ASSESSMENT OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND VULNERABILITY OF RIVER BANK EROSION ALONGSIDE THE RIVER JAMUNA USING REMOTE SENSING

Kabir Uddin a *, Basanta Shrestha b and M. Shamsul Alam c GIS and Remote Sensing Analyst, b Division Head, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), GPO Box- 3226, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal. kuddin@icimod.org c Professor, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. md.alam@fulbrightmail.org
a

KEY WORDS: Remote Sensing, GIS, Segmentation, Jamuna, River, Morphology ABSTRACT: River morphology is describe the shapes river channels and how they change over time. This study examine the morphology by the river Jamuna use of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Vulnerability and morphological changes have been identified using 2010, 2003, 1989, 1980 and 1973 five different years Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Thematic Mapper (TM) and Multispectral Scanner (MSS) image and settlement identified using topographic maps 1947. Using eCognition/Definiens object base image classification performed for river channel mapping and ArcGIS used for accurate information about recent river channel movement and bank erosion. The enumerated average bank erosion and siltation rates were found very high. Per year average erosion was 1235.25 Km2 and siltation 29.82 Km2. Maximum river movement was 35847 meter in the year of 2003 and minimum river movement was 16415 meter in the year of 2010.

1.

INTRODUCTION

The river Jamuna is one of the three main rivers of Bangladesh. The river is a major contributor to the building up of the delta. There is evidence of severe bank erosion and rapid rates of bank line retreat along the BrahmaputraJamuna River (Nasreen and Aminul, 2003). Riverbank erosion is a natural process, but often anthropogenic activities can have significant impact on the rates of morphological change. River channel changes, such as bank erosion, down cutting and bank accretion, are natural processes for an alluvial river. Developments like sand mining, infrastructure building on the riverbank, artificial cutoffs, bank revetment, construction of reservoirs and land use alterations have changed the natural geomorphological dynamics of rivers (Lane and Richards, 1997; Surian, 1999; Fuller et al., 2003; Rinaldi, 2003; Li et al., 2007). As a consequence, channel stability is often threatened (Fuller et al., 2003; Grant et al., 2003; Kesel, 2003; Rinaldi, 2003). This happens to a channel due to morphological adjustments to accommodate the range of flows and sediment loads from upstream. (Khan et al., 2003). The use of remotely sensed data in identify is the trends of river channel and as source of input data to determine river behavior study has became popular in recent years. With the availability of remotely sensed data from different sensors of various platforms with a wide range of
*Corresponding author: Kabir Uddin.

spatiotemporal, radiometric and spectral resolutions have made remote sensing perhaps. One of the main characteristics of remote sensing is its capability of generating a large amount of information, frequently and spatially and thus studying river morphology.
2.

THE STUDY RIVER

The study Jamuna river in 1787 a tectonic movement followed by an abnormal flood led changes in the course of the Brahmaputra and started its flow through a new course known as the Jamuna. It is the main channel of the Brahmaputra River when it flows out of India into Bangladesh. Jamuna enters in Bangladesh from the north west side of Kurigram district and flows to south, ending its independent existence as it joins the Padma River near Goalundo Ghat. Bounding coordinates of the river area is W: 89.532, E: 89.871, N: 25.228, S: 23.869. The climate of the study area is tropical monsoon.

Figure 1. Location map of study area

3. 3.1

METHODOLOGY

Data Used

Based on satellite image quality and availability the primary data were used MMS, TM and ETM+ sensor of Landsat satellite for five different years.

Satellite Landsat5 Landsat7 Landsat4 Landsat3 Landsat1 Topographic maps

Sensor Path/R ow TM 138/04 3 ETM+ 138/04 3 TM 138/04 3 MSS 148/04 3 MSS 148/04 3

Date/Year 2010-02-06 2003-02-27 1989_01_19 1980_02_21 1973-02-21 1947

Table 1. List of satellite imagery

3.2

Data processing and analysis

The Enumerate for the river channel and associate land cover mapping were done is few steps. All the scene Landsat images were not acquired as rectified image. Topographic maps, Landsat MMS and TM image georeferenced into UTM and Zone 45 projection based on generated Ground Control Points (GCP) from Landsat ETM+ (2003) image. All images were resample with the nearest neighbour method to a common resolution of 30m. Resample was chosen to a common resolution so that river of interest would be either equal to or larger than the pixel size. Landsat Image

Image Georeference

Image Segmentations Variable Operations River Channel Map

Rule Set

Execute Rule

Changed Detected Map Generate Statistics Figure

GIS GIS Analysis Analysis

River Centre Line 2.

Flow diagram of the whole study

After that Landsat images were processed in eCognition/Definiens software for object-based image analysis (OBIA). Compared with pixel-based methods, this approach shows better classification results with higher accuracy as it uses both spectral and spatial information (Civco et al 2002; Yoon et al 2004; Harken and Sugumaran 2005; Gao et al 2007). The fundamental step of eCognition image analysis is a segmentation of a scene. Multiresolution segmentations were used for objectbased image analysis. Multiresolution Segmentation groups areas of similar pixel values into objects. Consequently homogeneous areas result in larger objects, heterogeneous areas in smaller ones. The most important issues in the context of an object-oriented classification is the accurate segmentation of the input images. A convenient approach was used to run segmentations with different parameters until the result was satisfactory. In the present analysis, the multiresolution algorithm was used; this algorithm locally minimized the average heterogeneity of image objects for a given resolution. For each segment, information on average NDVI, Land and Water Mask slope were derived. This information was used to develop suitable classification algorithms for individual classes. Image objects were linked to class objects and each classification link stored the membership value of the image object to the linked class. With each polygon assigned to a specific class, land cover map including river channel was generated for Jamuna river. After the classified data was exported to shape file format for further processing, such as the elimination of areas smaller than the defined minimum mapping units. Centre line of river from generated river channel. Within seven kilometers of river centre line 4401 settlement/landmark/building identified from topographic maps using ArcGIS. Threaten on settlements analysis based on number of time river flown particular settlement location. The comparison of the river channel location was carried out in the four phases, 19731980, 1980-1989, 1989-2003 and 2003-2010, for both the riverbanks and the islands. GIS analysis and changed statistics calculated for results and discussion.
4.

RESULTS

One of the most serious problems in Bangladesh is erosion in river catchments. Analysis of a series of Landsat images, between 1973 and 2010, exposed the dynamic nature of the river bank and, including channel migration, movement. The changes river channel from 1973 to 2010 were very high and unstable. The river channel location changes during the period 1973-1980, 1980-1989, 1989-2003 and 2003-2010 are presented in Figure 5. The average bank erosion of 1973-1980 was 314.12 Km2 and the bank Siltation was similar for both banks, around 243.9 Km2 on average. In 1973 Maximum channel movement was 16875m and minimum 32314m. In 1980-1989 erosion and Siltation faintly increased but both amount was almost same. Figure 6 shows adjacent to Jamuna river settlement/landmark/building particular char land settlement due to the river channel changes several time flattened. Within the 4401 building 1013 demolished from 1973 to 1000 and 417 building demolished In the year of 1989 and 307 building demolished in 1973. There is evidence of severe bank erosion and rapid rates of bank line retreat along the BrahmaputraJamuna River. This happens to a channel due to morphological adjustments to accommodate the range of flows and sediment loads from upstream. (Khan et al., 2003). In 1973 to 2010 water area in the river was lot dissimilarity. Maximum water was in the river 1989 and the minimum water was in the water 1973 Table 2. This variation could be because of seasonal deviation of satellite image or other region. The water level changes and fluctuation in the dry season would not cause frequent riverbank erosion compared to the same changes and fluctuations if in the wet season (Lu, 2006). The channel erosion and Siltation in 1989-2003 was relatively increased when compared between the study periods 1973-1980 and 1980-1989. The average erosion rates have heavily increased that is 354.17 Km2 and the annual channel Siltation rate has increased remarkably that t is 269.02 Km2. In the year of 1980 and 1989 maximum channel

movement was 15252m and 17251m near the Kurigram district and minimum channel movement was 28410m and 35518m near the Sirajganj. Minimum river channel movement in Sirajganj due to artificial flow obstacle due to the bridge construction.

Figure 3. Map of Jamuna river channel (1973 - 2010) with associated land cover

Figure 4. Erosion and Siltation rate

Year 1973 1980 1989 2003 2010

Channel Area(Km2) 387.3 457.6 461.9 376.7 395.9

Table 2. Water area within the River Channel

Northing (Km) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

1973 25258 23697 28148 29059 29945 32314 31245 25880 30281 31963 23617 19006 21842 16875 21778 28882

1980 30039 21980 29257 29811 28410 31019 31023 25401 30069 31465 24328 19752 18276 15252 23720 27571

1989 28936 28647 30735 31640 35518 33493 30227 27902 24962 22854 23793 25129 17251 22851 23840 23112

2003 25979 23733 25437 25631 32019 34252 35847 25531 27132 24689 17791 16595 16738 24175 23583 23783

2010 33945 31174 30157 33927 33266 34313 35572 26387 24818 23917 17159 16415 16721 26530 27356 22522

Table 3. Eastward channel movement from 1973 to 2010 River normally gets silted during their course of flow. Every river carries certain amount of sediment load. The sediment particles try to settle down to the river bottom due to the gravitational force, but may be kept in suspension due to the upward currents in the turbulent flow which may overcome the gravity force. Due to these reasons, the river carries the fine sediment in suspension as suspended load. Whenever the flow velocity in the channel reduces, the silt carried by the water in suspension gets deposited on the bed and sides of the canal.(Alam et al., 2008). In the year of 2003-2010 erosion and Siltation gone down. The average bank erosion of 2003-2010 was 234.28 Km2 and Siltation was 253.44 Km2 in this erosion rate gone less Siltation rate.

Figure 5. Chanel movement from 1973 to 2010 and Threaten Settlements

5.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates efficient way to determine river channel and understanding river erosion and siltation and how it has trended on settlement alongside the Jamuna river using remote sensing and GIS from medium resolution Landsat images and topographic maps. This type of study is obliging for further planning of river and river adjacent to settlement management an effective manner as it could be incorporated the long time changes of the river morphology. GIS analysis result shown 1973 to 2010 significant changed occurred in Jamuna river. Erosion and siltation was regular process and large area of upper Jamuna river it is occurred more and Jamuna bridge area river movement has been reduced from the year 1989. Different amount water area identified from satellite images may have different month of imagery. For better scenario of Jamuna river satellite imagery will have same date with same sensor and Radar image more potential due to cloudy weather of study area..
6.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are gratefully acknowledged MENRIS division of ICIMOD and obliged for helpful discussion with Dr. Amarnath Giriraj.

7.

REFERENCES

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