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0.1 Introduction
WHAT IS BUILDING SERVICES? Imagine yourself in the most fabulous building in the world. Now take away the lighting, heating and ventilation, the lifts and escalators, acoustics, plumbing, power supply and energy management systems, the security and safety systems...and you are left with a cold, dark, uninhabitable shell. Everything inside a building which makes it safe and comfortable to be in comes under the title of 'Building Services'. A building must do what it was designed to do - not just provide shelter but also be an environment where people can live, work and achieve.

This assignment describes the space heating systems used and the energy sources used in them. This also contains details about AC systems and Ventilation Systems and the possible fire risk as well as the steps can be taken and the safety systems used. The power supply and the lifts and escalators used in transportation of people and goods are also described as well as the possible risks.

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Task 01 1. Describe the provision of cold water supply systems for a three storied apartment building with a diagram. You must indicate all the basic components, fittings and fixtures necessary in installation with their capacities. Give all the assumptions you made. Following are several water resources that can be used to provide a cold water system to this three storied apartment. Well Tube well Main distribution line and etc.. This building is basically used an apartment. Therefore there should be a proper water system to fulfill the need of residence of this apartment. According to my opinion a well or tube well is not suitable as the water sources of this apartment. Therefore the most appropriate water system for this building is supping water though the main distribution line. There is a particular process of supplying water to this building. Ill pay my prior attention to this process. Cold water Systems in buildings are used for washing, cooking, cleaning and other specialized. Cold water for buildings is also known as potable water. Non potable water is not for drinking or cooking. Treated water then supplied to city dwellers by using Water Mains.

Water Mains can be divided in to THREE categories. They are:

Trunk Mains: Which are carry water from the Treatment Plant to a district without supplying consumers in route Secondary Mains: The Distribution Mains, fed from a Trunk Main and supplying the consumers connection in the district. Service Pipes: The branch supplies from secondary mains that serve individual premises.

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Connections to a Trunk or Secondary main are normally carried out by the Water Supply Company. It is not normal practice to allow a service pipe to be connected to a Trunk Main. Connections to Secondary Mains may be made under pressure to connect pipes of 50mm diameter and below. Service Pipes are fitted by the Water Supply Company from Secondary Mains up to the boundary of the premises to be supplied. At this point Stop Valve is provided to enable the premises Water system to be isolated from the Secondary Mains. The Service Pipe to the building should be kept at about 760mm minimum depth to avoid damage from heavy vehicles. It is normal to have a Water Meter installed so that water supplies will be able to charge all customers on how much water is used.

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CONNECTION TO MAIN WATER SYSTEM

MAIN WATER SYSTEM TO BUILDING

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The next step is the proper distribution of the main water supply through out the building. As this is a three storied building, water should be supplies to all the floors without a shortage. Other wise people who live in this apartment will face great difficulties. Therefore there should be and adequate water supply with the appropriate pressure to down stairs as well as to up stairs. The diagram mention bellow can be used to fulfill this purpose.

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The process of supplying water to this building can be described using the above diagram. Firstly the water coming from the main supply should be taken to the water tank which is situated in the third floor using proper pipe lines. Then the stored water can be distributed equally and properly to each floor. Even through this process can be describing easily, its very complicated process practically. Thus the supply of water to the tank located on the roof of the third floor, Is not that easy. Because the pressure of the water coming from the main system is not adequate. Therefore there should be external source to provide adequate pressure. A booster pump can be fixed in the second floor because the pressure from the main supply is adequate to bring water up to the second floor. The pressure needed to pump water from the second floor to the third floor. We should be caused when selecting a water booster pump for this purpose. Thus a water pump that can provide adequate pressure should be selected.

USE OF BOOSTER PUMPS

In the c Boosting System a cushion of air under pressure is maintained in the top of the pressure vessel. When Taps are opened the air is able to expand by forcing the water out of cylinder through out the pipe work.The pressure can continue until water level drop to a predetermined point, then the pumps will be switched on and the water level will rise again.
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COLD WATER STORAGE Water Storage in dwellings is usually required to meet 24 hrsdemands that is if the supply is cut off there will be a supply of water for 24 hrs. The consumption of cold water depend upon 1. The use of which the water is used. 2. The need of the consumer satisfaction. To calculate the size of the Storage Tank the above parameters are used.

There should be a good attention in selecting the pipe lines. The proper quality pipes should be selected which can bear the pressure. Not only that but also proper caution should be taken in distributing water from the storage tank. The proper size of the pipe can be selected by considering the potential and the kinetic energy of the water.

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2. Give the pipe sizes and justify how you would decide the size of pipes to be used for each component etc. The demand for water at sanitary appliances is intermittent and mainly random but has distinct peaks at fairly regular times. The pipe sizes for maximum possible peak flows would be uneconomic. Few appliances are filled or flushed simultaneously. To enable designers to produce pipe systems that adequately match likely simultaneous water flows, demand units (DU) are used. Demand units are dimensionless numbers relating to fluid flow rate, tap discharge time and the time interval between usages. They are based on a domestic basin cold tap water flow rate of 0.15 l/s for duration of 30 s and an interval between uses of 300 s. This application is given a theoretical DU of 1 and other appliances are given relative values. Table 6.2 lists practical DUs. The use of spray taps and small shower nozzles greatly reduces water consumption. Design water flow rates of 0.05 l/s for a spray tap, 0.1 l/s for a shower spray nozzle over a bath and 0.003 l/s per urinal stall can be used in place of DU. The design procedure for pipe sizing is as follows. 1. Draw the pipe work layout on the building plans. 2. Mark the DU appropriate to each sanitary fitting on the drawing. 3. Sum all the DUs along the pipe work to the water source, which will be the storage tank or incoming water main. 4. Convert DU to water flow rates using Fig. 6.6. 5. Find the head of water H (in meters) causing the flow to each floor level. 6. Estimate the equivalent length (EL) of the pipe run to each floor in meters. This can be taken as the measured length plus 30% for the frictional resistance of bends, tees and the tap. 7. Find the index circuit. This is the circuit with the lowest ratio of H to EL. 8. Choose pipe sizes from Table 6.3 for the index circuit. 9. Determine the other pipe sizes from the H/EL figure appropriate to each branch of the index circuit. 10. Determine the water flow rate and head for a bronze-body hot-water service secondary pump, if one is required.

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Pipe sizing using the formula

Pipe sizes and Resistances

Approximate equivalent pipe lengths of some fittings (m)

Pressure or head loss in pipe work systems can be expressed as the relationship between available pressure (kPa) or head (m) and the effective length (m) of pipe work. By establishing the flow rate from loading units or predetermined criteria (1 l/s in our
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example), a monogram may be used to obtain the pipe diameter. The chart below is for illustration and general use. For greater accuracy, pipe manufacturers' design data should be consulted for different materials and variations in water temperatures.

Hydraulics is the experimental science concerning the study of energy in fluid flow. That is, the force of pressure required to overcome the resistance to fluid flowing through pipes, caused by the friction between the pipe and liquid movement. The total energy of the liquid flowing in a pipe declines as the pipe length increases, mainly due to friction between the fluid and the pipe wall. The amount of energy or pressure loss will depend on: Smoothness/roughness of the internal pipe wall. Diameter of pipe or circumference of internal pipe wall. Length of pipe.
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Velocity of fluid flow. Amount of turbulence in the flow. Viscosity and temperature of fluid. Theories relating to pressure loss by fluids flowing in pipes are diverse, but an established relationship is that the pressure losses (h) caused by friction are proportional to the square of the velocity off low (v):

From this, for a pipe of constant size it can be seen that by developing the proportional relationship, a doubling (or more) of pressure will increase the velocity accordingly:

Also, it can be shown that if the condition (temperature and viscosity) of a fluid in a pipe remains constant, the discharge through that pipe is directly proportional to the square root of the fifth power of its diameter: This relationship can be identified in the Thomas Box pipe sizing formula Reynolds number - a coefficient of friction based on the criteria for similarity of motion for all fluids. Relevant factors are related by formula:

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Whatever the fluid type or temperature, an R value of less than2000 is considered as streamline or laminar. A value greater than 2000indicates that the fluid movement is turbulent. D'Arcy formula - used for calculating the pressure head loss of a fluid flowing full bore in a pipe, due to friction between fluid and pipe surface.

Depending on the data available, it is possible to transpose the D'Arcy formula for other purposes. For example, it may be used to calculate pipe diameter in this format:

Flow rate (Q) - the discharge rate or flow rate of a fluid in a pipe is expressed as the volume in cubic meters (V) flowing per second (s). Q (m3 /s) is dependent on the pipe cross-sectional area dimensions (m2) and the velocity of fluid flow (m/s). Q may also be expressed in liters per second, where 1 m3/s = 1000 l/s. A liquid flowing at an average velocity (v) in a pipe of constant area (A) discharging a length (L) of liquid every second (s), has the following relationship:

Relative discharge of pipes - this formula may be used to estimate the number of smaller branch pipes that can be successfully supplied by one main pipe:

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3. Imagine the building needs to be provided a hot water supply system as well. Describe and justify your selection of hot water supply system type which is most suitable for this building There is a plan to fix a hot water system for this three storied apartment. We can present several types of apply systems to fulfill this need. Centralized system Decentralized system Water heaters (gas or electrical) Solar power system

From the above mentioned systems the most suitable system is the centralized system. A fulfill a small requirement of hot water. Therefore this system is inappropriate to this building. As this is a tree storied apartment this system is not suitable to supply hot water to all the apartments properly. In the same manner using a water heater is not suitable. As these heaters require fuel such as gas or electricity cost will be very high. Not only that but also this system is unable to supply the adequate hot water requirements. Even though electrical water heaters can be fixed in each apartment separately, it will lead to a drastic increment of their electricity bills. Usage of solar panels is also not suitable for this building. The capital needed to established this system is also high. Apart from that this system will not be able to supply the required amount of hot water. This also has a disadvantage in supplying hot water at any given time of the year. Therefore the most suitable hot water system for this tree storied building is the centralized hot water system a detailed description of this system is given below. Centralized hot water system The low-cost fuel used for the central heating plant is also used for the hot-water services boiler. This is located within the main boiler house and a large-volume storage cylinder is employed. A small power input boiler is run almost continuously, winter and summer, under thermostatic control from the stored hot water. Primary circulation pipes are kept short and well insulated. This system can meet sudden large demands for hot water. Secondary circulation pipes distribute hot water to sanitary appliances. A pump is fitted in the secondary return; its function is to circulate hot water when the taps are shut and it does not appreciably assist draw-off rates from taps. Connections from the secondary flow to the tap are known as dead-legs and are limited to 5m of 15mm diameter pipe. This minimizes wastage of cold water in the non-circulating pipework when running a tap and waiting for hot water to arrive.

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Centralized hot water system can be dividing by two main types. Direct system of hot water supply Indirect system of hot water supply Direct system of hot water supply The hot water from the boiler mixes directly with the water in the cylinder. If used in a ` soft ' water area the boiler must be rust-proofed. This system is not suited to ` hard ' waters, typical of those extracted from boreholes into chalk or limestone strata. When heated the calcium precipitates to line the boiler and primary pipework, eventually ` furring up ' the system to render it ineffective and dangerous. The storage cylinder and associated pipework should be well insulated to reduce energy losses. If a towel rail is fitted, this may be supplied from the primary flow and return pipes.

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Indirect system of hot water supply This system is used in ` hard ' water areas to prevent scaling or ` furring ' of the boiler and primary pipework. Unlike the direct system, water in the boiler and primary circuit is not drawn off through the taps. The same water circulates continuously throughout the boiler, primary circuit and heat exchange coil inside the storage cylinder. Fresh water cannot gain access to the higher temperature areas where precipitation of calcium would occur. The system is also used in combination with central heating, with flow and return pipes to radiators connected to the boiler. Boiler water temperature may be set by thermostat at about 80 C.

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A safety valve is not normally required on indirect open vent systems,as in the unlikely occurrence of the primary flow and vent becoming obstructed; water expansion would be accommodated up the cold feed pipe.

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Advantages and disadvantages of Centralized hot water system Advantages Low cost fuel used Can meet sudden large demand Suitable for hotels, offices and flat Easy to maintain Relatively easy to install Less to go wrong when compared with a Combination boiler or pressurized cylinder Less risk of being without a hot water supply due to breakdown Power shower capability depending on choice of cylinder Gain the traditional airing cupboard

Disadvantages Heat loss during distribution (but can modify the network design to utilize the wasted heat space heating ) Tanks in the attic risk of freezing Water tanks, cylinders and pipework take up space and look unsightly Need to pre heat hot water to match demand Hot water availability is restricted by the heat recovery time period and size of cylinder.

Economy: Water must be heated and stored whether or not it's used. Important to make sure your system and storage is insulated well to minimize standing heat losses. No less economical to produce hot water than any other system.

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4. Analyze the fire risks associated with this building and the installations, passive and active means of preventing fire outbreak and spread Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage, alert those in a structure to the presence of a fire in the event one occurs, better enable those threatened by a fire to survive, or to reduce the damage caused by a fire. Fire safety measures include those that are planned during the construction of a building or implemented in structures that are already standing, and those that are taught to occupants of the building. Some common fire hazards are:

Electrical systems that are overloaded, resulting in hot wiring or connections, or failed components Combustible storage areas with insufficient protection Combustibles near equipment that generates heat, flame, or sparks Candles Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, lighters, etc.) Equipment that generates heat and utilizes combustible materials Flammable liquids Fireplace chimneys not properly or regularly cleaned Cooking appliances - stoves, ovens Heating appliances - wood burning stoves, furnaces, boilers, portable heaters Electrical wiring in poor condition Batteries Personal ignition sources - matches, lighters Electronic and electrical equipment Exterior cooking equipment BBQ

Ventilation of services enclosures is required to dilute flammable,toxic or corrosive gases. This can be taken to include smoke andhot gases that will occur as a result of fire, particularly where thevoid contains combustible PVC cable sheathing and PVC pipes. Toprovide a safe level of ventilation and to prevent overheating in arestricted enclosure, permanent natural ventilation should be at least0.05 m2 and 1/150 of the cross-sectional area for enclosure areas ofless than 7.5 m2 and greater than 7.5 m2 respectively. Openings and access panels into services enclosures should beminimal. The enclosure itself should be gas tight and there must beno access from a stairway. Where access panels or doors areprovided they should be rated at not less than half the fireresistance of the structure, and have an integrity rating of at least30 minutes (see BS 476-22). Fire doors should be fitted with selfclosers.

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Where ventilation ducts pass from one compartment to another orinto a services enclosure, the void made in the fire resistingconstruction must be made good with a suitable fire stoppingmaterial. Automatic fire dampers are also required in this situationto prevent fire spreading between compartments.

(Gunathilake, M, 20th July 2011, Heating ventilation & air condition system,)

These are the safety methods used to control the spreading of a fire. We can apply these methods for domestic or commercial buildings.

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AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLERS: Sprinkler system schema

Water sprinklers provide an automatic spray dedicated to the area of fire outbreak. Sprinkler heads have temperature sensitive elements that respond immediately to heat, discharging the contents of the water main to which they are attached. In addition to a rapid response which reduces and isolates fire damage, sprinklers use less water to control a fire than the firefighting service, therefore preventing further damage from excess water. Sprinkler systems were initially credited to an American, Henry Parmalee, following his research during the late 1800s. The idea was developed further by another American, Frederick Grinnell, and the name `Grinnell' is still associated with the glass-type fusible element sprinkler head. Domestic pipe work solvent cement bonded, post-chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride (CPVC). Industrial and commercial pipe work threaded galvanized mild steel. The simplest application is to attach and suspend sprinkler heads from a water main fixed at ceiling level..

Fire sprinklers are widely recognized as the single most effective method for fighting the spread of fires in their early stages - before they can cause severe injury to people and damage to property. When one fire sprinkler head goes off to fight a fire the entire sprinkler system does not activate. Sprinklers react to temperatures in individual rooms. Installation of fire sprinklers can provide discounts on insurance premiums.

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caption: 1. main water tank 2. main water pump 3. main pilot valve (dry) 4. pilot valve (wet) 5. sprinkler head - standing configuration 6. sprinkler head - hanging configuration 7. pressure tank 8. testing piping 9. testing piping 10. filling piping 11. compressor 12. alarm bell 13. fire central 14. alarm bell 15. pressure gauge 16. switchboard Pipe materials:-Copper tube Post-chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC) System:-mains supplied, wet. Pipe sizes:-25 mm minimum i.d. Sprinkler head spacing: - Area covered by one head, maximum 12 m2. Maximum distance between heads: - 4 m. Operating pressure:- Minimum 0.5 bar (50 kPa).
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Types of Sprinkler Head Quartzoid bulb:-a glass tube is used to retain a water valve on its seating. The bulb or tube contains a colored volatile fluid, which when heated to a specific temperature expands to shatter the glass and open the valve. Water flows on to a deflector, dispersing as a spray over the source of fire. Operating temperatures vary with a color coded liquid.

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Fusible strut:-has two metal struts soldered together to retain a water valve in place. A range of solder melting temperatures are available to suit various applications. Under heat, the struts part to allow the valve to discharge water on the fire.

Duraspeed solder type:-contains a heat collector which has a soldered cap attached. When heat melts the solder, the cap falls away to displace a strut allowing the head to open. Produced in a range of operating temperatures

(Hall.F& Greeno.R,2007.Building services Handbook.)

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The specification of a sprinkler system will depend on the purpose intended for a building, its content, function, occupancy, size and disposition of rooms. Installations to commercial and industrial premises may be of the following type: Wet Sprinkler system:The simplest and most widely use application. The Pipe work is permanently charged with water. It is only suitable in premises, where temperatures remain above zero, although small sections of exposed pipe work could be protected by trace element heating. The maximum number of sprinklers on one control valve is 1000. The wet system is used in heated buildings where there is no risk of the water in the pipe work freezing. All pipe work is permanently pressure charged with water and the sprinkler heads usually attach to the underside of the range pipes. Where water is mains supplied, it should be fed from both ends. If the main is under repair on one side, the stop valve and branch pipe can be closed and the sprinkler system supplied from the other branch pipe.

When a sprinkler head is fractured water is immediately dispersed. Water will also flow through an annular groove in the alarm valve seating to a pipe connected to an alarm gong and turbine. A jet of water propels the turbine blades causing the alarm gong to operate. Pipeline flow switches will alert the local fire service in addition to operating an internal alarm system. Except under supervised maintenance, the main stop valve is padlocked in the open position.

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Dry Sprinkler system:An air charged system applied to unheated premises such as warehousing, where winter temperatures could drop below zero. The maximum number of sprinklers on one control valve is 250, but this may increase to 500 if the air controls include an accelerator. Alternative wet and dry system:Essentially a wet system, but due to the slightly slower response time as air precedes water on discharge, the pipe work is charged with water for most of the year and only air charged in winter. The maximum number of sprinklers is the same as a dry system. A wet system for most of the year, but during the winter months it functions as a dry system. The dry part of the system above the diaphragm or differential valve is charged with compressed air at about 200 kPa. Any loss of pressure is automatically replenished by a small compressor, but this will not interfere with water flow if the system is activated. When a sprinkler is fractured, an automatic booster pump can be used to rapidly exhaust the air and improve water flow. Sprinkler heads are fitted above the range pipes which are slightly inclined to allow the system to be fully drained.

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Deluge system:Used for specifically high fire hazards such as plastic foam manufacture, fireworks factories, aircraft hangars, etc., where there is a risk of intensive fire with a very fast rate of propagation. The pipe work is in two parts, compressed air with quartzoid bulbs attached and a dry pipe with open ended spray projectors. When a fire occurs, the quartzoid bulbs shatter and compressed air in the pipeline is released allowing a diaphragm inside the deluge control valve to open and discharge water through the open pipe to the projectors.

Tail end system:Used in a building with different internal functions, e.g. a mix of office accommodation with an unheated storage facility. The installation differs from an alternative wet and dry system, as most of the pipe work is permanently charged with water. Only those pipes in parts of a building exposed to sub-zero temperatures are charged with air and these are designed as additions (tail ends) to a wet system. The wet and tail end parts are separated by a compressed air control valve. As the system is essentially wet, the maximum number of sprinklers may be 1000. The maximum number after a tail end air control valve is 100, with no more than 250 in total on tail end air valves in one installation.

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Pre-action system:Used where there is a possibility that sprinkler heads may be accidently damaged by tall equipment or plant, e.g. a fork-lift truck. To avoid unnecessary water damage, the system is dry. If a sprinkler head is damaged, compressed air discharges and an initial alarm are activated. Water will only be supplied to the damaged sprinkler; if a ceiling mounted heat detector senses a temperature rise. The sensor will open a motorized valve on the water supply and affect another alarm. Detectors have a lower temperature rating than the sprinkler, therefore for a 680C head, the detector will be set at about 600C. Max. Number of sprinklers is 1000. Recycling pre-action system:A variation of the pre-action system, designed as a damage limiting installation. After sprinklers have subdued a fire, a heat detector responds to a lower temperature and disengages the water supply after a 5-min. delay. If the fire restarts and temperature rises, the detector re-engages a motorized valve on the water supply. Maximum number of sprinklers is 1000. Cycling wet system:In principle similar to the recycling pre-action system except it is a normal wet system. It functions in conjunction with ceiling heat detectors which will disengage the water supply within a pre-determined time of the temperature dropping. If the temperature rises, the water supply will be automatically turned on again.

Sprinkler System Benefits Fire sprinklers are most effective during the fire's initial flame growth stage. A properly selected sprinkler will detect the fire's heat, initiate alarm and begin suppression within moments after flames appear. In most instances sprinklers will control fire advancement within a few minutes of their activation. This will in turn result in significantly less damage than otherwise would happen without sprinklers. Sprinkler systems offer several benefits to building owners, operators, and occupants. These benefits include:

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Immediate identification and control of a developing fire. Sprinkler systems respond at all times, including periods of low occupancy. Control is generally instantaneous. Immediate alert. In conjunction with the building fire alarm system, automatic sprinkler systems will notify occupants and emergency response personnel of the developing fire. Reduced heat and smoke damage. Significantly less heat and smoke will be generated when the fire is extinguished at an early stage. Enhanced life safety. Staff, visitors and fire fighters will be subject to less danger when fire growth is checked. Design flexibility. Egress route and fire/smoke barrier placement becomes less restrictive since early fire control minimizes demand on these systems. Greater utilization of exhibition and assembly spaces is usually a benefit. Enhanced Security. A sprinkler controlled fire decreases demand on security forces, minimizing intrusion opportunities. Decreased insurance expenditure. Sprinkler controlled fires are less damaging than fires in non-sprinklered buildings. This results in lower insurance reimbursements. Insurance underwriters will usually offer reduced premiums in sprinkler protected properties which can save a large amount of capital. This is especially important when funds are limited. These benefits should be considered when deciding on the selection of automatic fire sprinkler protection.

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Standard Sprinkler Head Styles

Fire Hydrant Pumps, Fire Hoses Combined Fire Systems specialize in the design, installation and commissioning of Fire Hose Reel, Fire Hydrant and Booster Systems. These systems are an essential safety measure providing fire-fighting personnel with an accessible and controlled supply of water for fire fighting purposes. In order for your fire fighting system to fulfill its purpose your equipment must be strategically located and designed to provide coverage to your premises. The system must be able to provide specified minimum water flow at all times, be readily accessible to fire fighting personnel and compatible with external fire fighting appliances.

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Fire Hydrant Pumps Accessories

4-Way Fire Brigade Connections

Branch Pipe

Hose pipe
Building Services Engineering Technology-Assignment 02

Hydrant valves
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Hose reel

Hose Cabinet

Hose reels are firefighting equipment for use as a first-aid measure by building occupants. They should be located where users are least likely to be endangered by the fire, i.e. the staircase landing. The hose most distant from the source of water should be capable of discharging 0.4 l/s at a 6 m distance from the nozzle, when the two most remote hose reels are operating simultaneously. A pressure of 200 kPa is required at the highest reel. If the water main cannot provide this, a break/suction tank and booster pumps should be installed.

These innovative Fire Hoses with delivery Coupling is suitable for the highly sophisticated operation demands. The excellent grade raw material used for fabricating these hoses help in optimizing their overall performance and effectiveness. These hoses are acknowledged for their complete industrial utility and high accuracy.

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Drenchers

Such system shall be installed in accordance with standards acceptable to the Director of Fire Services. Drencher systems shall be installed on all refuge floors to cover all external wall openings. The water flow rate should be maintained not less than 10 litters per minute per square meter of the external wall openings. A deluge value set shall be installed close to the inlet for the drencher system. Manual operating device(s) with operation instruction displayed nearby shall be provided on refuge floor at location(s) acceptable to the Director of Fire Services. Independent water tank shall be provided for the drencher system of each building block with the capacity to operate for at least 30 minutes. If there are two refuge floors in a building block, the capacity of the water tank shall be calculated in accordance with the refuge floor with the larger external wall opening area. For a building block with 3 or more refuge floors, the water tank capacity will be considered on a case by case basis.

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Fixed foam installations A pump operated mechanical foam installation consists of a foamconcentrate tank located outside of the area to be protected. Thetank has a water supply pipe inlet and foam pipe outlet. A venturi isfitted in the pipeline to draw the foam out of the tank. When thewater pump is switched on, the venturi effect causes a reduction inpressure at the foam pipe connection, resulting in a mixture of foamconcentrate and water discharging through the outlet pipe. A pre-mixed foam installation consists of a storage tank containingfoam solution. When a fire occurs in the protected area, a fusiblelink is broken to release a weight which falls to open a valve on thecarbon dioxide cylinder. Foam solution is forced out of the tank at apressure of about 1000 kPa to discharge over the protectedequipment,

(Hall.F& Greeno.R,2007.Building services Handbook).

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Foam installations A foam installation is used for application from remote points on toflammable liquid fire risks. This type of installation is often used withoil-fired boilers and oil storage tanks. A foam access box is builtinto the wall at an easily accessible place for fire-fighters to attachhoses from their foam generating and mixing equipment.

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Gas Extinguishing systems Carbon dioxide is an alternative to halon as a dry gas extinguisher.It has been used as an extinguishing agent for a considerable time,particularly in portable extinguishers. As the gas is dry and nonconductiveit is ideal for containing fires from electrical equipment, inaddition to textiles, machinery, petroleum and oil fires. Carbondioxide is heavier than air and can flow around obstacles toeffectively reduce the oxygen content of air from its normal 21% toabout 15%. This considerably reduces an important component of the combustion process. Integrated high and low pressuregas systems may be used, with the former operating at up to 5800 kPa. Either System can be electrical, pneumatic or mechanicalwith a manual override facility. Carbon dioxide is potentiallyhazardous to personnel; therefore it is essential that the system isautomatically locked off when the protected area is occupied. Inthese circumstances it can be switched to manual control. Airtightness of a protected room is essential for the success of thissystem as total flooding relies on gas containment by peripheralmeans.

(Gunathilake, M, 25th August2011, fire prevention and control services),

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Fire Detection The main purpose of a fire detection system is to quickly identify the area where the fire is and then notify the occupants of that area. This fire detection can be divided two types. Automatic Smoke Detectors

Ionisation smoke detector- Positive and negative charged plateelectrodes attract opposing charged ions. An ion is an atom or agroup of atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons, tocarry a predominantly positive or negative charge. The movement ofions between the plates reduces the resistance of air, such that asmall electric current is produced. If smoke enters the unit, particlesattach to the ions slowing their movement. This reduction in currentflow actuates an electronic relay circuit to operate an alarm.

Light scattering smoke detector- A light beam projects onto a lighttrap into which it is absorbed. When smoke enters the detector,some of the light beam is deflected upwards onto a photo-electriccell. This light energizes the cell to produce an electric current whichactivates the alarm relay.

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Heat Detectors Heat detectors are used where smoking is permitted and in othersituations where a smoke detector could be inadvertently actuatedby process work in the building, e.g. a factory. Detectors aredesigned to identify a fire in its more advanced stage, so theirresponse time is longer than smoke detectors. Fusible type- Has an alloy sensor with a thin walled casing fittedwith heat collecting fins at its lower end. An electrical conductorpasses through the centre. The casing has a fusible alloy lining andthese functions as a second conductor. Heat melts the lining at apredetermined temperature causing it to contact the centralconductor and complete an alarm relay electrical circuit.

Bi-metallic coil type - Heat passes through the cover to the bi-metalcoils. Initially the lower coil receives greater heat than the uppercoil. The lower coil responds by making contact with the upper coilto complete an electrical alarm circuit.Plastic holder Electrical terminalScrew holeInsulating bush

Manual Fire box When shorted trips an alarm (usually fire). Installed in the normal exit path. We can divide 3 groups these type of fire box. i. ii. iii. Single Action- Pull handles once. Glass Break- Glass rod or plate is broken. Double Action- Lifting of a cover or opening a door.
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Single Action

Glass breaks

Double Action

Manual Call Point: Manual call point is an active fire protection device which usually gets activated when the user pulls the handle down or press the keys.

Hand Operated Siren: We can use this siren for informed to others. It is working by man power.

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Fire extinguishers A fire extinguisher must contain the type of fireextinguishing agent suitable for the fire it is required to extinguish. Itmust also be clearly identifiable by colour coding for its intended purpose. Fires can be grouped: Solid fuels, e.g. wood, paper, cloth, etc. Flammable liquids, e.g. petrol, oil, paints, fats, etc. Flammable gases, e.g. methane, propane, acetylene, etc. Flammable metals, e.g. zinc, aluminium, uranium, etc. Electrical.

Extinguishing agent Water Foam Carbon dioxide Dry chemicals

Extinguisher

Color Application

Red Carbonaceous fires, paper, wood, etc. Red with cream band Ditto and flammable liquids, oils, fats, etc. Red with black band Red with blue band Electrical fires and flammable liquids. All fires.

Basically, there are 5 fire classes and they are: Class A Fires These are fires involving materials such as wood or paper and can be extinguished with a number of different types of fire extinguishers including water, foam or powder fire extinguishers. Class B Fires This is a burning liquid fire such as petrol, diesel or burning oil and the best fire extinguisher to tackle this is the AFFF foam fire extinguishers as they smother the liquid and cut off it's oxygen supply. Class C Fires This class of fires is for burning gases and once the gas has been safely turned off the ABC powder fire extinguisher is used to extinguish the fire.

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Class D Fires This is a fire involving burning metal such as lithium and for this we have specialist extinguishers such as the M28 fire extinguisher. Class E Fires There actually is no Class E but on the fire extinguisher chart we refer to fires that involve electrical equipment and to extinguish these we use a Co2 fire extinguisher. Class F Fires This is the class for fires that originate from deep fat cooking oil used for example in chip shops and restaurants. To extinguish cooking oil fires we use the specialist wet chemical extinguisher that has been especially designed to deal with these types of fires quickly.

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Fire Safety Equipment

Fire Proximity Suit: High performance fire proximity suit that is widely applicable in intense heat, fire, steam and hot liquid. These fire proximity suits are extensively used in the petrochemical plants, foundries, plant, steel, glass, ceramics and defense industry. Breathing Apparatus: That is used by fire fighters, rescue workers, and scuba divers for effective breathing under hazardous and danger to life situations. This is designed using tested gas cylinders, which are in compliance with industry quality standards. Safety Helmets: Fiber glass helmet are moulded in one piece from natural reinforced fiberglass polyester resin. Heat resistant, heavy impact and scratch proof. Safety Goggles. Safety Mask. Safety Belts. Eye Wash Shower Cum Fountain. Hand Gloves. Sand Bucket. Fire Beater.

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5. Sanitation facilities are an essential part of any building. Describe the requirements of providing sanitation facilities to this building. Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes. Hazards can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, grey water), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewerage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple hand washing with soap). Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. Why does good sanitation matter? Good sanitation is important for a number of reasons, not least of all human dignity. Poor sanitation has a range of impacts: On health: Poor sanitation impacts on the health, quality of life, and development potential of communities. For example, diarrhea is the leading killer of South African children under five, and poor sanitation is a major cause of diarrhea. On the economy: Poor health keeps families in a cycle of poverty and lost income. The national cost of lost productivity, reduced education potential and curative health care is substantial. One estimate puts the cost at R3.5-billion per year. On the environment: Inadequate sanitation leads to environmental degradation, and in particular, the pollution of water sources. This in turn increases the cost of downstream water treatment, as well as the risk of disease for people who use untreated water. How can better sanitation be achieved? Better sanitation can be achieved through acknowledging the range of factors which promote sound management and improved health and hygiene awareness, and which enable end-users to make informed choices around their options for optimizing good house hold sanitation. Local authorities share responsibility with individual households for achieving better sanitation.
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The Water Services Act focuses on the roles and functions of the various water services institutions responsible for providing water and sanitation services. A key aspect of sustainable water and sanitation services is building effective partnerships between these institutions and end-users.

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6. Identify different sanitary components and explain the properties required from them. You must refer to material properties, physical and dimensional properties.

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7. Explain the choices of discharge pipework systems that can be included in this design and their design principles

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8. Imagine that this building is located in an urban area. Identify the methods can be used to dispose of black and gray water from this building

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9. Compare the alternative systems, methods of refuse removal and disposal in terms of functionality, efficiency, cost and maintenance

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Task 2: 1. Explain the requirement of services coordination in buildings at design and construction stages of building. You must particularly refer to the negative outcomes of inadequate coordination in those two phases

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2. Analyze the health and safety requirements in construction phase of buildings. You should refer to recommended practices by government regulations.

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3. Explain the need of commissioning all building services installations prior to the occupancy of buildings

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4. Identify different building services maintenance systems and evaluate their reliability and cost effectiveness

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