Digital Lens Simulation

Ekaterina Chernobrovkina Davood Ansari November 1, 2013

Supervisor: Professor Hossein Mosallaei
Abstract This report includes guidelines which can help one design a digital metamaterial (MTM) graded-index (GRIN) lens with a given prole using only two materials.

Objective

In this paper, a standard dielectric GRIN lens with the hyperbolic prole will be represented as a set of core-shell spheres made of two materials. For simplicity, lets call them material #1 and material #2.

GRIN Lens Model

The GRIN lens model used for the simulation is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1: GRIN Lens: permittivity function & geometrical parameters

The lens refractive index varies according to the following formula: nr = n0 1 Ar2 2 (1)

where nr the refractive index at a distance r from the optical axis; n0 is the design index on the optical axis, and A is a positive constant. Consequently, GRIN lens permittivity can be written as follows:
r

Ar2 2

(2)

Digital GRIN Lens

The variation of lens permittivity can be obtained by arranging core-shell spheres with required relative eective permittivity within the lens body as presented in Figure 2. The outer radii are equal; the inner radius of each core-shell aects its relative eective permittivity. So, by varying the ratio between the core-shell spheres inner and outer radii and materials arrangement, we can obtain the desired lens prole.

Figure 2: Digital GRIN Lens

Materials Arrangement

In the proposed design, only two materials are used to build all requited core-shell spheres that the digital lens consist of. Two possible material arrangements are demonstrated on Fig 3.

(a) Core-shell #1

(b) Core-shell #2

Figure 3: Materials Arrangements

Core-Shell Sphere Eective Permittivity

3 3

The relative eective permittivity of each core-shell can be found as follows [1]: 1+2
ef f 1 r2 r1 r2 r1
r2 r1 r 2 +2 r 1 r2 r1 r 2 +2 r 1

r1

(3)

1 for the core-shell #1 (see Figure 3a), 2

1+2
ef f 2

r2 r1 r2 r1

3 3

r1 r2 r 1 +2 r 2 r1 r2 r 1 +2 r 2

r2

(4)

1 for the core-shell #2 (see Figure 3b).

Figure 4: Core-Shell Sphere Geometry

In general, this problem requires three-stage homogenization process. The rst stage aects core of the radius r2 and shell of the radius r1 ; second the result of homogenization on the rst stage and the background coating of outer radius r3 ; third the result of homogenization on the second stage and the corners of the cube of the side d (see Figure 4). The equations 3 and 4 represent the relative eective permittivities of the core-shell #1 and core-shell #2 (see Figure 3) on the rst stage of homogenization. Applying the homogenization concept of the rst stage to the second one, 1+2
ef f 1 r1 r3 r1 r3 3 3
ef f 1 r 3 ef f 1 +2 r 3 ef f 1 r 3 ef f 1 +2 r 3

r3

(5)

1 and 1+2
ef f 2

r1 r3 r1 r3

3 3

ef f 2 r 3 ef f 2 +2 r 3 ef f 2 r 3 ef f 2 +2 r 3

r3

(6)

where ef f 1 and ef f 2 are the relative eective permittivities of the core-shells #1 and #2 consisting of the core of the radius r2 , shell of the radius r1 and the background coating of the outer radius r3 . Finally, the relative eective permittivity of the core-shell sphere of the outer radius r1 sitting in a cube of the side d can be found from the following relation: Vsphere
ef f 1

+ Vb

r3

= Vcube

ef f 1

(7)

4 3 where Vsphere = 3 r3 is the volume of the core-shell particle coated with the background layer; Vcube = d3 is the volume of the cube; Vb = Vcube Vsphere is the background volume including the corners (leftovers).

Analogously, Vsphere Thus, the relative eective permittivities

ef f 1 ef f 2 ef f 2

+ Vb

r3

= Vcube

ef f 2

(8)

and

can be written as follows:

ef f 1

ef f 1

Vsphere

+ Vb

r3

Vcube

(9)

and = Vsphere
ef f 2

+ Vb

r3

ef f 2

Vcube

(10)

6
6.1

Example
Designing the Building Blocks

Consider two materials, silica (SiO2 ) and silver (Ag ), which at the frequency of interest have the following relative permittivities:
rSiO2

= 2.4247

(11)

Using the Drude model of the silver [2],

rAg

2 p ( j )

(12)

where

= 5; p = 2 2175THz; = 2 4.35THz.

The following parameters were used for the simulation: a. the operating frequency f0 = 670THz, b. the operating wavelength 0 = 447.451nm, c. the lattice size (the cube side) is equal to d =
0 5

= 89.4903nm,

d. the shell radius is equal to r1 = 0.9 d 2 = 40.2706nm, e. the background layer outer radius is equal to r3 =
d 2

= 44.7451nm

For the chosen parameters of material #1 and material #2, the curves dened using equations 3 and 4 are presented on Figure 5. These gures show the relative eective permittivities of the pure core-shell spheres.

(a) Ag coated with SiO2

(b) SiO2 coated with Ag

Figure 5: Relative Eective Epsilon of the Core-Shell Sphere 4

The curves dened using equations 5 and 6 are presented on Figure 6. These gures show the relative eective permittivities of the core-shells #1 and #2 coated with the background layer of outer radius r3 .

(a) Ag coated with SiO2

(b) SiO2 coated with Ag

Figure 6: Relative Eective Epsilon of the Core-Shell Sphere Coated with the Background Layer

Finally, the curves dened using equations 9 and 10 are presented on Fig 7.

(a) Ag coated with SiO2

(b) SiO2 coated with Ag

Figure 7: Relative Eective Epsilon of the Core-Shell Sphere Sitting in a Cube

6.2

Designing the Digital GRIN Lens

For the simulation, the parameters of the lens presented on the Figure 2 are the following: a. the side D is equal to 4.70 b. the thickness L is 0.80 c. the focal length F is equal to 30 Taking into consideration lens parameters and the chosen size of the single building block, the digital GRIN lens consists of 4 layers of 23 23 core-shell spheres. The proposed design (core-shells numbering starts from the central element, element #1, to the side of it) is presented on the Figure 8.

Figure 8: Proposed Digital Lens Design

Figure 9: Desired Digital Lens Prole

Knowing the desired lens prole, presented on the gure 9, and applying the equations 9 and 10, one can easily nd the unknown core-shell radii r2 presented in the Table 1. Element # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 r2 , nm 22.4892 22.4124 22.2067 21.8705 21.3747 20.6877 19.7476 18.4872 16.6968 14.0352 8.27229 0 Element # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 r2 , nm 561.95 42452.3 182210. 65055.6 25837.7 47018.4 77.9878 59.6297 50.6233 45.0672 41.0628 38.068

(a) Ag coated with SiO2

(b) SiO2 coated with Ag

Table 1: Required r2 [nm] for the digital GRIN Lens

As the outer core-shell radius r1 is equal to 40.2706nm, the choice between the Table 1a vs. Table 1b is very straightforward: Ag coated with SiO2 for the core-shells from #1 through #11 and SiO2 coated with Ag for the core-shell #12.

6.3

Digital GRIN Lens Simulation Results

For the simulation, the following incident eld was considered: E0y , H0x , and k0z ; the amplitude of the incident eld is 1. The electric and magnetic eld intensity distributions are presented on the Figures 10 through 12; the electric eld intensity outside of the lens structure is shown on the Figures 13 and 14.

(a) Re(E ),

V m

(b) Re(H ),

A m

Figure 10: Simulation Results: Electric & Magnetic Field Intensity

(a) Re(E ),

V m

(b) Abs(E ),

V m

Figure 11: Simulation Results: Electric Field Intensity Distribution

(a) Re(H ),

A m

(b) Abs(H ),

A m

Figure 12: Simulation Results: Magnetic Field Intensity Distribution

(a) Simulation Results: Field Probe Along the Z -axis

(b) Simulation Results: Field Probe Along the Y -axis

Figure 13: Simulation Results: Electric Field Intensity Distribution

(a) Abs(Ey ),

V m

(b) Arg (Ey ), radians

Figure 14: Simulation Results: Electric Field Distribution on the Y 0Z Plane

References
[1] H. Panaretos and Douglas H. Werner. Analysis of a plasmonic core-shell particle exhibiting high-impedance and highadmittance characteristics. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas & Propagation and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, pages 16001601, July 2013. [2] Andrea Alu M. Silveirinha and Nader Engheta. Infrared and optical invisibility cloak with plasmonic implants based on scattering cancellation. Physical Review B, 78(075107), August 2008.