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Dynamics MCB 2043


Introduction

September 2013 Semester

Dereje Engida Woldemichael (PhD, CEng MIMechE) dereje.woldemichael@petronas.com.my

Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lecture you should be able to:
Identify classifications of dynamics

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Overview
Statics vs Dynamics Mechanics Basic Concepts
Particles Rigid bodies Newtons Laws of motion

Statics

VS.

Dynamics

Bodies at REST Bodies in MOTION or in equilibrium

Dynamics of Solid Bodies

Dynamics of Liquids

e.g. Robotics

Why Dynamics So Important?


e.g. Hydrodynamics

Dynamics of Gasses/Air
e.g. Aerodynamics

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Introduction
Mechanics: The action and effects of forces on bodies Statics Mechanics Dynamics Bodies in motion, or out of equilibrium Bodies at rest, or in equilibrium

In Equilibrium

Be static or move with constant velocity v=0.2 m/s

v=0

m
Static

Move with v=constant

Out of Equilibrium

Accelerate with the change of velocity m

a=0.5 m/s2

Study of motion without reference to the

Kinematics forces producing motion: Relations applied Dynamics Kinetics v a B Kinematics: how fast, how far and how long the motion takes A
Kinematics: e.g. Motion of rocket from position A to B only between position, velocity, acceleration and time Relation between unbalanced forces and the change in motion they produce

Kinetics: What forces were involved to produce the motion? - Weight - Friction - Tension - Spring Force - Support Force How about the resulting acceleration?

F
Kinetics: e.g. Motion of pendulum ball applied by F

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Basic Concepts
Particles: - a body of negligible dimensions - a body with dimensions irrelevant to the motion or the action of forces upon it B

A Rigid Body:

- important overall dimensions of the body or changes in position of the body - negligible deformation (change in shape) of the body
Negligible spring deformation

Equivalent Particle

Rigid body

Flexible Body: - deformed body under loads - beyond the scope of this course

Newtons Laws of Motion


These are fundamental laws relating forces and motion. Law I. A particle remains at rest or continues to move in a straight line with a constant velocity if there is no unbalanced force acting on it. F=0
In equilibrium

Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Law II. The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and is in the direction of this force. F=ma
Out of equilibrium

Law III. The forces of action and reaction between interacting bodies are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and collinear. F F' F= F'

Laws I and II are strictly true only in an absolute frame of reference (i.e. A particle does not accelerate for Law I and does not rotate for Law II)

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Law II (Most commonly used in dynamics) F=ma


Where

F: resultant force acting on a body (vector)


m: mass of the body (scalar)

a: the resulting acceleration of the body (vector)

This equation relates applied forces (F) to the motion of a body (a).

Fn

F1

m Fn-1 F4 F3

F2

F=F1+F2+F3+F4+..Fn-1+Fn=ma

Motion can be constrained (forced to follow a specific path: e.g. car trip, train on tracks) or unconstrained (can move in any direction: e.g. aircraft flight path, trajectory of a ball after it is thrown)

Train Running on Tracks Constrained Motion 2-D Coordinate Systems to Describe Motion: Rectangular coordinate (x, y) Polar coordinate (r,) t

Tennis Ball Bouncing Unconstrained Motion y r x P

n Normal (perpendicular) and Tangent (along the path) coordinates

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An Overview of Mechanics
Mechanics: The study of how bodies react to forces acting on them.

Statics: The study of bodies in equilibrium.

Dynamics:
1. Kinematics concerned with the geometric aspects of motion 2. Kinetics - concerned with the forces causing the motion

Tips for solving dynamics problems


1. Read the problem carefully and try to correlate the actual physical situation with the theory you have studied. 2. Draw any necessary diagrams and tabulate the problem data. 3. Establish a coordinate system and apply the relevant principles, generally in mathematical form. 4. Solve the necessary equations algebraically as far as practical; then, use a consistent set of units and complete the solution numerically. Report the answer with no more significant figures than the accuracy of the given data. 5. Study the answer using technical judgment and common sense to determine whether or not it seems reasonable. 6. Once the solution has been completed, review the problem. Try to think of other ways of obtaining the same solution

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Summary Questions
1. In dynamics, a particle is assumed to have _________. A) both translation and rotational motions B) only a mass C) a mass but the size and shape cannot be neglected D) no mass or size or shape, it is just a point

References:
R.C. Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, SI 13th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2012.

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