Physics I Homework Set 2 Solutions

Show your work, and circle your answers. Throughout the problem set, take the acceleration due to gravity to be g = 9.8 m/s2 , and ignore air resistance until otherwise instructed. This is due at 9:00 a.m., Tuesday, February 19 1. In what direction is the acceleration due to gravity? With no air resistance or other forces acting, what the horizontal acceleration during projectile motion? What can you say about the horizontal component of an objects velocity during projectile motion? (3 pts) The acceleration due to gravity is straight down , at 9.8 m/s2 on Earth. Without air resistance or other forces, therefore, the horizontal acceleration (ax ) in projectile motion is 0. As a consequence, the horizontal velocity vx = constant. It will keep its initial value vx0 throughout the motion. This anticipates the next (and major) topic, forces. See also Q21 and Q22. 2. What is the shape of a projectiles trajectory near the surface of the Earth, ignoring air resistance? (1 pt. You will work out the general formula for this shape in Q18.) An inverted parabola. The details are to come, but you can see from x = x0 + vx0 t 1 y = y0 + vy0 t gt2 2 that eliminating t will lead to an equation for y that has (blah)x2 in it. You will do more with this equation in Q18, Q19, and Q20. Was this boring? A one point question with the answer an inverted parabola might have bored you. I never want to bore you. That would be a crime, because physics is the most beautiful subject in the universe and the least boring activity known to humans. The rst four students to email me the phrase Dear Professor, I am not bored will each earn 20 bonus HW points. So, just in case I bored you, lets think about this some more. What is the curve really? The most important step towards the real world would be to include air resistance. This immediately makes projectile motion much more more interesting, because you could talk about baseball (and all ball sports), how birds y (and anything else that ies), and clouds, and I could go on and on about tons of good stu. But. Air resistance gets complicated quickly, and this is an introductory class. So we will continue to ignore air resistance until Q22, and instead think about some other, smaller corrections to this simplistic rst answer of an inverted parabola. 1

Something we mentioned in class is that these equation work near the surface of the Earth, where the acceleration due to gravity is roughly constant. However, the force of gravity is not exactly constant. It gets weaker the farther away you get from the Earth. If a projectile is moving freely under gravity, it is following an orbital path around the center of mass of the Earth-projectile system. If the Earth was spherically symmetric, and if gravity worked as Newton said it did, then orbits are elliptical in shape, with the center of mass of the Earth-chalk system at one of the foci of the ellipse (this is one of Keplers Laws). Therefore, an inverted parabola near the surface is merely an (excellent) approximation to the very end bit of a very thin ellipse, and you should remember that an eillpse is a technically better answer than an inverted parapola.
better approximation

ellipse
parabola
worse approximation

Can you be more precise than an ellipse? Equations apply where they apply, and as noted above, elliptical orbits are for two perfectly round (spherically symmetric) masses. Is the Earth perfectly round? Even before we get to details like mountains, the Earth has a waist it is wider across the equator than across the poles. Next, the southern hemisphere is fatter than the northern hemisphere. Next, there are those mountains and valleys and plateaus and depressions. So, projectiles near the Earth dont quite move in perfect ellipses for this reason alone. Any other complications? Of course. For one, the rotation of the Earth. For another, remember how we only mentioned two masses above, the Earth and the projectile? There arent just two masses. Youve heard of the Moon, for example. You know its gravity has an eect on the Earth (think of the tides). The Moons inuence aects the precise path of an object, as do to lesser extents the Sun and all the planets. Finally, who said Newton was right? (Dont ignore him: he was still very accurate.) You might have heard of a gentlemen named Einstein. If so, you might have heard that mass tells spacetime how to warp, and warped spacetime tells mass how to move. Thats a pithy summary of Einsteins gravity. But Einsteins gravity (also known as general relativity) is another story, one that leads to incredibly groovy things like black holes and gravitational waves and the expanding universe and the GPS feature in your phone, and those are less introductory topics than our curriculum. An advertisement: ask me about GSS 481/482 (independent study science credits) after this semester. Meet with me once a week to learn about some science topic youve always been interested in, write a report, and earn credits. So, even ignoring the biggest correction of all, air resistance, the exact, exact path followed by a freely falling object is absolutely fascinating. All this was needed to earn the point. (Just kidding. The parabola is an excellent approximation. Done.) 2

3. You simultaneously re a bullet horizontally over at ground, and drop an identical bullet from the same height. If there is no air resistance, which will hit the ground rst, and why? (2 total) In each case, the initial vertical velocity is zero. In each case, the vertical acceleration is 9.8 m/s2 downwards. In each case, the height to fall is the same. That means they take the same time to hit the ground. Done. Note that this depends heavily on there being no air resistance, which in real life is very important. To see this by the method, Given : y vy0 ay t = H = 0 = g = ?

want : equation :

1 2 gt 2 and you realize that once again you are just solving for the time to fall a height H , for each bullet. Doing so, tf all = 2H/g . y = 4. Plug n Chug. A golf ball is struck and travels over at ground. The initial velocity is 40 m/s, at 15 up from the horizontal. Ignore air resistance. (Early in homework sets, you will generally get questions that ask you to calculate a bunch of stu about some situation for sheer practice. Ready? Go.) (a) What is the initial horizontal velocity? (1 pt) vx0 = v0 cos = (40)(cos 15 ) = 38.63... = 39 m/s. (b) What is the initial vertical velocity? (1 pt) vy0 = v0 sin = (40)(sin 15 ) = 10.35... = 10 m/s. The + means upwards. (c) What is the velocity at the highest point? (1 pt) Velocity is a vector, so you must give both the magnitude (in this case, the speed), and the direction. At the highest point the velocity is entirely horizontal. All together, v = 39 m/s horizontally, where the 39 comes from the fact that the horizontal velocity vx is constant. (For the direction, it is sucient to write to the right, or horizontally, or draw a line .) (d) What is the total ight time? (2 pts) If you have already absorbed that over at ground the time of ight is tf light f lat = then by now you will have found that tf light f lat = 2(10.35276...) = 2.1128... = 2.1 s. 9.8 3 2v0 sin , g

For the good of your soul, however, here is one reason why this is the formula for the ight time over at ground. Deep in your mitochondrial DNA, you inherited from your mother the fact that (ignoring air resistance and the Earths rotation and without throwing something too high that it never comes down and assuming nothing else interferes with the thing after youve thrown it and basically staying within all the assumptions of an introductory physics class) what goes up must come down. Better, that it lands with the same speed you launched it, only downwards. In other words, just before it hits the ground, vy = vy0 , so vy = vy0 gt vy0 = vy0 gtf light 2vy0 = gtf light 2v0 sin = gtf light tf light = 2v0 sin . g

Of course, your mother might have explained it you you a dierent way. Since the time to the top (where vy = 0) is just ttop = v0 sin , g

you might simply reason that over at ground (without air resistance), the time of ight is just twice this. (e) What is the maximum height reached? (2 pts) Again, if you have already memorized that the maximum height above the launch point is (v0 sin )2 , ymax = 2g then by now you will have found that ymax = [40 sin 15 ]2 = 5.468... = 5.5 m. 19.6

However, if you know why this is the formula for the highest point above the launch point, you will live longer and be happier than your fellow humans. One of the morals of the class is to do as little work as possible. Always ask, have I already solved this? First, recall that if you drop something from rest, its speed after falling a height H is vf all = 2gH i. Now play the movie backwards. If you throw something upwards with that same speed, it will reach a height 2 H = vf all /2g . At this point, you should recognize this is the same as the formula

above: just with H instead of ymax and vy0 = v0 sin instead of vf all . Thats why (v0 sin )2 ymax = . 2g Are there yet more ways to solve this? There are always more ways to solve something. If you do not yet have a feel for the subject, here is a method way of doing it. The top of the motion is the nal point for this problem: Given : y0 = 0 vy0 = v0 sin vy = 0 ay = g want : y = ? 2 2 equation : vy = vy 0 + 2ay y and plugging these in then rearranging gives ymax = (v0 sin )2 . 2g

(f) What is the range? (2 pts) If you have already memorized that, over at ground, the range is Rf lat =
2 sin(2) v0 g

(more on this in Q14), then plugging in gives (40)2 sin(30 ) = 81.6326... = 82 m. 9.8 Remember, in this class, the range is code for the horizontal displacement x, not the total curved distance traced out by the arc of the projectile. What about when the ground is not at, when the object is launched from a vertical height H above where it lands? Since in projectile motion the horizontal velocity vx is constant, the (horizontal) range just comes from distance = speed time : R = vx0 tf light . That means you need to know the time of ight for the non-at ground case, and that comes from Rf lat = 0 = H + (v0 sin )t With H, v0 , and g known, the solution is tf light = v0 sin + (v0 sin )2 + 2gH g 1 2 gt . 2

so the (horizontal) range comes from just plain multiplying this by vx0 . Thats the general case. 5

What if I forget tf light in an exam? Process. In your DNA you have stored y = y0 + vy0 t which is just a rewrite of 0 = H + (v0 sin )t 1 2 gt 2 1 2 gt 2

(using H for y0 and v0 sin for vy0 ). You also have the quadratic formula in your DNA, which you rewrite and apply to this to get t = (coe . of t) (coe . of t)2 4(coe . of t2 )(coe . of t0 ) 2 (coe . of t2 ) ,

and then you choose only the solution that makes the the time of ight come out positive. Process is the answer. Process and patterns.

The Purity of Your Soul . Physics students are the highest form of life we know of. Heres what a physics student will do with tf light = v0 sin + (v0 sin )2 + 2gH g .

First, if the object launches and lands over at ground, a physics student will check that tf light reduces to the simpler known case tf light f lat = 2v0 sin . g

See this? Next, if the object is dropped rather than thrown, a physics student will check that tf light reduces to the simpler known case tf all = See this? 2H . g

There are so many ways to make mistakes that a true student of physics will These are both exercises in checking that an equation for a more general situation reduces correctly to that for a simpler situation. You are meant to make use of your prior knowledge. That is what learning is all about.

5. Alan B. Shepard played golf on the moon. Assume the initial velocity of the ball was 40 m/s at 30 to the horizontal, that the surface of the moon was at, and that the total ight time of the ball was 24 seconds. Notice how I often interrupt before we get even to part (a)? While reading questions, as various quantities are given to you, always think what you could calculate from them before you are even asked. Its excellent practice, and you will soon nd that you can predict what questions are coming. You might know that the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is roughly a sixth of that on Earth. However, the information you were given was v0 , , tf light = 24 s, and that the surface was at. Usually, tf light f lat is something youre asked to calculate, but here you are given it. If you have memorized the formula for tf light f lat , you will therefore have to rearrange it to nd what you are asked for, which you dont know yet. Can you guess whats coming? If Craig Venter stole one of your hairs and read your DNA, somewhere among your three billion base pairs he would nd encoded versions of the equations R = (v0 cos )tf light and Rf lat =
2 v0 sin(2) . g

So having memorized this, as you read this question your brain should think something like this: I have v0 , , tf light now with v0 , , R 1st equation gives R 2nd equation gives g

In other words, the question gives you enough information to work out g . Theres more you could calculate, of course, such as ymax , etc., because theres always more. The point is, make a habit of calculating things without being asked. (a) Is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon the same as the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth? (1 pt) No. Thats general knowledge. You will learn how to calculate g for any round planet or moon later this semester. Now on to part (b).

(b) What is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon? (2 pts) This is the calculation you guessed was coming. See the comment before (a) for the process (do you see that this is just another Plug n Chug question?) . . . First, then R = (40 cos 30 )(24) = 831.38... m, g = =
2 v0 sin(2) R

(40)2 sin(60 ) = 1 . 6 = 1.7 m/s2 . 831.38

This is roughly one sixth of Earths gravity. Use gM oon = 1. 6 from here. (c) How high did the ball reach? (2 pts) ymax = [40 sin(30 )]2 (v0 sin )2 = = 120 m above ground. 2gM oon 2(1. 6)

(d) How far did the ball travel before hitting the surface? (2 pts) You know this means the range, yes? You found this early in (b): 831 m. (e) If his apparent weight on Earth was 180 lbs, what was it on the moon? (1 pt) According to these gures, gM oon = (1. 6/9.8)g = (0.17)g ( means Earth), so Alan B. Shepard weighed (0.17)(180) = 30.6 or 31 lbs on the Moon. 6. Your niece bumps a toy o the edge of a chair. The initial velocity of the toy is 10 cm/s horizontally, and the edge of the chair is 49 cm above the oor. (a) How long does it take the toy to hit the oor? (2 pts) Since she knocks it horizontally, it has no initial vertical speed, vy0 , and you should recognize this as the same problem as the bullet that was red horizontally. It takes the same time to fall as a dropped object, so tf all = 2H g = 2(0.49) = 0.1 = 0.31622... = 0.31 s. 9.8

(b) How far sideways from the chair does the toy hit the oor? (2 pts) The range, in other words: R = vx0 tf light = (10 cm/s)(0.31622... s) = 3.1622... cm or 0.032 m Notice that I wrote the units in explicitly, since they arent all standard units. General rule: you may answer in any units as long as you are correct, although occasionally you will be asked to use a specic unit. 8

7. A plane is ying level at an altitude of 313.6 m over at ground. The speed of the plane is 400 m/s. The plane drops a bomb aimed at a target on the ground. How far ahead of the target must the pilot release the bomb? Ignore air resistance. (4 pts)

Another recognition test. Can you recognize the same problem in dierent guises? A goal of the class is to see the same physics, again and again, in apparently dierent situations, which are therefore not really that dierent. You have not yet learned Newtons Laws and a bunch of other good stu, but you should see that this is the same problem as knocking the toy o the chair horizontally, or ring the rie bullet red sideways. All have the same falling time, only from dierent heights and with dierent horizontal speeds. Here, the bomb must be released a distance R = vx0 2H g = (400) 2(313.6) = 3200 = 3.2 103 m. 9.8

The time for the bomb to hit the ground was 8 seconds. Here, the altitude was chosen carefully to make this a nice number. That will not always be the case. Usually, random looking numbers going in will mean random looking numbers coming out.

8. Vector addition. Solve the following in your head. Each is worth one point each, since you are expected to be able to write down every answer in one step. (a) Vector A is 3 units in magnitude, directly north. Vector B is 3 units in magnitude, directly north. What is A + B? 6 units north. (b) With these vectors, what is A B? Zero. (c) Vector A is 5 units in magnitude, directly north. Vector B is 5 units in magnitude, directly east. What is A + B? You can guess the exact direction: north-east. The magnitude should make sense, too: 5 2 7.07... units, from Pythagoras. Remember the pretest? (d) With these vectors, what is A B? Check your intuition: B is opposite to B. Therefore, 5 2 7.07... units, but north-west. Make sense? (e) Vector A is 10 units in magnitude, directly north. Vector B is 5 units in magnitude, directly south. What is A + B? 5 units north. Make sense? 9

(f) With these vectors, what is A B? 15 units north. Make sense? (g) Vector A is 7 units in magnitude, 37.4 east of north. Vector B is 9 units in magnitude, 37.4 west of south. What is A + B? The point here was to see that, as with (e), these vectors were anti-parallel. Therefore, 2 units in magnitude, 37.4 west of south. Make sense? (h) With these vectors, what is A B? 16 units in magnitude, 37.4 east of north. Make sense? 9. Vector addition. Show your working. Each is worth (2 pts) Vector A is 7 units in magnitude, 37.4 east of north. Vector B is 9 units in magnitude, 37.4 west of south. In other words, the same A and B as we left them in the last question. (a) What are the horizontal and vertical components of A? Trig time: The diagram shows how you nd the horizontal components of vector A: Ax = 7 cos(52.6 ) = 4.25 units east Ay = 7 sin(52.6 ) = 5.56 units north. This will become second nature to you. (b) What are the horizontal and vertical components of B? Bx = 9 cos(52.6 ) = 5.47 units, but west By = 9 sin(52.6 ) = 7.15 units, but south. Make sense? (c) What are the horizontal and vertical components of A + B? (A + B )x = Ax + Bx = 1.21 units west (A + B )y = Ay + By = 1.59 units south. Make sense? (d) What are the horizontal and vertical components of A B? (A B )x = Ax Bx = 9.72 units east (A B )y = Ay By = 12.71 units north. Make sense? 10

(e) What are the horizontal and vertical components of 2A + 3B? (2A + 3B )x = 2Ax + 3Bx = 7.90 units west (2A + 3B )y = 2Ay + 3By = 10.33 units south. Make sense? More on vector addition soon. These questions were a rst look designed to get you thinking about them.

10. A projectile is thrown from the top of a building with an initial velocity of 30 m/s in the horizontal direction. If the top of the building is 30 m above the ground, how fast will the projectile be moving just before it strikes the ground? (6 total) Yes, another rie bullet / knocked toy / dropped bomb question. However, in this case you are asked for the speed with which it hits the ground. Note that it did not ask for the horizontal speed, or the vertical speed. It just said speed, and that means the total speed, the magnitude of the velocity just before it hits the ground. You will need both the horizontal and vertical components, so lets get those rst. In this particular case, the vertical speed just before it hits the ground will come from vf all , since vy0 = 0. horizontal : vertical : vx = constant = 30 m/s vy = vf all = 2gH = 2(9.8)(30) = 24.248... m/s

The nal speed is the magnitude of the velocity just before it hits the ground, as shown in the diagram. You have both the components, so the answer is vf inal = (30)2 + (24.25)2 = 38.57... m/s

or 39 m/s to two sig gs. This is the rst of many vector questions for the semester. Although it wasnt asked for, the angle in the diagram can be found from tan = 24.25 30 = tan1 (0.80829...) = 38.9 .

Remember that a vector (like velocity) has both a magnitude and a direction. Here you were asked only for the magnitude. If you were asked for the velocity, as you will be soon, you would also have to provide the direction, namely the angle.

11

11. A mass is launched across a at plane. The initial velocity is 100 m/s at an angle of 30 with respect to the horizontal. Ignore air resistance. Remember, always think what can be calculated as you read a question . . . (a) What is the horizontal component of the initial velocity? Does the horizontal component of the velocity change throughout the motion? (2 pts) vx0 = v0 cos = (100)(cos 30 ) = 86.602... = 87 m/s. Without air resistance, this does not change. (b) What is the vertical component of the initial velocity? Does the vertical component of the velocity change throughout the motion? (2 pts) vy0 = v0 sin = (100)(sin 30 ) = 50 m/s. Since ay = g , the vertical component of the velocity vy changes according to vy = vy0 gt. (c) How long does the mass take to reach the highest point of its ight? (2 pts) Another way of describing the time to the top is the time it takes a deceleration of g to reduce an initial velocity of vy0 to zero. In any case, ttop = 50 v0 sin = = 5.102... = 5.1 s g 9.8

(d) How long does the ight take in total? (2 pts) A at plane, so tf light = 2ttop = 10.204... = 10 seconds. (e) What is the range R of the mass? (2 pts) With tf light and vx0 in front of you, the fastest way is R = (86.602...)(10.204...) = 883.699... = 8.8 102 m. (You could also have found Rf lat straight away from Rf lat =
2 v0 sin(2) (100)2 sin(60 ) = = 883.699... = 8.8 102 m.) g 9.8

(f) What is the highest point reached during its ight? (2 pts) ymax = (v0 sin )2 [100 sin(30 )]2 = = 127.55... = 1.3 102 m. 2g 19.6

(g) What is the velocity speed and direction at the highest point? (1 pt) Again, at the highest point the velocity is entirely horizontal, and therefore equal to vx0 to the right. In this case, 87 m/s . By the way, have you been hunting through these solutions to nd more bonus homework points? Or have you been working through these solutions, not caring if there are bonus points, in order to master the most beautiful subject in the universe for its own sake without having to be bribed into doing so? How might a professor tell the dierence ... ? 12

12. A tennis ball is thrown at an angle of 35 to the horizontal over at ground. It travels 50 m before hitting the ground again. What was the initial velocity v0 (give both speed and direction), what was the highest point reached, and what was the nal velocity just before it hit the ground? (6 pts) You should be able to understand everything in this solution. Ready? Rf lat =
2 v0 sin(2) g

v0 =

490 = 22.835... = 23 m/s 0.93969...

at 35 up from the horizontal. The highest point reached is ymax

2 sin2 v0 (521.447...)(0.32898...) = = = 8.75259... = 8.8 m. 2g 19.6

The nal velocity before it hits the ground is easy: its 23 m/s, only this time at an angle of 35 down from the horizontal, by the symmetry of the problem (if you want to sound cool). 13. An iPhone is thrown from the Top of the Rock observation deck with a speed of 100 ft/sec, at an angle of 30 upwards from the horizontal. The deck is 850 feet above the ground. Ignore air resistance. You probably all converted to meters rst, and thats completely ne. For sheer variety, these solutions will solve this one in feet, using g = 32 ft/s2 . (a) What is the initial horizontal component of the velocity? (1 pt) 86.602... ft/s. See how you were supposed to know that instantly? Q11a! Yes, you could have chugged through vx0 = v0 cos = (100)(cos 30 ) = 86.602... = 87 ft/s, but at that point you should have said, hey, that looks familiar ... (b) What is the initial vertical component of the velocity? (1 pt) 50 ft/s. Ditto. (c) How long until the iPhone reaches the highest point of its motion? (2 pts) ttop = 50 ft/s v0 sin = = 1.5625 s = 1.6 s. g 32 ft/s2

(d) How high above the ground is this point? (2 pts) ymax = (v0 sin )2 502 = = 39.0625 = 39 ft 2g 64

above the launch point, so 889 feet above the ground. Care and attention. (e) What is the total velocity at this point? (1 pt) Getting sick of this one? 87 ft/s, horizontally. 13

(f) How long before it hits the ground? (2 pts) tf light = v0 sin + (v0 sin )2 + 2gH g 50 + 502 + 2(32)(850) 32 = 9.01678... = 9.0 s.

(g) How far sideways has it traveled when it hits the ground? (1 pt) R = vx0 tf light = (86.602...)(9.01678) = 780.876... = 7.8 102 ft. (h) What is its total velocity just before it hits the ground? (2 pts) This is now the full version of Q10. You are asked for the velocity, so you need both the speed and the direction. For this, you need both vx and vy just before it hits the ground. The horizontal part is easy: its a constant vx = 86.6025... ft/s. The iPhone wasnt just dropped, it was thrown, so for the vertical velocity vy , you cant use vf all as in Q10. Theres often more than one way to nd something. Here, you could nd it by either of vy = vy0 gtf light = 50 (32)(9.01678...) = 238.53... ft/s
2 vy = vy 0 2g (H )

= 502 + 2(32)(850) = 238.53... ft/s

and since its downwards we would choose the solution in the second case. (Always stop to consider the when you take a square root.) Now that you have the components vx and vy , time for the nal velocity : Again, the speed comes from Pythagoras vf inal = (86.60...)2 + (238.53...)2 = 253.76... ft/s

(or 2.5 102 ft/s to two sig gs), and the direction comes from trig: = tan1 = 70.0 down from the horizontal, as shown. 14 238.76 86.60

14. A Useful Trig Identity.1 For what values of does sin have its maximum value? Notice you were asked for values, plural. The simplest answer is = 90 , but you could add or subtract multiples of 360 to it as well and get the same eective angle, so they count, too. 90 n(360 ) is the full answer. Use the trigonometric identity 2 sin cos = sin 2 to nd ... (a) the angle that maximizes the range of a projectile launched across a at plane with no air resistance. (4 pts) Using the identity is what lets you write the range as Rf lat =
2 v0 sin(2) g

in the rst place, and this form lets you see that the range is maximized when sin(2) = 1, in other words when = 45 . [You can ignore the n(180 ), here]. (b) the maximum range Rmax . (2 pts) 2 /g . Done. Rf lat.max = v0 15. A golf ball is hit from at ground with an initial speed of 50 m/sec, at an angle of 37 to the horizontal. Ignore air resistance. (7 total) (a) What is the highest point reached by the ball? (2 pts) ymax = (905.453...) (v0 sin )2 = = 46.196... = 46 m. 2g 19.6

(b) What is the range of the ball? (2 pts) Ditto.

2 v0 sin(2) (2500) sin(74 ) = = 122.6099... = 1.2 102 m. g 9.8 (c) With the same initial speed, at what angle should the ball be struck to travel farthest, and what is this maximum range? Use the identity in Q14. (3 pts) 2 45 , which gives a maximum range of v0 /g = 2500/9.8 = 255.10... = 2.6 102 m. That was a quick 3 points. Okay, choose only one of the following two options. Email me either Dear Professor, I am working hard because I really need a good grade in this class, or email me Dear Professor, I am working hard because I really need to understand this subject. Only one of those options will earn 30 bonus HW points. Choose wisely.

Rf lat =

A trig identity is something that is true for all angles, not just true for some special cases.

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16. Exam style. You throw a tennis ball over at ground for your dog to catch. Your dog starts at rest beside you, and starts running at the same instant you throw the ball. The initial velocity of the ball is 16 m/s, at 70 up from the horizontal. Your dog accelerates at a constant rate over at ground, and catches the ball as it falls to earth. Ignore air resistance, and for simplicity, assume the the ball started its ight and was caught by your dog at zero height. What was the acceleration of your dog? (7 total) You should by now be able to map this one out as follows: have v0 , , g, at ground these are tdog , xdog , (and vdog0 = 0) Now go ahead and do so: tf light,ball = Rf lat,ball = 2v0 sin 2(16) sin(70 ) = = 3.0683... = 3.1 s g 9.8
2 sin(2) (256) sin(140 ) v0 = = 16.791... = 17 m. g 9.8

get tf light , Rf lat get adog

1 The dog starts from rest, so xdog = 2 adog t2 dog becomes, with xdog = Rf lat,ball , tdog = tf light,ball , 2(16.791) adog = = 3.567... = 3.6 m/s2 . 2 (3.0683...)

17. Exam style. Over a at plane, a cannon ball hits its target when it is red at 200 m/s, at an angle of 22 up from the horizontal. Ignoring air resistance, there is another angle at which the ball can be red, at this same speed, that will also result in hitting the target. Calculate this angle. Again, use the handy identity from Q14. (5 pts) This question highlights a feature of the range over at ground Rf lat =
2 v0 sin(2) , g

namely that as long as it is within the maximum range, a target can be hit by two angles, both either side of 45 . Thats because sin is the same for angles either side of 90 , so sin(2) the same for on either side of 45 . Therefore, if a target can be hit at = 22 , it can also be hit at 68 . 18. You know the name for the shape of the path a projectile follows when there is no air resistance. You will now work out the formula for it. More precisely, give the height of the object y as a function of the horizontal position x, rather than as a function of time t. Express your answer in terms of v0 , sin , cos , and g . For simplicity, take x0 and y0 to be zero. (4 pts) x = (v0 cos )t 1 y = (v0 sin )t gt2 2 16

Sub the rst t = x/(v0 cos ) into the second: y = (v0 sin ) x x 1 g v0 cos 2 v0 cos
2 2v0 2

= (tan )x

g cos2

x2 .

This is an inverted parabola with initial slope tan , which is the slope of the initial velocity vector at degrees up from the horizontal. Take a moment to look ahead to Q19, which is essentially the same question, but with specic numbers. 19. Exam style. A mass is launched from x = 0, y = 0. Its horizontal and vertical coordinates are given by . . . (9 total) x = 11t y = 11t 4.9 t2 . (a) Find y as a function of x. (3 pts) This means eliminate t, so it is the same exercise as Q18, only with numbers. Sub the rst t = x/11 into the second: y = 11 = x x 1 x g 11 2 11 4.9x2 121
2

= x (0.040496)x2 . (b) Is there any air resistance acting on this mass? (1 pt) Compare the equations 1 x = vx0 t + ax t2 2 1 y = vy0 t + ay t2 2 x = 11t y = 11t 4.9 t2 .

with

From this comparison you can simply read o that ax = 0, ay = g , which is only true for projectile motion with no air resistance. (c) Will the mass will hit an object at x = 16.5 m and y = 5.0 m? (5 pts) y = x (0.040496)x2 is the path the mass follows. When x = 16.5 m, y = (16.5) (0.040496)(16.5)2 = 5.475 = 5.5 m, so no, a near miss.

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20. Your solution to Q18 can be used even if the ground over which the projectile ies is not at. Give y in terms of x for an object launched (from x0 = y0 = 0) at 98 m/s, 45 up from the horizontal. With no air resistance, will this object hit a target that is 8.0 meters away horizontally, and 1.6 m above the ground? (5 pts) Your solution to Q18 was the inverted parabola y = (tan )x For v0 = 98 and = 45 , this is y = x 9.8 x2 2(98)(1/ 2)2 = x x2 . 10
2 2v0

g x2 . 2 cos

When x = 8, this object will be at y = 8 82 /10 = 8 6.4 = 1.6 m: a direct hit. 21. On the following diagram, assuming no air resistance, draw the following vectors at the point shown: (1 pt each) (Best viewed in color.)

(a) the displacement from the starting point In brown. (b) the instantaneous velocity In blue. (c) the net force In green. (d) the acceleration In red.

The displacement vector is just the vector from the starting point to the location of the object. The velocity is in the direction of the tangent to the objects path at each point, and its magnitude is the speed of the object at that instant. The word net means the sum or total, so the net force on the object is the sum of all the individual forces acting on it. Since here there is only gravity, the net force on the object is just the force of gravity on the object, which is straight down. Finally, for constant masses, the acceleration is always in the same direction as the net force ( here). Hopefully this feels correct to you: the acceleration is the response of an object to all the forces acting on it, so it should be in the direction of the net force. 18

22. On the following diagram, assuming a small amount of air resistance, draw the following vectors at the point shown: (1 pt each) Best viewed in color.

(a) the displacement from the starting point In brown. (b) the instantaneous velocity In blue. (c) the net force In green. (d) the acceleration In red.

The displacement and velocity vectors have the same meaning as in Q21. Also, the acceleration is once again in the direction of the net force. The new feature in this question is that you have two individual forces acting on the object: gravity downwards, and air resistance opposing the velocity. (Note: this assumes the object is not spinning, because that results in sideways forces.) Your goal here is to see how the net force in this diagram results from gravity and air drag:

As mentioned in the solution to Q1, sometimes homework questions ask about topics before we meet them in lectures. You will soon learn that Q1, Q21, and Q22 anticipated what is called Newtons Second Law (for constant mass), namely

Findividual = ma .
End of Homework.
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