Basic math symbols Symbol = > < () [] + * / mod .

ab a^b a a 4 a n a %
3

Symbol Name equals sign not equal sign strict inequality strict inequality inequality inequality parentheses brackets plus sign minus sign plus - minus minus - plus asterisk times sign multiplication dot division sign / obelus division slash horizontal line modulo period power caret square root cube root forth root n-th root (radical) percent per-mille per-million per-billion per-trillion

Meaning / definition equality inequality greater than less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first addition subtraction both plus and minus operations both minus and plus operations multiplication multiplication multiplication division division division / fraction remainder calculation decimal point, decimal separator exponent exponent a a = a

Example 5 = 2+3 54 5>4 4<5 54 45 2 (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 1+1=2 21=1 3 5 = 8 and -2 3 5 = -2 and 8 2*3=6 23=6 23=6 62=3 6/2=3

7 mod 2 = 1 2.56 = 2+56/100 23 = 8 2 ^ 3= 8 9 = 3 8 = 2 16 = 2 for n=3, n8 = 2 10% 30 = 3 10 30 = 0.3 10ppm 30 = 0.0003 10ppb 30 = 310-7 10ppb 30 = 310-10
3 4

1% = 1/100 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 1ppm = 1/1000000 1ppb = 1/1000000000 1ppb = 10-12

ppm ppb ppt

Geometry symbols Symbol Symbol Name AB angle measured angle spherical angle right angle degree arcminute arcsecond line ray | perpendicular = 90 1 turn = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60 line from point A to point B line that start from point A perpendicular lines (90 angle) AC | Meaning / definition formed by two rays Example ABC = 30 ABC = 30 AOB = 30 = 90 = 60 = 6059' = 6059'59''

|| ~ | x-y | rad grad

parallel congruent to similarity triangle distance pi constant radians grads

parallel lines equivalence of geometric shapes and size same shapes, not same size triangle shape distance between points x and y = 3.141592654... is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle radians angle unit grads angle unit

AB || CD ABC XYZ ABC ~ XYZ ABC BCD | x-y | = 5 c = d = 2r 360 = 2 rad 360 = 400 grad

Algebra symbols Symbol x := ~ () [] {} x x x! |x| f (x) (f g) (a,b) [a,b] Symbol Name x variable equivalence equal by definition equal by definition approximately equal approximately equal proportional to lemniscate much less than much greater than parentheses brackets braces floor brackets ceiling brackets exclamation mark single vertical bar function of x function composition open interval closed interval delta discriminant sigma Meaning / definition unknown value to find identical to equal by definition equal by definition weak approximation approximation proportional to infinity symbol much less than much greater than calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first set rounds number to lower integer rounds number to upper integer factorial absolute value maps values of x to f(x) (f g) (x) = f (g(x)) (a,b) {x | a < x < b} 1 1000000 1000000 1 2 * (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 4.3 4.3 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | -5 | = 5 f (x) = 3x+5 f (x)=3x, g(x)=x-1 (f g)(x)=3(x-1) x (2,6) 11 ~ 10 sin(0.01) 0.01 f(x) g(x) Example when 2x = 4, then x = 2

[a,b] {x | a x b} x [2,6] change / difference t = t 1 - t 0 = b2 - 4ac summation - sum of all values in xi= x1+x2+...+xn range of series double summation product - product of all values in xi=x1x2...xn range of series e = 2.718281828... = 0.527721566... golden ratio constant e = lim (1+1/x)x , x

sigma

capital pi e constant / Euler's number EulerMascheroni constant golden ratio

Linear Algebra Symbols Symbol dot cross Symbol Name Meaning / definition scalar product vector product ab ab Example

AB

tensor product inner product

tensor product of A and B

AB

[] () |A| det(A) || x || AT A A A
* -1

brackets parentheses determinant determinant double vertical bars transpose Hermitian matrix Hermitian matrix inverse matrix matrix rank dimension

matrix of numbers matrix of numbers determinant of matrix A determinant of matrix A norm matrix transpose matrix conjugate transpose matrix conjugate transpose AA =I rank of matrix A dimension of matrix A rank(A) = 3 rank(U) = 3
-1

(AT)ij = (A)ji (A)ij = (A)ji (A*)ij = (A)ji

rank(A) dim(U)

Probability and statistics symbols Symbol P(A) P(A B) P(A B) P(A | B) f (x) F(x) E(X) E(X | Y) var(X)
2

Symbol Name probability function probability of events intersection probability of events union conditional probability function probability density function (pdf) cumulative distribution function (cdf) population mean expectation value conditional expectation variance variance standard deviation standard deviation median

Meaning / definition probability of event A probability that of events A and B probability that of events A or B probability of event A given event B occured P(a x b) = f (x) dx F(x) = P(X x) mean of population values expected value of random variable X expected value of random variable X given Y variance of random variable X variance of population values standard deviation of random variable X standard deviation value of random variable X middle value of random variable x covariance of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y summation - sum of all values in range of series cov(X,Y) = 4 corr(X,Y) = 3 X,Y = 3 = 10 E(X) = 10 E(X | Y=2) = 5 var(X) = 4 2 = 4 std(X) = 2 X = 2 P(A) = 0.5 P(AB) = 0.5 P(AB) = 0.5 P(A | B) = 0.3

Example

std(X) X

cov(X,Y) corr(X,Y) X,Y

covariance correlation correlation summation

double summation

double summation

Mo MR Md Q1 Q2 Q3

mode mid-range sample median lower / first quartile median / second quartile upper / third quartile

value that occurs most frequently in population MR = (xmax+xmin)/2 half the population is below this value 25% of population are below this value 50% of population are below this value = median of samples 75% of population are below this value

x s2 s zx X~ N(,2) U(a,b) exp() gamma(c, ) (k)

2

sample mean sample variance sample standard deviation standard score distribution of X normal distribution uniform distribution exponential distribution gamma distribution chi-square distribution F distribution binomial distribution Poisson distribution geometric distribution hyper-geometric distribution Bernoulli distribution

average / arithmetic mean population samples variance estimator population samples standard deviation estimator zx = (x-x) / sx distribution of random variable X gaussian distribution equal probability in range a,b f (x) = e-x , x0 f (x) = c xc-1e-x / (c), x0 f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2 (k/2) ) f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k f (k) = ke- / k! f (k) = p (1-p) k

x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333 s2 = 4 s=2

X ~ N(0,3) X ~ N(0,3) X ~ U(0,3)

F (k1, k2) Bin(n,p) Poisson() Geom(p) HG(N,K,n) Bern(p) Combinatorics Symbols Symbol n!
nPk

Symbol Name factorial permutation n! = 123...n

Meaning / definition 5! = 12345 = 120

5P3

Example

= 5! / (5-3)! = 60

nCk

combination

5C3

= 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set theory symbols Symbol {} AB A B AB AB AB AB AB AB 2A (A) A=B Ac A\B A-B AB A B a A set intersection union subset proper subset / strict subset not subset superset proper superset / strict superset not superset power set power set equality complement relative complement relative complement symmetric difference symmetric difference element of Symbol Name Meaning / definition a collection of elements objects that belong to set A and set B objects that belong to set A or set B subset has less elements or equal to the set subset has less elements than the set left set not a subset of right set set A has more elements or equal to the set B set A has more elements than set B set A is not a superset of set B all subsets of A all subsets of A both sets have the same members all the objects that do not belong to set A objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection set membership A={3,9,14}, A={3,9,14}, A={3,9,14}, A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A-B={9,14} B={1,2,3}, A-B={9,14} B={1,2,3}, A B={1,2,9,14} B={1,2,3}, A B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B Example A={3,7,9,14}, B={9,14,28} A B = {9,14} A B = {3,7,9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66}

A={3,9,14}, 3 A

x A (a,b) AB |A| #A U 0 1 Logic symbols Symbol ^ & + | x' x ! ~

not element of ordered pair cartesian product cardinality cardinality aleph empty set universal set natural numbers set (with zero) natural numbers set (without zero) integer numbers set rational numbers set real numbers set complex numbers set

no set membership collection of 2 elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B the number of elements of set A the number of elements of set A infinite cardinality ={} set of all possible values 0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...} 1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...} = {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...} = {x | x=a/b, a,b } = {x | - < x <} = {z | z=a+bi, -<a<, -<b<}

A={3,9,14}, 1 A

A={3,9,14}, |A|=3 A={3,9,14}, #A=3

C = {} 0 0 6 1 -6 2/6 6.343434 6+2i

Symbol Name and caret / circumflex ampersand plus reversed caret vertical line single quote bar not exclamation mark circled plus / oplus tilde implies equivalent for all there exists there does not exists therefore because / since and and and or or or

Meaning / definition x

Example y

x^y x&y x+y x y x|y x' x x !x x y ~x

not - negation not - negation not - negation not - negation exclusive or - xor negation if and only if

Calculus & analysis symbols Symbol limit e y' y '' y(n) epsilon e constant / Euler's number derivative second derivative nth derivative derivative Symbol Name Meaning / definition limit value of a function represents a very small number, near zero e = 2.718281828... derivative - Leibniz's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative - Lagrange's notation 0 e = lim (1+1/x)x , x (3x3)' = 9x2 (3x3)'' = 18x (3x3)(3) = 18 d(3x3)/dx = 9x2 Example

second derivative

derivative of derivative

d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

nth derivative time derivative time second derivative partial derivative [a,b] (a,b) i z* z integral double integral triple integral closed contour / line integral closed surface integral closed volume integral closed interval open interval imaginary unit complex conjugate complex conjugate nabla / del vector unit vector x*y Numeral symbols Name zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII European Roman convolution Laplace transform Fourier transform delta function

n times derivation derivative by time - Newton notation derivative of derivative (x2+y2)/x = 2x opposite to derivation integration of function of 2 variables integration of function of 3 variables

[a,b] = {x | a x b} (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} i -1 z = a+bi z*=a-bi z = a+bi z = a-bi gradient / divergence operator

z = 3 + 2i z* = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2i f (x,y,z)

y(t) = x(t) * h(t) F(s) = {f (t)} X() = {f (t)}

Hindu Arabic

Hebrew

nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C

Greek alphabet letters Greek Symbol Upper Case Roman numerals Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Roman numeral I II III IV V VI Lower Case Greek Letter Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega English Equivalent a b g d e z h th i k l m n x o p r s t u ph ch ps o Pronunciation al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon ze-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta ka-pa lam-da m-yoo noo x-ee o-mee-c-ron pa-yee row sig-ma ta-oo oo-psi-lon f-ee kh-ee p-see o-me-ga

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000 1000000

VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C CC CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM M V X L C D M