2
2
q
q
Cos
+
=

Hence, maximum or minimum shear stress is,

2 2
2
2 1
qCos Sin

( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
1 2 2 1
4
2
4
2
q
q
q
q +
=

( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
2
2 2
1 2
2
1 2
4
2
4 2 q
q
q +
=

( )
( )
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
4 2
4
q
q
+
+
=

( )
2 2
1 2
4
2
1
q + =

2
2
1 2
2
q + |
\
|
=

Hence, major shear stress
2
2
1 2
2
q + |
\
|
=

And, minor shear stress
2
2
1 2
2
q + |
\
|
=

Left a page

Mohr Circle method:
It is a graphical method of determination of normal tangential and resultant stress. It can
be used for the following cases:
(A) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principle tensile stress of unequal
intensities.
(B) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal stress which are unequal
and unlike (i.e. one is tensile and other is compressive).

N x
y
o A C B
2 1
y
1
1 = - ve
2 = + ve
A = origin

(C) A body is subjected to two mutually perpendicular tensile stresses accompanied by
simple shear stress.

Case (A):
Let,
1
= major tensile stress

2
= minor tensile stress
= angle made by oblique plane with minor stress
Proof:

2
2 1

= = = OE OB CO

2
2
Now,
2 1
2
OECos OD CO AC AD +
+ = + + =

2
2 2
2 1 2 1
2
Cos
+ =

2
2 2
2
2 1 2 1 2
Cos
+
+
=

n
Cos

=
+
+
= 2
2 2
2 1 2 1
i.e. normal stress

t
Sin Sin OE ED

=
= = 2
2
2
2 1
i.e. tangential stress
Now, AD = normal stress on oblique plane
DE = tangential stress on oblique plane
AE = resultant stress

Case (B):

1

2
= minor compressive stress
= angle made by oblique plane with minor B
stress
AD = Normal stress on oblique plane
DE = Tangential stress on oblique plane
AE = Resultant stress on oblique plane

Case (C):

1

2
= minor tensile stress
q = shear stress
= angle made by oblique plane with minor stress
now, AD = normal stress on oblique plane
1
2
1
2

y
A
2 2
o D C
E

DE = tangential stress on oblique plane
AE = resultant stress on oblique plane

C.G. whole wf
Centroid whole area
Moment of inertia (M.I.):

Centre of gravity (C.G.) = The point where the whole wf of the body is concentrated.
Centroid = The point where the whole area of the body is concentrated

Centroid of plane lamina:

n n
x a x a x a x a X A + + + + = ..... ..........
3 3 2 2 1 1

n
n n
a a a a
x a x a x a x a
X
+ + + +
+ + + +
=
..........
..... ..........
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1

= =
=
=
da
da x
a
x a
n
i
i
n
i
i i
1
1

Integration = summation of area
Derivative = slope or any inter vol of time
Similarly,
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
x
8
o
y


h
L
M
A
dA
y
G G

= =
=
=
da
da y
a
y a
Y
n
i
i
n
i
i i
1
1

For line element;

= =
=
=
dL
dL x
L
x L
X
n
i
i
n
i
i i
1
1

And,

= =
=
=
dL
dL y
L
y L
Y
n
i
i
n
i
i i
1
1

Moment of Inertia (M.I.):

The moment of this plane lamina about Y-axis = Ax
The moment of this plane lamina about X-axis = Ay
The moment of moment of this plane lamina about Y-axis = Ax x = Ax
2

and, The moment of moment of this plane lamina about X-axis = Ay y = Ay
2

so, moment of moment of an area is called moment of inertia. It is represented by I. It is
also called 2
nd
moment of an area.
[-== == subject study =- = M.I. for area - = mass = +- -+- =+c - -= =- area +
= =+ +tc ]

Parallel axis Theorem:
2
Ak I I
GG LM
+ =

Statement and Proof:
It states that the moment of inertia of a plane
lamina about any axis in the plane of lamina is equal
to the sum of the moment of inertia of that lamina
about centroidal axis and the product of the area and
x A
y
y
o

IGG
A
h
L
M


A
r
y
x
da
y
x
z

square of perpendicular distance between the two axis.
Proof:
Let a lamina of area A. Let the centroidal axis GG about which moment of inertia is
known i.e. IGG. Let axis LM parallel to axis GG about which M.I. is to be found out.
The distance between these two axis be h. Suppose an elementary area dA which is at a
distance y from centroidal axis GG.
M.I. of elementary area about axis LM,
( )
2
y x dA dI
LM
+ =
( )
2 2
2 or, y xy x dA dI
LM
+ + =
Now, M.I. of whole area about axis LM;

=
LM LM
dI I
( )
+ + =
2 2
2 y xy x dA

+ + = dA y dA y x dA x
2 2
2
A y x A x
2 2
0 2 + + =
0 i.e.GG GG about dA of M.I. . snce, = = dA zy

GG LM
I Ax Ay Ax I + = + =
2 2 2

Perpendicular axis theorem:
Statement:
It states that the M.I. of plane lamina about centroidal axis perpendicular to the plane
of lamina is equal to the sum of its M.I. about two mutually perpendicular centroidal axis in
the plane of the lamina.

YY XX ZZ
I I I e i + = . .
Proof:
Let, A plane laminma of Area A, X and Y axis are
its centroidal axis lying ni its plane. Z-axis is its centroidal
axis lying in the plane perpendicular to it.
Let, elementary area dA at a distance y, x and r from X,
Y, and Z axis respectively.
The M.I. of this elementary area dA about Z-axis,

2
r dA dI
ZZ
=
( )
2 2 2 2
dAy dAx y x dA + = + =
M.I. of whole area about Z-axis is

=
ZZ ZZ
dI I
( )
+ =
2 2
dAy dAx

+ = dA y dA x
2 2


2 2
Ay Ax + =

YY XX
I I + =

LEFT 3 PAGES

(ii) M.I. of triangular section:
Now,
h
b
y h
x
=
(by the relation of similar triangle)

( ) y h
h
b
x =
( )dy y h
h
b
xdy = = (dA) Strip of Area
Moment of inertia of this strip about base;

2
y dA dI
b
=
( ) dy y y h
h
b
=
2

M.I. of whole triangular section about its base,
( )

= =
h h
b b
dy y y h
h
b
dI I
0
2
0

( )
=
h
dy y hy
h
b
0
3 2

h
y y
h
h
b
0
4 3
4 3
(
=

(
=
4 3
4 4
h h
h
b

(
=
12
4
h
h
b

12
3
bh
I
b
=

M.I. about centroidal axis
We know,

2
Ax I I
GX b
+ =

2
, Ax I I or
b GX
= ( ) ( )
2 2
3 tan . . h A ce dis A e i =
YY XX ZZ
I I I + =
h
x
s

C. G.
h/3


2
3
3 2
1
12
|
\
|
=
h
h b
bh

28 12
3 3
bh bh
=

36
3
bh
I
GX
=

M.I. of circular section:

Let, a circular section of radius r and diameter D. Suppose an elementary ring of
thickness dr and radius r.
Now, area of elementary strip ring = 2rdr
M.I. of this elementary ring (dI
zz
) = 2rdrr
2

or, dI
zz
= 2r
3
dr
M.I. of whole circular area about 2-axis:

=
R
ZZ ZZ
dI I
0

=
R
dr r
0
3
2

2 4
2
4
0
4
R r
R
=
(
=
Since, 2 D R =

( )
32 2
2
4 4
D D
I
ZZ

= =

32
4
D
I
ZZ
=
We know,

YY XX ZZ
I I I + =
Since, I
XX
and I
YY
are symmetrical,
So, I
XX
= I
YY

r
R
dr
x x
y
y


XX XX ZZ
I I I + =

32 2
1
2
1
,
4
D
I I or
ZZ XX
= =

64
4
D
I I
YY XX
= =

Q-1. The flanges and web of a 15cm 7.5cm is classed section are 9mm and 6mm
respectively. Find the position of C.G. of section and its I
XX
and I
YY
.

So|
n
:
fig (1): A
1
= 759 = 675mm
2

x
1
= 75/2 = 37.5
fig (2): A
2
= (150-29)6
x
2
= 6/2 = 3mm
fig(3): A
3
= 675mm
2
(since A
1
and A
3
are symmetrical)
x
3
= 37.5mm

675 675792
5 . 37 675 3 792 5 . 37 675
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
+
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
A A A
x A x A x A
x
mm x 7 . 24 =
Now, for fig(1);

2
3
12
Ax
bd
I
GX
+ =

( )
2
3
2
9
2
150
9 75
12
9 75
|
\
|
+
= ( ) 5 . 4 75 . . e i
5 . 47587 25 . 506 + =
75 . 48093 =
For fig(2);

( )
2
3
12
18 150 6
Ax I
GX
+

= [since, h = 0, Ax
2
= 0]
1149984 =
For fig(3);
6mm
9mm
1.5 cm
7.5 cm
9 mm
1
2
3


( ) ( ) [ ]
h A
I
GX
2 3
5 . 4 75 9 75
12
9 75
+
=
5 . 47587 25 . 506 + =
75 . 48093 =
Again for fig(v);

( ) ( )
2
2 3
7 . 24 5 . 37 75 9
12
75 9
h A
I
GY

+
=
=
GY
I
For fig(v);

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 3
3 7 . 24 6 18 150
12
6 18 150
h A
I
GY

+

=
=
GY
I
For fig(3);

2
3
12
Ax
db
I
GY
+ =
( ) [ ]
2
3
7 . 24 5 . 37 75 9
12
75 9
+
=
=
GY
I

Product of inertia:

Strength of Material

Find the centroidal M.I. of shaded area as shown in figure:
So|
n
: Since, the figure is symmetrical in the Y-axis,
So, mm
a
ay
y 8 . 15
8 . 996
15748
= = =

2
Ax I I
GG LM
+ =
Component Area Distance from L-L ay
1) 1530 225 10 2250
2) 3030 900 15 1550
1
2
3 cm
3
4
y
30mm 30mm
y y


3) (15)2/2 353.40 6.37 (-)2251.2
4) 1530 225 10 2250
a = 996.8 ay =
15748
mm
a
ay
y 8 . 95
8 . 996
15748
= = =

3 2 1
XX XX XX XX
I I I I + + =

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
(
+ + + + =
2
4
2
3
2
3
37 . 6 8 . 15 4 . 353
428
30
15 8 . 15 900
12
30 30
10 8 . 15 225
6
30 15

4
68691mm =
Also, ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
3 4 3
2
3
5 15 225
30
15 30
428
30
12
30 30
5 15 225
6 . 3
10 30
+ +
+
(
+ + +
=
YY
I

4
6 . 233244 mm =

# Find the centroidal M.I. of the given figure:

So|
n
:
Fig(1):
2
1
450 30 30
2
1
mm a = =
mm x 85
3
30
40 20 15
1
= + + + =
mm y 10 30
3
1
1
= =
Fig(2):
2
2
1800 30 60 mm a = =
( ) mm x 45 40 20
2
1
15
2
= + + =
4
15mm 20mm 40mm 30mm
y
x
I
x
II
y
I
30mm 3
2
1
C.G
15


mm y 15
2
30
2
= =
Fig(3):
( )
2
2
3
71 . 176
4
15
mm a = =

mm x 35 20 15
3
= + =
mm y 15
3
=
Fig(4):
( )
2
2
2
4
43 . 353
2
15
2
1
mm r a = = =

mm
R
x 63 . 8
3
15 4
45
3
4
15
4
=
= =

mm y 15
4
=
Now, mm
a a a a
x a x a x a x a
x 84 . 47
4 3 2 1
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
=
+ +
+ +
=
mm
a a a a
y a y a y a y a
y 07 . 14
4 3 2 1
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
=
+ +
+ +
=
so, coordinate of C.G. = (47.84 , 14.07)
= +
2
Ax I
GG

Now, for fig(2)

4 3 2
|
1
| | |
XX XX XX
X X X X
I I I I I + + + =
Now, ( )
2
1 1
3
2
3
36
30 30
36
1
y y a Ax
bh
I
XX
+
= + =
( )
2
3
10 07 . 44 450
36
30 30
+
=
=
For fig(2);
( )
2
2
2
2
3
30 60
12
30 60
12
2
y y Ax
bd
I
XX
+
= + =
( )
2
15 07 . 14 1800
12
900 60
+
=
=
For fig(6);

2
4
64
3
Ax
D
I
XX
+ =

( )
2
3
4
15 07 . 14
64
15
+
= a

( )
2
4
07 . 14 15 71 . 176
64
15
+
=


=
For fig(4);
( ) 07 . 14 15 43 . 353
128
4
4
+ =
D
I
XX

So, = + + =
4 3 2 1
XX XX XX XX XX
I I I I I
Again,
4 3 2 1
| |
yy yy yy yy
y y
I I I I I + + =
( ) ( ) = +
= +
= 85 . 47 85 450
36
30 30
450
36
30 30
3
1
3
1
x x I
yy

( ) ( ) = +
= +
=
2
3
2
3
45 85 . 47 1800
12
60 30
1800
12
60 30
2
x x I
yy

( )
( )
2
4
35 85 . 47 71 . 176
64
15
3
+ =

yy
I

( )
2
4
3
4
8515 . 47 43 . 353
128
30
4
|
\
|
+ + =
R
I
yy
[due to half circle]
LEFT A LOT OF PAGES

Q-1. Find the product of inertia (POI) for the plane hatched area about the axes XX and YY
as shown in figure.
So|
n
: For figure (1);

( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1
b Aa I I
XgYg xy
+ =
( )( ) 20 30 60 40 0 + =

4 4
10 144 mm =
Since, Aab I I
XgYg xy
+ =
69 . 2676
3 2 1
= + =
a a a a
33 . 29 = X and 75 . 27 = y
For fig (2);

( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 2
b a A I I
XgYg xy
+ =

2 2
2 2
72
b Aa
h b
+ =

( ) ( )
( )( ) 50 20 60 30
2
1
72
60 30
2 2
+ =

4 4
10 5 . 85 mm =
For fig (3);

( ) ( ) 3 3 3 3 3
b a A I I
XgYg xy
+ =
20
1
2
3
10mm
10mm
60mm
x
Y


( )
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
+
+ =
3
4
10 30
2
20
0
2
R
[since, R = 20mm]

4 4
0 85 . 34 mm =
Now,
( ) ( ) ( )3 2 1 xy xy xy xy
I I I I + + =

4 4 4
10 85 . 34 10 5 . 85 10 144 + =
mm I
xy
4
10 65 . 194 =
Since,
y x A I I
XY
Y X
+ =
| |

y x a + =

4
10 65 . 194
75 . 27 33 . 29 69 . 2671 10 65 . 194
4
=

4 4
10 1 . 42 mm =

Q-2. Find principle moments of inertia and directions of principal axes for angle section
shown in figure.
So|
n
: Since,

XX YY
XY
I I
I
=
2
2 tan and
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
XY
XX YY YY XX
UU
I
I I I I
I +
+
+
=
Now,
2
1
24 2 12 cm a = =
cm x 6
2
12
1
= =
cm y 1
2
2
1
= =
And, ( )
2
2
36 2 2 20 cm a = =
cm x 1
2
=
cm y 11
2
18
2
2
= |
\
|
=
Now, cm
a a
x a x a
x 3
2 1
2 2 1 1
=
+
+
=
cm
a a
y a y a
y 7
2 1
2 2 1 1
=
+
+
=
Now,
( ) ( )2 1 XX XX XX
I I I + =

2
2
3
1
2
3
72 12
(
+ +
(
+ = Ax
bd
Ax
bd

( )
( )
( )
( )
(
+
(
=
2
3
2
3
7 11 18 2
12
18 2
1 7 24
12
2 12

30mm 40mm
C.G
12 cm
1
2 30 cm
2 cm
M
2 cm
M


4
2420cm =
And,
( ) ( )2 1 YY YY YY
I I I + =

( )
( )
( )
( )
(
+
(
=
2
3
2
3
1 3 18 2
12
2 18
3 6 12 2
12
12 2

4
660cm =
Now,
( ) ( ) ( )2 1 XY XY XY
I I I + =
[ ] [ ]
2 2 1 1
0 0 b Aa b Aa + + + =
( )( ) [ ] ( )( ) [ ] 2 4 18 2 3 6 1 7 12 2 + =

4
720cm I
XY
=
now, 810 . 0
2420 660
720 2 2
2 tan =
=
XX YY
XY
I I
I

810 . 2 tan , = or
( ) 810 . 0 tan 2 ,
1
=

or

( )
2
810 . 0 tan
,
1
or
7 . 19 = or 3 . 70
Again, ( )
2
2
2 2
XY
XX YY YY XX
UU
I
I I I I
I + |
\
|
+
+
=

4
2677cm =
And, ( )
2
2
2 2
XY
XX YY YY XX
VV
I
I I I I
I + |
\
|
+
=

4
403cm =
Also, 2 2
2 2
| |
Sin I Cos
I I I I
I
XY
XX YY YY XX
X X

+
=
Since, = -19.7

4
2677
| |
cm I
X X
=

B.M.D., S.F.D. and A.F.D:
Bending Moment (B.M.):
Turning effect of a force is called moment (B.M.). It is represented by M.
It is also defined as product of force and perpendicular distance.

Shear force (S.F.):
Algebraic sum of vertical force is called S.F.
Axial force = Normal force
Shear force = Tangential force

In cruss, generally,
Bottom member = Tensile
Top member = compressive -c
=+ member calculation =- +c =+ - -c

Axial Force (A.F.):
The force acting longitudinal axis of the beam is called axial force (A.F.)
In Beam for S.F. calculation:
From left (+)ve and (-)ve (to right)
From right (-)ve and (+)ve (to left)

Draw B.M. and S.F. for given figure.

So|
n
:
= 0
B
M
0 2 10 5 4 10 7 2 2 8 = +
A
R
0 20 5 40 28 8 , = + =
A
R or

8
5 88
,

=
A
R or
37 . 10
8
83
= =
A
R
Now,
= 0 dy (i.e. vertical load)

0 10 10 4 = +
B A
R R
0 24
8
83
3
= + R
63 . 13
8
109
8
83 192
= =
=
B
R
37 . 10 =
A
R
0.5
10XN

10KN 10KN
0.5M
2M 2M 2M 2M

100.5=5KN-M
sf]
moment

E
2M 2M 2M 2M
5KN-M
CA
C
A
2 KN/M


63 . 13 =
B
R
B.M.D. (+)ve
Span AC:

2
2
x
x x R M
A X
= =

2
2
37 . 10
2
x
x =

2
37 . 10 , x x M or
X
=
Since, this equation is quadratic, so, its shape is parabolic.
At, x = 0, M
0
= 0
At, x=1, M
1
=9.37
At, x=2, M
2
=16.74
Span CD:
( ) 1 2 2 = x x R M
A X

4 4 37 . 10 + = x x
4 37 . 6 + = x
At, x=2, M
2
=16.74 [Same as above. Hence checked.]
At, x=4(left), M
4
=10.374-4(4-1)=29.48

Span DE:
( ) ( ) 5 4 10 1 2 + = x x h x C M
A X

( ) ( ) 5 4 10 1 4 37 . 10 + = x x x
Now, at x=4(right) M
4
=29.48+5=34.48
At, x=6, M
6
=10.376-4(6-1)-10(6-4)+5=27.22
Span EB:
( ) ( ) ( ) 6 10 5 4 10 1 4 37 . 10 + = x x x x M
X

At, x=6, M
6
=27.22
x=8, M
8
=82.96-28-40-20+5=87.96-88=-0.04 0

C
A
x
KA
2 M

C
A
x
2 M 2 M
D

C
A
x
2 M 2 M
D E B
2 M 2 M 2 M

C
A
x
2 M 2 M
D E B
2 M 2 M

C
A
D E B
o
9.37
16.14 29.48
34.48
27.22
10.37
6.37 6.37
-3.37
3.36
13.63

2M
x
R
D


For S.F.
Span AC:
x x R F
A X
2 37 . 10 2 = =
At, x=0(right), F
0
(right)=10.37
X=2, F
2
10.37-22=6.37
Span-CD:
37 . 6 4 37 . 10 2 = = =
A X
R F
At, x=2, F
2
=6.37
x=4(left), F
4
(left)=6.37
Span DE:
63 . 3 10 2 2 = =
A X
R F
At, x=4(right), F
4
(right)=-3.63
X=6(left), F
6
(left)=-3.63
Span EB:
63 . 13 24 37 . 10 10 10 2 2 = = =
A X
R F
At, x=6(right), F
6
(right)=-13.63
x=8(left), F
8
(left)=-13.63
Now, at x=8(right)

B A
R R right F + = 10 10 2 2 ) (
8

0 63 . 13 24 37 . 10 = + =
LEFT 3 PAGES

Draw B.M.D and S.F.D for given figure:

C
A
D
2M 2M
x

C
A
2M 2M 2M
x

C
A
x
D E
I
o
I
o
2M 2M 2M
B
R
B
2M
R
a

A
D
10 KN
Internal
HInge
2 XN/m
2 XN/m
B E
C
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
3.67 3.67
4.67
0.67 + +
-
-
parabilic
A B E C D
1.33
6.33 6.33
S.F.D
0.532
0.4625


So|
n
:
67 . 3 =
A
R
11 =
B
R
=
C
R

For bending moment diagram (B.M.D.):
Span AD:
x x R M
A X
67 . 3 = =
0 , 0 ,
0
= = M x at
34 . 7 , 2 ,
2
= = M x at

Span DB:
( ) 2 10 = x x R M
A X

34 . 7 , 2 ,
2
= = M x at
32 . 5 , 4 ,
4
= = M x at

Span BE:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
4
4 2 4 2 10

+ =
x
x x R x x R M
B A X

( ) ( ) ( )
2
4 4 11 2 10 67 . 3 , + = x x x x M or
X

32 . 5 , 4 ,
4
= = M x at
65 . 1 , 5 ,
5
= = M x at
0 , 6 ,
6
= = M x at

Span EC:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6
3
1
6 6
2
1
2
2
2 2 2 2 4 2 10
)
`
\
|
+ + + = x x x x x R x x R M
B A X

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
6
6
1
5 4 4 11 2 10 67 . 3 + = x x x x x

0 , 6 ,
6
= = M x at
523 . 0 , 7 ,
7
= = M x at
4625 . 0 , 5 . 7 ,
5 . 7
= = M x at
A
x
R
A
10 KN
D

A
x
R
A
D
11 KN
B
2

A
x
R
A
D
10 KN
2M
B
R
B
2M

A
x
D
10 KN
2M
B
R
A R
B
2M
E
2M
2 KN/m

y 2
x-6
2


1498 . 0 , 9 . 7 ,
9 . 7
= = M x at
0 026 . 0 , 8 ,
8
= = M x at

For S.F.D:
Sign Convention:
From left (+)ve and from right (-)ve
From left (-)ve and from right (+)ve

Now, S.F. at lrft of A = 0
Span AB:
67 . 3 = =
A X
R F [(+)ve due to upward]

67 . 3 ) ( ), ( 0 , = = right F right x at
67 . 3 ) ( ), ( 2 ,
2
= = left F left x at

Span DB:
33 . 6 10 67 . 3 10 = = =
A X
R F

33 . 6 , 2 ,
2
= = right F right x at
33 . 6 , 4 ,
4

Span BE:

( ) 4 2
10

+ =
x B A X
R R F
( ) ( ) 4 2 67 . 4 4 2 11 10 67 . 3 = + = x x F
X

67 . 4 , 4 ,
4
= = right F right x at
67 . 0 , 6 ,
6
= = F x at
Span EC:
( ) ( ) 6 6
2
1
2 2 10 + = x x R R F
B A X

( )
2
6
4 11 10 67 . 3
2
+ =
x

( )
2
6
67 . 0
2
=
x
F
X

67 . 0 , 6 ,
6
= = F x at
545 . 0 , 5 . 6 ,
5 . 6
= = F x at
388 . 0 , 75 . 6 ,
75 . 6
= = F x at
33 . 1 , 8 ,
8
0 33 . 1 33 . 1 33 . 1 , 8 ,
8
= + = + = =
C
R right F right x at

FRAME:
A
x
10 KN
2
x-4
2

A
x
2 2
D E
R
A
R
B
2 x-6

B D
D
10KN
A E
2M 2M
2 KN
4 m
RA V RE V


So|
n
: M
E
= 0
0
2
4
4 2 2 10 4 =
AV
R
9
4
16 20
, =
+
=
AV
R or
9 =
AV
R
Now,
= ; 0
Y
F then,
0 10 = +
EV AV
R R
1 9 10 , = =
EV
R or

= ; 0
X
F then,
0 4 2 =
AH
R
8 =
AH
R
Now,
Span AB:

x x R M
AH X
8 = =

Since, x M
X
8 =

0 , 0 ,
0
= = M x at

32 , 4 ,
4
= = M x at

Span BC:

4 8 9 4 = = x R x R M
AH AV X

32 9 = x M
X

32 , 0 ,
0
= = M x at

14 , 2 ,
2
= = M x at

Span CD:
( ) 2 10 4 = x R x R M
AH AV X

( ) 2 10 32 9 = x x M
X

14 , 2 ,
2
= = M x at

16 , 4 ,
4
= = M x at

Span ED: (+)ve

2
2
2 x
x
x M
X
= =
0 , 0 ,
0
= = M x at
R
AV
R
AH

R
AV
=9
RAH
x
4m
B
A

x
4m
2
(x-2)

B D
C
10
2 KN
x
A E
RAV = 9 REV 21
4M
RAH


4 , 2 ,
2
= = M x at
16 , 4 ,
4
= = M x at

Q Draw B.M., S.F. and A.F. diagram
[Hint or clue:
When hinge is not given i.e. as internal hinge then,
no. of unknown = 4
no. of equilibrium = 3
Degree of indetermacy = 4 3 = 1
If internal hinge is given then,
no. of unknown = 4
no. of determacy = 3+1 =4
Degree of determacy = 4 4 = 0
Hence structure is determinate.]
Internal hinge == hinge = left right port equilibrium = So|
n
=-
Now, M
F
= 0

Sign Convention:
And force is (+)ve
And force is (-)ve

So, M
F
= 0
0 2
3
1
2 2
2
1
2 2
3
2
2 2
2
1
2 10 4 = |
\
|
|
\
|
+
AV
R
0 33 . 4 33 . 20 20 4 , = +
AV
R or
-32
-32
-14
-16
-16
-
-
-
-
parabolic
B.M.D

2KN/m 2KN/m
Internal
HInge
E C
D
10KN
A F
2M
2M
2M 2M
R
AV
=3
R
FV
= 7
R
FH
= 2.84


[ ]
3
4
12
4
8 30 . 20
= =
+
=
AV
R
3 =
AV
R i.e. downward direction.
Now, F
Y
= 0;
0 2 2
2
1
2 2
2
1
3 = +
FV
R
3 4 , + =
FV
R or
7 =
FV
R i.e. upward direction.
For horizontal force calculation:
Let, left of internal hinge is in equilibrium and moment about D;
M
D
= 0
0 2
3
2
2 2
2
1
2
2
1
2 10 4 2 3 = |
\
|
+
AH
R
0
3
8
20 6 , = +
AH
R or
16 . 7
3 4
8 3 2
, =
+
=
AH
R or
16 . 7 =
AH
R
Now, F
X
= 0;
0 10 = +
FH AH
R R
0 10 76 . 7 = +
FH
R
84 . 2 =
FH
R [(+)ve , direction]

B.M. calculation:
Sign convention:
& (+)ve
& (-)ve
Span AB:
x x R M
AH X
16 . 7 = =
0 , 0 ,
0
= = M x at
32 . 14 , 2 ,
2
= = M x at
For Span BC:
( ) ( ) 2 10 16 . 7 2 10 = = x x x R M
AH X

32 . 14 , 2 ,
2
= = M x at
64 . 8 , 4 ,
4
= = M x at

R
AV
R
AH
x

B
x
2
2
A
C
RAH
RAV


2KN/m 2KN/m
E C
D
10KN
A F
B
RAH RAV
RFH
RFV

For Span CD:

(
+ =
3 2
1
2
2 2 10 4
x
x x
x
x R x R M
AH AV X

(
+ =
6
20 4 16 . 7 3 ,
3
2
x
x x M or
X

64 . 8 0 20 64 . 28 0 , 0 ,
0
= + = = M x at

0 02 . 0 97 . 29 30 33 . 1 64 . 28 30
6
8
4 20 64 . 28 6 , 2 ,
2
= + = + + = + + = = M x at

For Span DE:
( ) ( )
|
\
|
|
\
|
+ =
3
2
2 2
2
1
2
3
1
2 2
2
1
2 10 4
x
x x x R x R M
AH AV X

( )
6
2
3
2
2 20 64 . 28 3 ,
3
\
|
+ =
x
x x M or
X

x
C D
B
A

x
A3
3
x 2-x
2
2
g

B
C
D
2
x 2-x
F
A
RAH= 7.16
RFH= 2.84
RFN

D
anti clockwise
direction
x
(x-2)
(x-2)
3


+
-
-
+
+
8.64
8.69
14.32
C
B
A F
E
D
-11.36
11.36

0 , 2 ,
2
= = M x at
36 . 11 33 . 1 67 . 6 64 . 8 12 , 4 ,
4
= + = = M x at
Span FE:
x x R M
FH X
84 . 2 = =
0 , 0 ,
0
= = M x at
36 . 11 4 54 . 2 , 4 ,
4
= = = M x at
=+ calculation at Pt. E =-+ calucaltion at PT. E
value same |+= calculation correct c

After dia plot:
(+)ve - =
(-)ve =: + -= plot =-

For S.F.
S.F. at bottom
Span AB:
S.F. at bottom of A = 0 from left (+)ve
16 . 7 = =
AH X
R F
16 . 7 , 0 ,
0
= = top F top x at
16 . 7 , 2 ,
2
= = bottom F bottom x at
Span BC:
84 . 2 10 16 . 7 10 = = =
AH X
R F
84 . 2 , 2 ,
2
= = top F top x at
84 . 2 , 4 ,
4
= = F x at
Span CD:

(
= x x x R F
AV X
2
1
2

|
|
\
|
=
2
2 3
2
x
x
3 , 0 ,
0
= = F x at
5 2 34 , 2 ,
2
= + = = F x at
Span DE:
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 3 2 2
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
= =
x
x x R F
AV X

5 , 2 ,
2
= = F x at
7 2 5 , 4 ,
4
= = = F x at

[Since, EF FE ]
Span FE:
At bottom of F, 0 = bottom F
F

84 . 2 = =
FH X
R F

F
RFH
RFH
A
3
7
10
3
7.15
2.84
+
-
-
2.824 2.824
3 7
3 7
10
2 2


LEFT MANY PAGES

Q. A beam of rectangular section 20cm wide and 40cm deep is simply supported over a span
of 5m. It is loaded with a point load od 10KN at the centre. Calculate the maximum shear
stress.
So|
n
: Given,
b = 20cm, d = 40cm
KN F 5
2
10
= = (due to symmetrical)

( )
4
3 3
67 . 106666
12
40 20
12
cm
bd
I =
= =
Now,
( ) ( )
=
=
20 67 . 106666
2 20 20 20 5
) stress( shear
b I
y FA
q
Since, For maximum shear in section, take neutral axis unless specified.
Now,

Q. A timber beam 100mm wide and 250mm deep is simply supported over a span of 4m.
Find the uniformly distributed load that can be applied over the whole span so that the
deflected of the centre may not exceed 6mm. Take E = 1.1210
4
N/mm
2
.
So|
n
: Since,
EI
wl
y
384
5
4
=
Now, given,
y = 6mm
l = 4m = 41000 = 4000mm
E = 1.1210
4
N/mm
2

I = ?
Now,
( )
=
= =
12
200 100
12
3 3
bd
I
So, we know,

EI
wl
y
384
5
4
=

( )
4
4
10 12 . 1 384
4000
6 ,

=
w
mm or
= w or,
Q. A timber contilever beam 200mm wide and 300mm deep is 3m long. It is loaded with udl
of 3KN/m over the entire length. A point load of 2.7KN is placed at the free end of
contilever. Find the maximum bending stress (
max
) produced.
So|
n
: given,
b = 200
40 cm
20 cm

w/unit legk

4d= 300mm
b = 200mm
3 KN/m
3 m
2.7 KN


l = 1200
w

d = 300
w = 3KN/m
D = 2.7KN

max
= ? (bending Stress)
now,
( )
4 8
3 3
510 . 4
12
300 200
12
mm
bd
I =
= =

4 8
10 5 . 4 mm I =

2
3
3 3 3 7 . 2
max
+ = M [Since, B.M. max
m
& always at fixed end for
contilever]
N KN M
4
max
10 26 . 2 6 . 21 = =
Now,
y I
M
max max

=

I
y M
=
max
max

8
4
10 5 . 4
2
300
10 16 . 2

= [since, y = d/2]
mm N / 10 2 . 7
3
max
=

Q. A beam of size 25mm 25mm is carrying the max
m
contrd load of 20KN as a simply
supported span of 600mm. The beam of same material but of size 25mm wide and
100mmdecs.
So|
n
: Given,

l = 600mm
For simply supported beam,

y I
M
max max

=
But,
4
max
wL
M =
4 2 2 2
. B.M. Since,
max
wL L w L
F S = = =
?
max
=
Now,
I
d WL
I
y M
2 4 max
max
=
?
max
=

30 KN
l=600

b = 25 mm
d = 25 mm


For contilever,
same =
max
[Since,
max
is same for same material for both simply and contilever
beam]
1200
max
= = w L w M

( )
12
100 25
3
= I
2 d y =
Now,
y I
M
=

I I
w
or

=
1200
,

y
I
w

=

1200

Derive pure bending, elastic bending and plastic bending.
Elastic Bending = Elastic Limit leqsf] load g} x'g] bending nfO{ g} Elastic Bending elgG5 .
Plastic Bending = Plastic Stage df x'g] Bending x?n] laser df x'g] bending stress same x'G5 .

Q. Three equal loads of 52KN have been supported by a simply supported beam of 12m
dividing the beam in four equal parts. Does the beam support the load is the allowable
bending stress is 50N/mm
2
and section is 100mm(b) and
50mm(d).
So|
n
:

( )
12
50 100
3
= I
(
12
. .
3
bd
e i
= I
And, 15
2
30
2
= = =
d
y
Elastic B. Stress diagram
Plastic Stress B. Stress diagram

5 KN 5 KN 5 KN
7.5
b = 100
d = 50


3 5 2 5 . 7 =
C
M (moment at centre i.e. M
max
)
=
C
M
Now,
y I
M
=

I
y M
=
=
If < 50 then support
If > 50 then not support

Q. A cast iron 540mm dia & 80mm wall thickness is running full of wqater and supported
over a length of 8m. Determine the max
m
stress intensity in the metal if the density of C.I. is
72KN/m
3
and that of water is 10KN/m
3

So|
n
: = ?
= =
64
4
d
I

= = 2 D y
= =
8
2
max
wl
M

y I
M
=
d = 540 = 0.54 (dia)
D = 0.57

( )
4
54 . 0
2
W W
S M = (mass of water)
( ) ( )
)
`
=
2 2
54 . 0
4
57 . 0
4

W P
m
88 . 1 =
17 . 4 = + =
P W
m M w

Q. A rectangular beam 100mm wide and 200mm deep and 4m long is simply supported at
ends. It carries a UDL of 5KN/m run over the entire span. If this load is removed and two
loads wKN each are placed at 1 meter from each end, calculate the greatest value which may
be assigned to the load so that the max
m
B.S. (bending stress) remain same as beam.
So|
n
:
8
.
2
max
wl
M B =
= =
12
3
bd
I
w KN/m

Part- I
100
200
Part- II
w N
W Rent W Rent
2M 1M 1M


2
200
2
= =
d
y

y I
M
=
=
max

Part-II
B.M. max
m
at centre = = = m KN w w w / 1 2
= =
12
3
bd
I
= (known from above) =

y I
M
=

y I
w
or

= ,
=
=
y
I
w

Determine the equation of elastic curve of (i.e. deflection curve line) contilever beam
supporting a UDL of intensity w over its port of length as shown below.
Solution:
At 0 , = =
dx
dy
L x
[ ] EI M M
dx
y d
EI
x x
= = =
2
2

x
M sf] 1
st
integrant slope
Slope sf] integrant deflection

TORSION:
Torque/ Twisting moment/ Turning moment/ Torsion/ Process Torsion:

Assumptions:
(i) plane normal section of shaft remain plane twisting i.e. no wrapping or distortion
of parallel plane normal to the axis of the member takes place.
(ii) Torsion is uniform through the length i.e. all the normal cross-sections which are
at the axil distance suffer equal relative rotation.
(iii) Radia remain straight after torsion.
(iv) A stress is proportional to strain i.e. all the stresses are within the elastic limit.
(v) The material is homogeneous and isotropic.

3 m
x
w/units
L
(L-a)
A


Relation between twisting moment, twist and shear stress:

Let a torque T applied at the free end of shaft. So, balancing torque of equal magnitude
but opposite in direction in induced at the other end.
Due to the torque the radial ive OA shifts to OA
1
and CA shift to CA
1
.
Let, =
1
AOA
=
1
ACA

1 1
= BDB
Let, q
s
= intensity of shear at the surface of the shaft.
Then, c q
S
=
Where, c = modulus of rigidity
And,
L
R
CA
R
CA
OA
CA
AA
= =
= =
1 1

Hence, ) (i
L
R
c
q
S
=

S
q
c = =
strain shear
stress shear
Since,
Similarly,
Let, DB shift to DB
1

Let, DB is at radius r from the axis of shaft.
Let, q be the shear stress at layer of radius r, then,

c
q
=

L
r
DB
BB
= =
1
1
&
So,
L
r
c
q
=
) (ii
L
c
r
q
=

From equation (i) and (ii),
B
B
o
O
O
T
A
1
L
A
T C
D

A
1
B
1
A
B
Torque

Note: D & B line are joined so that DB//CA. Also DB=CA

L
c
r
q
R
q
S

= =

Maximum torque transmitted by a solid circular shaft:
Suppose a solid circular shaft of radius R. Let an elementary ring of thickness dr at
radius r.
Let, q
s
= shear stress at outer most surface i.e. at layer R
q = shear stress at radius r.
Area of elementary ring = dr r 2
Since,
r
q
R
q
S
=

R
r q
q
S

=
Turning force this elementary ring = shear stress (q) Area of ring (A)
dr r
R
r q
S

= 2
dr r
R
q
S
=
2
2
Turning moment of this elementary ring about centre of the shaft = Turning force r
r dr r
R
q
S
=
2
2
dr r
R
q
S
=
3
2
Hence, Turning moment (or Torque) on the whole circular shaft;

=
R
S
dr r
R
q
T
0
3
2

=
R
S
dr r
R
q
0
3
2

R
S
r
R
q
0
4
4
2
(
=

4
2
4
=
R
R q
S

2
3
R q
S
=

2
3
R q
T
S
= for radius of shaft

16
3
D q
T
S
= for diameter of shaft

r
R
dr


r
dr
R
i
Ro

Torque transmitted by a hollow circular shaft:
Consider a hollow circular shaft of inner radius R
i
and outer
radius R
o
subjected to a Torque T. Let, an elementary strip of
thickness dr at a radius r.
Let, q
s
= max
m
shear stress at the outer most surface
q = shear stress on a surface of radius r
now, Area of elementary strip ring dr dr r = 2
Turning force on this ring r
R
q
dr r q dr r
O
S
= = 2 2
Hence, Turning moment on the whole hollow circular shaft,

=
Ro
Ri O
S
dr r
R
q
T
3
2

=
Ro
Ri O
S
dr r
R
q
3
2

Ro
Ri
O
S
r
R
q
(
=
4
2
4

( ) ( )
(
(

O
i O S
R
R R q
4 4
4
2

( ) ( )
(
(

=
O
i O S
R
R R q
T
4 4
2

Since,
2
&
2
i
i
O
O
D
R
D
R = =

( ) ( )
(
(

=
O
i O S
D
D D q
T
4 4
16

Torque in terms of polar moment of inertia:
Polar M.I. of a plane area is M.I. of the area about an axis perpendicular to the plane of
the figure and passing through the C.G. of the area and it is denoted by j.
Turning moment on the ring;
dr r
R
q
S 3
2 =
Total torque (or twisting moment);

=
R
S
dr r
R
q
T
0
3
2

( )

=
R
S
dA
dr r
r
R
q
0
2
also
2

=
R
S
dA r
R
q
0
2

where,
R
dA r
0
2
= Polar moment of inertia (J)
for circular shaft,

32
4
D
J

= [in Z-axis]
Now, J
R
q
T
S
=

R
q
J
T
or
S
= ,
Since,
L
c
r
q
R
q
S

= =
Hence,
L
c
r
q
R
q
J
T
S

= = =

Polar modulus:
It is defined as ratio of polar M.I. to the radius of the shaft. It is also called for sional
section modulus and is denoted by zp.
(a) For solid circular shaft:

32
4
D
J

=
2 D R =

3
4
16 2
32
D
D
D
R
J
Z
P

= = =
(b) For a hallow circular shaft:
[ ]
4 4
32
i O
D D J =

2
O
D R =

[ ]
[ ]
4 4
4 4
16 2
32
i O O O
i O
P
D D D D
D D
R
J
Z
= =

[ ]
4 4
16
i O
O
P
D D
D
Z =

Perpendicular axis theorem = Polar axis theorem


Torsional rigidity:
Since,
l
c
J
T
=

Tl
J c or = , where, c J = Torsional rigidity
L = L

TL
J c = rigidity, Torsional

Expression of strain energy stored in a body due to torsion:
Let a solid circular shaft of radius R in which torque (T) is applied. Let an elementrary
ring of radius r and thickness dr,
Let, D = Dia. of shaft
l = length of shaft
c = modulus of rigidity
U = total strain energy stored in shaft.
Now,
r
q
R
q
S
=

R
r q
q
S

=
Area of ring, dr r dA = 2
Vol. of ring, l dr r dV = 2

( )
volume
2
stress Shear
energy strain Shear
2
=
c

Hence, shear strain energy in the ring,
l dr r
c
r
R
q
du
S

|
\
|
= 2
2
2

dr r
cR
l q
S
= 2
2
2
2

=
R
du U
0
energy, strain Total

=
R
S
cR
dr r r l q
0
2
2 2
2
2

=
R
S
dA r
cR
l q
0
2
2
2
2

J
cR
l q
S
2
2
2
=
(
R
dA r J
0
2
where,
r R
dr


For solid circular shaft,

32
4
D
T

=

32 2
4
2
2
D
cR
l q
U
S

=

( )
32
2
2
,
4
2
2
R
cR
l q
U or
S

=

32
16
2
2
2
2
R
cR
l q
S

=

l R
c
q
S 2
2
4
=
V
c
q
S
=
4
2

Where, V = volume of shaft
v
c
q
U
S
=
4
2
for solid shaft
For hollow circular shaft;
[ ]
2 2
2
i O
O
S
D D v
cD
q
U + =

Q. The shearing stress in a solid shaft is not to exceed 40N/mm
2
when the torque transmitted
is 2000N-m. Determine the diameter of the shaft.
So|
n
: Given,
q
s
= 40N/mm
2

Torque (T) = 2000N-m
Now,
3
16
D q T
S

3
40
16
2000 , D or =

mm m D 2 . 136 40
16 2000
3
1
=
(
=

Q. A solid circular shaft and hollow circular shaft whose inside dia is
th
of the outside dia,
are of same material of equal lengths and are required to transmit a given torque. Compare
the weights of these two shafts if the maximum shear stress developed in the two shafts are
equal.
So|
n
: Given,
D
in
=
30
Di
Hollow
Solid
D


D
out
= 0.75D
O

Torque transmitted by solid circular shaft,

3
16
D q T
S
=
Torque transmitted by hollow circular shaft,

O
i O
S
D
D D
q T
4 4
16
=

( )
O
O O
S
D
D D
q
4 4
75 . 0
16
=

3
6836 . 0
16
O S
D q

Now, Torque transmitted by solid circular shaft = Torque transmitted by hollow circular shaft
6836 . 0
16 16
. .
3 3
= D q D q e i
S S

O
D D 8809 . 0 =
Now, wf. of solid shaft gv = since, m g = & v m wf =
) (
4
2
i L
D
g =

wf. of hollow circular shaft ( ) L D D g
i O
=
2 2
4

) ( 4375 . 0
4
2
ii L D g
O
=

Dividing equation (i) by (ii):
7737 . 1
4375 . 0
4
4
2
2
4
3
=

=
L D g
L
D
g
w
w
O

7737 . 1
4
3
=
w
w

Q. Calculate the max
m
intensity of shear stress induced and the angle of twist in degrees for a
length of 10m for a solid shaft of 100mm dia. transmitting 112.5KW at 150R.P.M.. Toxe c =
8.210
4
N/mm
2
for material of shaft.
Hint: since,
N
P
T Torque
2
60
) ( =
Where, N is in R.P.M.
P = Power in watt
N = R.P.M.
T = Torque

So|
n
: Given, P = 112.5KW = 112.510
3

N = 150 R.P.M.
c = 8.210
4
N/mm
2

now, m KN
N
P
T Torque =

= = 162 . 7
150 2
10 5 . 112 60
2
60
) (
3

again,
3
16
) ( D q T Torque
S
= (for solid circular shaft)

( )
2
3
6
/ 5 . 36
100 1416 . 3
10 162 . 7 16
, mm N T or =

=
Now,
l
c
R
q
S

=
(
=
2
, given then is Since,
D
R D

4
10 82
1000 10
50
5 . 36
= =
c
l
R
q
S

radian 089 . 0 =

Q. Select a suitable dia. of solid shaft of circular section is transmit 112.5KW of power at
200R.P.M.. If the allowable shear stress is 75 N/mm
2
and allowable twist is 1 in a length of
3m. Take c = 0.08210
6
N/mm
2
.
So|
n
: Given,
P = 112.5KW
N = 200R.P.M.
c = 0.08210
6
N/mm
2

= 1 (max
m
)
l = 3.0m
q
s
= 75N/mm
2

now, we know,

200 2
5 . 112 60
2
60
) (
= =
N
P
T Torque
mm N m KN T = = 106 37 . 5 37 . 2
Again, for strength;

3
16
D q
S
= (for solid circular shaft)

3 6
16
10 37 . 5 , D q or
S
=

3
75
16
D =

mm D 4 . 71
75
16 10 37 . 5
3
1
6
=
(

Again, we know,

l
c
J
T
=
32
4
D
J
T
=
Where, T, c, , l are known by this relation, D is known.
Now,
c
= 180

180
1

=
Since,
L
c
J
T
=

180
10 082 . 0
1000 3 10 372 . 5
6
6

= =
c
TL
J
..........
32
,
4
=
D
or

mm D 5 . 103 =
Hence, this diameter is greater than diameter from strength criteria. So,
Diameter, mm D 5 . 103 =
Q. A hallow circular shaftof external diameter 150mm and transmits 200KW power at
200R.P.M.. Determine max
m
internal diameter if the max
m
stress in this shaft is not to exceed
60N/mm
2

So|
n
: Given:
N = 100R.P.M.
P = 200KW
q
s
= 60N/mm
2

D
E
or D
O
= 150mm
Now, we know,
m KN
N
D
T =
= 95 . 190
100 2
200 60
2
60

mm N T =
6
10 98 . 190
Now,
O
in O
S
D
D D
q T
4 4
16
=

[for hollow circular shaft]

( )
(
(

=
150
150
60
16
10 98 . 190 ,
4 4
6 in
D
or

=
in
D or,
473 . 209 =

Q. A hollow shaft 3mm outer dia rans at 400R.P.M. against a power of 50KW. Find the inner
diameter of the shaft so that shear strain does not exceed 1/1000 . Take c = 810
6
N/cm
2
.
So|
n
: Given,

1000
1
=

2 2 6
/ 10 8 / 10 8 mm N cm N c = =
Now,
N
D
T
2
60
=

400 2
50 60
T
Again, strain shear = c q
S
= c q e i
S
. .

1000
1
10 8 ,
6
= q or

2 3
/ 10 8 mm N q =
Now,
O
i O
S
D
D D
q T
4 4
16
=

=
in
D

Q. A shaft of dia 5m and length 40m by power 200KW at 20R.P.M.. Does the shaft transmits
the power safely if the permissible stress is 50N/mm
2
.
So|
n
:
20 2
60
2
60
= =
N
D
T
Now,
3
16
D q T
S
=
Is
|
\
|
= > |
\
|
=
N
D
T D q T
S
2
60
16
3
then the shaft is safe otherwise non-safe.
i.e. Applied T should be less than design T.
i.e. Desgin,
3
16
D q T
S
=

and, applied,
N
D
T
2
60
=

Q. A solid shaft of 150mm diameter is to be replaced by hollow shaft of the same
material.The internal diameter equal to 60% external diameter. Find the saving in material if
the max
m
allowable shear stress is the same for both the shaft.
So|
n
: Given,
Now,
3
16
D q T
S
= (for solid shaft)

=
S
T or,
And,
O
i O
S H
D
D D
q T
4 4
16
=

(for hollow shaft)

= D or,
= = = l D v m
solid
2
4

And, =
(
=
4 4
2 2
i O
hollow
d d
m

Now, solving material, m = m
solid
m
kollow

=

* Thickness < (1/15 to 1/20) of diameter (internal)
The vessel which has its thickness less than 1/15 to 1/20 of internal diameter is called thin
walled vessel. It is used to keep the fluid under pressure. Due to the pressure of the fluid the
stresses in the wall of the cylinder on the cross-section along axis and cross-section
perpendicular to the axis are set up. These stresses are tensile and called as:
- circumferencial stress or hoop stress
- longitudional stress

The stress acting along circumference of the cylinder is called circumferential stress where as
the stress acting along the length of the cylinder is calleds longitudinal stress.

Expression for circumferential stress:

Let us consider a thin cylindrical shell under fluid pr..Let the circumferential stress developed
in the cylinder as in figure.
Let, p = internal fluid pr.
d = internal dia. of the cylinder
t = thickness of the cylinder

1
= circumferential stress

L


Force due to fluid pressure = pressure area on which pressure is acting
) (i L d p =
Now, Force due to circumferential stress
( ) t L t L + =
1

tL 2
1
=
tL tL
1 1
2 2 = =

t
pd
2
1
=

Expression for longitudinal stress:

Let us consider a thin cylindrical vessel under fluid pressure.
Let, longitudinal stress developed in vessel as shown in figure.
Now, Force due to fluid pressure,
= p

area on which pressure is acting
) (
4
2
i
d
p =

Again, Force due to longitudinal stress,
) (
2
ii de ee =
Since, equation (i) and (ii) are same,
So, dt
d
p
=
2
2
4

t
pd
4
2
= s
t
pd
t
pd
of e i
4 2 2
1
2
1
. .
1 2
= = =

Effect of pressure on the dimension of a thin cylindrical shell:
Let us consider a thin cylindrical shell, having internal fluid pressure P
Let,
1
= circumferential stress = pd/2t

2
= longitudinal stress = pd/4t
L = length of cylinder
t = thickness of cylinder
L
d L

t


E = modulus of elasticity
= Poissons ratio

d
= change in diameter

L
= change in length

v
= change in volume
now, e
1
= strain along circumferential
e
2
= strain along longitudional
then,
E E
e
2 1
1
=
) (
2
1
1
2
4 2
i
tE
pd
E
t pd
E
t pd

(
= =
Now,
E E
e
1 2
2
=

tE
pd
tE
pd
2 4
=
) (
2
1
2
2
ii
tE
pd
P
(
=
But, circumferential strain,

nce circumfere original
nce circumfere in Change
1
= e

( )
d
d d d
+
=
) (iii
d
d
=

Longitudinal strain;

l
l
e

= =
length original
length in Change
2

) (
2
iv
l
l
e =

Now, equating (i) & (i) and (iii) & (iv), then,

(
2
1
1
2tE
pd
d
d

(
=
2
1
1
2
2
tE
pd
d
Similarly from equation (ii) and (iv),

(
2
1
2tE
pd
L
L

(
=
2
1
2tE
pdL
L

Now, volumetric strain:
Volumetric strain
V
v
=
We know, L
d
v =
4
2

Now, Final volume, ( ) ( ) L L d d
+ + =
2
4

( ) [ ] ( ) L L d d d d
+ + + = 2
4
2 2

( ) ( ) [ ] L d d L d L d L d d d L L d
+ + + + + = 2 2
4
2 2 2 2

Neglecting smaller quatities,
Final volume [ ] L d d dL L d
+ + =
2 2
2
4

Now, change in volume, ( ) [ ] L
d
L d d dL L d v + + =
4
2
4
2
2 2

[ ] L d d dL v or
+ =
2
2
4
,
Now, volumetric strain,
[ ]
L
d
L d d dL
e
V
+
=
4
2
4
2
2

L d
L d
L d
d dL
2
2
2
2
+
=

L
L
L
d
+ =
2

2 1
2
2
e e
L
L
L
d
e
V
+ = + =

2 1
2 e e e
V
+ =
Also,
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
=
2
1
2 2
1
1
2
2
2
tE
pd
tE
pd
e
V

(
=
2
1
_ 2
2tE
pd

(
= 2
2
5
2tE
pd
e
V

Q. A cylindrical shell, 90cm long 20cm internal dia. having thickness of metal as 8mm in
failed with luid at atmospheric pressure. If 20cm
3
of fluid is pumped in to the cylindewr find;
(i) the pr. exterted by fluid on the cylinder

(ii) The hoop stress induced.
Take, E = 210
5
N/mm
2
and = 0.3
So|
n
: Given,
L = 90cm
d = 20cm
t = 8mm
= 0.3
E = 210
5
N/mm
2

Now, volume of cylinder
3
2
33 . 28274
4
cm L
d
= =

Change in volume = 20cm
3

= 0.3
E = 210
5
N/mm
2
= 210
3
N/cm
2

Now, (i)
|
\
|
=
2
2
5
2tE
pd
V
v

= = P P ?
(ii)
t
pd
2
1
=

A boiler is subjected to an internal pr. of 20Kg/cm
2
. The thickness plate is 2cm.
So|
n
: p = 20Kg/cm
2

t = 2cm

t
= 1200Kg/cm
2

n
l
= 90%=0.9

nc
= 40% = 0.4
since,
l
tn
pd
2
1
=

p
tn
d
l n
2
=
Since,
3
1
/ 1200 cm Kg =
So, cm d 216
20
9 . 0 2 2 1200
=

=
Similarly,

c
tn
pd
4
2
=

20
9 . 0 2 4 1200 4
2

=

=
p
n
d
c

cm d 192 =

Q. A cylindrical shell is 3M long, 1.5m internal dia and 20mm metal thickness. Calculate the
intensity of max
m
shear stress incuced and also the change in dimension of the shell if it is
subjected to an internal pressure of 2N/mm
2
. Take E = 0.210
6
N/mm
2
and = 0.3.
{hint: max
m
shear stress,
t
pd
q
8
max
= ]
So|
n
: Given,
L = 3m = 3000m
D = 2N/mm
2

d = 1.5m = 1500mm
E = 0.210
6
N/mm
2

t = 20mm
= 0.3
now,
2
max
/ 75 . 18
20 8
1500 2
8
mm N
t
pd
q =
= =
now, for change in dimension;
for dia change,

|
\
|
=
2
1
1
2
2
tE
pd
d

( )
|
\
|

= 3 . 0
2
1
1
10 2 . 0 20 2
1500 2
6
2

mm 478 . 0 =
mm d 478 . 0 =
Change in length:

|
\
|
=
2
1
2tE
pdL
l

( )
|
\
|

= 3 . 0
2
1
10 2 . 0 20 2
3000 1500 2
6

mm l 225 . 0 =
Also, volumetric strain,

4
10 125 . 7 2
2
5
2
= |
\
|
= =
tE
pd
V
v
e
V

Since,
3 9
2
10 3 . 2
4
mm l
d
V = =

3 9 4
3776250 10 3 . 5 10 125 . 7 mm V e v
V
= = =

Column:
According to analysis, the type of column are,
(i) short column
(ii) long column

(i) short column:
If slenderness ratio is less than 12 then the column is short column
(ii) long column:
If slenderness ratio is greater than 12 then the column is long column.

Slenderness ratio:
It is ratio of affection length of the column to the least lateral dimension. The side
which is less among a and b is called least lateral dimension.

2 2
y
x
Pe
Pe
A
p
=

Type of column according to support condition:
(1) Both ends, effectively held in position and rest against in ratio.
Left = 2l
(2) Both ends hinged
l
(left)
= l
(3) One ends fixed and other end free
Left =
(4) One ends fixed and other ends hinged:
Left =

Fixed ends: no deflection, no slope
Hinge ends: no vertical and horizontal deflection but slope occurs
Roller: no vertical deflection but there occurs horizontal deflection and slope
Free end: horizontal deflection, vertical deflection and sloe occurs.

a
b

(i)
(ii) (iii)
(iv)


P

Introduction to Buckling

Column:
A structure vertical member whose two ends are fixed which subjected to a axial
compressive load is called column.

Struts:
A structure member which is not vertical and one or both of its ends are hinged or pis-
joined is called struts.

Failure of column:
Column fails due to any one of the following stresses:
(i) Direct-compressive stresses
(ii) Buckling stresses
(iii) Combined of direct compressive and buckling stresses

Failure of short column:
Let, a short column subjected to a compressive load p, then
compressive stresses is given by,
A P
When the load is increased, the column reaches at a point of
failure by crushing. The load at this stage is called crushing at this
stage is called crushing load and the stress is called crushing stress.
So,
A
P
c
c
=
Where, P
c
= crushing load

c
= crushing stress

Failure of long column:

Let a long column subjected to a compressive load P. This
column fails by combine action of crushing and bending stress.
Let,
o
= Stress due to direct load.

b
= stress due to bending at the centre of the column

Z
Pe
=
Where, e = max
m
bending of the column at the centre
Z = section modulus about axis of bending

z
Pe
y I
M
I
My
y I
M
= = =
=


At mid span,
max
m
stress =
o
+
b

minimum stress =
o
-
b

The failure of the column occurs when max
m
stress (
o
+
b
) will be more than crushing
stress
c
. In the case of long column, the direct compressive stresses are negligible as
compared to the buckling stresses so the very long column is only subjected to buckling
stress.

Assumptions of Eulers column theory:
(1) The column is initially perfectly straight and load is applied axially
(2) The cross-section is uniform throughout its length
(3) The material of the column is perfectly elastic, homogeneous, isotropic and obeys
Hooks law
(4) The length of the column is very large as compared to the lateral dimension.
(5) The column will fail by buckling alone
(6) The self wf. of column is negligible.

Sign Convention:

- The moment which bends the column convexity towards the original position is taken
as (+)ve
- The moment which bends the column concavity towards the original position is taken as
(-)ve.

Expression for cripping load when both ends of column are hinged:
D
e
p
tensile zone
Conpression zone
tensile = - Ve
compressive = + Ve
o
-
b

o+
b

concave
convex


Let, P be the cripping load. Let y be the deflection at a section x from A. The
moment due to cripping load at this section;
Py m = (Since, (-)ve sign is due to concavity)
Py
dx
y
or =
2
2
d
EI ,
0
d
EI ,
2
2
= + Py
dx
y
or
0
EI
d
,
2
2
= +
Py
dx
y
or
The so|
n
of above differential equation.

|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
EI EI
2 1
P
x Sin C
P
x Cos C y
At, x = 0, y = 0
C
1
= 0
At, x = l, y = 0
So,
|
|
\
|
+ =
EI
0 0
2
P
l Sin C
0
EI
,
2
=
|
|
\
|
P
l Sin C or
So, either C
2
= 0 or 0
EI
=
|
|
\
|
P
l Sin
If C
2
= 0 and C
1
is already zero, then column will not but but at all which is not true.
Hence, 0
EI
=
|
|
\
|
P
l Sin
=
|
|
\
|
EI
P
l Sin Sin0, Sin, Sin2, .
Taking least practical value (i.e. Sin)
Sin
P
l Sin =
|
|
\
|
EI

=
EI
P
l

2
2
l
EI
P

= which is Eulers required equation.

Expression for crippling load when one end of the column is fixed and other end is free:
y
l
P
B
A
x


Let, a crippling load is acting on the column. The point B shifts to B
|
due to crippling
load. Let y be the deflection at a section x from A and a be the deflection at the free end
B.
The moment at this section due to crippling load;
( ) y a P m + = (Since, (+)ve sign due to convexity buckling)
( ) Py Pa y a P
dx
y
or = =
2
2
d
EI ,
Px Py
dx
y d
EI = +
2
2

a
EI
P
y
Ey
P
dx
y d
= +
2
2

The so|
n
of this differential equation is,
) (
2 1
i a
EI
P
x Sin C
EI
P
x Cos C y +
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
( ) 0 1
2 1
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
EI
P
EI
P
x Cos C
EI
P
EI
P
x Sin C
dx
dy

) (
2 1
ii
EI
P
x Cos
EI
P
C
EI
P
x Sin
EI
P
C
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
At, x = 0, y = 0
So, from equation (i);
a C C + + = 0 0
2 1

a C =
1

At, x = 0, 0 =
dx
dy

So, from equation (ii);
0 0 0
2 1
Cos
EI
P
C Sin
EI
P
C + =
0
2
= C
So from (i);
) (iii a
EI
P
x aCos y +
|
|
\
|
=
Since, at, x = l, y = a,
So from equation (iii)
a
EI
P
l aCos a +
|
|
\
|
=
y
B
A
B
1
a
l
x
p


0 =
|
|
\
|
EI
P
l aCos
Since, 0 a so,
0 =
(
(
|
|
\
|
EI
P
l Cos
.......... , 2 5 , 2 3 , 2 Cos Cos Cos
EI
P
l Cos =
|
|
\
|

Taking least practical value,

2
Cos
EI
P
l Cos =
|
|
\
|

2
=
EI
P
l

( )
2
2
2
2
2 4 l
EI
l
EI
P

= =
l L 2 =
Expression for crippling load when both ends of the column are fixed:
Let a crippling load P as the column. Let y be the deflection at a section x from A.
Let m
o
be the fixed end moment then,
Moment at the section, = m
o
Py
Py m
dx
y d
EI
o
=
2
2

o
m Py
dx
y d
EI = +
2
2

EI
m
EI
Py
dx
y d
o
= +
2
2

P
m
EI
P
P
P
EI
m
y
EI
P
ax
y d
o o
= = +
2
2

The solution of above differential equation is,
) (
2 1
i
P
m
EI
P
x Sin C
EI
P
x Cos C y
o
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
Now, ( )
EI
P
EI
P
x Cos C
EI
P
EI
P
x Sin C
dx
dy
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
2 1
1

EI
P
EI
P
x Cos C
EI
P
EI
P
x Sin C
dx
dy
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
2 1

At, x = 0, y = 0
D
y
M
G
x
l


So, from 1
st
equation i.e. (i)

P
m
C C
o
+ + = 0 1 0
2 1

P
m
C
o
=
1

At, x = 0, 0 =
dx
dy
also, then from above expression

EI
P
C C + =
2 1
0 0
0
2
= C
Hence, from (i),

P
m
EI
P
x Cos
P
m
y
o o
+
|
|
\
|
=
Now, at, x = l, y = 0, then above expression also written as

P
m
EI
P
l Cos
P
m
o o
+
|
|
\
|
= 0

P
m
P
m
EI
P
l Cos
o
o
=
|
|
\
|

1 =
|
|
\
|
EI
P
l Cos
.......... , 2 , , 0 Cos Cos Cos
EI
P
l Cos =
|
|
\
|

Now, taking least practical value i.e. Cos2, then
2 Cos
EI
P
l Cos =
|
|
\
|

2 =
EI
P
l

2
2
4
l
EI
P

=

Expression for crippling load when one end of the column is fixed and the other end is
hinged:
Proof:

Let a crippling load P on the column. Let y be the deflection at the section x from
A. Let m
o
be the fixed end moment at A and H be the horizontal ref
n
at B to balance
m
o
.
So, the moment at a section x,
( ) x l H Py m + =
( ) x l H Py
dx
y d
EI + =
2
2

( ) x l H Py
dx
y d
EI = +
2
2

( ) x l
EI
H
y
EI
P
dx
y d
= +
2
2

( )
P
P
x l
EI
H
=

( )
P
x l H
EI
P
y
EI
P
dx
y d
= +
2
2

The sol
n
of the above differential equation,
( ) ) (
2 1
i x l
P
H
EI
P
x Sin C
EI
P
x Cos C y +
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
Now, differentiating the equation (i) then we get,
( )
P
H
EI
P
EI
P
x Cos C
EI
P
EI
P
x Sin C
dx
dy
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
2 1
1
) (
2 1
ii
P
H
EI
P
EI
P
x Cos C
EI
P
EI
P
x Sin C
dx
dy

|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
At, x = 0, y = 0, then from equation (i),
( ) 0 0 0 0
2 1
+ + = l
P
H
C Cos C
l
P
H
C =
1

Again, at x = 0, 0 =
dx
dy
, then from equation (ii),

P
H
EI
P
Cos C Sin C + = 0 0 0
2 1
(Since, Cos0 = 1)

EI
P
P H
C = 1
2

P
EI
P
H
C =
2

D
y
B
x
l
H
p
A
Mo


Hence, from equation (i),
( ) ) (iii x l
P
H
EI
P
SinCx
P
EI
P
H
EI
P
CosCx l
P
H
y + + =
now, at, x= l, y = 0, hence from (ii),
( ) l l
P
H
EI
P
l Sin
P
EI
P
H
EI
P
l Cos l
P
H
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
= 0

|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
EI
P
l lCos
P
H
EI
P
l Sin
P
EI
P
H

EI
P
l
EI
P
l =
|
|
\
|
tan
now, The total so|
n
of above differential equation is,
radian
EI
P
l 5 . 4 =
5 . 20
2
=
EI
P
l

2 2
2 =
EI
P
l

2
2
2
l
EI
D

= {Since, 2
2
20.25]

Effective length:
End condition of the column Effective length(L)
(1) Both ends hinged L = l
(2) One end fixed and other end free L = 2l
(3) Both ends fixed L = l/2
(4) One end is fixed and other end is hinged 2 l L =

Q-1. A column oftimer section is 15cm 20cm is 6m long, both ends being fixed. If the
young modulus of elasticity for timber = 17.5KN/mm
2
determine:
(i) crippling load
(ii) safe load for the column if factor of safety (i.e. F.S. = ?)
So|
n
: Given,
b = 15cm
d = 20cm
l = 6m
E = 17.5KN/mm
2

now,
( )
4 4 4
3 3
10 10000 1000
12
20 15
12
mm cm
bd
I
XX
= =
= =
x
y
y
x 20
15


and,
( )
4 4 4
3 3
10 5625 6525
12
15 20
12
mm cm
db
I
YY
= =
= =
Since, I
YY
is less than I
XX
so column buckles towards Y axis
Now, effective length (L) mm m
e
3000 3
2
6
2
= = = =
Now,
( )
2
4 2
) (
2
2
3000
10 5625 5 . 17
= =

Left L
EI
P
KN P 48 . 1079 =
Hence, for (ii), safe load, KN
F
P
8 . 359
3
48 . 1079
= = =
KN Load Safe 8 . 359 =
48 . 1079 , = P Load Cripling

Q-2. Determine the crippling load of a T-section of dimension 16cm 10cm 2cm of length
5m. When it is used as strut with both of its endhinged. Take yong modulus, E = 2
10
5
N/mm
2
.
So|
n
:

Since the column is symmetrical in Y-section. So, we only found out
the y .
Now, Let C.G. gets at a distance y from top fibre then,
( ) 6 8 2 1 2 10 8 2 2 10 + = + y
cm y 23 . 3 =

Now,
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 2
3
2
3
21 . 314 23 . 3 6 8 2
12
8 2
1 23 . 3 2 10
12
2 10
cm I
XX
=
(
+
(
=
And,
( ) ( )
4
2 3
172
12
2 8
12
10 2
cm I
YY
=
(
=
Since, I
YY
is less than I
XX
hence, the column buckles towards y-axis.
Now, L
(eft)
= l = 5m = 5000mm [Since, both ends hinges then L
eft
= l]
So,
( ) ( )
2
4 5 2
2
5000
10 172 10 2
= =

left
EI
P
N P 7 . 135805 =
2cm
10 cm
y = 3.23
6.77
10 cm

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Downloaded from www.jayaram.com.

Cos qSin Cos Cos + + + = 2 2 1

(by the relation of similar triangle)

= 0 dy (i.e. vertical load)

= for radius of shaft

= for diameter of shaft

= (for solid circular shaft)

= (for solid circular shaft)

= (for solid shaft)

Downloaded from www.jayaram.com.np

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