MEDHA COLLEGE

OF ENGINEERING

Historical Development of Road Construction French Roads

Pierre Tresaguet (1716-1796) Implemented in 1775 AD Features: Sub-grade was prepared and large foundation stones laid Top wearing course smaller stones Shoulders were provided

Transportation Engineering Unit I

January 13, 2011

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Historical Development of Road Construction Roman Roads

Mesopotamia 3500 BC Romans were pioneers in road construction Still in existence after 2000 years Main features:
Built in straight lines regardless of gradient Built after soft soil was removed Total thickness was 0.75 1.2 meters Typical cross-section

Historical Development of Road Construction French Roads

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Historical Development of Road Construction Roman Roads

Historical Development of Road Construction British Roads

John Macadam (1756- 1836), Surveyor Gen. of England Became popular in 1827 AD, Scientific method Main features:
Sub-grade drainage and compaction cross slope 1 in 36 First person to suggest that heavy foundation stones are not required Compacted layer of smaller broken stones at bottom. Better dispersion of load Pavement surface cross-slope was 1 in 36

Water bound Macadam, Penetration, Bituminous

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Historical Development of Road Construction British Roads

Necessity for Highway Planning

Planning is prerequisite for any development program Planning is of great importance when funds are limited Best utilization is very much needed Main object of highway planning:
To plan road network for efficient and safe traffic operations at minimum cost Minimize construction and maintenance Arrive at road systems of different categories to maximize utility Derive precise project plan with timeline and priorities Proper phasing of project To plan for the future To work out financing options (public, private, public-private)

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Highway Development in India Jayakar Committee

In 1927 Indian Road Development Committee was constituted by M.R. Jayakar as Chairman Key Recommendations:
Beyond capacity of local or provincial governments National interest Extra Tax should be levied on petrol for Central Road Fund Twenty-year plans were suggested Dedicated Research and Development is needed CRRI in 1950 Indian Road Congress was formed in 1934
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Classification of Roads
Classification based on weather:
All weather roads Fair-weather roads

Based on the carriage way:

Paved
Surfaced Un-surfaced

Unpaved

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Road Development Plans

Twenty-year Road plans Nagpur road congress 1943
First 20- Year Plan

Classification of Roads
Methods of classification of roads:
Traffic volume (arbitrary)
Heavy, medium, light traffic roads

Bombay road congress 1961

Second 20-year plan

Load transported or tonnage

Class I, II, etc or Class A, Class B

Location and function (Nagpur)

National Highways State Highways Major District Roads Other District Roads Village Roads

Lucknow road congress 1984

Third 20-year plan

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Classification of Roads
National Highways (NH)
Length and breadth of India, connecting ports, foreign highways, capitals, large states

Road Network Patterns

State Highways
Arterial roads of state, connecting up with NH, Dist HQs and important cities

Major District Roads

Important roads within district, connect production and markets, lower speed

Other District Roads

Serving rural areas of production and markets, taluk HQs

Hexagonal Pattern

Village Roads
Connecting villages or groups of villages with nearest road
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Road Network Patterns

Highway Alignment
What is alignment?
It is the position or layout of the center line of the highway on the ground Horizontal alignment: straight lines, horizontal deviations, and curves Vertical alignment: gradient and vertical curves

Disadvantages of improper alignment:

Increase in construction cost
Rectangular or Block Pattern Radial or Star & Block Pattern

Increase in maintenance cost Increase in vehicle operation cost Increase in accident rate

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Road Network Patterns

Highway Alignment Requirements

Basic requirement of ideal alignment between two terminal points
Short Easy Safe Economical

Radial and Circular Pattern

Radial or Star and Grid Pattern

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Highway Alignment Factors Controlling Alignment

Obligatory points Traffic Geometric design
Gradient Radius of curve Sight distance, Stopping distance

Engineering Surveys
Preliminary survey
To collect necessary physical information, details of topography, drainage and soil To compare different proposals in view of good alignment To estimate quantity of earth work and other construction aspects to workout cost of alternate alignments To finalize the best alignment Procedure for conventional method of preliminary survey
Primary traverse, leveling work - typical cross-sections drainage studies, soil survey, material survey, traffic survey determination of center line

Economics Other considerations (drainage, political, hydrological)

Drainage Stability Geometric standards of hills roads and Resisting length
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Final Location and Detailed Survey

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Engineering Surveys
Before a highway alignment is finalized engineering surveys are carried out. Stages of surveys are: Map study
Topographic maps Survey of India has 15 or 30 meter contour maps Alignment avoiding valleys, ponds, or lakes In hilly area possibility of crossing via a mountain pass Approximate location of bridges Alternate alignments are proposed

Engineering Surveys
Final Location and Detailed Survey
For preparation of plans and construction details Temporary benchmarks are fixed A detailed soil survey is carried out for soil profile Data collected should be elaborate to complete detailed plans, design and estimate of project

Reconnaissance Preliminary survey Final Location and detailed survey

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Engineering Surveys
Reconnaissance (Second stage)
Examine the general character of the area for deciding feasible routes for detailed studies A field survey party may inspect a broad stretch of area Details collected Valleys, ponds, lakes, permanent structures, obstructions Approximate value of gradient, radius of curves of alternate alignments Number and types of crossing drainage structures, flood level Soil types Sources of construction material Geological formations
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Drawings & Reports

Drawings
Key map Index map Preliminary survey plans Detailed plan and longitudinal section Detailed cross-section Land acquisition plans Drawings of cross-drainage and other structures Drawings of road intersections Land plans showing quarries
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Project Report
General details of project and its importance Features of the road including selection of route, alignment, traffic Road design and specifications Drainage facilities and cross-drainage structures Materials, labor, and equipment Rates Construction Programming Diversion of roads, traffic control, road side amenities

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