MEP 100: Introduction to

ENGINEERING VISUALIZATION
Harish Hirani Associate Professor Block II/354. Dept of Mech. Eng. I.I.T Delhi
0.5-0-3 Learn by Doing

Course Objectives
To introduce students to: Method of visualizing engineering objects Simple assemblies CAD modeling and communicating them to other professionals.

Course Contents
Sketching concepts. Orthographic Projections and views Principles of Axonometric projections and Development of Isometric interpretation of drawings Introduction of CAD package to construct a simple solid model

Using a CAD package to construct solid models and Dimensioning of Orthographic generating orthographic, Views isometric, sectional views with dimensioning . Assembly of components and Sectioning in Orthographic views generation of corresponding drawings. Animation of single and assembly drawings dof machines in CAD

2D TO 3D
r
R r P
C

R r P

GRAPHICS: Art or Science of drawing

Systematic knowledge-base practice capable of resulting in predictable type of outcome.

Drawing: Plane by Plane: 2D to 3D

3D by Sketching

Procedure to Sketch

Two stage extrusion

Two stage extrusion

Only extrusion ?
Learn Pro-E. Think few simple shapes.

Projection: Graphical representation of 3-D object on 2-D media (Paper/screen)

Thick Lines Thin Lines

All projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane:

Orthogonal Projections

Various Lines
Outline, Hidden, Center, Construction,
Dimension, Cutting plane, Phantom, break.

Center line:
Where center lines cross, the short dashes should intersect symmetrically. Center lines should not end at object lines.

Line precedence: Outlines take precedence over all other lines, Hidden lines take precedence over centre lines.

Orthographic Projections

Object in I quadrant = I angle Object in III quadrant = III angle Object in II or IV quadrant ??

Object in I quadrant = I angle

Object in III quadrant = III angle

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
DIFFERENT VIEWS of an OBJECT are PROJECTED on DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR to RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE

Reference Planes:

Horizontal/Top Plane (HP / TP) Vertical/Front Plane ( VP /VP ) Side Or Profile Plane ( SP / PP)

Different Views:

Front View (FV) Top View (TV) Side View (SV) FV TV SV HP VP PP

FV is a view projected on VP. TV is a view projected on HP. SV is a view projected on PP.

FOR T.V.

First Angle projection

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

Once F.V. (principal view) chosen, other views need to be arranged w. r. t. FV.

TOP VIEW

I angle III angle

Block View
Space for: FV: 90, 50 TV: 90, 40 Space between FV & TV SV: 40, 50 Space between FV & SV (90+10+40) * (50+10+40)

All orthographic views must fit on the same sheet.

Most informative view of an object shall be used as the front view.

First angle projection method

View in direction above FV, is placed underneath FV. View in direction below FV, is placed above FV. View seen from the right of FV, is placed on the left of FV. View seen from the left of FV, is placed on the right of FV.

Third angle projection method

Selection of Views
Only those views that are necessary for a clear & complete description should be selected.
Simple objects such as cylinder, bushing, etc. require only two views (FV & SV/TV).
Avoid (unnecessary) repetition of detail.

Choose view which provide desired explanation with minimum number of hidden lines.
Invisible lines are represented with short dashes. Such line always starts with a dash in contact with the object line from which it starts, unless it forms a continuation of a visible line.

Primitive Shapes: basic shapes that can be

used to make more complex structures.

Sheet Size
A3 sheet for Sketching. A2 Sheet = (2*A3) for each lab
No of Hours 2 1 Questions 3-4 2 (Simple+difficult) Weightage 25% 75%
297* 420

210 * 297

420* 594

594* 841

Book: Warren Luzadder and Jon M. Duff, 2009, Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to Interactive Computer Graphics for Design and Production, 11th Edition, PHI Learning.

841 * 1189

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F T

TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

Mistakes ??

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F T

TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F T

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F T

TOP VIEW

Dimensioning
Lines, numerals, symbols, notes:
Dimension line: Thin continuous line. Terminated by arrowheads. Extension line: Thin continuous line. to feature Arrowhead: Closed/Open. Length = 3* Width. Note: Specific info about feature. Leader: Pointer connecting feature & note.

Dimensioning Symbols
: Diameter S : Spherical diameter : Square R : Radius SR : Spherical radius : Arc length

Procedure:
break part down into a series of geometric features (hole, projection, etc.) apply dimensions to size each of the features (Functional dimensions), apply dimensions to control the location of the features (Non-functional dimensions).

Dimensioning Multi-features

Common mistakes

Dimensions 25, 40, and 12 are functional dimensions. Dimensions 20 and 12.5 are non-functional dimensions.

Common mistakes

Dimension lines should not end at object lines

Common mistakes

Each feature shall be dimensioned only once on a drawing. Each drawing shall use the same unit (i.e. mm) Centerline may be used in place of extension line.

Placing dimensions
Aligned system Unidirectional system
Use metric system.

All dimensions in Inches

Aligned

Unidirectional

Place dimension (number) above line All dimensions can be read from so that it can be read from bottom edge of drawing. bottom/right hand edge of drawing Number is placed along line.

Scales

Scale shall be large enough to permit easy and clear interpretation of the information .

Ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object as represented in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the object itself.
Full size: 1:1 Enlargement scale: 50:1; 20:1; 10:1; 5:1; 2:1. Reduction scale: 1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:50.

X: 1

1: X

FV
30 10 30

SV

30

10 30

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF GIVEN OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

TV

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL!!!

FV
30 10 30

SV

30

10 30

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

TV

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL!!!

35

FV

35 10

10 10 40 70

20

30

TV

DRAW FV AND TV OF GIVEN OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

Mistakes !!!!!

DRAW FV AND TV OF GIVEN OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

30

R 10

FV

50 35

30

R 15
10 X 10

10 R 30 50

R 10

35

TV

10

R 30 R 15 TOP VIEW

Geometry with straight lines

Triangle 180 60 Rectangle/Square 360 90 Pentagon 540 108 Hexagon 720 120 Heptagon 900 128.57 Octagon 1080 135
2 1
3

1 + 2 + 3 = 180

= 135o

Can we draw geometries without measuring angles ?

With any point O as centre and radius = OA, draw a circle.
B

From A draw a cord of length OA, which intersects circle at B. Length OB will be ???? Equilateral triangle??? Angle CAB = 120 Method to make a hexagonal of side = AB.

O E

E is middle point of line DB.

How to locate point 5: Bisecting Line 4-6

D 8 E 7 6 5 4 P C

E 5

Line AB=BC=CD=DE=EA
43

Arc 1

Drawing Arc between two straight lines

Arc radius R = 10 mm

Drawing Arc (R1) between Line & Arc (R2)

Arc 3

Drawing Arc (R) between two Arc (RA & RB)

Procedure to Draw Orthographic Projections using dimensions

TV

FV

RHSV All dimensions are in Inches

Axonometric projection
Difference?

Plane
Possibility of a number of axonometric

Axonometric Projection

Dimetric: Angles between two of axes are same. Two scale factors. Trimetric: Three scale factors. Isometric: ISO MEANS SAME, SIMILAR OR EQUAL. X, Y, Z are projected on three dimensional axes maintained at equal inclinations with each other (120). Size is reduced. Single scale factor.

Importance of Isometric Drawing

Understand overall shape, size & appearance of an object prior to its production.
Vertical + 30 to HP - 30 to HP

Isometric drawing combined with orthographic projections provide complete Description.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS:

ISOMETRIC AXES and LINES:

Three lines AL, AD and AH, meeting at point A and making 1200 angles with each other are termed Isometric Axes.
Representation of three planes

Lines parallel to isometric axes are called Isometric Lines. Lines for hidden edges are generally not shown.

FRONT VIEW of FIGURE requires H & L AXES. Vertical line will be drawn vertical, while horizontal line will be drawn inclined at 30 to horizontal. TOP VIEW of FIGURE require D & L.
A

H
SHAPE
H RECTANGLE A D A C A B C B B C

Isometric view if the Shape is F.V. or T.V.

D D

Making Isometric Drawing of Rectangular Object

F.V.
L

T.V.
Concept of block views

Shapes containing Inclined lines cannot be drawn parallel to any isometric axes. Angle do not increase or decrease in any fixed proportion. Enclose in a rectangle First draw isom. of that rectangle and then inscribe that shape as it is.

Inclined Lines ???? SHAPE Isometric view if the Shape is F.V. or T.V.

B H TRIANGLE 1 B 3 2 PENTAGON 1
A E

3 1 A 1 2 4 H 4
D E D E A

B 3 A

4
D

1 3
C A B C

Nonisometric Lines
Inclined lines (not parallel to isometric axes).
Distorted (cannot be measured directly) line. Position & Projected length must be established by locating end points.
C TV D

A FV B

C A B

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF

HEXAGONAL PRISM STANDING ON H.P.

For hexagonal, angle is 120

Edge a Length (0.5+1+0.5) a Height (0.866 + 0.866) a

Isometric drawing for given orthographic projections.

Isometric Scale
a b d c

cos 45 Scale = cos 30

h e f d h g

0.707 Scale = = 0.816 0.866

Foreshortening is ignored Isometric drawing. Otherwise projection.
Angle cbp > angle obp Length bc > bo p

g c o f b

Lines for hidden edges are generally not shown

ISOMETRIC Drawing
Draw isometric lines, then non-isometric

60

FV

40

20

TV

First angle orthographic projections O

10

F T

F.V., T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL FV SV

x
10

40

60

40 60

TV

Isometric Drawing of Curved features

Drawing circles ??
GIVEN: A circle in FV REQUIRED: Isometric view.
FIRST ENCLOSE IT IN A SQUARE. USE H & L AXES.

Ellipse is made of four arcs.

Four-centre Method: Ends of Small diagonal provides two Centers. Locate two centers on longer Diagonal Easier for free hand sketching.

DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW of the figure shown considering it first as FV and then TV.
25 R

50 MM

IF FRONT VIEW
100 MM

IF TOP VIEW

CYLINDER, when Axis is Vertical

CYLINDER, When Axis is Horizontal

ISOMETRIC Drawing
FV
30 10 30

30

50

50

TV

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

40

F T
30 25

10

25 10 50

80

Block of 80*50*10 Block of 25*25*40 Four center method to draw ellipse

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

FV X

40

O
100 10 10 30 10

10

25 25 30 R R 10

TV

Cuboid of 100*50*10 Draw parallel lines at 30 mm Cuboid of 50*25*40

Isometric Drawing of Curved features

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view. Block of 60*10*30
20 40

30

F T

10

10

30 10 30 80

O Block of 80*40*10

15

15

First angle projection O

F.V. and S.V.of an object are given in I angle projection. Draw its isometric view.

Mistake ??

F.V. Sq 20
20 40 30

40

20

10 30 50 60

O
100

40

40

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

50

F T
20

25

25

20

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
10 10

25

25

O
FV

15

50

10

LSV

what we need 1. Cutting plane 2. Part, assembly, any view.

Sectional Views Cross section Section

Required to add information of surfaces that are represented by hidden lines in standard FV, TV, and SV.

79

Section (thin parallel) lined areas are those portions that came in actual contact with cutting plane. Visible parts behind the cutting plane are shown, but not hatched.

Section lines

Hatching Pattern

Continuous thin lines at convenient angle (preferably 45) to the principal outlines.

Spacing between the hatching lines should be chosen in proportion to the size of the hatched areas, provided that the requirement for minimum spacing are maintained.

Common Mistakes

Full section view

NOTES Sectional views are always viewed in the direction defined by cutting plane arrows.

Any hidden surface that is behind cutting plane is not included in sectional view.

Hatch lines represent location of cutting plane passing through solid material.
84

Full & Half section views

Example: Sectional Orthographic Views

A A

Mistakes in dimensioning? Representation of cutting plane?

86

Section B-B a b c

Rib not sectioned

Common mistake is to omit back edge

Section A-A

Sectional view of Ribs

Ribs add strength and rigidity to an object. Usually narrow.

88

Pg. 167 Luzadder book

Keyway

Front view

Although the spoke is in line with the front view, it can give the impression that it is a stunted spoke Full length of spoke is shown to indicate the structure. It should be shown along with front view to indicate the number of spokes and angles between them
89

Revolved sections
Cutting plane

Section rotated 90o so that exact shape can be viewed

90

Examples of Revolved Sections

Revolved sections examples show the shape of an objects cross-section superimposed on a longitudinal view

Removed Sections
Removed sections are like revolved sections but moved aside.
Section A-A A Section B-B

B B

Section C-C

Offset Sections
Cutting plane lines need not be drawn as straight lines Stepped line
Include as many features as possible without causing confusion

Offset full section

93

Countersunk hole

94

Choosing Full/Half/Broken sectional view

Half & Partial sectional views --- allow showing outer and inner features on the same figure. Normal half/partial orthographic projection may include hidden lines. Broken line is a freehand line.
95

Cutting Plane Lines

Phantom line

96

Section B-B

Section A-A

ALIGNED SECTIONS
To include, in a section, certain angled elements, cutting plane may be bent so as to pass through those features.
Plane & feature are aligned into original plane.

98

Summary
When a part is cut fully in half, the resulting view is called a full section. A line called the cutting-plane line shows where the object was cut and from which direction the section is viewed.
The arrows point toward the section being viewed.

In section view, the areas that would have been in actual contact with the cutting plane are shown with section lining. Visible edges of the object behind the cutting plane are generally shown because they are now visible but they are not cross-hatched. Section views can replace the normal top, front, side, or any other standard orthographic view.

Summary
Labeling !!

When a cutting plane coincides with a center line, the cutting plane line takes precedence. Omit hidden lines in section views. A section-lined area is always completely bounded by a visible outline

 To avoid a false impression of thickness and solidity, ribs/webs, gear teeth, and other similar features are not hatched with section lining even though the cutting plane slices them.

Summary

Sectional views are important for assemblies.

3-D Solid Models Sheet 8-13

102

103

104

105

Assembly

Subassembly

Component / Part

106

How to create solid model in Autodesk

Extrusion

 Select New > New , to make the sketch

 To start with select Metric > Standard (mm).ipt

Standard format with datum plane & Coordinate system. Dimensions in mm

 The following screen will be open to draw the sketch.

Choose line command to initialize the drawing

 After drawing a line provide the required dimension by choosing dimension option in panel, and clicking on the line.

Dimensions !!!! Before completing sketch ?????

 To provide angular dimension, select lines between which the angle is to be given.

 Complete the sketch by above mentioned tools.

Make sure sketch is closed i.e. there should be no free ends in the sketch.

Press finish when sketch is competed.

 Press extrude to make a solid out of sketch

Distance = part thickness.

The arrow shows the direction of material addition.

 To change the direction of the material addition click on the icon shown in the extrude command.

To finish your model click OK.

Software Autodesk Inventor Professional Available in CSC window machines (9am 9 pm). Students can download software from
http://students.autodesk.com/?nd=download_center

Register using email id and get license key. Evaluation:

Submit print-out of drawings. One page per question.
How do I make title block Import (download) mep100.dwg format.
117

Open Autodesk Inventor>click on new>metric>MEP100_A4>OK

Zoom in the title block at bottom right corner

Click annotate>text and click near the name field

Write your name and click OK

Similarly write entry no., group no. and lab no. to complete the title block

Complete the title block and zoom out to place the views

To create the drawings click Place Views>Base>file>orientation>style>ok

Place views and right click to create

Block views

Click Dimension > select entity > set precision

Complete dimensioning and save the file then print

 Extrusion Cut Loft (Connecting different cross sections) Ribs Datum Planes 2D to 3D

Topics

Starting Autodesk Inventor

Starting with Top plane

Make solid model of orthographic projection given below and obtain orthographic views using mep100.dwg.
Step 1: Go to New and choose Standard(mm).ipt

Step 2: Choose top plane to start the sketch. Use Model tree to select it. Draw a square of side 70mm

Step 3: Finish sketch and extrude the sketch

Step 4: Select the extruded surface to sketch on it

Step 5 :Draw a circle of 60 mm diameter and extrude it

Step 6: Select the extruded surface to sketch a square of 25mm on it. Finish the sketch

Step 7: Take a plane offset by 40 mm from the sketch plane.

Step 8: Select the offset plane to sketch a point in the middle

Step 9: Use loft command. First select the square sketch and then the point on offset plane and a loft will be created . Save the Part model.

Step 10: Go to drawing by Selecting Drawing option from New command window. And select Base to place orthographic views.

Step 11: Select the part model for which orthographic views are required

Step 12: Place orthographic views and right click on a view to select create.

Step 13: From Annotate option choose dimension for dimensioning of orthographic views. Save the file after dimensioning is complete.

Draw the top view in the sketch and extrude it

Select the top surface for sketch and draw two circles and extrude them for the holes

Select the side surface and draw circles at a distance of 80 m from top surface. Extrude it.

Select the same surface for sketch and draw the profile as shown and extrude it

Select the side plane for sketch (which is passing through centre of circles). Select a line right click on sketch plane to make sure that Auto Project is on

Draw a line passing through intersection of two surfaces as shown by white lines representing intersection of rib.

Finish the sketch and select Rib command.

Select the lines for profile of Rib. Make sure Parallel to Sketch Plane option is selected. Give Rib thickness and press OK.

As the mid surface is chosen for sketch Rib thickness should be provided on the mid surface.

Obtain orthographic views and dimension them

Draw two squares and extrude them

Select a surface and draw a square of side 40mm and extrude it

Repeat the procedure on remaining surface to get a part as shown

Obtain orthographic projections and dimension those

TOPICS Other than extrusion

PATTERN LOFT CONSTRAINTS REVOLVE SHELL SPLIT COMBINE SPLINE SWEEP

Features appearing more than once

How I make it ?????

LINEAR PATTERN

Making a Chocolate !!!!

RECTANGULAR PATTERN !!

CIRCULAR PATTERN

Pattern

Creating Datum Plane

Pattern

Visibility

Rectangular Pattern

Circular Pattern

Sketches on Datum planes

Loft

Revolve

Revolve

Section + Path

Sweep

Assembly

On clicking

Assembly Sub-assembly Components

Construction of Assembly
Step 1: Gather components in an assembly file. Step 2: Assemble components by applying appropriate assembly constraints. Design Approaches Bottom up Top down Hybrid

Bottom Part Top Assemble

Top Down

Bottom Up
Six numbers of part2

Hybrid

Query: Meaning of constraint? Constraint = Restriction. Applied to 2D or 3D geometry. Two types of constraints: dimensional & geometric. Dimensional constraints are used to control the length, angle, radius etc. Geometric constraints are used to control the relationships of objects in respect to each other.

Press constraint

Query: Assembly constraints? Assembly constraints determine how components in the assembly fit together. As you apply constraints, you remove degrees of freedom, restricting the ways components can move and positioning them relative to one another.

located near the top of the left column Now select a constraint which you need (for example Mate, Angle, Tangent, and Insert)

MATE
Mate: makes the selected planes face each other and coincide (they are become the same plane) Flush: makes the selected planes face the same direction and coincide A mate constraint causes two selected objects (face, edge, vertex) to mate (opposite direction) or flush (same direction). Face to a face An edge to an edge A point to a point An edge to a face A vertex to a face A vertex on an adge

Mate

Mateoffset ??

Mate

Mate-Mate + Mate-offset_flush

TANGENT

Example

Angle

INSERT

Drawing.

Assembly
Part 1. Part n.
Color
Assign to selection

Parameters & Relationship

Dimension is a parameter.. D0, d1, d2, .. Relationship may be made in parameters.
Length by diameter should be 10.

Parameters & Relationship.

No change !!!

Threads

Threads Internal

Assembly Threaded Connection

Axial Align Movement along the axis is possible.

Threaded Connection
Insert. Rotation is possible.

Suppress

Checking Degrees of Freedom

Section
Choose/Make work feature plane.

Offset ???

Bolted Connections

Bolted Connections

Exploded View. Part of presentation

After assembly.

How do I Start

Now define the coordinate system about which part is going to displace First select the direction then the component Each time you have to define the coordinate system for tweaking different components and if you don't define the coordinate system, then Software will take the last coordinate system which you have defined.

Now lets animate & see what we have done and what improvement are required

End of Lecture 12