You are on page 1of 15

SURVEYING PRACTICAL REPORT CARTOGRAPHY

Bimasena Heribowo Christopher Kevinly Wednesson Lawijaya

1206292351 1206223846 1206230593

Date of Practicum

: Friday, November 15th 2013

Practical Assistant : Danu Irawan Date Approved Grade Signature : : :

LABORATORY OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA DEPOK 2013

University of Indonesia

1. Objective of The Practical Works: This practical activity is done in order to measure the area of GK field and the contour of its surrounding by using geometrical data on the ground to a flat plane with a specific scale.

2. Apparatus Theodolite Pointer Umbrella Surveying staff Tripod Measuring tape Ruler 1 unit 4 units 1 unit (optional) 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit

3. Principal Theorem Cartography is a surveying activity which shows the vertical and horizontal aspects of the area measured. In doing Cartography, the object which is measured can be both natural and artificial object. In short, cartography can be stated as the measurement of horizontal and vertical aspects of a location or area which will be mapped. The measurement of the plane can be done by some methods; terestrical, photogrammetric or other methods. Terestrical method is a method which uses theodolite as its instrument, while photogrammetric method is done by taking images from the air by using airplane or balloon. Photogrammetric mapping cannot be done without reference which is taken by terestrical measurement, from setting the basic control point to scope determination. In this practical activity, the determination of the distance between points measured is exactly the same with the previous practical activities, which uses the following formula: ( )

1|Cartography

University of Indonesia

Where: UC LC D = Upper Crosshair = Lower Crosshair = Distance measured

While in order to determine the area of the building, the following formula applies:

Where: A L W = area = length = width

Note that there are two methods which are used in cartography: 1) Offset Method In this method, the main apparatus which are used are measuring tape and a geometrical shaper which is used to create prism. The offset method is consists of two ways: i. Perpendicular Line method: Detailed points which are projected perpendicularly

against the ruler line AB, then the angles by are

measured

measuring

aa, bb, cc and dd, the relative position of point a, b, c and d can be

determined.

2|Cartography

University of Indonesia

ii.

Interpolation Method: The detailed points are tied with straight lines on the measuring line. There are two methods: i. Interpolation of random points This is done by determining random lines on the measuring line AB (point a, a, d, d, c and c). Make sure that triangle aaa, ddd, and ccc are equilateral triangle or isosceles triangle. By measuring the distance of Aa, Aa, Ad, Ad, Ac, Ac, Bc, Bc, Bd, Bd, Ba, Ba, aa, aa, dd, dd, cc, cc, the position of point a, b and c can be determined. ii. Side Elongation method:

iii. Simple Trilateralization method

3|Cartography

University of Indonesia

2) Polar Method Apparatus: compass theodolite or repetition theodolite 1. With Azimuth and distance

2. With angles and distance - Angle measurement can be done from engineering principal point - Plane distance measurement can be done by tape or EDM

By doing cartography, geometrical data can be gained from the field work. By using this geometrical data, these data will be expressed on a drawing media which possess right scaling. The drawing which is done is usually in form of contour map which forms contour lines. By using these contour lines, the field situation can be determined. This situation is based on the difference of height of every point. By definition, contour lines are lines which connect points which possess a same elevation. The other name of the contour line is tranches line. The properties of the contour line are as below: A contour line indicates that all elements along the line possess a same elevation. Contour lines are not intersecting each other and not branching. Contour lines which are densely packed indicate that the area which is expressed possess step elevation, while a large distance between the lines indicates that the plane is relatively flat. U shaped contour line indicates mountains back

4|Cartography

University of Indonesia

V-shaped contour line indicates a valley / canyon.

These contour lines are used for many purposes, such as: Cutting and filling planning. By doing contour map, the volume of cutting and filling works can be estimated.

The formulas which are used in this practical activity are: T D ( (

= (HI-CC) = (UC-LC) [ ]) [ ])

Where: T HI CC D UC LC = height difference between the theodolite and the measured plane = height of instrument = Center crosshair = distance between the theodolite and the measured plane = Upper crosshair = Lower crosshair

4. Practical Steps Preparation: 1) Make the sketch of the structure, in this case, GK field. 2) Set the benchmark which will be used as measuring point. 3) Prepare the apparatus which are wanted to be used 4) Measure the dimension of the field by using the measuring tape.\

Practical Activity: 1) Setting the theodolite rightly on its first measuring point, in this case, point A, and then measures the height of the theodolite.

5|Cartography

University of Indonesia

2) Measure the upper crosshair, the middle crosshair, the lower crosshair and the horizontal angle of the point B, 2, 1, 4 and D from point A. 3) Then move the theodolite to point B, and then shoot point A, 1, 2, 3, and C. 4) Move the theodolite to point C, and then shoot point B, 2, 3 and D. 5) Move the theodolite to point D, and then shoot point A, 1, 2, 3 and C

5. Experimental Data and Data Processing Situation Image:

Experimental Data:

Theodolite at point A: Apparatus Position A (Height of Instrument = 149.5 cm) Point Measured
B 2 1 4 D

UC

CC

LC

DField (m)
26.14 23.9 3.23 14.9 24.18

DOptical (UC-LC) (m)


26.2 23.5 4 14.8 23.8

Relative Error
0.23% 1.67% 23.84% 0.67% 1.57%

T (HI-CC) (cm)
38.5 -13 -4.5 -6.5 15.3

124.2 174.3 156.5 163.3 146.3

111 162.5 154 156 134.2

98 150.8 152.5 148.5 122.5

6|Cartography

University of Indonesia

Theodolite at Point B: Apparatus Position B (Height of Instrument = 119.2 cm) Point Measured
C 3 2 1 A

UC

CC

LC

DField (m)
17.2 15.17 4.76 24.6 26.8

DOptical (UC-LC) (m)


17.1 15.1 3.3 25.7 27.1

Relative Error
0.58% 0.46% 30.67% 4.47% 1.12%

T (HI-CC) (cm)
-38.9 -41.8 -51.8 -45.8 -41.1

166.2 168.6 172.4 177.7 174

158.1 161 171 165 160.3

149.1 153.5 169.1 152 146.9

Theodolite at point C: Apparatus Position C (Height of Instrument = 120.5 cm)


2 B 143.2 93 135.7 84 128.1 74.9 15 17.7 15.1 18.1 0.67% 2.26% -15.2 36.5

Point Measured
D 3

UC

CC

LC

DField (m)
30.6 4.06

DOptical (UC-LC) (m)


30.3 3.9

Relative Error
0.98% 3.94%

T (HI-CC) (cm)
6.4 -3.9

129.2 126.3

114.1 124.4

98.9 122.4

Theodolite at Point D: Apparatus Position Point Measured


A 1 4 3 C

UC

CC

LC

DField (m)
24.18 21.3 10.3 28.5 30.6

DOptical (UC-LC) (m)


23.8 21.5 10.3 28 29.8

Relative Error
1.57% 0.94% 0.00% 1.75% 2.61%

T (HI-CC) (cm)
-8 -13.1 -19 -8.5 -6.3

D (Height of Instrument = 152.5)

172.3 176.5 176.8 175 173.8

160.5 165.6 171.5 161 158.8

148.5 155 166.5 147 144

7|Cartography

University of Indonesia

Horizontal angles:

Point A

Point Measured B 2 1 4 D Point Measured C 3 2 1 A

Horizontal Angle 0o0000 6o4655 58o1335 84o4550 98o3315 Horizontal Angle 0o0000 10o2715 40o1830 83o2950 89o5215 Horizontal Angle 0o0000 58o5450 92o4945 101o4945 Horizontal Angle 0o0000 5o2305 20o3430 63o1415 69o5700

Point B

Point C

Point Measured D 3 2 B

Point D

Point Measured A 1 4 3 C

8|Cartography

University of Indonesia

By using point A as the benchmark (point [0, 0]):


Point A B C D 1 2 3 4 Elevation (average) 0 39.8 2.1 8.45 -4.5 -12 -0.8 -4.65 Xn 0 0 18.53 23.88 2.74 3.34 15.72 14.84 Yn 0 26.14 26.46 -3.78 1.71 23.75 23.31 1.30

The area and the perimeter of the field is: A = 12.1 22 = 266.2 m2 P = 12.12 + 222 = 68.2 m

6. Contour Map Elevation differences between lines: 4 cm

9|Cartography

University of Indonesia

7. Analysis 1) Practical Analysis This cartography practical activity is done in order to collect the geometrical data on the field and then combine all the data gained into a drawing plane by using a certain scale. After that, the contour map of the area can be determined. The first thing which is necessary to be done is to determine the area which is wanted to be measured. In this practical activity, the GK building is chosen as the area which is measured. After deciding the area, draw a simple sketch which represents the area which is measured. This sketch will assist the practical activity and will make the measurement more organized. After that, set four points where the theodolite will be erected. Note that, if possible, each set the theodolite should be able to aim for all the four side of the field and three other theodolite measurement points. All the positions also should possess different elevations; so that the data which is gained can be represent the real situation on the field. Then the theodolite is set at point A, where the benchmark is. After shooting point B, 2, 1, 4 and D. The theodolite is then moved to point B. in point B, the theodolite is meant to measure point A, 1, 2, 3 and C. note that in point B, the terrain is high, so the theodolite setting took some extra effort. After measuring from point B, the next step is moving the theodolite to point C. In this point, the points which are measured are point B, 2, 3 and D. Point 4 cannot be measured due to the presence of a tree between point C and point 4. After doing the measurement at point C, the theodolite is then moved to point D, where it measures point C, 3, 4, 1 and A. Note that every single point which is measured, the three crosshairs and the horizontal angles should be noted. After gaining all the data which is need to be calculated, measure the real distances of the points which are measured before. This is done so that the calculation can be simplified and the relative error can be calculated.

10 | C a r t o g r a p h y

University of Indonesia

2) Result Analysis From the data which is gained from the field, the contour map can be drawn by using the elevation data. The distance in the contour map uses the real distance which is gained by using the measuring tape, which is done in order to ensure accuracy. In this contour map, it is revealed that in respect to point A as the benchmark, the elevation of point B is 39.8 cm higher, point C is 2.1 cm higher, point D is 8.45 cm higher, point 1 is 4.5 cm lower, point 2 is 12 cm lower, point 3 is 0.8 cm lower and point D is 4.65 cm lower. Note that the highest point measured on the field lies on point B, with an elevation of 39.8 cm higher relative to point A. This result is proven, since the area around point B is higher than its surrounding. At point C and D, the distances between contour lines are a bit far, which indicates that the plane is relatively flat. Note that all the points on the field (point 1, 2, 3 and 4) are relatively lower than point A, which indicates that settlement had happened on the field. In this practical activity, the geometrical data which is gained are plot on Autocad software. This makes the contouring drawing can be done more easily. The software is also capable in calculating the area and the parameter of the field, which are 266.6051 m2 for area and 68.2734 m for the parameter. This value resembles the area and the parameter which is manually calculated (266.2 m2 for the area and 68.2 m for the parameter). By doing cartography, the coordinate of each points which are measured can also be determined. The coordinates are in respect to point A as the benchmark and line AB as the Y axis. Setting the AB as the Y axis is done in order to simplify the calculation. The coordinates are: A(0;0), B(0;26.24), C(18.53;26.46), D(23.88;-3.78), 1(2.74;1.71), 2(3.34;23.75), 3(15.72;23.32) and 4(14.84;1.30). Note that these coordinates are gained from the manual measurement data by using measuring tape, not the data which is gained from the theodolite.

11 | C a r t o g r a p h y

University of Indonesia

3) Error Analysis In this practical activity, there are errors which had occurred. Some of the errors are quite disturbing, but the data which is gained is still considered usable. The relative error of this practical activity is ranging from 0% to 30.7%. There are several errors which are able to be identified: Personal Error This type of error is caused by the practicants of the practical activity. In this cartography surveying practical activity, the most significant personal error was when determining the measuring points of the theodolite. The practicants are not aware by the presence of a tree between point C and 4, and the problem was identified a little too late, so point 4 was not measured from point C. The next personal error was when measuring the distances by the tape, the tension given by the practicants was too large, which may cause the tape to deform. Luckily, the deformation of the tape may not be significant. Another personal error which was done by the practicants was when measuring point 2 from point B and when measuring point 1 from point A, the staff which was held was tilted, so the amount of error of these two measurements was high. Apparatus error The apparatus error which happened during the practical activity can be considered as minimum. The only problem of the apparatus which may impair the measurement was the tape which was used had been bended before, which shorten its measurement. But this problem was solved by giving extra tension when measuring distances with the tape

12 | C a r t o g r a p h y

University of Indonesia

Parallax error The parallax error is the error which caused by the misreading of the apparatus. The parallax error that may happen during this practical activity was that the theodolite was not read precisely, which may cause the data to be less accurate.

8. Conclusion By doing cartography and collecting geometrical data on the field, the data can be expressed on a drawing plane with a certain scale. From the height difference of the plane, the contour map can be drawn. By reading the contour map, it is known that the area around point B is higher than the majority of the area. The coordinates of each points can be determined [A(0;0), B(0;26.24), C(18.53;26.46), D(23.88;-3.78), 1(2.74;1.71),

2(3.34;23.75), 3(15.72;23.32) and 4(14.84;1.30).] The area and the parameter of the GK field can be determined (area: 266.6051 m2, parameter: 68.2734 m)

9. References Surveying Practical Assistant Team. Pedoman Praktikum Ilmu Ukur Tanah. Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping, Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia. Depok.

13 | C a r t o g r a p h y

University of Indonesia

10. Attachment

GK Field, seen from Point B

14 | C a r t o g r a p h y

You might also like