cables capacitance 122 parameters 113 polyethylene 123 underground 113, 122 capacitor voltage transformer 417 capacity

margin 454 carrier current protection 437

Electric Power Systems, Fifth Edition. B.M. Weedy, B.J. Cory, N. Jenkins, J.B. Ekanayake and G. Strbac. 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

CO

back-up protection 415, 416, 428 basic insulation level (BIL) 355 Bewley lattice calculation 383 boilers (steam) 5 boiling water reactor 11, 12 British grid system 1,444 Buchholz relay 432,434 bundle conductors 104, 108 busbar protection 430

PY

RI

GH

TE

acceleration factor 219 amenity 23 arcing faults 270272, 274 arc suppression coil (Petersen coil) 272274 armature reaction 84, 86 audible noise 26, 27, 414 automatic voltage regulators (AVR) effect on generator stability 310 speed of response 100 types of 102 auto-reclose 32, 288, 366 auto-transformer 56, 57, 128, 131

characteristic surge impedance 374 circuit breakers (switchgear) air blast 406, 408, 409 arrangement 405 bulk oil 406 minimum oil 410 requirements 413 small oil volume 410 sulphur hexauoride (SF6) 404, 406, 409 vacuum 406, 409 combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) 9 commutation angle 328, 333, 334, 340, 344, 352 comparison a.c. and d.c. 320 compensators 174, 345 mechanically switched 175 thyristor controlled reactor 175 thyristor switched 175, 346 contamination of insulators 355 control systems power system 139 turbo-alternators 141 converters current source (CSC) 320, 321, 325 inverter 325 rectier 322, 325 solid state 423 voltage source (VSC) 320322, 346352 coordination of insulation 370 corona 369, 376, 385, 387 costs of energy 5

MA

TE

RI

AL

Index

492 coupling-power and communication lines 274 critical clearing angle 290, 291 critical clearing time 290, 297, 298 critical ashover (CFO) voltage rod gaps 366 surge diverters 371, 372 critical voltage 133, 306 cross-eld ux 84, 85 current limiting reactor 246, 247 current transformers 432, 433, 435 damping of generator swings 301304 delta-star transformation 7677 demand side 453, 467 design of insulation 369 design of system 27 differential relaying 429 direct current transmission 319 bridge connection 329, 332 control 340, 350, 351 equivalent circuits 321 lters 345 harmonics 321 reasons for use 319 semi-conductor valves 322 thyristors/IGBT 322 distance protection 427, 428 distribution networks 32, 47 representation 27 underground 34 voltages 48 diversity factor 41, 42 division of load between generators 147151 dynamic braking 314 dynamic stability 281, 310 earth (ground) wire 365 economic dispatch 444 economic operation 4, 457 generating systems 444 transmission systems 457460 economics 443 operation of system 444450 electric eld biological effects 25 environmental limits 26

Index electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 274275 electromagnetic radiation 25 electromagnetic relay 419 electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) 391, 392, 394 energy functions 312, 313 energy storage 13, 1718 environmental considerations atmospheric 23, 25 thermal pollution 25 transmission lines 22, 26, 37 equal area criterion (EAC) 288, 289, 290, 312 equation of motion 283, 284, 292, 293 equivalent circuits long line 115 medium line 114 short line 113 European supply system 31, 32 fault analysis 239270 fault level 239, 242 faults arcing 270 balanced three-phase 241 critical clearing time 290 double-line to ground 257 line-to-ground (earth) 253 line-to-line 255257 systematic methods 265270 types of 252259 ashover probability 371 critical voltage 38 ywheels 22 four-terminal networks 75 four-wire system 47, 50 frequency control 139159 fuel cells 21 fuel costs 5, 445, 446 fuel mix for generation 4, 5, 445, 448 gas turbines 9 Gauss-Seidel method 212216, 219 generation base-load 451, 452 mid-merit 451, 452 peak-load 451, 452

Index generation system planning 451 generator protection 430 generators innite busbar 95, 96 parameters 106, 473477 stored energy 283 sub-transient reactance 92 transient reactance 92, 93 geothermal energy 16 governors characteristics 145, 147, 149 control systems 139, 143 free action 143 speeder setting 144 time constants 147 grid supply point (GSP) 30 harmonics 74, 128 hydroelectric generation 7, 8 hydrogen energy systems 2122 impulse ratio 356, 369 incremental costs 445, 448 incremental fuel cost 444446 induction disc relay 418, 419, 421 induction motors 132 critical slip 133 critical voltage 133 inertia constant (H) 283 innite busbar 95 input-output characteristic 444, 445 insulation coordination 369 design 371 insulators contamination 355 cross-arm 367 towers 104107 integrated gate bipolar thyristor (IGBT) 321, 324, 325, 346348 interconnected systems 154, 156 interference with communication 274 interruption capacitive current 362, 364 fault 358 inductive current 364 inverter action 336 control 338 equivalent circuit 338 extinction angle 336, 338, 340 isolator 405, 406, 410 Jacobian matrix 223, 225 Japan supply system 37

493

large systems fault analysis 265 load ows 219 lattice diagram 383, 386, 387 lightning arrester 366, 368, 370, 372 lightning surges 356 linear coupler 417 line current 4750 lines equivalent circuits 110113 equivalent spacing 108 insulators 107 parameters 103, 110, 482485 towers 103 transposition 109 load coincidence factors 465 load duration curve (LDC) 453, 455, 469, 470 load ows complex 212, 214, 215 decoupled 228 direct methods 206 fast decoupled 219, 228 Gauss-Seidel 212 iterative methods 209 mismatch 215, 216 Newton-Raphson 219, 222 loads base 2 components 83 composite 131 daily curves 3 diversity 39 forecasting 36, 43 management 42, 467 voltage characteristics 131 long lines, equations 115 loss of load probability (LoLP) 454 magnetomotive force (m.m.f.) marginal costs 448 medium length lines 114 mesh analysis 51 85

494 metal oxide arrester 368 moment of inertia 283 multimachine systems 94 multiterminal d.c. system 320 networks design standards 463, 464 loop 216 radial 216 redundancy 464 neutral grounding (earthing) 270 nodal voltage analysis 206 nuclear environmental factors 12 nuclear ssion 5 nuclear reactors 10 boiling water 11, 12 breeder 12 CANDU 12 magnox 10, 11 nuclear safety 12 oil circuit breaker 407 optimal power ow (OPF) 457 optimal system operation 457 ordering of matrix elements 227 outages 90 overcurrent protection 420, 425 directional 421 overhead lines 163 parallel operation 186, 187 parameters 103, 482485 overvoltages 356 due to current chopping 363 due to fault currents 362 due to lightning 356 switching capacitive circuits 361 parameters of cables 113, 122 of overhead lines 103, 110, 482485 of synchronous machines 93, 474476 of transformers 131, 478479 penetration of harmonics 75 performance chart (generator) 98 per unit system 6168 phase shifts in transformers 124125 pilot wire protection 435436 planning margin 454 power complex 59 ows 205 instantaneous 57, 58 mean 58 sign 59 power-factor improvement 170 power ow, see Load ows pressurized water reactor (PWR) 11 privatisation 1 propagation constant 116 protection back-up 415 classication 425 differential 429 distance 427, 428 feeder 435 generator 430 qualities 415 relays 241, 270, 403 systems 403, 428 transformer 433 unit schemes 429 pumped storage 1820

Index

radio interference (RI) 26, 27, 109 reactance, see generators, parameters reactive power control 176, 351 injection 170171, 183, 214 plant characteristics 131 sign of 59 reclosers 32 rectier 325334 control 325326 equivalent circuit 335 gate control 325, 328329 voltage output 326329 reection coefcient 376 refraction coefcient 377 regulator 2, 163, 173, 203, 284, 285, 293, 310 relays balanced beam 421422 digital 423424 distance 422, 427428 hinged armature 432 induction cup 421 induction disc 418 negative sequence 425

Index numerical 423424 solid state 423 renewable energy 4, 1217 reserve 4, 31, 32, 140, 309, 453 resonance 363 restriking voltage 358360, 362, 384 right of way (wayleave) 26, 274 rural systems 32 safety clearances 27 salient pole generators 8486 saturation in machines 86, 88 security distribution and transmission 463467 of supply 29, 32, 34, 415, 467 sequence networks 252259 shock hazard 275 short-circuit currents 167168, 242, 260, 403, 414 short line fault 364, 384, 385 slack (swing) busbar 219 solid state (semi-conductors) converters for d.c. 321 relays 418, 423 stability of loads 305 of protection 415 rotor angle 287291 steady state 284286 transient 282, 287299 star connection 4647, 125 star-delta (wye-mesh) transformation 77 steady-state stability effect of governor 304 effects of damping 303 linear analysis 301, 302 practical considerations 284286 steam generation 5 stiffness of system 151 storage batteries 18, 20 compressed air 18, 20 ywheels 18, 22 heat 18 pumped 1820, 43 superconducting 18, 22, 27 stub line 388389 substations 403, 410 subsynchronous resonance 198 suburban system 34 sulphur oxides 24 summation transformer 435436 supercapacitors 22 surge diverter 366 surge impedance 374375, 378379, 388 surge modier 366 swing curve 293295 switchgear 404415 switching operations 358, 363364 switching surges 356, 358361 symmetrical components 247251 power in sequence networks 251 transformation matrix 250 synchronizing torque 94, 97 synchronous compensators 173 synchronous generator 83100, see also generators

495

tap change transformers 128131, 180181 tap stagger 181 tariffs 40 termination of lines 378380 three-phase relationships 4578 three-wire balanced load 5152 unbalanced load 51 tidal energy 1617 tie lines 153154, 158 frequency-bias control 158 load-frequency control 153 transfer impedance 179 transformers booster 188 connections 55, 251 grounding (earthing) 128 off-nominal tap 221 parameters 131, 478479 phase-shift 188 protection of 432434 three-phase 55, 124125 three-winding 125127, 183184 transient stability 287290 computation 293295 energy functions 312 equal area criterion 290, 312 transmission 2931 capability 21, 463 network security 463464

496 transmission system planning 460 transposition of conductors 109 travelling waves 373377, 385387 turbines gas 9, 84 hydro 7, 84, 155 steam 5, 9 turbo-generator 5, 8890, 283 two-axis representation 86 unbalanced three-wire systems 5152 three-phase analysis 247 urban system 34 value of lost load (VoLL) 452 visual impacts 26 voice frequency signaling 439 voltage characteristics of loads 131134 collapse 191192, 305, 309

Index control by reactive power injection 170176 control by tap-changing 176179 control in distribution networks 195 restriking 358, 360, 362, 384 transformers 410, 415, 417 wave power 17, 19 wayleaves (rights of way) 26 Willans line 444 wind generators 14, 15 winding connections for transfor mers 125 Wye-mesh transformation 49 Wye (star) connection 47, 55 zero phase sequence 248, 250 sequence zinc oxide arrester 369

55,