Jessie Zhao Period: 1

Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free? 2. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. It said California was to be free, popular sovereignty (the people decide) for the rest of the lands. 3. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South, but it wasnt enforced. This angered the Southerners. 4. The NorthSouth rift was widened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It repealed the Missouri Compromise which had kept the peace for a generation. In its place, popular sovereignty opened the Great Plains to potential slavery. Whereas the slave-land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark. IDENTIFICATIONS: Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas took over for Henry Clay in the Compromise of 1850. Clay could not get the compromised passed because neither party wanted to pass it as a whole since they would be passing things for the opposite party as well as their own. Douglas split the compromise up to get it passed. Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce was elected president in the 1852 election as the second Democratic "dark horse." He was a pro-southern northerner who supported the Compromise of 1850 and especially the Fugitive Slave Law. He also tried to gain Cuba for the South as a slave state. Compromise of 1850 This compromise signed by Millard Fillmore deals with disputed territory, and the controversy of whether California should join. The results were that California joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexico and Utah, and did not restrict slavery. The compromise benefited the North more than the South. Zachary Taylor General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Was a Whig. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.

John C. Calhoun Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. Matthew C. Perry He was the military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan. Henry Clay He was a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Free-Soil Party The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. Fugitive Slave Law a law passed just before the Civil War also called the,slaves who escaped could not testify in their behalf and were not allowed a trial by jury. If the judge in the case freed the slave they would receive five dollars, if not they would get ten dollars. Those found helping slaves would be fined or jailed. Harriet Tubman United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North. Compromise of 1850 This compromise signed by Millard Fillmore deals with disputed territory, and the controversy of whether California should join. The results were that California joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexico and Utah, and did not restrict slavery. The compromise benefited the North more than the South. Ostend Manifesto The Ostend Manifesto took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought. Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act, set forth in 1854, said that Kansas and Nebraska should come

into the Union under popular sovereignty. Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced it, and it pushed the country even closer the Civil War. Chapter #19: Drifting Toward Disunion Big Picture Themes 1. Uncle Toms Cabin drove a wedge between the Northerner and Southerner. The South cried foul saying it gave a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each sections feelings on the issue. 2. Kansas became the battleground over slavery. Since slavery there was to be decided by popular vote, each side passionately fought for their position. Bloodshed resulted. 3. The Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision was huge. It said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw slavery in the territories. Effectively then, all new lands were possible slave lands. 4. A financial panic in 1857 added to the chaos and uncertainty. 5. Abe Lincoln arrived on the scene. Although he lost to Stephen Douglas for Illinois Senate, he made a name for himself there. 6. In 1860, Abe Lincoln won a very sectional race for president over 3 other candidates. The South had promised to leave the union if Abe won. He won, and the South indeed seceded. IDENTIFICATIONS: Hinton Helper The Impending Crisis of the South A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery..

George Fitzhugh an social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery John Brown John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas". Charles Sumner He was an unpopular senator from Mass., and a leading abolitionist. In 1856, he made an assault in the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime

Against Kansas." The insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina. Brooks walked up to Sumner's desk and beat him unconscious. This violent incident helped touch off the war between the North and the South. Dred Scott Scott was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Dred Scott court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Abraham Lincoln President of the United States at the beginning of the Civil War. John Crittenden A Senator from Kentucky who made a last effort to save the Union by introducing a bill to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific, and he proposed an amendment to the Constitution that would guarantee forever the right to hold slaves in states south of the compromise line. Bleeding Kansas the period of conflict in Kansas from 1850 to 1860 between pro and anti slavery forces in Kansas American or Know-Nothing Party This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. These super-patriots were antiforeign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "American's must rule America!" Remaining members of the Whig party also backed Fillmore for President. Panic of 1857 An economic decline which convinced southerners that the North was economically vulnerable. The agricultural South was hardly affected by this depression.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate Freeport Doctrine Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so Harper's Ferry Raid Location of federal arsenal that John Brown raided to get guns to arm slaves

Constitutional Union Party political party formed in 1860by a group of northerners and southerners who supported the Union, its laws and the Constitution

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper 1. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain. Stowes book was more important because in a way, it started the civil war. The book has truth to it because it tells the stories of real slaves and the horror they went through and slavery and their journey out of it. The book shook the world and millions of people saw how immoral it was ot own another human begin.

The North-South Contest for Kansas Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians 2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas? Popular sovereignty didnt work well in Kansas because there was so much debate over Kansas that it was split into two regime. One was for free soil and the other was for slavery.

Kansas in Convulsion Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution 3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party? The outcome was a compromise that in effect, submitted the entire Lecompton Constitution to a popular vote.

"Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks 5 What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South? The consequences was that both the north and the south now had heavy tension and while the North applauded, the south grew angry at the intemperate speech that the north gave.

"Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party 6. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election. James Buchanan: penn. Lawyer and had been serving as minister to London during the KansasNebraska uproar. John C. Fremont: so called pathfinder of the west, no political experiences like Buchanan Millard Fillmore: ex-president and believed that Americans should rule America

The Electoral Fruits of 1856 7. Interpret the results of the election of 1856. Buchanan won the election because Fremont lost much ground because of grave doubts about his honesty and sound of judgment. Many northerners were anxious to save both the Union and their business with the south so they voted for Buchanan.

The Dred Scott Bombshell Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney 8 Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive? The dred scott case was divisive because many of the judges were southerners and people didnt understand if a slave counted as a person o a property.

The Financial Crash of 1857 8 How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely? It separated the nation even more because the north was in a bad place while ht south was doing fine because of their Cotton industry. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges 10. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background. He was born in a Kentucky log cabin to impoverished parents, he attended a frontier school for not more than a year; being an avid reader, he was mainly self- educated. He shone his frontier community as a wrestler and weight lifter and spent time as a splitter of logs for fence rails. He married into the influential Todd family of Kentucky and after reading a little law he gradually emerged as one of the dozen or so better-known trial lawyer in Illinois. He was known as Honest Abe because he refused cases that he had to suspend his conscience to defend.

The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Know: Freeport Doctrine 11. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates? Although Lincoln lost, he was possibly playing for larger stakes than senatorship. Newspaper published about Lincoln being a potential Republican nominee for president. But after Douglass opposition to the Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, and his further defiance of the supreme court at Freeport, southern democrats were determined to break up the party rather than except him.

John Brown: Murderer or Martyr Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee 12. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South? By hanging John Brown, people in the North united to continue what Brown started. His death caused a up roaring because it made people realize the horror of slavery and what they should do to stop it from spreading.

The Disruption of the Democrats Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell 13. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860? When the democratic party attempted to chose a candidate for the presidency in 1860, the entire body dissolved because of the lack of vote for Douglass.

A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 14. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward? Lincoln was chosen because he had made fewer enemy than Seward. The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 15. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincolns election, or were they helpless? The south was still well off because they still had a five to four majority on the Supreme Court and the republicans controlled neither the Senate nor the HOR. The Secessionist Exodus Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis 16.. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why? President Buchanan decided to not resort to force because the tiny standing army of some fifteen thousand men, then widely scattered was urgently needed to control the Indians in the west. Fighting would merely shatter all prospect of adjustments.

The Collapse of Compromise 17. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail? The Crittendon Compromise was to appease the south. Slavery is prohibited north of the 36 30 but south of that line, it was given federal protection in all territories existing or to be acquired. It failed because Lincoln rejected it.

Farewell to Union 18. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to? The southerners had the advantage of cotton because as much as the north hated the south, they still relied on their cotton. They wanted their independent Dixieland that could develop its own bank and shipping and trade directly with Europe.