Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Example 4 Overview
A 3-dimensional STM is required to properly
Two load cases are considered Load Case 1 All 4 drilled shafts in compression Load Case 2 2 drilled shafts in compression, 2 in tension
4.25 z
Wcol = 7.50
4.25
h = 5.00
C L Column C L Footing
Dcol = 6.25
L2 = 16.00
OH = 0.75
DDS = 4.00
DDS = 4.00
OH = 0.75
OH = 0.75 OH = 0.75
DDS = 4.00
6.50
DDS = 4.00
DDS = 4.00
OH = 0.75
C L Drilled Shaft
Wcol = 7.50
8.00
6.50
DDS = 4.00
x
8.00
OH = 0.75
pinned supports
Material Properties
Concrete:
fc = 3.6 ksi
Reinforcement:
fy = 60 ksi
B-Region
z
Wcol = 7.50
x Wcol = 7.50
h = 5.00
D-Region
Pu = 2849 k
Muyy = 9507 k-ft
R1 R2
R4 R3
10
R1 R2
R4 R3
sDS = 10.50
11
4 point loads will be applied to the STM since forces are flowing to 4 drilled shafts
12
5.15
2.35 T
C
7.50
13
1.56
3.13
11 Equal Spaces
10 No. 11 Bars
2.25 Clear
Dcol = 6.25
No. 5 Stirrups
1.56
1.72
3.44
2.35
T C
1549 psi
5.15
2.35
1.58
Neutral Axis
14
1.56
Wcol = 7.50
x 3.44
Neutral Axis
Along the centroid of the linear stress diagram Quarter points of the dimension Dcol
1.56
3.13
The downward
1.72
3.44
2.35
T C
1549 psi
5.15
2.35
15
Centroid of 6 No. 11 Bars Column Bars Considered to Carry Forces in Ties BI and CJ of STM Centroid of 6 No. 11 Bars
16
1.58
Neutral Axis
Wcol = 7.50
x
3.44
0.30
1.56
Dcol = 6.25
1.56
Centroid of 6 No. 11 Bars Column Bars Considered to Carry Forces in Ties BI and CJ of STM Centroid of 6 No. 11 Bars
3.13
1.72
3.44
2.35
17
1.58
Neutral Axis
Wcol = 7.50
0.30
Neutral Axis
1.72
18
19
Then, determine the distance from this strut to the top face of the footing
FA = 1763.6 k A FB = 339.1 k B
y x FD = 1763.6 k D
FC = 339.1 k
C
E R1 = 1165.0 k
339.1 k
339.1 k
R4 = 1165.0 k
I
F R2 = 259.5 k
J G R3 = 259.5 k
First, determine the distance from these horizontal ties to the bottom face of the footing
20
Bars oriented in the x-direction will be placed directly on top of the bars oriented in the y-direction
No. 11 Bar
Does not allow Nodes A and D to be triaxially confined within the footing (effective triaxial confinement should be guaranteed in order to use the strength check that will be introduced later) Results in a large height of the STM smaller forces in the horizontal ties at the bottom of the footing
22
the strut positioned h/8 from the top surface of the footing (Park et al., 2008; Windisch et al., 2010; Paulay and Priestley, 1992)
Based on the depth of the flexural compression zone of an elastic column at a beam-column joint of a moment frame Rationale is questionable
Justified if horizontal ties exist within the STM near the top surface of the footing (methodology will be used for Load Case 2) Not justified otherwise
24
Numbers in parenthesis correspond to the numbering of the options presented on the previous slides
h/8 (2)
h = 60.0
7.5
Strut is located 0.1h = 6.0 in. below the top surface of the footing
26
0.1h
6.0
Chosen location is not significantly different from the position of the top mat of steel offers consistency with the STM for Load Case 2 Total Height of STM = 60.0 in. 5.4 in. 6.0 in. = 48.6 in.
27
h = 60.0
y x
28
y x
29
30
31
y x
32
x FD = 1763.6 k D FB = 339.1 k B
FA = 1763.6 k A
FC = 339.1 k
C
E R1 = 1165.0 k
339.1 k
339.1 k
R4 = 1165.0 k
I
F R2 = 259.5 k
J G R3 = 259.5 k
33
C B H E
I F
34
should result in the reactions at the drilled shafts that were previously calculated
Recommendation: Develop the STM within a structural analysis software program The STM can easily be modified and checked Ensure the 25 rule is satisfied
35
36
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties Ties EF and GH have the same force The reinforcement required for Tie FG will be used for z Tie EH to maintain symmetry
y x FD D FC C H E R4 J G R3 R2
FA A
FB
B
R1 I
F
37
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties Use #11 bars
38
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties Use #11 bars
39
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties TxDOT practice allows the reinforcement of the horizontal ties to be placed within a 45 distribution angle from the drilled shafts (TxDOT Bridge Design Manual LRFD, 2009) For simplicity, the tie reinforcement will be placed within the 4-ft diameter of the shafts
z x
45
45
40
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties Ties BI and CJ have the same force Column reinforcement extended into the footing z carries the forces in these ties
y x FD D FC C
FA A
FB
B
339.1 k
339.1 k
H R4
R1 I
F R2 J G R3
41
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties Use #11 column bars
42
43
footing
y x
CCC
A
FA = 1763.6 k FB = 339.1 k B
FD = 1763.6 k D
CCC
FC = 339.1 k
C H
CTT
E R1 = 1165.0 k
CTT
R4 = 1165.0 k I
F R2 = 259.5 k J G R3 = 259.5 k
46
47
3.44
3.13
Dcol = 6.25
3.13
48
49
50
for footings
51
where As
b h fy
= = =
area of reinforcement in each direction and each face (in.2/ft) least width of component section (in.) least thickness of component section (in.) specified yield strength of reinforcing bars < 75 ksi
53
C
B H E I
54
were not determined, the critical development section is conservatively taken at the inner edge of this equivalent square area
3 Clear Cover
Critical Section A
3.54 (42.5)
4.00
Section A-A
55
C
B H E I
56
C
B H E I
57
60.0
58
59
Load Case 2
The same design procedure is now followed for Load Case 2
Proportion Ties
61
62
63
R1 R2
R4 R3
sDS = 10.50
64
x
1.56
2.94
0.30
1.58
Neutral Axis
1.56
Centroid of 6 No. 11 Bars Column Bars Considered to Carry Forces in Ties BI and CJ of STM Centroid of 6 No. 11 Bars
3.13
1.47
2.94
3.09
1106 psi
4.41
3.09
65
Wcol = 7.50
0.30
Neutral Axis
1.47
66
Horizontal ties are needed near the top surface of the footing
FA = 1026.8 k
y
x
FD = 1026.8 k
K A
D FB = 471.8 k
FC = 471.8 k
C
M R4 = 655.7 k
471.8 k
471.8 k
R1 = 655.7 k
100.7 k
I F R2 = 100.7 k
100.7 k
G R3 = 100.7 k
68
Vertical ties are needed to carry the tensile loads and drilled-shaft reactions
69
y x
Envision each set of vertical ties as a non-contact lap splice connect with a diagonal strut
70
71
72
Place struts in the plane of the upper horizontal ties to achieve equilibrium
y x
Place struts in the plane of the lower horizontal ties to achieve equilibrium
73
x FA = 1026.8 k
FD = 1026.8 k
K A
D FB = 471.8 k
FC = 471.8 k
C
M R4 = 655.7 k
471.8 k
471.8 k
R1 = 655.7 k
100.7 k
I F R2 = 100.7 k
100.7 k
G R3 = 100.7 k
74
75
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties
Determine reinforcement needed for horizontal ties along the top of the footing Tie LM has the largest force
FD D FB B FC C z y x N K FA A
L H
E R1 I F R2 J G R3 R4
Comparing the STMs for the 2 load cases, the forces in the bottom horizontal ties of Load Case 1 govern
76
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties Use #7 bars
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Horizontal Ties Bars Considered to Shrinkage and temperature Carry Force in Tie reinforcement is spaced at about y 11 (satisfies 12 limit)
Reinforcement considered to
x
carry the tie force are positioned directly above the drilled shafts
provided
largest, enough bars are provided for all the ties along the top of the STM
s 11
78
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties
z y x N K FA A FB D FC C
471.8 k
FD
B
L
471.8 k
H R4
E R1
I
F R2
G R3
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties Use #11 column bars
80
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties
z y x N K FA A FB D FC C M FD
B
L
R1
100.7 k
R4 J
I
F R2
100.7 k
G R3
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties
Use the #9 bars of the drilled shafts
20 No. 9 Bars
82
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties All longitudinal bars within the drilled shafts will be extended into the footing
Only those properly anchored at Nodes L and M can be considered to carry the forces in Ties FL and GM
z y x N K FA A FB D FC C M FD
B
L
R1
100.7 k
R4 J
I
F R2
100.7 k
G R3
83
Proportion Ties
Reinforcement for Vertical Ties To maintain symmetry, the 4 bars indicated by circles will be considered to carry the forces in the ties must be properly anchored
4.00
84
C
R4 = 655.7 k
I F
G R3 = 100.7 k
R2 = 100.7 k
85
86
87
when Load Case 1 was considered with the exception of the horizontal ties along the top of the STM and Ties FL and GM
N K A D M
B L
H E
I F
88
at Nodes K, L, M, and N
Nodes are smeared Diagonal struts will create large extended nodal zones
N K A D M
B L
H E
I F
89
section is conservatively taken at the inner edge of the equivalent square area of the drilled shafts
3 Clear Cover
Critical Section
in., the use of straight bars is adequate to properly anchor the #7 bars
Section A-A
90
B L
H E
I F
91
180-degree hooks will be used to anchor the 4 bars extending into the footing from the drilled shafts
180-degree hooks
4.00
92
Reinforcement Layout
Only considering the two load cases presented
y 16.00 x
180-Degree Hooks
16.00
90-Degree Hooks
93
Reinforcement Layout
7.50
No. 11 Bars A
5.00
4.0 Clear
No. 11 Bar No. 9 Bars (Only Hooked Bars are Shown) 0.33 0.75 0.33
0.33
1.67 1.67
0.33 0.75
94
Reinforcement Layout
4.0 Clear
(No. 7 Bars)
No. 7 Bars
No. 7 Bar
0.50
0.50
95
Reinforcement Layout
z
5.00
4.0 Clear
No. 11 Bar 0.75 10 Eq. Spa. = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars) 7 Eq. Spa. = 6.50 (No. 11 Bars)
0.75
No. 7 Bars
4.0 Clear
z
No. 7 Bars
No. 7 Bar
0.50
96
Reinforcement Layout
y 16.00 0.50 x 0.50 0.75 0.75 15 Eq. Spa. = 15.00 (No. 7 Bars Side Face Reinforcement) 13 ES = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars) 7 Eq. Spa. = 6.50 (No. 11 Bars) 13 ES = 4.00 (No. 11 Bars) 0.50 0.75
16.00
0.50 0.75
97
Reinforcement Layout
y
16.00
0.50
98
References
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 5th ed., 2010. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2010. Adebar, Perry. Discussion of An evaluation of pile cap design methods in accordance with the Canadian design standard. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31.6 (2004): 1123-126. Adebar, Perry, and Luke (Zongyu) Zhou. Design of Deep Pile Caps by Strut-and-Tie Models. ACI Structural Journal 93.4 (1996): 437-48. Park, JungWoong, Daniel Kuchma, and Rafael Souza. Strength predictions of pile caps by a strut-and-tie model approach. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35.12 (2008): 1399-413. Paulay, T., and Priestley, M. J. N. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1992, 768 pp. Texas Department of Transportation Bridge Design Manual - LRFD. Revised May 2009. Texas Department of Transportation, 2009. <http://onlinemanuals.txdot.gov/txdotmanuals/lrf/lrf.pdf>.
Windisch, Andor, Rafael Souza, Daniel Kuchma, JungWoong Park, and Tlio Bittencourt. Discussion of Adaptable Strut-and-Tie Model for Design and Verification of Four-Pile Caps. ACI Structural Journal 107.1 (2010): 119-20.
99