Chapter 4

Flowing Fluids and Pressure Variation

Significant Learning Outcomes

Conceptual Knowledge
Distinguish between steady and unsteady, and uniform and nonuniform flows. Distinguish between convective and local acceleration. Describe the steps to derive the Bernoulli equation from Eulers equation. Explain what is meant by rotation and vorticity of a fluid element. Describe flow separation.

Procedural Knowledge
Apply Eulers equation to predict pressure. Predict pressure distributions in rotating flows. Evaluate the rotation and vorticity of a fluid element.

Applications (Typical)
In variable area ducts, relate pressure and velocity distributions. Measurement of velocity with stagnation tube or a Pitot-static tube. Cyclonic storm pressure distribution.
2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 2

Streamlines and Flow Patterns

Streamline: the tangent at every point along the line at an instant parallel to the velocity at that point. Stagnation point: the location where the dividing streamline intersects the body.

2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University,

An Example of Streamlines
Predicted streamlines: Volvo ECC prototype

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Types of Flows
It is convenient to define: V = V (s, t ) V = 0 Uniform Flow s

V 0 Nonuniform Flow s

V = 0 Steady Flow t V 0 Unsteady Flow t

2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University,

Pathlines and Streaklines

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

u = u + u

2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University,

One- and Multi-Dimensional Flows

2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University,

Acceleration
V = V ( s, t )e t
a= dV dV de t e + = V t dt dt dt dV ( s, t ) V ds V = + dt s dt t

V V =V + s t de t V = en dt r V 2 V V + a = V en e t + s t r
2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 9

Convective, Local, and Centripetal Acceleration

V 2 V V + a = V en e t + s t r
V t V V s

Local Acceleration Convective Acceleration

V2 r

Centripetal Acceleration

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Example 4.1

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Eulers Equation
p sin = al l z z sin = lim = l 0 l l p p lim = l 0 l l t

= Mal

p z = al l l ( p + z ) = al l
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pA ( p + p )A W sin = lAal

2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University,

Eulers Hydrostatic Equation

( p + z ) = al l
Hydrostatic: al = 0

( p + z) = 0 l ( p + z) = 0 n

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Example 4.2

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Example 4.3

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Pressure Distribution in Rotating Flows

( p + z ) = a r r

V2 ar = r

V2 ( p + z) = r r
( p + z ) = r 2 r r 2 2 p + z = +C 2 Pressure variation in rotating flow

V = r

Rotating as a rigid body

p + z
p

r 2 2
2

=C

r 2 2 +z =C 2g
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2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University,

Examples 4.4

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Example 4.5

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The Bernoulli Equation Along a Streamline

Integrating Eulers equation along a pathline in the steady flow of an incompressible fluid the Bernoulli equation.
V V ( p + z ) = at = V + s s t d dV d V 2 ( p + z ) = V = For steady flow ds ds ds 2 V2 d V2 =C (p + z + ) = 0 or p + z + 2 ds 2 p V2 V2 + z+ = h+ =C 2g 2g
2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 19

The Bernoulli Equation

V 2 Pressue Elevation Velocity Constant along + z+ = + + = 2 g head head head streamline p
p1 p2 V12 + z1 + 2g

V22 = + z2 + 2g V32 = + z3 + 2g p3

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Example 4.6

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Example 4.7

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Measurement Devices Stagnation Tube (Total Head Tube)

V12 V22 p1 + = p2 + 2 2 V =
2 1

( p2 p1 ) ( (l + d ) d )

V12 =

V1 = 2 gl

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Measurement Devices Pitot-Static Tube

p1 V12 p2 V22 + + z1 = + + z2 2g 2g
1/ 2

p2 p1 V2 = 2 g + z1 + z2 2 = ( p z ,1 p z , 2 )
V = 2 g (h1 h2 ) = 2 p
1/ 2

Pressure difference measured by the gage

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Example 4.8

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Example 4.9

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Application of the Bernoulli Equation

To Flow of Gases
V2 p + z + =C 2 V2 p+ =C 2

To Rotating Flows
r 2 2

different

V2 p + z = C p + z =C 2 2 The Bernoulli equation does not apply across streamlines in a rotating flow (rigid body rotation). The Bernoulli equation does apply across streamlines in irrotational flows.
2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 27

Rotation and Vorticity

Rotation the average rotation of two initially mutually perpendicular faces of a fluid element.

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Concept of Rotation
=
2 +B A

1 = + A = + ( A + B ) 2 4 2 1 & & = A + &B 2

& = 0 irrotational

2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University,

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Rotation in Terms of Velocity

v v y1 ~ v + x t vt = xt x x u u x2 ~ u + y y t ut = y yt
A = sin 1 y1 y1 v ~ ~ t x x x

x2 x2 u B = sin ~ ~ t y y y
1

A v & A = lim = t 0 t x B u & B = lim = t 0 t y

1 & 1 v u & & = A +B = 2 2 x y

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Rotation and Vorticity

1 v u & z = = 2 x y 1 w v x = 2 y z
= xi + y j + zk
1 u w y = 2 z x

Irrotational flows. = 0

v u = x y

w v = y z

u w = z x

Vorticity

w v u w v u = 2 = y z x y k i + z x j + = V
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Example 4.10

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Example 4.11

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Rotation in Flows with Concentric Streamlines 1 & 1 dV V V & & & & = = ( + ) = + = = 2 2 dr r r
B z A B

V & A = r

1d = (r ) + = 2 dr Rotating as a rigid body

Forced vortex

2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University,

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Free Vortex
1 dV V z = + 2 dr r dV V = Irrotational flows. dr r

or

dV dr = V r

ln V = ln r + C1
C V= r

2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University,

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The Bernoulli Equation in Irrotational Flow

( p + z ) = al l ( p + z ) = a n n V2 V an = = V r r Irrotational (4.33) dV d V 2 d V 2 = = =V dr dr 2 dn 2
p V2 + z + 2g = C

V2 V2 p + z + = 0 or p + z + =C n 2 2

p1

V12 p2 V22 + z1 + = + z2 + 2g 2g
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2009 Ming-Tsung Sun, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University,

Example 4.12

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Pressure Variation in a Cyclonic Storm

Free vortex: V32 V2 p + z + = p3 + z 3 + =C 2 2 p0 = p3 V3 = V0 = 0 2 Vmax (1) p 2 p0 = 2 Forced vortex: 2r 2 2 r22 p + z = p2 + z 2 2 2 p = p2 V2 = Vmax p = p1 V1 = 0 2 Vmax (2) p2 p1 = 2
2 (1) (2) p1 p0 = Vmax

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Example 4.13

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The Pressure Coefficient

p p0 h h0 = Cp = 1 1 2 V0 V02 2 2g

Ideal flow:

p al = s
Adverse pressure gradient Favorable pressure gradient

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Separation

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Separation and Wake

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