Aece 2013 4 16

Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering Volume 13, Number 4, 2013
A Low Cost System for Testing and Monitoring

the Performance of Photovoltaic Module
Ioana-Monica POP-CLIMANU
1, 2
, Thomas ANNA
1
, Viorel POPESCU
2
, Gheorghe MUNTEAN
2

1
University of Applied Sciences Wilhelmshaven, 26389, Germany
2
Politehnica University of Timioara, 300223, Romania
ioanamonica.pop@gmail.com

1
AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to develop a low cost
system for testing and monitoring the performance of PV
modules in outdoor conditions. In order to do this, we
improved and adapted another measuring system. This system
was developed by us and enables us to ensure the performance
of the PV module through testing and monitoring, as well as
saving collected data to a database. This database can be
accessed through a graphical interface on a laptop connected to
the system using serial interface. The error sources of this
system are reduced to minimum because of human operators
interfering with the system only through the graphical user
interface. The Two Diode Model with series and parallel
resistances was used to estimate the parameters of the electrical
equivalent circuit for the PV module. This model will be
simulated in CASPOC 2009. The performances of PV module
were obtained in outdoor conditions and were saved to the
database. They will be compared with the performances
obtained through simulation, to prove the efficiency of the
model.

Index Termsmaximum power point tracking, performance
of photovoltaic module, simulation, system for testing and
monitoring, two diode model.
I. INTRODUCTION
On the 8
th
-9
th
of March 2007, the European Council
decided a binding target of a 20% share of renewable
energies for overall energy consumption in the European
Union (EU) by 2020. In order to reach such an ambitious
goal, all the European countries have been adopting
different support policies and measures for encouraging the
installations of renewable energy sources (RES) [1-4].
Growing interest in RES has caused the photovoltaic
power market to expand rapidly, and solar photovoltaic (PV)
energy is becoming an increasingly important part of the
RES. It is considered one of the most promising energy
sources due to the infinite power that is delivered directly
for free, as well as many other advantages, these include
reliability, availability, zero pollution and destruction of
land, reasonable installation and production cost, as well as
the capabilities of supporting microgrid systems and
connecting to the electrical grid [4-7]. Investment in PV
energy is rapidly increasing worldwide [8], and this has
intensified the need to analyze the performance of PV
systems and energetic productivity of PV arrays for
estimating the profitability of their implementation in
various locations [9]. The maximum available power from a
PV cell/module is known as the maximum power point
(MPP) which changes depending on the operating
conditions. Generally the manufacturers offer some
information through datasheets about the characteristics and
performance of PV modules. The performances of solar
cells/modules are typically evaluated under standard test
conditions (STC). These include an average solar spectrum
at AM 1.5, a cell temperature of 25C and an irradiance of
1000 W/m
2
[10-11]. Other information included in the
datasheet are the typical data at Nominal Operating Cell
Temperature (NOCT) conditions, where the performance of
solar cell/module are evaluated under average solar
spectrum at AM 1.5, ambient temperature at 20C, wind
velocity at 1m/s and the irradiance at 800 W/m
2
[12].
To satisfy the requirement of temperature and irradiance in
STC, the test usually needed a specified environment and
some special testing equipment, such as an expensive solar
simulator [11]. In order to obtain a full range of MPPs
another possibility was to use a solar array simulator, which
was programmed to simulate a wide range of solar array
performance [13-14]. However, PV modules operate in
outdoor conditions, not in a specified environment or special
conditions, which are significantly different from STC.
According to this, different PV modules, made by using
different technology, work differently at variations of
temperature and irradiance [15-17]. Although we can buy
different types of monitoring systems for PV modules from
the market, this kind of system is still expensive and
complicated to use. For this reason we decided to implement
a system for monitoring PV modules in real atmospheric
conditions, with particular characteristics that would fit our
needs.

1
This work was partially supported by the strategic grant POSDRU
107/1.5/S/77265, inside POSDRU Romania 2007-2013 co-financed by the
European Social Fund Investing in People.
To evaluate PV performance outdoors it is very important
to guarantee high quality of collected data which depends on
the accuracy of the associated measuring instruments [18].
Error sources must be minimized as much as possible. This
paper presents a semi-automated system for testing and
monitoring the performance of PV modules in outdoor
conditions, available in section II. The measured value will
be saved in a database for: helping to find the correct
parameters for the model used in the simulation program
[19]; testing and comparing the results of this model, to see
if its working properly, similar to a real cell/module/array
in outdoor conditions; better understanding of the
operational control of PV module.
The measurement was performed outdoor during the
whole month of September 2012. The results presented here,
are from the 21 September 2012, a day without clouds, with
an ambient temperature equal to 15.8C, cell temperature of
32.3C and irradiance of 825 W/m
2
. Section III presents the
93
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model used for simulation and its results. This paper ends
with conclusions, presented in section IV, and future work.
II. DESIGN CONCEPT AND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
The main parameters characterizing the PV module were
retrieved by tracing its current versus voltage (I-V) and
power versus voltage (P-V) characteristics. The current
versus voltage characteristics of the PV module were used in
the design of power converters system and can be achieved
through a variable resistor method. Another possible method
is to use a DC electronic load (eload) such as in [20-21]. The
proposed semi-automated system for testing and monitoring
the performance of PV module in outdoor conditions,
hereafter indicated as PV-TM (Testing and Monitoring), is a
low cost solution. For this reason we use a rheostat instead
of eload to not increase the cost of the system. We found
different points on the I-V characteristics of PV module
through variations in the resistance of rheostat because we
used a measurement system for current and voltage at each
point. The PV module that was used for testing and
monitoring is Shell SM 50-H and its performance at STC
and NOCT can be found from [12].
PV-TM is an improved version of the system from [22-
23]. It consists of one master unit and a variable number of
slave units. The communication between master and slave is
realized through RS485 and the slaves are powered through
the communication cable. The PV-TM system is presented
in Fig. 1. It consists of a meteorological data collection of:
irradiance and temperature; electrical parameters collection
of: current and voltage; and a laptop [24-25]. The software
for the data acquisition system for voltage, current and
temperature is built in C#. In that we created an interface for
PV-TM, presented in Fig. 2, from which it is possible to
monitor and save collected data from the PV module. The
irradiance was acquired using a First Class pyranometer
(according to the datasheet) in accordance with the ISO
9060 standard. It meets the requirements defined by the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) which is
interfaced to a data logger connected to the computer using
an RS232 port. The irradiance is saved in a different
database.
The PV-TM is collecting data from the PV module after
each variation of the resistance with the help of the voltage,
current and temperature sensors and sends the data to the
main microcontroller (MASTER) to be displayed on the
LCD and through the serial interface to laptop. The data sent
to the laptop can be either displayed in real time or stored on
the hard disk in a database and used when needed.

Figure 1. Block scheme of PV-TM system

Figure 2. Interface for PV-TM system

How we can see from the general scheme of the monitoring
system for the PV module, presented in Fig. 3, we dont
need all of the sensors that we have for measuring and
monitoring the PV module. For this reason, the human
operators have the possibility to select the sensor they will
use through the graphical interface and set the update
interval for measurements. Only the selected sensor will be
saved in the database.

Figure 3. General scheme of the monitoring system

An important step in each testing and monitoring software
algorithm, Fig. 4, is serial initialization.
During this sequence we can observe if the device responds
correctly and begin to send data through the graphical
interface to the laptop. If we are not receiving any data, we
have the possibility to try the initialization again. Not trying
again would lead to a premature end of the software routine.
When the initialization works properly, we need to select the
sensor that we will use and set the update interval. When no
sensor is selected, a pop-up window will appear, asking if
we want to select one or more sensors. This window cannot
be closed by pressing the X button but only by pressing the
Yes or No button. If we chose the first answer, the program
will continue after selecting the sensor and set the update
interval. The second answer is equivalent with the end of the
software routine. After one or more sensors were selected
and the update interval is set, the next step was to save the
data from the measurements to a database. We did this by
choosing Start Logging and we stopped by choosing the
Stop Logging button. By choosing the View Database button
we accessed the database, Fig. 5, where we could see the
data saved from the selected sensor, as well as the power
that was calculated.
94
Figure 4. Main software algorithm

Figure 5. Database from View Database

When testing and monitoring a PV module, we selected the
sensor as in Fig. 2, and then we pushed the Measurements
Panel button instead of the View Database. This is specially
created for testing and monitoring a PV cell/module, which
is more than a simple database. It is presented in Fig. 6, and
his software algorithm in Fig. 7.
In the Measurements Panel we can observe the ambient
air temperature, cell temperature, current and voltage, stored
from the PV-TM system as well as the power that was
calculated. As mentioned earlier we could find different
points on the I-V characteristics by the variation of the
resistance. These points are saved in the database. For a
complete I-V characteristic, which consists of about 50-60
different points distributed along the entire I-V characteristic
a few minutes were needed.

Figure 6. Database from Measurements Panel

Figure 7. Measurements panel software algorithm

Once these points were updated in the database, the MPP
values of current and voltage were calculated and shown. At
the end we could observe the I-V (Fig. 8) and the P-V (Fig.
9) characteristics.

Figure 8. I-V Characteristic of PV module
95

Figure 9. P-V Characteristic of PV module
III. DESCRIPTION OF MODELING AND SIMULATION OF PV
MODULE
Modeling is the basic tool of the real system simulation.
Power electronic designers are usually interested in
modeling methods because they are fast, accurate and easy
to use in simulation programs. They can accurately predict
the electrical power produced from a PV module if they
have a good model. In order to predict the electrical power
extracted as well as the I-V characteristic of a PV module, it
is important to model the photovoltaic cell [26]. A
photovoltaic cell converts the solar energy into the electrical
energy by the photovoltaic effect. An individual PV cell is
quite small and produces only a few watts of power. To
increase the output power of PV cells we connect them
together to form larger units called PV modules. If we
connect the modules together they will form arrays. In the
same manner as before, after determining the I-V
characteristics of a single PV cell using the model, we
expand that model to determine the behavior of a PV
module or a PV array. For correct modeling of PV module
it is necessary to analyze and take into account the influence
factors. At the same time we need to take into account how
the cells are connected. Cells that are connected in parallel
increase the current, whereas cells connected in series
provide greater output voltage [10]. The mathematical
model that we used is the two diode model [19] known as 7
parameters, presented in Fig. 10, where significant
improvements and higher accuracy are achieved, if we
compare with the other models from scientific literature.

Figure 10. The two diode model of a solar cell
The circuit consists of an ideal current source and an ideal
diode which is considered the ideal model for a PV cell. To
achieve a more exact modeling for PV cell in the practical
model, we use a current source in parallel with two diodes
with different diode ideality factors. Current source intensity
is proportional to the incident irradiance. Diode D1
simulates the diffusion process of the minority carriers into
the depletion layer, whereas D2 corresponds to the
recombination in the space charge region of the junction
[19]. To include losses in the model, we added the series
and parallel resistance. The series resistance Rs represents
the internal losses due to the current flow and to the
connection wires. It contributes to the modeling of the cell
efficiency and is in the range of a few m. The parallel
resistance, Rp, models the leakage currents (Rp>>10) [19].
Based on the equivalent circuit, provided in Fig. 10, the
equation that describes the equivalent circuit is (4), as in
[27-28].
=
=
+
=
) V (
2 D
I
F
2 D
I
) V (
1 D
I
F
1 D
I
Rp
Rs I V
2 D
I
1 D
I Iph I
, (1)
The value of the I becomes,
Rp
Rs I V
) V (
2 D
I
F ) V (
1 D
I
F Iph I
+
= , (2)
If we consider I
D1
and I
D2
for currents, the equations from
Shockley diodes [29]:
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= =
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= =
1
2 T
V
Rs I V
e
02
I ) V (
2 D
I
F
2 D
I
1
1 T
V
Rs I V
e
01
I ) V (
1 D
I
F
1 D
I
, (3)
Equations 2, becomes:

Rp
Rs I V
1
2 T
V
Rs I V
e
02
I 1
1 T
V
Rs I V
e
01
I Iph I
+
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
(4)
Where:

q
1
T k
1
n
1 T
V

= ,
q
2
T k
2
n
2 T
V

= . (5)
With: I as load current; Iph is the photo current; I
D1
,I
D2
is
the diode current; V is the output voltage; I
01
, I
02
are
saturation current of diode D1 and diode D2; V
T1
and V
T2
are
the thermal voltages of D1 and D2; n
1
and n
2
are the diode
ideality factor; k=1,380650310
-23
[J/K] is the Boltzmann
constant; T
1
and T
2
are the working temperatures of the
diodes ; q=1.6021764610
-19
C and is the electronic charge.
The disadvantage of this model is that, with inclusion of
the additional diode the number of unknown parameters
96
increases to 7: Iph, I
01
, I
02
, Rp, Rs, V
T1
and V
T2
. The main
challenge is to estimate the values of all the model
parameters. The estimation method that we used was the
estimation from [27], [30]. It was based on finding 5 from 7
parameters with the help of genetics algorithm. The other 2
were found through calculations. The mathematical model
was adjusted with the help of I-V characteristics that
manufacturers provide us [12]. To validate the model we
compare with the real measurements from outdoor. The
equivalent model, Fig. 10, for the PV module, is represented
as a symbol in the CASPOC simulation program. It was
provided for testing and simulation by Simulation Research.
After finding the parameters, we used them as input
parameters together with irradiance and temperature that we
measured, for testing the model from CASPOC simulation
program. Fig. 11 presents the circuit that was used for
simulation in CASPOC to obtain the I-V characteristics,
presented in Fig. 12. The first block is called Sunlight. In
this block we set the irradiance and cell temperature from
the outdoor measurement. It was followed by the symbol for
PV and then the variable load. Like in real measurement, we
needed this variable load to obtain the I-V characteristics. In
Fig. 13 the circuit with an additional block called Power DC
is presented, which was used in simulation to obtain the P-V
characteristics, Fig. 14.

Figure 11.CASPOC schematic for I-V characteristic

Figure 12. I-V characteristic using simulation

Figure 13. CASPOC schematic for P-V and I-V characteristics

Figure 14. P-V characteristic using simulation

If we estimate correctly the unknown parameters from two
diode model, we can see from the measured I-V, respective
P-V characteristics, when compared with the simulated I-V,
P-V characteristics, that the model simulated in CASPOC is
able to accurately simulate real PV module.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper describes the methodology used for
implementing a low cost system for monitoring PV modules
in real atmospheric conditions, from hardware architecture,
and graphical interface, continuing with an acquisition
system and communication to a laptop, through serial
interface. The value and characteristics obtained from
monitoring PV modules in outdoor conditions were
compared with the model tested in CASPOC at the same
input conditions. The results are presented in the previous
section.
The model that we used for simulation in CASPOC can
be used to: design and simulate solar PV systems with
different topologies; implement and test different control
methods for MPPT; estimate the productivity of a PV plant;
estimate the payback time of the initial investment.
The proposed hardware architecture for PV-TM system
permits a rapid system development and has the advantage
of flexibility in the case of changes and can be easily
extended for monitoring a RES system. Future work will
present: a better graphical interface for PV-TM system,
where the value of irradiance will be saved in the same
database with the value of temperature, current and voltage,
and with additional criteria to choose from, when we want to
view the database; results for using the presented model in
the simulation in order to design a complete stand-alone PV
system; practical implementation of that stand-alone PV
system, studying and monitoring the performance of the
implemented system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Dr Peter van Duijsen from
Simulation Research for providing the model for PV module
that we used in the simulation.
97

98
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Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering Volume 13, Number 4, 2013

A Low Cost System for Testing and Monitoring

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