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(Dont worry about the spelling error in my surname I can live with it!)

From G. H. Schoirel-Hlavka O.W.B. to Scott Burchill re your 14-12 ! "tatyeme#t regar$i#g %ra& '!(
To in o!pm"gov"au#e To$ay at %&0' (# #r Tony )bbott (#* Tony* I hol$ it appropriate that I provi$e you hereby with a copy o my writings regar$ing what I consi$er your involvement in criminal activities in regar$ o the Ira+ unconstitutional mur$erous invasion I now re+uest you to enable a ,oyal -ommission to investigate the matters as a ter all i you are not some gutless won$er an$ have the bac.bone to be hel$ accountable or any wrong$oing* i that were to be a in$ing* then I have no $oubt you will ensure a ,oyal -ommission will be now a priority" I however you are a cowar$ then I e/pect nothing less but you will not authorise a ,oyal -ommission to investigate the issues regar$ing the Ira+ mur$erous arme$ invasion" Do .eep in min$ that those Ira+i sol$iers $ie$ to $e en$ their home lan$" Those Ira+i civilians $ie$ because o some bunch o mur$erous politicians wante$ warmongering an$ bomb Ira+ bac. into the 0tone )ge" " is that what earlier teaching about priesthoo$ was about1 2ow to participate in the slaughter o innocent people1 I loo. orwar$s to your response* that is i you have the common $ecency to respon$" " 3errit

-onstitutionalist 4 -onsultant )*+ ,-S.%C/ *0W*+S P1/2*%03 #r" 3" 2" 0chorel52lav.a 6"7"8"* G-*14%*5 'OFF%C/-OF-.H/-G-*14%*5( 109 3raham ,oa$* :iewban.* ;0<=* :ictoria* )ustralia (h (International) %1;'=>99?0' " @mailA inspectorBri.ati!yahoo"com"au

Chapter 000X Page 1 %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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The content o this email an$ any attachments are provi$e$ WITHOUT PREJUDICE* unless speci ically otherwise state$" I you in$ any typingGgrammatical errors then I .now you rea$ it* all you now nee$ to $o is to consi$er the content appropriately! ) H66I I0 ) (@,06D 726 D6@0DJT )0F T2@ KL@0TI6D 8@-)L0@ 6H 8@ID3 -6D-@,D@D T6 8@ I)8@II@D ) H66I"

On Wednesday, 27 November 2013 5:59 PM, G. H. Sc ore!"H!av#a O.W.$. %sc ore!" !av#a&sc ore!" !av#a.com' (ro)e: Scott Burchill 0enior Iecturer 0chool o 2umanities an$ 0ocial 0cience Dea.in Lniversity

0cott* I to$ay* when going through some ol$ iles came across what is contribute$ to being your writings about Ira+" (repro$uce$ below) I am a -6D0TITLTI6D)II0T* not a lawyers* an$ my blog at http&GGwww"scrib$"comGinspectorri.ati as well as my website http&GGwww"schorel5hlav.a"comG re er to the issue o Ira+" " I am a -aucasian born Dutchman (,otter$am) an$ have a Mewish bac.groun$" 2owever I view my writings are not bias" Eou can ma.e up your own min$ about this" " During ?011 in the many ra$io shows I promote$ that Mohn 2owar$ an$ other members o his cabinet shoul$ be hel$ responsible or the war crimes* crimes against humanity* etc* they committe$ by authorising (albeit unconstitutionally) the arme$ mur$erous invasion into Ira+" " 7ay bac. in December ?009 I re+ueste$ the then newly commissione$ (rime #inister Fevin ,u$$ to set up a ,oyal -ommission into the Ira+ invasion* an$ li.ewise ma$e the same re+uest to his Mulia 3illar$ when she was (#* however neither respon$e$ to this" " 7hile a ,oyal -ommission is to be hel$ into the $eath o = people in regar$ o the insulation $ebacle somehow the mass mur$er o many innocent people* inclu$ing Ira+i sol$iers ($oing no more but to $e en$ their home lan$) somehow is not or consi$eration o a ,oyal -ommission" " 7e are now at the $oor that In$onesia may very well pursue the same rhetoric against the commonwealth o )ustralia to warrant a Npre5emptive stri.e because o its allege$ spying upon In$onesia" In my view it is essential that we avoi$ this by showing to not only ourselves but also to the worl$ that we as a general community will not sanction or be seen to sanction the arme$ invasion an$ mass mur$er upon a N rien$lyN nation" " 6n 1< Hebruary ?0o; I presente$ an application to the 2igh -ourt o )ustralia* which inclu$e$ to prevent the arme$ invasion into Ira+ without a re+uire$ D@-I),)TI6D 6H 7), publishe$ by the governor53eneral in the 3aOette" This as the 3overnor53eneral as representative o the -rown is the only person who can authorise an arme$ invasion by publishing a $eclaration o war" The ,egistrar o the 2igh -ourt o )ustralia re use$ to accept the application I lo$ge$ or iling* an$ on appeal on 1' Hebruary ?00; the 2igh -ourt o )ustralia uphel$ the ,egistrars $ecision" )s such there is an o icial recor$ about this" The ,egistrar then e/plaine$ to me how she hel$ the application ought to be amen$e$ as to con irm to what she hel$ was the re+uirements o the application or 2igh court o )ustralia purposes" 6n 1< #arch ?00; I lo$ge$ the application again albeit amen$e$ as $irecte$ by the ,egistrar" The registrar re use$ to accept it or iling" 6n 1' march ?00; (the $ay o the arme$ invasion into Ira+) the 2igh -ourt o )ustralia $ismisse$ Chapter 000X Page ? %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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my appeal against the registrars $ecision citing the P1< Hebruary ?00; application (not the 1< #arch ?00; application)! )s such the 1< march ?00; application never was or this atten$e$ to an$ so technically remains on court ile" 6ne o my issues were that Mohn 2owar$ was * at least constitutionally* not a (rime minister at the time he authorise$ the arme$ invasion* this as the ?001 e$eral election ha$ not be law ully hel$* in that the writs were 1 $ay short o the legal re+uirements (the same as in ?01; 9 0eptember ?01; e$eral election) an$ that there ore not a single can$i$ate was electe$" 2ence* by the provisions o s%= o the constitution those who were not electe$ ha$ their appointments automatically terminate$ a ter ; months" This was totally ignore$* but nevertheless remains a legal an$ constitutional issue" KL6T@ 64 Ministers of State

The Governor-General may appoint officers to administer such departments of State of the Commonwealth as the Governor-General in Council may establish. Such officers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor-General. They shall be members of the Federal Executive Council and shall be the !ueens "inisters of State for the Commonwealth. Ministers to sit in Parliament #fter the first general election no "inister of State shall hold office for a longer period than three months unless he is or becomes a senator or a member of the $ouse of %epresentatives.
@DD KL6T@

I was an IDD@(@DD@DT can$i$ate or MagaQage but re use$ to vote" 0ubse+uently the )@- ()ustralian @lectoral -ommission) ha$ me charge$ or H)IIID3 T6 :6T@" li.ewise so or H)IIID3 T6 :6T@ in the ?00= e$eral election" The matter came be ore the -ounty -ourt o :ictoria on 1' Muly ?00% be ore which I provi$e$ e/tensive material inclu$ing that there was no vali$ election hel$ in ?001" also that the ramers o the constitution ma$e clear that it was or the electors i they N$esire$J to vote* an$ no compulsory voting coul$ be en orce$* as they re use$ to give such legislative powers to the -ommonwealth o )ustralia" " Hurther* or e/ample* that I woul$ not vote or any representative who was party to the mass mur$er* etc* o unconstitutionally inva$ing Ira+" " I submitte$ to the -ourt about >0 constitutional groun$s" " It may be note$ that $uring )ugust ?00> a #agistrate ha$ rule$ that the -ommonwealth o )ustralia ha$ to ile all an$ any evi$ence it relie$ upon* this as I oppose$ the usage o NavermentN because constitutionally it coul$nJt be use$ against me" The lawyers o the -ommonwealth o )ustralia ile$ not a single $ocument to oppose my e/tensive submissions an$ the -ounty -ourt o :ictoria uphel$ both my appeals* without any reservations" 8ecause I was given the un$erstan$ing that the -ommonwealth o )ustralia woul$ have the court sealing the iles o the case* as to prevent others to be able to use it or not voting* I publishe$ on 9 Muly ?00% (about 1? $ays prior to the trail)& %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 8 What i" the -*u"tralia# 9ay o: li:e- really; * 7ook o# C4 o# *u"tralia#" political< religiou" 8 other right" I08D 05'9>19%05?51 (prior to 1515?009) I08D '9<505'9>19%05?5; In N-2)(T@, 0; D6T :6TID3 ID 8)D)D) ,@(L8II-N I inclu$e$ all $ocuments that were ile$ in the court* which inclu$e$ an a$mission I ha$ not vote$" )s this was a criminal trial the publication o not having vote$ was in e ect then un$ermining my case unless o course my .nowle$ge as a -6D0TITLTI6D)II0T ma$e it irrelevant i I $i$ or $i$nJt vote"

Chapter 000X Page ; %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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)t the en$ o the $ay the -ounty -ourt o :ictoria uphel$ both appeals" It re use$ to han$ $own a reason o Qu$gment an$ re use$ to release to me copies o transcriptGvi$eo recor$ing" Devertheless I have the or$ers proving I succee$e$" 6n that basis* anything that was be ore the -ourt an$ was not $ispute$ by the -ommonwealth o )ustralia then must be $eeme$ to have been litigate$ an$ the court uphel$ my submissions" 2a$ it not so it coul$ have +uali ie$ its $ecision* this it $i$nJt $o an$ neither was this re+ueste$ by the -ommonwealth o )ustralia" I there ore Mohn 2owar$ an$ others were not vali$ly electe$* this inclu$e$ at the time Tony )bbott* #alcolm Turnbull also* then where the -ommonwealth neither $ispute$ my submission that none o them were #inisters at the time o the invasion* then I view none o them can so to say hi$e behin$ the security o their o ices" "

"
Ha#"ar$ 1-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ Sir ,OH5 4OW5/1"5 % thi#k 9e might< o# the attempt to :ou#$ thi" great Commo#9ealth< =u"t a$va#ce o#e "tep< #ot 7eyo#$ the "u7"ta#ce o: the legi"latio#< 7ut 7eyo#$ the :orm o: the legi"latio#< o: the $i::ere#t colo#ie"< a#$ "ay that there "hall 7e em7e$$e$ i# the Co#"titutio# the righteou" pri#ciple that the )i#i"ter" o: the Cro9# a#$ their o::icial" "hall 7e lia7le :or a#y ar7itrary act or 9ro#g they may $o< i# the "ame 9ay a" a#y private per"o# 9oul$ 7e. @DD KL6T@

7e must also consi$er&

"
H*5S*14 10-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" (O::icial 1ecor$ o: the 4e7ate" o: the 5atio#al *u"trala"ia# Co#ve#tio#) KL6T@ )r. B*1.O5 (Dew 0outh 7ales)"5 .he#< agai#< there i" the prerogative right to $eclare 9ar a#$ peace< a# a$=u#ct o: 9hich it i" that the >uee# her"el:< or her repre"e#tative< 9here Her )a=e"ty i" #ot pre"e#t< hol$" that prerogative. 5o o#e 9oul$ ever $ream o: "ayi#g that the >uee# 9oul$ $eclare 9ar or peace 9ithout the a$vice o: a re"po#"i7le )i#i"ter. @DD KL6T@ H*5S*14 6-3-1891 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" (O::icial 1ecor$ o: the 4e7ate" o: the 5atio#al *u"trala"ia# Co#ve#tio#) KL6T@ )r. 4/*6%5? 7e can ma.e an e/ception in avour o imperial interests" We have #o $e"ire to i#ter:ere 9ith the imperial prerogative i# matter" o: 9ar a#$ peace@ @DD KL6T@

" H*5S*14 6-3-1891 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" (O::icial 1ecor$ o: the 4e7ate" o: the 5atio#al *u"trala"ia# Co#ve#tio#) KL6T@ Sir S*)-/0 G1%FF%.H? )t all events* I woul$ as. hon" members to pause be ore they $etermine upon as.ing the Kueen to surren$er all her prerogatives in )ustralia" For my part< % 7elieve that all the prerogative" o: the Cro9# eAi"t i# the gover#or-ge#eral a" :ar a" they relate to *u"tralia. I never entertaine$ any $oubt upon the subQect at all5that is so ar as they can be e/ercise$ in the commonwealth" @DD KL6T@
)n$

Ha#"ar$ 2-4-1891 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ Sir S*)-/0 G1%FF%.H?

Chapter 000X Page = %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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.he practice i# /#gla#$ ha" 7ee# that 9he# the Hou"e o: Commo#" i" $i""olve$< the Gazette 9hich co#tai#" the proclamatio#< or o#e i""ue$ co#curre#tly< al"o co#tai#" a proclamatio# "ummo#i#g a parliame#t to meet o# a give# $ay< a#$ all the 9rit" are appoi#te$ to 7e retur#e$ o# that $ay. @DD KL6T@
There ore unless an$ until a D@-I),)TI6D 6H 7), was publishe$ in the gaOette no legal authority e/iste$ or the #inister o De ence (as the (rime #inister has no legal powers or this) to authorise an arme$ invasion* where the commonwealth o )ustralia was not itsel un$er $irect attac. (as that in itsel woul$ be a $eclaration o war) by Ira+" "

" Ha#"ar$ 195=51<'9 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ )r. S+)O5? .here ca# 7e #o $ou7t a" to the po"itio# take# up 7y )r. Carruther"< a#$ that ma#y o: the rule" o: the commo# la9 a#$ rule" o: i#ter#atio#al comity i# other cou#trie" ca##ot 7e =u"tly applie$ here. @DD KL6T@
)n$

Ha#"ar$ 6-4-1897 Co#"titutio# co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" (O::icial 1ecor$ o: the 4e7ate" o: the 5atio#al *u"trala"ia# Co#ve#tio#) KL6T@ Sir S*)-/0 G1%FF%.H? I am trying to get at the i$eas which are un$erlying the argument o hon" gentlemen" I con ess I have not got at them yet" .he ho#. mem7er< )r. 4eaki#< talk" a7out the po9er" eAerci"e$ 7y the mi#i"ter" o: the Cro9# i# Great Britai#. They $o not $i er in any respect rom the powers e/ercise$ by ministers o the -rown in any other country" 4r. COC6B-15? .hey are much "uperior to the po9er" o: mi#i"ter" here@ Sir S*)-/0 G1%FF%.HB? Dot in the east" )r. 4/*6%5? .he po9er" o: our mi#i"ter" are limite$< a#$ their" are u#limite$@ @DD KL6T@ " 2ence the +uest or a republic so #inisters can get greater powers then now being con ine$ to Npeace* or$er an$ goo$ governmentN" " Ha#"ar$ 2-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ )r. S+)O5 ( 0outh )ustralia )"5 In the preamble honorable members will in$ that what we $esire to $o is to unite in one in$issoluble He$eral -ommonwealth 5that is the political Lnion5Nu#$er the Cro9# o: the -#ite$ 6i#g$om o: Great Britai# a#$ %rela#$ * an$ un$er the -onstitution hereby establishe$"N 2onorable members will there ore see that the application o the wor$ -ommonwealth is to the political Lnion which is sought to be establishe$" It is not inten$e$ there to have any relation whatever to the name o the country or nation which we are going to create un$er that Lnion " The secon$ part o the preamble goes on to say that it is e/pe$ient to ma.e provision or the a$mission o other colonies into the -ommonwealth" .hat i"< :or a$mi""io# i#to thi" political -#io#< 9hich i" #ot a repu7lic< 9hich i" #ot to 7e calle$ a $omi#io#< ki#g$om< or empire< 7ut i" to 7e a

Chapter 000X Page > %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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-#io# 7y the #ame o: CCommo#9ealth<C a#$ % $o #ot propo"e to i#ter:ere 9ith that i# the "lighte"t $egree. @DD KL6T@ "
The commonwealth o )ustralia is not a country an$ there ore cannot have a constitutional monarch either as it is li.e the @uropean Lnion a political union* an$ no more" 7e have to respect the 8ritish constitution an$ so the 8ritish -rown! "

Ha#"ar$ 12-3-1891 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" (6 icial ,ecor$ o the Debates o the Dational )ustralasian -onvention) KL6T@" )r. C-.HB/1.?

-#$er the Briti"h :lag we may rest in security* leaving it to the s+ua$ron in this part o her #aQestyJs $ominions to protect our commerce* an$ ta.ing upon ourselves the $uty o $e en$ing our shores"
@DD KL6T@

" Ha#"ar$ 1-4-1891 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" (O::icial 1ecor$ o: the 4e7ate" o: the 5atio#al *u"trala"ia# Co#ve#tio#) KL6T@ )r. )-51O? % $o #ot "ee the #ece""ity :or co#"i$eri#g the ho#. mem7erB" propo"al at the pre"e#t time. % am prou$ o: 7ei#g a citiDe# o: the great Briti"h empire< a#$ "hall #ever :ail to 7e prou$ o: that po"itio#. % have #o $e"ire to 9eake# a "i#gle li#k 7i#$i#g u" to that empire< 9hether a" regar$" the appoi#tme#t o: a gover#or-ge#eral or a#ythi#g el"e. @DD KL6T@
H*5S*14 2-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ )r. B*1.O5"5% $i$ #ot "ay that. % "ay that our real "tatu" i" a" "u7=ect"< a#$ that 9e are all alike "u7=ect" o: the Briti"h Cro9#. @DD KL6T@ "

H*5S*14 17-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ )r. B*1.O5"5thi" Co#"titutio# is to be wor.e$ un$er a system o responsible government @DD KL6T@ )n$
H*5S*14 17-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ )r. B*1.O5"5 7e have simply sai$ that the guarantee o the liberalism o thi" Co#"titutio# is responsible government* an$ that we $ecline to impair or to in ect in any way that guarantee" @DD KL6T@

H*5S*14 17-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ )r. 4/*6%5"5 What a charter o: li7erty i" em7race$ 9ithi# thi" Bill-o: political li7erty a#$ religiou" li7erty-the li7erty a#$ the mea#" to achieve all to 9hich me# i# the"e $ay" ca# rea"o#a7ly a"pire " * charter o: li7erty i" e#"hri#e$ i# thi"

Chapter 000X Page % %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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Co#"titutio#< 9hich i" al"o a charter o: peace-o: peace< or$er< a#$ goo$ gover#me#t :or the 9hole o: the people" 9hom it 9ill em7race a#$ u#ite. @DD KL6T@ )n$ H*5S*14 17-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ Mr. SYMON (0outh )ustralia)"5 We who are assembled ! th s "o!#e!t o! are abo$t to %omm t to the &eo&le o' ($stral a a !ew %harter o' $! o! a!d l bert) * we are abo$t to %omm t th s !ew )ag#a Charta :or their accepta#ce a#$ co#:irmatio#< a#$ % ca# co#ceive o: #othi#g o: greater mag#itu$e i# the 9hole hi"tory o: the people" o: the 9orl$ tha# thi" &ue"tio# upo# 9hich 9e are a7out to i#vite the people" o: *u"tralia to vote. The 3reat -harter was wrung by the barons o @nglan$ rom a reluctant .ing" .hi" #e9 charter i" to 7e give# 7y the people o: *u"tralia to them"elve". @DD KL6T@

Ha#"ar$ 17-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ )r. B*1.O5"5 Provi$i#g< a" thi" Co#"titutio# $oe"< :or a :ree people to elect a :ree Parliame#t-givi#g that people through their Parliame#t the po9er o: the pur"e-layi#g at their mercy :rom $ay to $ay the eAi"te#ce o: a#y )i#i"try 9hich $are" 7y corruptio#< or $ri:t" through ig#ora#ce i#to< the commi""io# o: a#y act 9hich i" u#:avora7le to the people havi#g thi" "ecurity< it mu"t i# it" very e""e#ce 7e a :ree Co#"titutio#. Whatever a#y o#e may "ay to the co#trary that i" "ecure$ i# the very 9ay i# 9hich the :ree$om o: the Briti"h Co#"titutio# i" "ecure$. %t i" "ecure$ 7y ve"ti#g i# the people< through their repre"e#tative"< the po9er o: the pur"e< a#$ % ve#ture E"tart page 24FFG to "ay there i" #o other 9ay o: "ecuri#g a7"olute :ree$om to a people tha# that< u#le"" you make a $i::ere#t ki#$ o: /Aecutive tha# that 9hich 9e co#template< a#$ the# overloa$ your Co#"titutio# 9ith legi"lative provi"io#" to protect the citiDe# :rom i#ter:ere#ce. -#$er thi" Co#"titutio# he i" "ave$ :rom every ki#$ o: i#ter:ere#ce. -#$er thi" Co#"titutio# he ha" hi" voice #ot o#ly i# the< $aily gover#me#t o: the cou#try< 7ut i# the $aily $etermi#atio# o: the &ue"tio# o: 9hom i" the Gover#me#t to co#"i"t. .here i" the guara#tee o: :ree$om i# thi" Co#"titutio#. .here i" the guara#tee 9hich #o#e o: u" have "ought to remove< 7ut every o#e ha" "ought to "tre#gthe#. Ho9 9e or our 9ork ca# 7e accu"e$ o: #ot provi$i#g :or the popular li7erty i" "omethi#g 9hich % hope the critic" 9ill #o9 ve#ture to eAplai#< a#$ % thi#k % have ma$e their 9ork $i::icult :or them. Havi#g provi$e$ i# that 9ay :or a :ree Co#"titutio#< 9e have provi$e$ :or a# /Aecutive 9hich i" charge$ 9ith the $uty o: mai#tai#i#g the provi"io#" o: that Co#"titutio#H a#$< there:ore< it ca# o#ly act a" the age#t" o: the people. We have provi$e$ :or a ,u$iciary< 9hich 9ill $etermi#e &ue"tio#" ari"i#g u#$er thi" Co#"titutio#< a#$ 9ith all other &ue"tio#" 9hich "houl$ 7e $ealt 9ith 7y a Fe$eral ,u$iciary a#$ it 9ill al"o 7e a High Court o: *ppeal :or all court" i# the "tate" that choo"e to re"ort to it. In $oing these things* have we not provi$e$* irst* that our -onstitution shall be ree& ne/t* that its government shall be by the will o the people* which is the Qust result o their ree$om& thir$ly < that the Co#"titutio# "hall #ot< #or "hall a#y o: it" provi"io#"< 7e t9i"te$ or perverte$ * inasmuch as a court appointe$ by their own @/ecutive* but acting in$epen$ently* is to $eci$e what is a perversion o its provisions1 7e can have every aith in the constitution o that tribunal" It is appointe$ as the arbiter o the -onstitution" %t i" appoi#te$ #ot to 7e a7ove the Co#"titutio#< :or #o citiDe# i" a7ove it< 7ut u#$er itH 7ut it i" appoi#te$ :or the purpo"e o: "ayi#g that tho"e 9ho are the i#"trume#t" o: the Co#"titutio#-the Gover#me#t a#$ the Parliame#t o: the $ay-"hall #ot 7ecome the ma"ter" o: tho"e 9hom< a" to the Co#"titutio#< they are 7ou#$ to "erve. What % mea# i" thi"? .hat i: you< a:ter maki#g a Co#"titutio# o: thi" ki#$< e#a7le a#y Gover#me#t or a#y Parliame#t to t9i"t or i#:ri#ge it" provi"io#"< the# 7y "lo9 $egree" you may have that Co#"titutio#-i: #ot altere$ i# term"-"o 9hittle$ a9ay i# operatio# that the guara#tee" o: :ree$om 9hich it give" your people 9ill #ot 7e mai#tai#e$H a#$ "o< i# the highe"t "e#"e< the court you are creati#g here< 9hich i" to 7e the :i#al i#terpreter o: that Co#"titutio#< 9ill 7e "uch a tri7u#al a" 9ill pre"erve the popular li7erty i# all the"e regar$"< a#$ 9ill preve#t< u#$er a#y preteAt o: co#"titutio#al actio#< the Commo#9ealth :rom $omi#ati#g the "tate"< or the "tate" :rom u"urpi#g the "phere o: the Commo#9ealth. Havi#g provi$e$ :or all the"e thi#g"< % thi#k thi" Co#ve#tio# ha" $o#e 9ell. @DD KL6T@

KL6T@ )r. W%S/"5I the He$eral (arliament chose to legislate upon* say* the e$ucatio# &ue"tio#5an$ the -onstitution gives it no power to legislate in regar$ to that +uestion5the #inisters or the time being in each state might say5N7e are avorable to this law* because we shall get R100*000 a year* or so much a year* rom the He$eral 3overnment as a subsi$y or our schools*N a#$ thu" they
Chapter 000X Page 9 %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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might 9i#k at a violatio# o: the Co#"titutio#* while no one coul$ complain" %: thi" i" to 7e allo9e$< 9hy "houl$ 9e have the"e ela7orate provi"io#" :or the ame#$me#t o: the Co#"titutio#; Why "houl$ 9e #ot "ay that the Co#"titutio# may 7e ame#$e$ i# a#y 9ay that the )i#i"trie" o: the "everal colo#ie" may u#a#imou"ly agree; Why have thi" provi"io# :or a re:ere#$um; Why co#"ult the people at all; Why #ot leave thi" matter to the )i#i"ter" o: the $ay; But the propo"al ha" a more "eriou" a"pect< a#$ :or that rea"o# o#ly % 9ill a"k permi""io# to occupy a :e9 mi#ute" i# $i"cu""i#g it. @DD KL6T@ " )s I un$erstan$ it your writings were base$ upon international law an$ not $omestic laws (being it e$eral law) an$ so you $i$nJt inclu$e the above issues as to i Mohn 2owar$ ha$ any constitutional authority to authorise an arme$ invasion" 7hile it is argue$ that legislation is in place authorising the N-abinetJ ( e$eral e/ecutives) to authorise war it obviously cannot overri$e constitutional limitations" " " Ha#"ar$ 6-3-1891 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ )r. .H+55/& I shall +uote rom #r" DiceyJs recent wor.* which is very clear in its language" 2e says& O#e o: the characteri"tic" o: a :e$eratio# i" that the la9 o: the co#"titutio# mu"t 7e either legally immuta7le or el"e capa7le o: 7ei#g cha#ge$ o#ly 7y "ome authority a7ove a#$ 7eyo#$ the or$i#ary legi"lative 7o$ie"< 9hether :e$eral or "tate legi"lature"< eAi"ti#g u#$er the co#"titutio#. @DD KL6T@
Ha#"ar$ 22-4-1897 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" (6 icial ,ecor$ o the Debates o the Dational )ustralasian -onvention) KL6T@

)r. .1/5W%.H? % "ay 9ith the"e evi$e#ce" o: the $e"ire o# the part o: the people :or more :ree$om< :or greater :acilitie" :or givi#g e::ect to the popular 9ill< 9e ought to make provi"io# i# thi" Co#"titutio# 7y 9hich the 9ill o: the people ca# 7ecome la9. %: 9e $o that 9e "hall 7e $oi#g "omethi#g 9hich 9ill make it more certai# that thi" Co#"titutio# 9ill 7e a$opte$ 7y the people"
@DD KL6T@

Ha#"ar$ 14-4-1897 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" (O::icial 1ecor$ o: the 4e7ate" o: the 5atio#al *u"trala"ia# Co#ve#tio#) KL6T@ )r. OBCO55O1? .he very pri#ciple o: the Fe$eral Co#"titutio# i" thi"? that the Co#"titutio# i" a7ove 7oth Hou"e" o: Parliame#t. That is the $i erence between it an$ our 2ouses o (arliament now" .he Fe$eral Parliame#t mu"t 7e a7ove 7oth Hou"e" o: Parliame#t< a#$ they mu"t co#:orm to it< 7ecau"e it i" i# the charter u#$er 9hich u#io# take" place< a#$ the guara#tee o: right" u#$er 9hich u#io# take" placeH a#$< u#le"" you have "ome authority :or them to i#terpret E"tart page IJ2G that< 9hat guara#tee have you :or pre"ervi#g their right" at all.
@DD KL6T@

H*5S*14 17-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ Chapter 000X Page < %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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)r. B*1.O5"5 7e can have every aith in the constitution o that tribunal" It is appointe$ as the arbiter o the -onstitution" " %t i" appoi#te$ #ot to 7e a7ove the Co#"titutio#< :or #o citiDe# i" a7ove it< 7ut u#$er itH 7ut it i" appoi#te$ :or the purpo"e o: "ayi#g that tho"e 9ho are the i#"trume#t" o: the Co#"titutio#-the Gover#me#t a#$ the Parliame#t o: the $ay-"hall #ot 7ecome the ma"ter" o: tho"e 9hom< a" to the Co#"titutio#< they are 7ou#$ to "erve. What % mea# i" thi"? .hat i: you< a:ter maki#g a Co#"titutio# o: thi" ki#$< e#a7le a#y Gover#me#t or a#y Parliame#t to t9i"t or i#:ri#ge it" provi"io#"< the# 7y "lo9 $egree" you may have that Co#"titutio#-i: #ot altere$ i# term"-"o 9hittle$ a9ay i# operatio# that the guara#tee" o: :ree$om 9hich it give" your people 9ill #ot 7e mai#tai#e$H an$ so* in the highest sense* the court you are creating here* which is to be the inal interpreter o that -onstitution* will be such a tribunal as 9ill pre"erve the popular li7erty i# all the"e regar$"< a#$ 9ill preve#t< u#$er a#y preteAt o: co#"titutio#al actio#* the -ommonwealth rom $ominating the states* or the states rom usurping the sphere o the -ommonwealth" @DD KL6T@

Ha#"ar$ 8-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ Sir ,OH5 4OW5/1.Do one is more in avour o that than I am" 8ut* at the same time* it is sai$5NIet the 2ouses o (arliament act capriciously an$ variously rom $ay to $ay5allow this Jtac.ingJ to go on i the 2ouses choose to agree to it5let the 2ouses $o one thing one $ay an$ another the ne/t* an$ $o not bother about altering the -onstitution* but trust the (arliament"N O: cour"eH 7ut Parliame#t mu"t o#ly 7e tru"te$ 9he# it i" 9ithi# the Co#"titutio#. The 0enate o to5$ay an$ the 2ouse o ,epresentatives must not be put in a position superior to the -onstitution" @DD KL6T@
Ha#"ar$ 8-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ Sir ,OH5 4OW5/1"5Dow it is coming out" .he Co#"titutio# i" ma$e :or the people a#$ the "tate" o# term" that are =u"t to 7oth. )r. 4/*6%5"5It is ma$e or the lawyers un$er this clause" Sir ,OH5 4OW5/1"5I $o not thin. so" %: you "ay C.ru"t the Parliame#t<C #o Co#"titutio# i" re&uire$ at allA it can simply be provi$e$ that a certain number o gentlemen shall be electe$* an$ meet together* an$* without limitation* $o what they li.e" :ictoria woul$ not agree to that" 8ut there is a $esire to $raw the very li e5bloo$ o the -onstitution* so ar as the states are concerne$* by this insi$ious amen$ment* 9hich 9oul$ give the Hou"e" authority :rom time to time to put $i::ere#t co#"tructio#" o# thi" mo"t importa#t part o: the Co#"titutio#. I hope we will $o as we have $one in many instances be ore* in matters that have been much $ebate$5a$here to the $ecision we have alrea$y arrive$ at" @DD KL6T@

H*5S*14 17-2-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ )r. OCO55O1"5 7e must remember that in any legislation o the -ommonwealth we are $ealing with the -onstitution" 6ur own (arliaments $o as they thin. it almost within any limits" %# thi" ca"e the Co#"titutio# 9ill 7e a7ove Parliame#t< a#$ Parliame#t 9ill have to co#:orm to it. @DD KL6T@ " " H*5S*14 9-2-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@ )r. H%GG%5S"55o< 7ecau"e the Co#"titutio# i" #ot pa""e$ 7y the Parliame#t. @DD KL6T@ " H*5S*14 1-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate" KL6T@

Chapter 000X Page ' %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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)r. GO14O5"5 The court may say5N%t i" a goo$ la9< 7ut a" it tech#ically i#:ri#ge" o# the Co#"titutio# 9e 9ill have to 9ipe it out.N @DD KL6T@ )n$ as or treaties& Then consi$erA Ha#"ar$2-3-1898 Co#"titutio# Co#ve#tio# 4e7ate"A KL6T@ Dr" KLI-F"5 The -onstitution empowers the He$eral (arliament to $eal 9ith certai# eAter#al a::air"* among which woul$ probably be the right to negotiate or commercial treaties with oreign countries* in the same way as -ana$a has negotiate$ or such treaties" .he"e treatie" coul$ o#ly co#:er right" a#$ privilege" upo# the citiDe#" o: the Commo#9ealth< 7ecau"e the Fe$eral Gover#me#t< i# the eAerci"e o: it" po9er< E"tart page 1FI!G coul$ o#ly act :or a#$ o# 7ehal: o: it" citiDe#". @DD KL6T@ I loo. orwar$s to your response* i any* about the Ira+ issue an$ you may $esire to provi$e me with any other articles you may have publishe$ since Manuary ?00; in regar$ o the same" @nglish is not my native language an$ neither $i$ I have any ormal e$ucation in the @nglish language* an$ so i you happen to in$ some writing errors in my sel pro esse$ Ncrummy @nglishN then I .now you rea$ it" 3errit

Chapter 000X Page 10 %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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KL6T@ I you havenJt rea$ this be ore it is well worth the e ort http&GGwww"smh"com"auGarticlesG?00;G01G1;G10=1''0??=??0"html This is rom #argo Fingstons web page at the 0y$ney #orning 2eral$" -ounterspin& (ro5war mythology 8y 0cott 8urchill* lecturer in international relations at the 0chool o 0ocial 4 International 0tu$ies* Dea.in Lniversity Manuary 1= ?00; (erhaps the most remar.able eature o this pre5war perio$ is that $espite intelligence $ossiers* parliamentary speeches an$ months o $isingenuous government propagan$a portraying 0a$$am 2ussein as an imminent threat to li e on earth* only ;9S o )ustralians support an illegal* unilateral stri.e by 7ashington against 8agh$a$" 7e can be con i$ent the )ustralian 3overnment is concerne$ by this igure when the (rime #inister starts conQuring implausible an$ hysterical Nwhat i in > years time"""N scenarios to bolster his case or war (The )ustralian* 1 Manuary* ?00;)" ItJs not easy ma.ing the current peace Nseem unacceptably $angerousN (#earsheimer 4 7alt ?00?)" 0pin $octors an$ (, consultants will there ore be wor.ing har$ over the ne/t two months in an e ort to close the gap between public opposition to a war against Ira+ an$ government enthusiasm thinly $isguise$ as a commitment to the The Lnite$ Dations #onitoring* :eri ication an$ Inspection -ommission (LD#6:I-) process" Their wor. will be ma$e consi$erably easier by the support o loyal servants o state power within the ourth estate who will be reliable con$uits or opinion management by governments in -anberra* Ion$on an$ 7ashington" )mongst the agitprop* $isin ormation an$ outright abrications by commissars an$ politicians* the ollowing +uestions an$ themes will be prominent in uture wee.s" @ach o them $eserves care ul analysis" a$vertisement a$vertisement Is 0a$$am 2ussein li.ely to use weapons o mass $estruction (7#D) against the L0 an$ its allies1 Hirst* many states* inclu$ing the L0* the LF an$ Israel* ac+uire these weapons or $eterrence against e/ternal attac." EouJve got to a$mire (rime #inister 2owar$ an$ the pro5war lobby or preten$ing not to un$erstan$ the lesson that Ira+5Dorth Forea are now teaching the worl$& I you want to $eter the war a$$icts in 7ashington* youJ$ better have weapons o mass $estruction an$ resources o terror" Dothing else will wor."

Chapter 000X Page 11 %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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7hy woul$nJt Ira+ $evelop 7#D or $eterrence purposes given threats by 7ashington an$ Ion$on1 7e are $iscourage$ rom seeing things rom Ira+Js point o view* but in many ways 7#D ma.e sense or vulnerable states" )s the realist theorist Fenneth 7altO argues* NDorth Forea* Ira+* Iran an$ others .now that the Lnite$ 0tates can be hel$ at bay only by $eterrence" 7eapons o mass $estruction are the only means by which they can hope to $eter the Lnite$ 0tates" They cannot hope to $o so by relying on conventional weapons"N )s with every country* Ira+Js weapons inventory an$ systems tell us precisely nothing about its strategic intentions" 0econ$ly* Ira+ ha$ chemical an$ biological weapons $uring the 3ul 7ar in 1''1 an$ chose not to use them" 7hy woul$ 0a$$am 2ussein be more incline$ to use them now .nowing the horren$ous conse+uences (as they were e/plaine$ to him by 8rent 0cowcro t in 1''1)* unless his personal survival was at sta.e an$ he ha$ nothing le t to lose1 )0 -I) hea$ 3eorge Tenet remin$e$ (resi$ent 3eorge 7" 8ush* 0a$$am was unli.ely to launch 7#D against the L0 unless the survival o his regime was threatene$" )s #earsheimer an$ 7alt argue* Nthe threat o Ira+i nuclear blac.mail is not cre$ible" Dot surprisingly* haw.s $o not e/plain how 0a$$am coul$ blac.mail the Lnite$ 0tates an$ its allies when a rival superpower li.e the 0oviet Lnion Twith =0*000 nuclear weaponsU never seriously attempte$ to blac.mail 7ashington* much less $i$ it"N 0a$$am 2ussein has orm& 2e has use$ 7#D be ore It is true that 0a$$am 2ussein has use$ these weapons be ore* against those who coul$nJt respon$ in .in$ 5 Iranian sol$iers an$ perhaps most in amously on 19 #arch 1'<< against Nhis own peopleN in the Fur$ish city o 2alabQa" 7ithin hal an hour o this attac. over >000 men* women an$ chil$ren were $ea$ rom chemical weapons containing a range o pathogens which were $roppe$ on them" I 7ashington an$ Ion$on are genuinely concerne$ about Ira+Js 7#D* why $i$ they continue to supply him with the means to ac+uire them or 1< months a ter the attac. on 2alabQa1 Initially* the L0 blame$ Iran or the 2alabQa attac.* a particularly cynical ploy given 0a$$am ha$ also use$ chemical weapons against TeheranJs orces $uring their nine5year con lict in the 1'<0s" In act 7ashington continue$ to treat 0a$$am as a avoure$ ally an$ tra$ing partner long a ter the attac. on 2alabQa was e/pose$ as his han$iwor." )t the time* the ,eagan )$ministration trie$ to prevent criticism o 0a$$amJs chemical attac. on the Fur$s in the -ongress an$ in December 1'<'* 3eorge 8ushJs ather authorise$ new loans to 0a$$am in or$er to achieve the Ngoal o increasing L0 e/ports an$ put us in a better position to $eal with Ira+ regar$ing its human rights recor$ N" 0urprisingly* the goal was never reache$" In Hebruary 1'<'* eleven months a ter 2alabQa* Mohn Felly* L0 )ssistant 0ecretary o 0tate* lew to 8agh$a$ to tell 0a$$am 2ussein that Nyou are a source or mo$eration in the region* an$ the Lnite$ 0tates wants to broa$en her relationship with Ira+N" )ccor$ing to the reports o a 0enate 8an.ing -ommittee* the Lnite$ 0tates provi$e$ the government o Ira+ with J$ual5useJ license$ materials which assiste$ in the $evelopment o Ira+i chemical* biological an$ missile5system programs" )ccor$ing to the report* this assistance inclu$e$ Nchemical war are5agent precursorsA chemical war are5agent pro$uction acility plans an$ technical $rawingsA chemical war are5 illing e+uipmentA biological war are5relate$ materialsA missile abrication e+uipment an$ missile system gui$ance e+uipmentN" These technologies were sent to Ira+ until December 1'<'* ?0 months a ter 2alabQa" )ccor$ing to 7illiam 8lum a Nveritable witchJs brew o biological materials were e/porte$ to Ira+ by private )merican suppliers*N Chapter 000X Page 1? %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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inclu$ing 8acillus )nthracis (cause o anthra/)* -lostri$ium 8otulinum (a source o botulinum to/in)* 2istoplasma -apsulatam (causes $isease which attac.s lungs* brain* spinal chor$ an$ heart)* 8rucella #elitensis (bacteria which attac.s vital organs) an$ other to/ic agents" The L0 0enate -ommittee sai$ Nthese biological materials were not attenuate$ or wea.ene$ an$ were capable o repro$uction*N an$ it was later $iscovere$ that Nthese microorganisms e/porte$ by the Lnite$ 0tates were i$entical to those the Lnite$ Dations inspectors oun$ an$ remove$ rom the Ira+i biological war are programN" ) ter the recent lea.ing in 3ermany o Ira+Js 1?*000 page $eclaration o its weapons program* it is now .nown that at least 1>0 companies* mostly in @urope* the Lnite$ 0tates an$ Mapan* provi$e$ components an$ .now5how nee$e$ by 0a$$am 2ussein to buil$ atomic bombs* chemical an$ biological weapons" Lnsurprisingly* the L0 was .een to e/cise these $etails rom Ira+Js report be ore its wi$er $issemination to non5permanent members o the 0ecurity -ouncil (Dews$ay (L0)* 1; December* ?00?A The In$epen$ent (LF)* 1< 4 1' December* ?00?A 0cotlan$ on 0un$ay (LF)* ?? December* ?00?)" 2istorian 3abriel Fol.o claims that Nthe Lnite$ 0tares supplie$ Ira+ with intelligence throughout the war Twith IranU an$ provi$e$ it with more than VL0> billion in oo$ cre$its* technology* an$ in$ustrial pro$ucts* most coming a ter it began to use mustar$* cyani$e* an$ nerve gases against both Iranians an$ $issi$ent Ira+i Fur$sN" I the L0 is genuinely concerne$ by 0a$$amJs 7#D* why $i$ Donal$ ,ums el$ (then a presi$ential envoy or (resi$ent ,eagan* currently (resi$ent 3eorge 7" 8ushJs De ence 0ecretary) ly to 8agh$a$ in December 1'<; to meet 0a$$am an$ normalise the L05Ira+ relationship* at a time when 7ashington new Ira+ was using chemical weapons on an Nalmost $ailyN basis against Iran (7ashington (ost* ;0 December* ?00?)1 7hy were no concerns about the use o these weapons raise$ with 8agh$a$1 0a$$am has been success ully $eterre$ rom using 7#D against other states with 7#D" There is no reason to believe this situation has change$ or will" 0a$$am 2ussein has inva$e$ his neighbours twice True* but this can har$ly be a source o outrage or 7estern governments or a prete/t or his removal rom power given they actively supporte$ his invasion o Iran in the 1'<0s with intelligence (eg satellite imagery o Iranian troop positions) an$ weaponry an$* in the case o 7ashington* tol$ 0a$$am it was agnostic about his bor$er $ispute with Fuwait Qust prior to Ira+Js invasion in )ugust 1''0 (L0 )mbassa$or )pril 3laspie tol$ 0a$$am in 1''0 that N7e have no opinion on the )rab5)rab con licts* li.e your bor$er $isagreement with Fuwait"N The L"0" 0tate Department rein orce$ this message by $eclaring that 7ashington ha$ Nno special $e ense or security commitments to FuwaitN") This is moc. outrage at best" 0a$$amJs behaviour is no worse than several o his neighbours" )s #earsheimer an$ 7alt remin$ us* N0a$$amJs past behavior is no worse than that o several other states in the #i$$le @ast* an$ it may even be marginally betterN" N@gypt ought si/ wars between 1'=< an$ 1'9; ( ive against Israel* plus the civil war in Eemen)* an$ playe$ a .ey role in starting our o them" Israel initiate$ wars on three occasions (the 0ueO 7ar in 1'>%* the 0i/ Day 7ar in 1'%9* an$ the 1'<? invasion o Iebanon)* an$ has con$ucte$ innumerable air stri.es an$ comman$o rai$s against its various )rab a$versaries"N 0a$$am 2ussein is a monster who runs a violent* oppressive regime True again* though this $i$nJt prevent him rom being a avoure$ ally an$ tra$ing partner o the 7est at the pea. o his crimes in the 1'<0s" )s #ar. Thomas notes* the conspicuous aspect o 8ritish IabourJs attitu$e to Ira+ has been the ailure o 8lair* 0traw* (rescott* Chapter 000X Page 1; %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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8lun.ett* -oo. or 2oon to register any concerns about Ira+Js human rights recor$ whenever the opportunities arose in the 8ritish (arliament $uring the 1'<0s an$ 1''0s (Dew 0tatesman* ' December* ?00?)" 7ashington* Ion$on an$ -anberra never ha$ reservations about 3eneral 0uhartoJs brutal rule in In$onesia* to ta.e on one e/ample o relations between the 7est an$ autocratic regimes aroun$ the worl$* an$ were in act overQoye$ when he came to power over the bo$ies o hun$re$s o thousan$s o his ellow citiOens in 1'%>" 6nly the threat o orce by the L0 has orce$ Ira+ to accept weapons inspectors (ossibly true* although this ignores the act that the last time orce was use$ against Ira+ on a signi icant scale because o its non5compliance with LD 0ecurity ,esolutions* the opposite e ect was pro$uce$" ) ter the -linton )$ministration an$ 8lair 3overnment attac.e$ Ira+ rom 1%51' December* 1''<* the result was the collapse o ,ichar$ 8utlerJs LD0-6# an$ the absence o weapons inspectors rom Ira+ or the ne/t our years" 2ar$ly a testament to the use o orce* to say nothing o the prece$ent this .in$ o behaviour sets" The (rime #inisterJs claim that N2ussein e ectively e/pelle$ weapons inspectors $uring 1''<N is untrue an$ he .nows it (The )ustralian* 1 Manuary* ?00;)" ,ichar$ 8utler with$rew his weapons inspectors on 7ashingtonJs a$vice only hours be ore the )nglo5)merican attac.s in December 1''<" 7hy wasnJt the threat o orce an appropriate strategy or the 7est in response to In$onesiaJs brutal ?=5year occupation o @ast Timor1 6r 0outh ) ricaJs occupation o Damibia1 6r Tur.eyJs occupation o northern -yprus1 6r IsraelJs occupation o (alestine1 @tc* etc*" 2as the threat pose$ by 0a$$am 2ussein increase$ recently1 The 7est* particularly Ion$on an$ 7ashington* was soli$ly supporting 0a$$am when he committe$ the worst o his crimes at the Oenith o his power an$ in luence in the 1'<0s" In terms o international support 5 especially 7estern an$ 0oviet bac.ing* the strength o his arme$ orces an$ the state o his in$ustry an$ e+uipment* 0a$$am was consi$erably more $angerous then than he is now un$er harsh LD sanctions* (illegal) no5 ly Oones in the north (since 1''1) an$ south (since 1'';) o the country* political isolation an$ a $egra$e$ civilian in rastructure" 7hy are 0a$$amJs attempts to $evelop 7#D a concern now i they werenJt when he actually use$ them1 0a$$am 2ussein will pass 7#D on to terrorist groups such as )l Kae$a Despite orensic e orts by 7ashington to pro$uce a prete/t or war* no cre$ible evi$ence or this claim has been oun$" )ll we are le t with is unsubstantiate$ assertions by 8ush )$ministration o icials such as ,ichar$ )rmitage that he has no $oubts Ira+ woul$ pass 7#D on to terrorists (though he $oesnJt e/plain how an obvious return a$$ress resulting in reciprocal annihilation coul$ be conceale$)" This may be enough or compliant power5magnets in the )ustralian me$ia* but it cannot withstan$ even a cursory e/amination" 7here is the evi$ence or such a claim1 6sama bin Ia$en o ere$ the 0au$i 3overnment the resources o his organisation to remove Ira+i orces rom Fuwait in 1''0 instea$ o ,iya$h relying on the L0* such is the animosity between Islamic un$amentalists an$ secular nationalists in the )rab worl$" 0a$$am has respon$e$ by repressing un$amentalist groups within Ira+" 7oul$ 0a$$am be li.ely to han$ over to )l Kae$a nuclear weapons so painsta.ingly built when he* himsel might be their irst victim1 ,emar.ably* the pro5war lobby rea$s this history as evi$ence o li.ely uture co5operation between 8agh$a$ an$ )l Kae$a" #uch o this is a smo.escreen $esigne$ to conceal who the real proli erators o 7#D are" 7hich states* or e/ample assiste$ Israel to $evelop nuclear weapons 5 Hrance an$ the L01 7hat role $i$ (a.istan an$ -hina play in helping Dorth Forea buil$ its nuclear stoc.pile1 7hy canJt Chapter 000X Page 1= %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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we rea$ the list o @uropean* )sian an$ L0 companies which proli erate$ 7#D technologies to Ira+1 Instea$ o imaginary scenarios as.ing Jwhat i Ira+ ac+uires nuclear weapons in ive years an$ what i it passes them on to terrorist organisations1* why not more sensible +uestions about which rogue states (most o whom are members o the so calle$ Jwar against terrorismJ) are alrea$y responsible or the proli eration o 7#D1 The L0 wants to $emocratise Ira+ There is no serious L0 interest in a $emocratic transition in Ira+* because this coul$ ultimately encourage the 0hiJite maQority in the country to pursue a closer relationship with 0hiJite Iran 5 a nightmare scenario or 7ashington" ItJs more li.ely that a $issi$ent ormer 3eneral* possibly involve$ in war crimes against Ira+Js Fur$ish or 0hiJite communities* will be returne$ rom e/ile an$ presente$ as the N$emocratic oppositionN to 0a$$am 2ussein" The L0 is intereste$ in compliance an$ obe$ience rather than $emocracy" It has rarely* i ever* e/presse$ an interest in $emocracy in the #i$$le @ast" I$eally* a pro57estern* anti5Iranian* secular Niron istN woul$ $o" The recently rehabilitate$ Ira+i opposition in e/ile (with whom until recently the L0 re use$ to $eal) has no $emocratic cre$ibility an$ is largely un.nown insi$e Ira+" 7hat is the status o pre5emptive stri.es in international law1 ) number o points can be ma$e about -anberraJs interest in retrospectively amen$ing international law to legitimise a shi t o strategic $octrine rom $eterrence to pre5emption" It woul$ establish a prece$ent that others ((a.istan* In$iaA Dorth an$ 0outh Forea) might be encourage$ to ollowA it woul$ have a $estabilising e ect on international or$erA the $i iculty (impossibility) o getting changes through the LD 0ecurity -ouncilA the heightene$ sense o vulnerability or smaller states an$ or states in the region* etc* etc*" It woul$ open up a can o worms" 0igni icantly* there is currently only one country which coul$ seriously consi$er e/ercising a right to anticipatory sel 5$e ence un$er e/isting international law 5 Ira+" It has been $irectly threatene$ with attac. by both the L0 an$ LF" There has been no reciprocal threat rom Ira+" The term Jpre5emptive warJ isnJt strictly accurate" )s 0teven #iller e/plains& NThough 8ushJs approach has been almost universally $escribe$* in the me$ia an$ elsewhere* as a $octrine o preemption* this is incorrect" (reemption re ers to a military stri.e provo.e$ by in$ications that an opponent is preparing to attac." The logic is& better to stri.e than be struc." 8ut no one is suggesting that 0a$$am is preparing to stri.e the Lnite$ 0tates" There are no in$ications that this is the case" 8ush is instea$ ma.ing the case or preventive war* or removing to$ay a threat that may be more menacing an$ $i icult in the uture" The a$ministration may pre er to label its policy preemption because that is an easier case to ma.e" 8ut it is not an accurate use o the term as tra$itionally $e ine$"N )ccor$ing to international law specialist #ichael 8yers* Nthere is almost no support or a right o anticipatory sel 5$e ence as such in present5$ay customary international lawN" To the e/tent that pre5emptive action is permissible un$er )rticle >1 o the LD -harter* it re+uires very strong evi$ence an$ there is a heavy bur$en o Qusti ication" The Lnite$ 0tates* or e/ample* woul$ have to be acing a speci ic* grave an$ imminent threat rom Ira+ which coul$ only be averte$ by the use o orce" )ccor$ing to the test establishe$ in the mi$5nineteenth century by L0 0ecretary o 0tate Daniel 7ebster 5 criteria applie$ in 1'=> at Duremberg 5 the nee$ or pre5emptive action must be Ninstant* overwhelming* leaving no choice o means* an$ no moment or $eliberationN"

Chapter 000X Page 1> %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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6therwise a unilateral stri.e not authorise$ by the LD 0ecurity -ouncil woul$ be an act o aggression an$ a breach o international law" )s claime$ earlier* Ira+ has a stronger case at this point in time (given L0 troop an$ e+uipment movements in Katar* to say nothing o 8ushJs state$ threats)" -hristine 3ray* author o a seminal mo$ern te/t on the use o orce un$er international law* argues that the reluctance o states Nto invo.e anticipatory sel 5$e ence is in itsel a clear in$ication o the $oubt ul status o this Quris$iction or the use o orceN" )ccor$ing to 3ray* in cases where Israel (8eirut 1'%<* Tunis 1'<>) an$ the L0 (Iibya 1'<%* Ira+ 1'';* 0u$an 4 ) ghanistan 1''<) have invo.e$ anticipatory sel 5$e ence un$er )rticle >1 to Qusti y attac.s on their enemies* Nthe actions loo. more li.e reprisals* because they were punitive rather than $e ensiveN" The problem or the L0 an$ Israel* she argues* Nis that all states agree that in principle orcible reprisals are unlaw ulN" 8y $e inition* pre5emptive stri.es $epen$ on conclusive intelligence" I the intelligence is wrong* as it was on ?0 )ugust 1''< when the -linton )$ministration attac.e$ the @l 0hi a pharmaceutical plant in Fhartoum* 0u$an* mista.enly believing it was an )l Kae$a chemical weapons actory* the results can be catastrophic or the innocent 5 sel 5$e ence becomes aggression" Interestingly* the L0 has not always supporte$ the J$octrineJ o anticipatory sel 5$e ence* even when its closest allies invo.e$ it" 6n 9 Mune 1'<1 unmar.e$ )merican5built H51% aircra t o the Israeli air orce attac.e$ an$ $estroye$ a nuclear reactor at 6sira. in Ira+" The rai$ was authorise$ by (rime #inister #enachem 8egin* but ha$ been internally oppose$ by EitOha. 2o i* the $irector o #ossa$* an$ #aQor53eneral Eehoshua 0aguy* chie o military intelligence* because there was no evi$ence that Ira+ was capable o buil$ing a nuclear bomb" This was also the view o the International )tomic @nergy )uthority" )t the time o the attac.* Israel itsel ha$ been $eveloping an$ accumulating nuclear weapons or thirteen years* primarily at its nuclear acility at Dimona" In response to IsraelJs unprovo.e$ pre5emptive stri.e* L0 :ice (resi$ent 3eorge 8ush 0nr argue$ that sanctions ha$ to be impose$ on Israel" The L0 0tate Department con$emne$ the bombing or its $estabilising impact Nwhich cannot but seriously a$$ to the alrea$y tense situation in the areaN" The basis o 7ashingtonJs concern* it must be sai$* was not its opposition to anticipatory sel 5$e ence per se but that Israel ha$ violate$ the LD -harter by not e/hausting all peace ul means or the resolution o the con lict 5 in truth no peace ul resolution ha$ been sought" ) ew $ays a ter the rai$* ,onal$ ,eaganJs 7hite 2ouse announce$ that the planne$ $elivery o our a$$itional H51%s to Israel woul$ be suspen$e$ in protest against the attac." The suspension was $iscretely li te$ soon a ter" In the current climate when pre5emptive attac.s are being invo.e$ as Qust responses to terrorism* it is worth recalling (rinceton Lniversity historian )rno #ayer comments in Ie #on$e shortly a ter the 'G11 attac.s& N"""since 1'=9 )merica has been the chie an$ pioneering perpetrator o Npre5emptiveN state terror* e/clusively in the Thir$ 7orl$ an$ there ore wi$ely $issemble$" 8esi$es the une/ceptional subversion an$ overthrow o governments in competition with the 0oviet Lnion $uring the -ol$ 7ar* 7ashington has resorte$ to political assassinations* surrogate $eath s+ua$s* an$ unseemly ree$om ighters (eg* bin Ia$en)" It mastermin$e$ the .illing o Iumumba an$ )llen$eA an$ it unsuccess ully trie$ to put to $eath -astro* Fha$a i* an$ 0a$$am 2ussein""" an$ vetoe$ all e orts to rein in not only IsraelJs violation o international agreements an$ LD resolutions but also its practice o pre5emptive state terror"N The +uestion o oil& )ccess or control1 Hrom the mi$$le o last century 7ashingtonJs oreign policy priority in the #i$$le @ast was to establish L0 control over what the 0tate Chapter 000X Page 1% %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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Department $escribe$ as Na stupen$ous source o strategic power an$ one o the great material priOes in worl$ historyN* namely the regionJs vast reserves o cru$e oil" #i$$le @astern oil was regar$e$ in 7ashington as Nprobably the richest economic priOe in the worl$ in the iel$ o oreign investmentN* in what (resi$ent @isenhower $escribe$ as the most Nstrategically important area in the worl$N" -ontrol coul$ be most easily maintaine$ via a number o $espotic eu$al oligarchies in the 3ul which ensure$ the e/traor$inary wealth o region woul$ be share$ between a small number o ruling amilies an$ L0 oil companies* rather than @uropean commercial competitors or the population o these states" Lntil recently the L0 has not re+uire$ the oil or itsel though it nee$e$ to ensure that the oil price staye$ within a $esirable range or ban$ 5 not too low or pro it ma.ing or too high to $iscourage consumption an$ in$uce in lation" ) si$e bene it o this control over such a vital in$ustrial resource is the in luence it gives the L0 over economic $evelopment in rival countries such as Mapan" The greatest threat to this control has always been in$epen$ent economic nationalism* especially nationalist politicians within the oil5pro$ucing region who* unli.e the eu$al oligarchies o the 3ul states* woul$ channel wealth into en$ogenous $evelopment priorities rather than to L0 transnationals" The L0 wants to secure reliable access to the worl$Js secon$ largest oil reserves* 11? billion barrels alrea$y .nown with possibly $ouble that igure still to be mappe$ an$ claime$* thus $epriving Hrance an$ ,ussia o commercial a$vantages they have $evelope$ in Ira+ over the last $eca$e when L0 companies have been e/clu$e$" Must as importantly* access to Ira+i oil woul$ also ma.e the L0 less reliant upon 5 an$ there ore less supportive o 5 the regime in 0au$i )rabia" The geo5political $ynamics o the #i$$le @ast woul$ be trans orme$" I ,ussia an$ Hrance maintain their insi$e trac. on Ira+i oil* then L0 corporations will be partially shut out rom an enormous resource priOe" Do L0 a$ministration is li.ely to accept that scenario" #eanwhile* Ira+i $issi$ents close to 7ashington have promise$ to cancel all e/isting oil contracts awar$e$ to irms which $o not assist the L0 to remove 0a$$am 2ussein rom power" ,egime change in 8agh$a$ coul$ there ore be a bonanOa or L0 oil companies an$ a $isaster or ,ussian an$ Hrench companies which have painsta.ingly built up their relations with the Ira+i $ictator since the 3ul war" 7hen Ira+Js oil comes ully bac. on stream* as many as > million barrels o oil (or %">S) coul$ be a$$e$ to the worl$Js $aily supply" The implications o this or e/isting suppliers* the global spot price* econom

.hi" me""age ha" 7ee# tru#cate$.

0how Hull #essage KL6T@ (#I00ID3 (),T) The implications o this or e/isting suppliers* the global spot price* economic growth* 6(@- an$ the worl$Js consumers are enormous" This is not an issue o access* it is primarily about control" The L0 was Qust as concerne$ to control #i$$le @ast oil pro$ucing regions when it $i$nJt $epen$ on them at all" Lntil about ;0 years ago* Dorth )merica was the largest pro$ucer an$ the L0 scarcely use$ #i$$le @ast oil at all" 0ince then :eneOuela has normally been the largest oil e/porter to the Lnite$ 0tates" L0 intelligence proQections suggest that in coming
Chapter 000X Page 19 %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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years the L0 will rely primarily on 7estern 2emisphere resources& primarily the )tlantic basin 5 :eneOuela* #e/ico* 8raOil* probably -olombia* but also possibly -ana$a* which has huge potential reserves i they become economically competitive" Importe$ supplies accounte$ or >0S o L0 oil consumption in ?000 an$ by ?0?0 the igure is e/pecte$ to rise to %%S" -ontrol over the worl$Js greatest concentration o energy resources has two goals& (1) economic& huge pro its or energy corporations* construction irms* arms pro$ucers* as well as petro$ollars recycle$ to L0 treasury* etcA an$ (?) itJs a lever o global geo5political control" Hor those trying to un$erstan$ the motives behin$ L0 behaviour towar$s Ira+* it is impossible to un$erestimate the importance which oil has in the min$s o 7ashingtonJs strategic planners" )ttempts to $iscre$it arguments about L0 access to Ira+i oil by claiming that it i it is intereste$ in access to supplies it coul$ more easily stri.e a $eal with 0a$$am to satis y its Nthirst or oilN rather than overthrow him* entirely miss the crucial issue 5 control (The )ustralian* ? Manuary* ?00;)" The cre$ibility o the LD an$ -anberra In 0eptember ?00?* the Ira+ issue in )ustralia su$$enly centre$ on the honour an$ integrity o the LD* a subQect not previously thought to have concerne$ the 2owar$ 3overnment" The international community NcanJt a or$N to have its authority Nbrushe$ asi$e*N argue$ oreign minister )le/an$er Downer* otherwise it will Nloo. meaningless an$ wea.* completely ine ectualN" )ccor$ing to the (rime #inister* Ni the Lnite$ Dations 0ecurity -ouncil $oesnJt rise to its responsibilities on this occasion it will ba$ly wea.en its cre$ibilityN" Hormer chie weapons inspector an$ )ustralian )mbassa$or to the LD* ,ichar$ 8utler* argue$ that the 0ecurity -ouncil aces the Nchallenge o its li eN an$ its uture woul$ be NterminalN i it $i$nJt hol$ Ira+ to account this time" 2is pre$ecessor at the LD* #ichael -ostello* agrees" NI the LD 0ecurity -ouncil wonJt en orce its own resolutions against Ira+* the whole LD collective security system will be ba$ly woun$e$* perhaps atally"N 6ne might have thought that the cre$ibility o the LD 0ecurity -ouncil ha$ been ba$ly wea.ene$ be ore now* say in 8osnia in 1'';* ,wan$a in 1''= or in @ast Timor in 1''' to cite only three recent cases when it aile$ to protect $e enceless civilians rom slaughter" (alestinians might won$er why the organisationJs authority hasnJt been Nbrushe$ asi$eN by IsraelJs consistent non5compliance with numerous 0ecurity -ouncil resolutions calling or itJs with$rawal rom occupie$ territories* rom resolution ?=? in 1'%9 to resolution 1=0? in #arch ?00?"

Chapter 000X Page 1< %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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7ashington clearly has an i$iosyncratic view about states complying with LD 0ecurity -ouncil resolutions" I the L0 obQects to non5compliance* the country is attac.e$" I the L0 avors non5compliance it either vetoes the resolution or $isregar$s it* in which case it is as goo$ as vetoe$" 0ince the early 1'90s* or e/ample* the L0 has vetoe$ ?? $ra t 0ecurity -ouncil resolutions on (alestine alone 5 this igure $oesnJt inclu$e 9 vetoes relating to IsraelJs invasion o Iebanon in the 1'<0s" )t the Dational (ress -lub an$ later on commercial tal.bac. ra$io* #r 2owar$ seeme$ to thin. that because Israel was a $emocracy it shoul$nJt be Qu$ge$ by the same stan$ar$s as Ira+" The uture o the LD 0ecurity -ouncil is not apparently terminal when its resolutions regar$ing (alestine an$ Israel are loute$" 2e shoul$ be remin$e$ that $emocracies are Qust as oblige$ to observe international law as authoritarian $ictatorships 5 there is no e/emption" In act we shoul$ e/pect a higher commitment to the rule o law rom countries which pronounce their $emocratic cre$entials" Iater* the argument shi te$ slightly" Israel wasnJt oblige$ to observe LD 0ecurity -ouncil ,esolutions because they are only invo.e$ un$er -hapter % o the LD -harter* rather than -hapter 9" This is a novel interpretation o international law* to put it .in$ly" Despite rhetoric which portrays the LD as a oreign bo$y at its moment o truth* it is nothing more than the states which comprise it 5 inclu$ing )ustralia an$ the L0" I it has become $ys unctional* it is those member states which manipulate it or their own in$ivi$ual purposes which are to blame" Those who thin. the cre$ibility o the LD is su$$enly at ris. over the +uestion o Ira+ might li.e to e/plain why non5compliance now is su$$enly a prete/t or an imminent attac. on Ira+ when 8agh$a$ has been in violation o LD 0ecurity -ouncil resolutions or our years" The (rime #inister as.s i Ira+ has Nnothing to hi$e an$ nothing to conceal rom the worl$ community* why has it repeate$ly re use$ to comply with the resolutions o the Lnite$ Dations 0ecurity -ouncilN1 (erhaps itJs or the same reason that he restricts the LD rom entering )ustraliaJs re ugee $etention centres1 6r or the same reason Israel woul$ not allow the LD to inspect its research institute at Des Wiona near Tel )viv which pro$uces chemical an$ biological weapons* a stoc.pile o chemical agents #r 2owar$ claims he is Nnot awareN o " I he ha$ bothere$ to in+uire* #r 2owar$ woul$ have oun$ that Nthere is har$ly a single .nown or un.nown orm o chemical or biological weaponswhich is not manu acture$ at the instituteN* accor$ing to a biologist who hel$ a senior post in Israeli intelligence" Des Wiona $oes not wor. on $e ensive an$ protective $evices* but only biological weapons or attac.* claims the 8ritish Horeign ,eport" The (rime #inister believes that Ira+Js Naspiration to $evelop a nuclear capacityN might be a su icient prete/t or war" 2e has repeate$ly
Chapter 000X Page 1' %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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claime$ that Nthere is alrea$y a mountain o evi$ence in the public $omain*N though he $i$nJt say what any o it actually prove$ beyon$ the e/isting public recor$* or how it establishe$ that the Lnite$ 0tates aces a speci ic* grave an$ imminent threat rom Ira+ which can only be averte$ by the use o orce" )ccor$ing to the (rime #inister* the mountain o evi$ence inclu$es an II00 report which actually oun$ 0a$$am was much less $angerous now than in the past when he was bac.e$ by the 7est" 0cott ,itter* a ormer LD weapons inspector in Ira+* $escribe$ the II00 report as little more than conQecture" NItJs absur$" It has Oero actual basis" ItJs all rhetoric"""speculative an$ meaningless"N There was a similar response to (resi$ent 8ushJs speech to the Lnite$ Dations 3eneral )ssembly on 1? 0eptember* which outline$ Ira+Js breaches o international law" )ccor$ing to conservative #i$$le @ast e/pert )nthony -or$esman* 8ushJs speech was Nclumsy an$ shallowN an$ little more than Na glori ie$ press release"N It o ere$ little* i anything* that wasnJt alrea$y on the public recor$" #ore a trough than a mountain" )t the LD on 1; 0eptember* Horeign #inister Downer claime$ that NIra+Js lagrant an$ persistent $e iance is a $irect challenge to the Lnite$ Dations* to the authority o the 0ecurity -ouncil* to international law* an$ to the will o the international communityN" Hour $ays later in the )ustralian (arliament #r Downer repeate$ the charges* that Ira+ N$irectly challenges the authority o the Lnite$ Dations an$ international law*N that it poses Na grave threatN to the worl$* that it Nhas loute$ an$ rustrate$ LD resolutionspersistently $e ie$ legally bin$ing obligationsN an$ is there ore Na serial transgressor"N @very one o these comments coul$ also have been ma$e about Israel" 2owever* or reasons not e/plaine$ there are to be no $ossiers presente$ to the (arliament outlining its breaches o LD resolutions* it wonJt be calle$ Na serial transgressorN o international law* nor has itJs long history o $e ying 0ecurity -ouncil resolutions ever meant that Nthe authority o the Lnite$ Dations was at sta.e"N I 7ashington bypasses the 0ecurity -ouncil or cannot get LD authorisation or a stri.e against Ira+ but unilaterally attac.s the country regar$less* it will have $one much greater $amage to the LDJs cre$ibility than years o Ira+i non5compliance with 0ecurity -ouncil resolutions" Deither the (rime #inister nor the Horeign #inister have answere$ the .ey +uestion& 7here is the new evi$ence that ma.es military action against Ira+ more urgent now than it has been since December 1''< when ,ichar$ 8utler with$rew LD0-6# rom Ira+1 (rime #inister 2owar$ claims the onus is on the critics o his 3overnmentJs approach to articulate an alternative (The )ustralian* 1 Manuary* ?00;)" 7hat about the policy o containment his 3overnment com ortably live$ with between 1''% an$ ?00?1 )s two conservative realists note$&

Chapter 000X Page ?0 %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com

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NThe belie that 0a$$amJs past behaviour shows that he cannot be containe$ rests on $istorte$ history an$ $ubious logic" In act* the historical recor$ shows that the Lnite$ 0tates can contain Ira+ e ectively 5 even i 0a$$am has nuclear weapons 5 Qust as it containe$ the 0oviet Lnion $uring the -ol$ 7ar" )n$ that conclusion carries an obvious implication& there is no goo$ reason to attac. Ira+ at this timeN (#earsheimer 4 7alt ?00?)" XXX Two power ul conservativeGrealist criti+ues o a L0 war against Ira+* which are nonetheless very sympathetic to 7ashington* are 0teven @" #iller* J3ambling on 7ar& Horce* 6r$er* an$ the Implications o )ttac.ing Ira+J in -arl Faysen et al* 7ar with Ira+& -osts* -onse+uences* an$ )lternatives ()merican )ca$emy o )rts 4 0ciences* -ommittee on International 0ecurity 0tu$ies* -ambri$ge #) ?00?)A an$ Mohn M" #earsheimer 4 0tephen #" 7alt* -an 0a$$am 8e -ontaine$1 2istory 0ays Ees*(8el er -enter or 0cience an$ International ) airs* 2arvar$ Lniversity* -ambri$ge #) Dovember ?00?)" XXX 0cott 8urchill is a lecturer in international relations at the 0chool o 0ocial 4 International 0tu$ies* Dea.in Lniversity" ,on -o ?1 @llen 0t #oonta 0")" >>>< << ?>;=>% 0=?<<> '=%9 alen.aron!austarnet"com"au http&GGhome"austarnet"com"auGalen.aronG @DD KL6T@

Chapter 000X Page ?1 %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%C a7out the B0*C6 HO0/ i# the CO5S.%.-.%O5-424 ) 1st e$ition limite$ special numbere$ boo. on Data D:D I08D '9<505'<0;91?5%50 P0/*S/ 5O./& Eou may or$er boo.s in the %5SP/C.O1-1%6*.%3 "erie" by ma.ing a reservation* by a/ 00115 %15;5'=>99?0' or @5mail ID0(@-T6,5,IF)TI!schorel5hlav.a"com 0ee also www"schorel5hlav.a"com