Euler PDF

CapSel Euler - 01
The Euler equations

keppens@rijnh.nl
conservation laws for 1D dynamics of compressible gas
_
t
+ ( v)
x
= 0
m
t
+ (mv + p)
x
= 0
e
t
+ (e v + p v)
x
= 0
vector of conserved quantities U =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
m
e
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
total energy density related to pressure by
e =
v
2
2
. .
kinetic
+
p
1
. .
thermal energy
ratio of specic heats
-Instituut voor Plasmafysica Rijnhuizen
CapSel Euler - 02
internal energy considerations
specic ( per unit mass) internal energy e
s
i
e
s
i
= p/( 1)
for ideal gas: temperature dened as p = RT with gas constant R
e
s
i
(T) =
RT
1
=
(c
p
c
v
)T
c
p
c
v
1
= c
v
T
c
v
specic heat at constant volume
generally =
+2
, where is the total number of degrees of freedom over

which internal energy can be distributed
for molecules: translational, rotational, vibrational
monoatomic gas: only 3 translational DOF = 5/3
CapSel Euler - 03
deduce equation for entropy s = p
s
t
+ v
s
x
= 0
since v(x, t): Not in conservation form!
like advection equation
constant along characteristics
dx
dt
= v: Riemann Invariant
equivalent to the characteristic equation
along
dx
dt
= v, nd
dp c
2
s
d = 0
with dp = p
t
dt + p
x
dx and c
2
s
= p/
CapSel Euler - 04
write system as U
t
+ (F(U))
x
= 0 with ux vector
F =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
m
m
2
3
2
+ ( 1)e
em

1
2
m
3
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Flux Jacobian becomes
F
U
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 1 0
m
2
2
3
2
m
(3 ) 1
em
2
+ ( 1)
m
3
3
e
+ (1 )
3
2
m
2
2
m
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
3 eigenvalues/eigenvectors
CapSel Euler - 05
eigenvalue
1
=
m
= v c
s
eigenvector r
1
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
v c
s
v
2
2
vc
s
+
c
2
s
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
eigenvalue
2
=
m
= v
eigenvector r
2
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
v
v
2
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
eigenvalue
3
=
m
= v + c
s
eigenvector r
3
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
v + c
s
v
2
2
+ vc
s
+
c
2
s
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
CapSel Euler - 06
Rankine-Hugoniot relations for Euler system
F(U
l
) F(U
r
) = s (U
l
U
r
)
_
m
l
m
r
= s(
l
r
)
_
_
m
2
l
2
l
3
2
+ ( 1)e
l
_
_
_
_
m
2
r
2
r
3
2
+ ( 1)e
r
_
_
= s(m
l
m
r
)
_
_
e
l
m
l
l

1
2
m
3
l
2
l
_
_
_
_
e
r
m
r
r

1
2
m
3
r
2
r
_
_
= s(e
l
e
r
)
for given right state: 3 equations for 4 unknowns s, U
l
verify that Contact Discontinuity obeys RH
s = v, v
l
= v
r
= v, p
l
= p
r
= p while
l
=
r
CapSel Euler - 07
general solution to Riemann Problem:
given two states U
l
and U
r
nd intermediate state U
mr
connected to U
r
by a 3-wave
which is such that its velocity and pressure
U
mr
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
mr
m
mr
e
mr
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
. .
conservative
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
mr
v
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
. .
primitive
match the velocity and pressure of intermediate state
U
ml
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ml
v
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
connected to U
l
by a 1-wave
the states U
ml
and U
mr
can be connected by a 2-shock (contact
discontinuity)
CapSel Euler - 08
note: counts ok:
6 equations for 6 unknowns (s
1
,
ml
, v
, p
) and (s
3
,
mr
, v
, p
)
r
l U
U
x
1-rarefaction
CD
3-shock
2-shock
t
mr
U
ml
U
again only entropy-satisfying shocks allowed
ingredients to solve RP: L R
1
or S
1
M
l
CD M
r
R
3
or S
3
R
CapSel Euler - 09
Euler system in terms of primitive variables
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
v
p
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
t
+
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
v 0
0 v
1
0 p v
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
v
p
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
= 0
possible to deduce
v
t
+ (v c) v
x
p
(p
t
+ (v c)p
x
) = 0
CapSel Euler - 10a
since
2c
1
=
2
1
and under constant s = p
can be rewritten to
_
_
_
_
v
2c
1
_
_
_
_
t
+ (v c)
_
_
_
_
v
2c
1
_
_
_
_
x
= 0
found 3 Riemann Invariants
along characteristics
dx
dt
= v c, constant RI
1
= v
2c
1
dx
dt
= v, constant RI
2
= s
dx
dt
= v + c, constant RI
3
= v +
2c
1
CapSel Euler - 10b
can be written as characteristic equations
dp c dv = 0 along
dx
dt
= v c
dp c
2
d = 0 along
dx
dt
= v
dp + c dv = 0 along
dx
dt
= v + c
CapSel Euler - 11
back to Rankine-Hugoniot relations for Euler system
F(U
l
) F(U
r
) = s (U
l
U
r
)
consider again stationary shock s = 0 m
l
= m
r
two remaining equations result in
v
2
l
2
+
c
2
l
1
=
v
2
r
2
+
c
2
r
1
=
+ 1
2( 1)
c
2
last equality for sonic point where v
= c
again leads to c
2
= v
l
v
r
Prandtl Meyer relation
stationary shock separates super- from subsonic state (w.r.t. c
)!
CapSel Euler - 12
further analysis of stationary shock introduces M
l
=
v
l
c
l
v
l
v
r
=
( + 1)M
2
l
( 1)M
2
l
+ 2
and since m
l
= m
r
we get for the density ratio
r
=
( 1)M
2
l
+ 2
( + 1)M
2
l
pressure ratio can be shown to obey
p
l
p
r
=
+ 1
1 + 2M
2
l
for stationary shock: all jumps depend on and M
l
only
CapSel Euler - 13
moving shock: Galilean transformation
leaves all thermodynamic quantities unchanged
change to parameters =
+1
1
and P =
p
l
p
r
stationary shock obeys
v
l
v
r
=
+ P
P + 1
=

r
l
three parameters for a moving shock: , P, shock speed s give
v
l
s
v
r
s
=
+ P
P + 1
=

r
l
while also
(s v
l
)
2
= c
2
l
_
_
1 +
+ 1
2
_
_
_
_
p
r
p
l
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
CapSel Euler - 14
Numerical tests
Perform series of Riemann Problem calculations for 1D Euler
always use 2nd order accurate, conservative, TVDLF discretization
TVDLF is Total Variation Diminishing Lax-Friedrichs scheme
monotonicity preserving, but diffusive especially at CD
200 grid points on [0, 1], = 1.4
BCs: x = 0
Start with classical Sod problem
U
l
= (
l
, v
l
, p
l
) = (1, 0, 1) and U
r
= (0.125, 0, 0.1)
shock tube problem: diaphragm separates 2 gases at rest
CapSel Euler - 15
Sod problem at t = 0.15
note R
1
where Riemann Invariants s and RI
3
are constant
CD spread over many cells
CapSel Euler - 16
test case from Lax: initial rightwardly moving left state, till t = 0.15
U
l
= (
l
, v
l
, p
l
) = (0.445, 0.698, 3.528) and U
r
= (0.5, 0, 0.571)
CapSel Euler - 17
Sod and Lax test case: remain subsonic M = v/c
s
< 1
Arora & Roe Mach 3 test case considers
U
l
= (
l
, v
l
, p
l
) = (3.857, 0.92, 10.333) and U
r
= (1, 3.55, 1)
solution at t = 0.09
CapSel Euler - 18
supersonic shock tube problem at time t = 0.1562
U
l
= (
l
, v
l
, p
l
) = (8, 0, 8) and U
r
= (0.2, 0, 0.2)
better behaviour at contact than in Mach 3 case
CapSel Euler - 19
case of a slowly moving very weak shock, show t = 0.175
U
l
= (
l
, v
l
, p
l
) = (1, 1, 1) and U
r
= (0.9275, 1.0781, 0.9)
leftward rarefaction and rightward shock: (too) many cells in shock!
CapSel Euler - 20
stationary contact discontinuity
U
l
= (
l
, v
l
, p
l
) = (1, 0, 0.5) and U
r
= (0.6, 0, 0.5)
t = 0 and t = 0.1 and t = 1 solution
diffusion obvious: increasingly (too) many cells in CD!
CapSel Euler - 21
recognizing a rarefaction wave
800 cells from [0, 800] with = 5/3
U
l
= (
l
, v
l
, p
l
) = (1, 3, 10) and U
r
= (0.87469, 2.46537, 8)
t = 0 and t = 40 and t = 80 solution, plot v
two states with same entropy: rarefaction emerges
CapSel Euler - 22
Linear sound waves: time dependent driver v = Asin (2t/P) at x = 0
density (t = 0) = 1, v(t = 0) = 0, p(t = 0) = 0.6 with = 5/3
A = 0.02 with P = 1 generates sound waves (amplitude 0.01)
compare TVDLF for 100 versus 400 cells at t = 4
to follow linear dynamics: need high resolution to battle diffusion!
CapSel Euler - 23
sound wave steepening and shock formation: take amplitude A = 0.2
nonlinear shock formation well captured
Caution to use these methods for pure linear wave processes
high resolution prerequisite
seperate true physical diffusion from numerical effects
note that 10 % variations already imply nonlinear effects!
CapSel Euler - 24
References
R.J. LeVeque, Numerical Methods for Conservation Laws, 1990, Birkh auser
Verlag, Berlin
R.J. Leveque et al., Computational Methods for Astrophysical Fluid Flow,
Saas-Fee Advanced Course 27, 1998, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
P. Wesseling, Principles of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2001, Spinger-
Verlag, Berlin (Chapter 10)
S.A.E.G. Falle, Astrophysical Journal 557, 2002, L123-L126

Euler PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Euler PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CapSel Euler - 01

The Euler equations

, where is the total number of degrees of freedom over

and under constant s = p

last equality for sonic point where v

You might also like