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7. PROBABILITY 7.1.1 Sample Space and Events a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h 7xperiment is an activity that "e carry out to observe a result.

9utcome is the result of an experiment that "e observed. #ample space is set of all the possible outcomes or results! in an experiment The sample space is denoted by the letter S. 7vent is the set of all the possible outcomes or results! in the sample space that "e "ish to get. An event can be denoted by any capital letters except S . n S! denotes the number of possible outcomes in the sample space. n A! denotes the number of possible outcomes in the event A.

Task A : Determine the number of possible outcomes in the sample space and the event by listing the outcomes. 1. An experiment is conducted by rolling a fair dice '. In an experiment "here a fair coin is tossed t"ice, once. If A is the event of getting an even score, (T represents an outcome "here the first toss a! express, in set notation, results in a )head* and the second toss results in a i! the sample space, )tail*. If + is the event of obtaining at least one ii! the event A, )tail*, b! determine the number of possible outcomes in a! express, in set notation, i! the sample space, i! the sample space, ii! the event A. ii! the event +, b! determine the number of possible outcomes in Ans"er : a! i! # $ % & i! the sample space, ii! the event +. a! ii! A $ % & Ans"er : a! i! # $ b! i! n #! $ a! ii! + $ b! ii! n A! $ b! i! n #! $ b! ii! n +! $ ,. A card is picked randomly from the follo"ing cards. .. In an experiment, t"o numbers are randomly chosen, the first from set A $ %, , / , 01 and the second from set + $ % ' , . , 2&. If D is the event of getting a total score at least 13, a! express, in set notation, 45ote : x , y! represents an outcome "here x A and y +1 i! the sample space, ii! the event D, b! determine the number of possible outcomes in i! the sample space, ii! the event D. Ans"er : a! i! # $ a! ii! D $ b! i! n #! $ b! ii! n D! $
'. # $ %((,(T,T(,TT&6 + $ %(T,T(,TT&6 n #! $ .6 n +! $ , .. # $ % ,,'!, ,,.!, ,,2!, /,'!, /,.!, /,2!, 0,'!, 0,.!, 0,2!& 6 n #! $ 8 D $ % ,,2!, /,2!, 0,.!, 0,2!& n D! $ .

If - is the event of obtaining vo"el, a! express, in set notation, i! the sample space, ii! the event -, b! determine the number of possible outcomes in i! the sample space, ii! the event -. Ans"er : a! i! #$

a! ii! - $ b! i! n #! $

b! ii! n -! $
Ans"ers: 1. # $ %1,',,,.,/,0&6 A $ %',.,0&6 n #! $ 06 n A! $ , '. # $ %(,7,+,A,T&6 - $ %7,A&6 n #! $ /6 n -! $ '

Probability

Task +: Determine the number possible outcomes in the sample space and the event "ithout listing the outcomes. 1. A box contains , black balls, ' '. A box contains cards of "hich ,. The table sho"s a set of green balls and / red balls. A each card is "ritten "ith an numbers. A number is chosen at ball is dra"n at random from alphabet from the "ord random from the set. the box. If A represents the )TA:+A(A5*. A card is 13 11 1/ event not getting the black dra"n at random from the box. 1; '' 18 balls, determine If + represents the event of 10 '/ 12 a! n #!, obtaining vo"el card, determine If - represents the event of b! n A!. a! n #!, choosing number that is multiple b! n +!. of /, determine Ans"ers : a! n #! $ a! n #!, Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n -!. b! n A! $ b! n +! $ Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n -! $ .. There are 1. fans in a hall, each controlled by a s"itch. It is kno"n that four fans are spoilt. T"o s"itches are turned on at random in an experiment. <iven that D is the event "here only one of the t"o fans "orks, determine a! n #!, b! n D!. Ans"ers : a! n #! $ Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n D! $ b! n 7! $ ;. Aour?digit numbers are to be formed from the digits ', ., 0, ; and 8 "ithout repetitions of digits. All the numbers that can be formed are "ritten in small pieces of papers and put into a hat. 9ne number is chosen at random from the hat. If < is the event getting even number, determine a! n #!, b! n <!. Ans"ers : a! n #! $ Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n <! $ b! n (! $
Ans"ers : 1. a! 13 b! ; ;. a! 1'3 b! ;' '. a! 2 b! , 2. a! ,/ b! 12 ,. a! 8 b! , .. a! 81 b! .3 8. a! ;'3 b! .23 /. a! 1'3 b! .2

/. The letters from the "ord )#=>A5* are to be used to form a five?lettered code. All the possible codes are "ritten in cards and put in a box. A card is dra"n from the box. If 7 represents the event of getting code "hich has both the vo"els next to each other, determine a! n #!, b! n D!.

0. A box contains ; blue marbles and / yello" marbles "here all the marbles are of the same si@e. T"o marbles are dra"n from the box randomly. If A is the event getting t"o marbles of the same colour, determine a! n #!, b! n A!. Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n A! $

2. A .?member committee of a club is chosen from . boys and , girls. 7ach of the possible .?member committee formed is "ritten on a card and put into a box. 9ne of the cards is dra"n at random from the box. If ( represents the event of obtaining a committee that has eBual number of boys and girls, determine a! n #!, b! n (!.

8. -ode "ords are to be formed using all the letters of the "ord )-9C=:5*. 7ach of the possible code "ords is "ritten in a small strip of paper and put into a bag. 9ne of the code "ords is chosen from the bag at random. If C represents the event of obtaining code "ord that begins "ith a consonant, determine a! n #!, b! n C!. Ans"ers : a! n #! $ b! n C! $
0. a! 00 b! ,1

Probability

'

7.1.2 Probabilit o! an Event a! b! The probability that an event A occurs is represented by P A! number of outcomes in A n( A) = +y classical definition, P ( A) = , "here 3 P ( A) 1 number of outcomes in S n( S )

c! d! e!

If P A! $ 3, then the event is sure to fail or is a certain impossibility!. If P A! $ 1. then the event is sure to succeed or is an absolute surety!
The probability that an event A does not occur is represented by P A! "here P A! $ 1 I P A!

Task A : Determine the Drobability of #imple 7vents. 1. A bag contains ; red balls, / '. A card is picked randomly from green balls and 0 pink balls. A a pack of cards "hich contains ball is picked at random. Aind . red cards and 0 yello" cards. the probability that a red ball is Aind the probability that a picked. yello" card is picked. Ans"er : E $ 7vent red ball is picked n(R) = 7, n(S) = 18 n R! P R! = n S! ; = 12 Ans"er :

,. A letter is selected at random from the "ord )D(F#I-#*. Aind the probability of selecting letter S. Ans"er : A $ 7vent of selecting letter S

Y $ 7vent of picking yello" card n A! $ n(Y) = n S! $ n(S) =


n Y! P Y! = n S! =
, /

P A! = =

n A! n S!

' ;

.. A fair dice is flipped once. Ghat is the probability of obtaining a score greater than .H Ans"er : B $ 7vent of obtaining a score greater than .. n B! $ n S! $

/. Identical cards numbered from '3 to .3, are put in a bag. A card is dra"n randomly from the bag. Aind the probability that the number on the card is a prime number.

0. 7ach of the letters from the "ord )TA:+A(A5* is "ritten on identical cards and then put in a box. If a card is dra"n at random from the box, calculate the probability that the card dra"n is a vo"el.

1 ,

. '1

, 2

Probability

;. A box containing all the letters of the "ord )DE9+A+ICITF* "ritten on identical cards. If one card is dra"n at random from the box, find the probability that the card dra"n sho"s a consonant.

2. A card is dra"n at random from a bag "hich contains '0 identical cards "ritten "ith all the different letters of the alphabet. Aind the probability that the card dra"n sho"s a letter from the "ord )+A(A#A*.

8. A fair dice is rolled t"ice. -alculate the probability of getting numbers "ith a sum more than 2.

; 11

' 1,

/ 12

Task + : Determine the probability of events involving the idea of permutation and combination. 1. All the different three?digit numbers formed from '. #ix?letter codes are formed by using all the letters in the digits ', ,, 0 and 8 "ithout repetition are the "ord )(IT=5<*. 7ach code is "ritten on "ritten in small pieces of papers and then put in a identical ping pong ball and placed in a box. hat. a! Determine the total number of different six?letter a! Determine the total number of three?digit codes contained in the box. numbers in the hat. b! If one of the ping pong balls is dra"n randomly, b! If one of the number is dra"n randomly from find the probability that the ping pong ball is the hat, calculate the probability that the "ritten "ith the code that ends "ith vo"el. number is less than ,33.

a! '. b! .

a! ;'3 b! 1 ,

,. A four?member committee is to be formed from a group of ; male and 0 female candidates. a! Determine the total number of different -ommittees that can be formed. b! If one of the possible committees in a! is to be selected at random, find the probability that the committee selected is made up of ' males and ' females.

.. A combination of four letters is to be formed by choosing letters from the "ord )D7EA5-I#*. a! Determine the total number of different combinations that can be formed. b! If one of the possible combinations in a! is to be picked, calculate the probability that the combination does not have vo"el.

0, a! ;1/ b! 1.,

1 a! ;3 b! 1.

Probability

7.2 a! b!

Probabilit o! "#t#all E$cl#sive Events If events A and + are mutually exclusive, then only one or the other event can occur at time. T"o events A and + are mutually exclusive events if one of the follo"ing conditions happens : i! if A + $ % & or A + $ ! or ii! if n A +! $ 3 or iii! if D A + ! $ 3 or iv! if D A +! $ D A! N D +! T"o events A and + are exhaustive events if one of the follo"ing conditions happens : i! if A + $ # ii! if n A +! $ n #! or iii! if D A + ! $ 1

c!

Task A : Determine "hether events are mutually exclusive and exhaustive. 1. A fair coin is flipped t"ice. 7vents A and + are '. A fair dice is rolled. 7vent - is the event )a score of defined belo" : less than 0* and event D is the event )a score of more A $ 7vent "here both flips sho" )heads* than '*. #tate, "ith a reason, "hether events - and D + $ 7vent "here the t"o flips result in at least a a! are mutually exclusive events, )tail* b! are exhaustive events. #tate, "ith a reason, "hether events A and + are a! mutually exclusive events, b! exhaustive events.

a! Fes, because J b! Fes, because J

a! 5o, because J b! Fes, because J

,. The sample space # is given by # $ % x : 3 K x K '1, x is an integer &. 7vent L and F are defined as follo"s: L $ % x : x are even integers & F $ % x : x are integers "hich are multiple of , & +y finding D L!, D F! and D L F!, determine "hether events L and F a! are mutually exclusive events, b! are exhaustive events.

.. The sample space, #, and the events M and G are defined as follo"s : # $ #et of code "ords formed from all the letters of the "ord ):A#* "ithout repetition M $ #et of code "ords that begin and end "ith consonants G $ #et of code "ords that begin "ith a vo"el and end "ith a consonant. +y finding D M!, D G! and D M G!, determine "hether events M and G a! are mutually exclusive events, b! are exhaustive events.

a! 5o, because J b! 5o, because J

a! Fes, because J b! 5o, because J

Probability

Task + : Determine the probability of the events belo". 1. A box contains / red, , yello" '. A card is picked randomly from and . green marbles. A marble the cards belo". is dra"n randomly from the 9 = T - 9 : 7 # box. Aind the probability that the colour of the marble is Aind the probability of getting a yello" or green. card "ith a consonant or a letter 9.

,. 9n a rack, there are 0 #cience books, 1' :athematics books and ' (istory books. A book is to be chosen randomly from the rack. -alculate the probability of choosing a #cience book or a :athematics book.

; 1'

, .

8 13

.. A number is chosen at random , . , / , / 0 from the set %1, ', J , '3&. Aind the probability that the number is a multiple of . or a multiple of ;.

/. A bag contains / blue pens, ' red pens and 1 green pen. A pen is picked at random from the bag. Aind the probability of getting a blue or a green pen.

0. A card is picked randomly from the cards above. Aind the probability of getting a card "ith digit , or digit /.

; '3

, .

/ ;

;. 5ine cards are "ritten "ith the letters of the "ord #TATI#TI-. If a card is selected randomly, find the probability that the card has the letter T or a vo"el.

2. :uthu chooses a number randomly from a set # "here # $ % x : 13 x '3 , x is an integer&. Aind the probability that the number is a prime number or a multiple of /.

8. A fair dice is rolled once. Aind the probability that the dice sho"s an odd number or a number more than /.

' ,

; 11

' ,

Probability

7.% a! b!

Probabilit o! Independent Events If events A and + are independent, then the outcome of event A does not affect the occurrence of the outcome of event + and vice versa. If A and + are t"o independent events, then D A +! $ D A! D +!. If A, + and - are three independent events, then D A + -! $ D A! D +! D -! 7xamples of independent events A and +: i! -ase 1 : 7xperiment : Tossing a fair coin and rolling a fair dice. A $ 7vent of getting )head* + $ 7vent of getting prime number ii! -ase ' : 7xperiment : Eolling a fair dice t"ice. A $ 7vent of getting even number from the first roll + $ 7vent of getting even number from the second roll iii! -ase , : 7xperiment : A coin is tossed and a card is picked A $ 7vent of getting )tail* + $ 7vent of picking a diamond card A tree diagram is very useful in helping us to ans"er Buestions that involve independent events

c!
d!

e!

Task A : Determine the probability of the events belo". 1. A fair coin and a fair dice are '. The probabilities of Thomas tossed simultaneously. passing in the 7nglish test and Determine the probability of ' 1 #cience test are and obtaining a tail and a number , . greater than .. respectively. -alculate the probability that he "ill pass in Ans"er : both test. A $ getting a tail + $ getting a number greater than . 1 1 P A! = , P B ! = ' , P A and B ! = P A B ! = P A! P B ! 1 1 = ' , 1 1 0 = 0 .. The probability that a defective /. The probability that a shooter bulb produced from a factory is , hits the target is . Aor ' ' / . If Oack buys t"o bulbs, ; shots, find the probability that find the probability that he "ill he "ill fail to hit the target both get t"o good bulbs. times.

,. In a certain region, it is observed that the probability that "ill rain ' in a day is . Aind the / probability that it "ill rain for ' days.

. '/

0. There are 8 pens in a pencil box of "hich / are red. If t"o pens are chosen randomly, one by one "ith replacement, find the probability that both pens are not red.

Probability

'/ .8

. '/

10 21

Task + : Determine probability by using Tree Diagram.


1. Ali shoots t"o arro"s. The probability of Ali hitting , the bull*s eye "ith each shot is . +y dra"ing a / tree diagram, find the probability of Ali hitting the bull*s eye at least once. Ans"er : A $ event hitting the bull*s eye AP $ event not hitting the bull*s eye
, / , /

'. There is a ,3Q chance that Ceela "ill cycle to school in a school day. +y dra"ing a tree diagram, find the probability that out of any t"o school days, Ceela "ill cycle to school in only one day. Ans"er : - $ event cycling to school -P $ event not cycling to school

possible possible o#tcomes o#tcomes A AA

A
' / , /

A& A

AAP A&A

' /

A&

!irst da A& da A&A / second !irst s'ot second s'ot


D hit bull*s eye at least once! $ D AA! N D AAP! N D APA! , , , ' ' , $ + + / / / / / / '1 $ '/
3..'

'

,. A box contains . red cards and , green cards. T"o cards are dra"n at random, one after another "ithout replacement. +y dra"ing a tree diagram, find the probability that both the cards are of different colour.

.. +ox A contains 1 black marble and / "hite marbles. +ox + contains . black marbles and , "hite marbles. A marble is picked at random from box A and box +. +y dra"ing a tree diagram, find the probability that both of the marbles are of the same colour.

Probability

. ;

18 .'

/ A bag contains / black marbles and , "hite marbles. T"o marbles are dra"n at random, one after another from the bag "ithout replacement. +y dra"ing a tree diagram, find the probability that both of the marbles are of the same colour.

0. 7nvelop D contains / cards labeled as L, L, F, F, F "hereas envelop R contains 0 cards labeled as L, F, F, F, F, F. A card is picked at random from envelop D and envelop R. +y dra"ing a tree diagram, find the probability that both of the cards are of different letters.

1, '2

1, ,3

;. A fair dice is rolled three times. +y dra"ing a tree diagram, find the probability that the number . is obtained only once.

2. The probability of obtaining a spoilt orange from a 1 basket is . If three oranges are selected, find the . probability that only an orange is spoilt.

Probability

'/ ;'

'; 0.

7.(

Past Years) Act#al SP" *#estions '. SP" 2++/ ,-o. 2( & Paper 1. The follo"ing table sho"s the number of coloured cards in a box 0olo#r -#mber o! 0ards +lack / +lue . Fello" , T"o cards are dra"n at random from the box. Aind the probability that both cards are of the same colour. 4, marks1

Task : Ans"er all the Buestions belo". 1. SP" 2++( ,-o.2( & Paper 1. A box contains 0 "hite marbles and k black marbles. If a marble is picked randomly from the box, the probability of getting a black marble is , . Aind the value of k. 4, marks1 /

k$8

18 00

,. SP" 2++1 ,-o. 2% & Paper 1. The probability that (amid Bualifies for the final of a ' track event is "hile the probability that :ohan / 1 Bualifies is . Aind the probability that , a! both of them Bualify for the final, b! only one of them Bualifies for the final. 4 , marks1

.. SP" 2++2 ,-o. 2( & Paper 1.

The probability of #arah being chosen as a


, "hile the probability of / ; Aini being chosen is . Aind the probability 1'

school prefect is

that a! neither of them is chosen as a school prefect, b! only one of them is chosen as a school prefect. 4. marks1

Probability

13

' a! 1/

; b! 1/

a! 1 0

'8 b! 03

7./

En'anced E$ercise 3it' *#estions o! SP" 4ormat '. T"o dice, one "hite and one black, are rolled

Task : Ans"er all the Buestions belo". 1. A bag contains 0 blue marbles and k red marbles. If a marble is picked randomly from the bag, the

, probability of picking a red marble is . Aind the /


value of k.

together. -alculate the probability that the score on the "hite dice is t"ice the score on the black dice.

1 1'

,. A box contains .3 marbles. #ome are green and some are red. If a marble is dra"n at random from the box, the probability that a green marble dra"n is

' . -alculate /

a! the number of red marbles in the box, b! the number of red marbles that have to be added to the box such that the probability to 1/ dra" a red marble becomes . ',

.. +ag I contains ' blue marbles and 0 black marbles "hile bag II contains , blue marbles and . black marbles. If a marble is chosen at random from each bag, calculate the probability that a! both the marbles are black, b! the marble from bag I is blue and the marble from bag II is black. c! At least one of the marbles chosen is black.

Probability

11

a! '. b! 0 /. T"o six?faced unbiased dice are rolled together. -alculate the probability that a! the sum of t"o numbers is 2. b! The difference of t"o numbers is /, c! The sum of t"o numbers is 2 or The difference of t"o numbers is /.

a!

, ;

b!

1 ;

c!

'/ '2

0. In a soccer match bet"een team A and team +, the result can be a dra" or a "in for team A or a "in for team +. The probability that team A and team + "ill "in are

1 1 and respectively. In t"o matches, , '

calculates the probability that team A "ill "in once and dra" once.

a!

/ ,0

b!

1 12

c!

; ,0

1 12

;. A marble is dra"n at random from a box containing , black marbles, . green marbles and / "hite marbles. a! Ghat is the probability of dra"ing a black or a green marbleH b! Ghat is the probability of dra"ing neither a black nor a "hite marbleH

2. +ox - contains marbles of "hich . are black and 0 are yello". T"o marbles are dra"n at random, one after another "ith replacement. Determine the probability that a! both the marbles are black. b! the t"o marbles in different colour. c! at least one of the marbles is yello".

Probability

1'

a!

; 1'

b!

1 ,

. a! '/

b! 1' '/

'1 c! '/

8. At (alim*s shop, there are / refrigerators, P, , R, 13. The probability of obtaining the number . "hen a S and ! and . "ashing machines, A, B, " and #. If 1 bias dice is rolled is . If the bias dice is rolled a refrigerator and a "ashing machine are chosen at . random, calculate the probability that refregerators simultaneously "ith a fair dice, find the probability P or and "ashing machine A are chosen. of obtaining . on only one of the dice.

1 13

1 ,

11. There are , reference books and 0 novels arranged on shelf A "hile ; reference books and / novels are arranged on shelf +. If a book is chosen at random from each shelf, find the probability that a reference book is chosen from shelf A and a novel is chosen from shelf +.

1'. A box contains 8 cards. 7ach card is "ritten "ith a letter from the "ord )<79<EAD(F*. If t"o cards are dra"n at random, one after the other, "ithout replacement, calculate the probability that a letter )<* and a vo"el are dra"n.

/ ,0

1 0

1,. +ag A contains . cards numbered ,, /, 0 and ;. / ( 12 1/ 1 2 +ag + contains / cards numbered ., /, 0, ; and 2. A card is dra"n at random from each bag. Aind the probability that both cards have a! even numbers, b! the same numbers.

1.. The diagram above sho"s 0 pieces of numbered cards. If one card is chosen at random, find the probability that the number chosen is a! a multiple of , and a factor of '., b! a prime number or an even number.

Probability

1,

a!

, '3

b!

, '3

a!

1 ,

b!

/ 0

Probability

1.

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