Jennifer Diaz Bianca Carrillo U.S. History p.

2 3 December 2013

Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources Ambrosia, Sabrina. Shocking Child Labor Photographs From Early 20th Century America Captured By Lewis Hine. 2012. IBT Media Inc. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.ibtimes.com/shocking-child-labor-photographs-early-20th-century-americacaptured-lewis-hine-photos-555088>.This source contained nineteen images of children who worked during the industrial revolution. These pictures were also taken by Lewis Hine and each image has a short description. A Newsboy Talk. 1905. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003655399/>. In this document it shows an interesting picture of what appears to be a newsboy meeting. There are more than fifteen boys gathered up and they are all listening to their boss. A youthful "gold digger". 19--. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002710367/>. This is a photograph of a young eightyear-old who works in a coal mine. In this picture he shows that he is prepared for work by holding pick axe, headlight, high shoes a coat and a bandanna. Boys pouring wax(?) into molds in factory. 1902. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/95502045/>. This source is a picture of a boy

working in a factory. From the source we can conclude that the young boy is pouring some hot liquids which is very dangerous. Breaker boys. 1949. Library of Congress. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/det1994007312/PP/>. This photograph shows us a group of young boys standing outside of the Woodward Coal Mines. These coal mines are located in Kingston,Pa in the year 1949. Cade, DL. Lewis Hines Photography and The End of Child Labor in the United States. 2013. PetaPixel. Web. 25 Oct. 2013. <http://petapixel.com/2013/09/07/lewis-hinesphotography-end-child-labor-united-states/>. This source contained a picture of a teenager dressed with very dirty clothes. The boy was sitting on top of cement and a door closed that had graffiti on it which looked like he was in the worst part of the neighborhood. Child Labor. 2013. New World Encyclopedia. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. <http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Child_labor&oldid=969236>. This source contained a picture of a young girl walking through the factory barefoot. The picture was taken in 1908 and it shows how dirty and dangerous the factories were for these children. Child Laborer during the Industrial Revolution. 2012. The Sunspot Theme. Web. 4 Oct. 2013. <http://tempisque13.wordpress.com/2012/12/04/evolution-and-revolution/24-childlabor/>. This website was helpful because it provided an image of a child working. Also it shows the factory and the machines that the children used.

Child Labor in America. The History Place. Web. 19 Oct. 2013. <http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/>. This website contains pictures of children doing long hours of labor. Many of the pictures have descriptions of what they children are doing in the picture. Coolie children picking tea. 1903. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91787482/>. In this picture we can see many children. It looks like they are in some bushes and trees picking tea. Davis, Kenneth. The blood and sweat behind Labor Day. 2011. CNN. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. <http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/02/opinion/davis-labor-day-history/index.html>. This is a photograph taken by Lewis Hine. It shows a group of very young children that worked in a coal mine located in Pennsylvania. They worked for as much as fourteen hours a day. This photograph was used in a campaign to end child labor in the 1900s. Hine, Lewis. 1 A.M. Sunday, February 23, 1908. John Newman. 1908. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000029/PP/>. This Source contained a picture of a boy selling newspapers until 3a.m.. The young boy is only thirteen, doesnt go to school, and looks very tired. Hine, Lewis. A few of the San Antonio messengers. 1913. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000325/PP/>. This source showed us a picture of a group of messenger boys. It looks like they have a specific uniform to work in and their working conditions are said to be one of the worst.

Hine, Lewis. Boy employed in a Paper Box factory Cincinnati. 1908. Library of Congress. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000030/PP/>. This picture is a picture of a young boy in front of a box factory. This factory is located in Cincinnati, Ohio. Hine, Lewis. Cigar Factory. 1908. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000089/PP/>. This source contained a picture of many boys working in a cigar factory. They were each sitting on a chair holding things in their hands, there was approximately more than twenty boys. Hine, Lewis. Eight-year old Jack on a Western Massachusetts farm. 1915. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004004221/PP/>. In this picture we see eight-year-old Jack who is being overworked most of the time. He is working somewhere in Western Massachusetts. Hine, Lewis. Game of Craps. 1908. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000007/PP/>.This source contained an image of little boy workers taking a break. They are playing a game on the streets using chalk to draw their game. Hine, Lewis. General Utility boy in Miller & Vidor Saw-mill. 1913. Library of Congress. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004001106/PP/>. In this picture we see a boy throwing slabs. In this mill everything is unprotected so this allowed them to move machinery around. The boy states that he made twenty-five dollars one summer by working here.

Hine, Lewis. Girl of 13 working at embroidery in a far corner. 1923. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004005060/PP/>. This picture shows a girl that is thirteen years of age. She was found working in a far corner of an embroidery place, she worked from 4pm to 10:30pm. Hine, Lewis. Girls, boys and men, polishing and wrapping, working together: morals in glass factory are proverbially bad. 1908. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000200/PP/>. This source contained a picture of boys and girls working at a factory. They seem to be very focused in the glass theyre working on. Hine, Lewis. Harriet Cotton Mills. 1914. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004004169/PP/>. This document provided an image of the young men that worked at the cotton mills. They were put against the wall to take the picture and most of the boys were covered with dirt. Hine, Lewis. Harriet Cotton Mills. 1914. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004001116/PP/>. In this picture we see a large group of boys that were photographed outside of the mill they worked in. Lewis was not able to photograph the children inside the mill, but he heard that there was plenty of child labor here when work was brisk. Hine, Lewis. Louis Pelissier. 1916. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004003302/PP/>. This is a photograph of a sixteen-year-old boy named Louis Pelissier. He had a mentality of a second grader and

he didnt know what the place where he worked was called. Pelisser worked in a union mill and mad $3.27 as a sweeper boy. Hine, Lewis. National Child Labor Committee. 1908. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000222/PP/>. This photograph is taken in a factory located in Evansville, Indiana. It shows a man working but there is a young boy next to him sweeping. Hine, Lewis. National Child Labor Committee. 1908. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000099/PP/>. This source was helpful because it was a picture of the boys that worked in the coal mines and they were all covered in dirt. Also it seems that they are going underground because there is a big cement arch with 1905 carved on it over them. Hine, Lewis. National Child Labor Committee. 1908. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004001355/PP/>. This source contains a picture of ten children walking into a factory at night. It is very cold and the children enter at 6a.m. and dont get out until 6p.m. Hine, Lewis. N.C. National Child Labor Committee. 1908. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000962/PP/>. This photograph shows us three young girls posing for a picture. These girls have been working in the mill for over a year.

Hine, Lewis. Noon Hour in an Indianapolis Furniture Factory. 1908. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000090/PP/>. This

source was useful because it had a picture of four young boys working in a furniture factory. These boys were dressed in overalls and it seemed like they were bringing in furniture because the place was empty. Hine, Lewis. Night Scene. 1908. Library of Congress. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000145/PP/>. In this photograph we see many workers working in a glass company. This company was called Indianapolis Glass Works which was located in Indianapolis, Indiana. Hine, Lewis. Off to the Berry Farms of Maryland. 1910. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004001973/PP/>. This document provides a picture of children on a wagon. They are heading off to maryland to go berry picking. Hine, Lewis. Our Baby Doffer. 1910. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/nclc.01953/>. This document has a picture of a very young boy. When asked his age he lies and says twelve because you can only work if you are twelve-years-old. He was photographed in Alabama. Hine, Lewis. Teresa Lerre cranberry picker. 1910. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004000276/PP/>. This picture shows us a five-year-old picking cranberrys with her father and her siblings. This mill is located in New Jersey.

Hine, Lewis. The Newsboy. 1922. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003671101/>. This source contains an image of a boy holding a newspaper. His pants are ripped and he has no shoes. Hine, Lewis. Three Saunders children, nine, eleven, and thirteen years old, mowing away the grain. 1915. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004003838/PP/>. This document shows a picture of three children working in what looks like a barn. They are each mowing the grain and are dressed with long white dresses. Hine, Lewis. Typical Cooking and Eating Quarters of Berry Pickers. 1909. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ncl2004001974/PP/>. This document provided a picture of the children who were berry pickers. It seems that they would make a camp site and thats where they would stay during their time there. Protest against child labor in a labor parade. 1909. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/97519062/>. In this source we see two girl wearing a sign that says Abolish Child Slavery. It also shows one girl carrying an American flag. This picture was taken in New York City during the labor parade. Rothstein, Arthur. Child Labor in the Onion Field. 1939. Library of Congress, USA. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa1997012538/PP/>. This document showed a photograph of a boy collecting onions in the field. He seems very tired because he is working under the sun.

Rothstein, Arthur.Cranberry Bog. 1938. Library of Congress. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa1997010126/PP/>. This picture shows crates of cranberrys. There are both teens and children working on carrying the crates. There is one boy that looks like he is about five years old. These children were located in New Jersey. Rothstein, Arthur.Unsanitary privy on sub-marginal farm. 1938. Library of Congress. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa2000008073/PP/>. From this source we can see the unsanitary conditions of a privy. This is what the workers would use to do their business when they would work long days on a farm. Trueman, Chris. "Children in the Industrial Revolution." History Learning Site. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk, 2012. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/children_industrial_revolution.htm>. This source contained many quotes from the children who worked in the factories. It specified who gave the quote and how old they were. Venning, Annabel. Britain's child slaves: They started at 4am, lived off acorns and had nails put through their ears for shoddy work. Yet, says a new book, their misery helped forge Britain. 2010. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Web. 4 Oct. 2013. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1312764/Britains-child-slaves-New-booksays-misery-helped-forge-Britain.html>. This website provides a picture of how the boys were dressed and very dirty from work. Another thing that was shown in this picture was the long sad faces of the boys.

Weaver, Gawain. Gelatin Binder and Paper Decay. 2008. George Eastman House. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. <http://notesonphotographs.org/index.php?title=Weaver,_Gawain._%22Gelatin_Binder_ and_Paper_Decay%22>. This source gives a photograph of Lewis Hine. The photograph has significant mold damage of the bottom left corner. Secondary Sources "A History of Child Labor." Scholastic. Ed. Milton Fried. Scholastic Inc, 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. <http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/history-child-labor>. During the industrial revolution owners of factories made children operate their machines. Many children started working before the age of seven, they worked 12-18 hours per day six days a week only to earn a dollar. Most of these children came from really poor families and were working to support their families. Andre, Claire, and Manuel Velasquez. "Children's Rights." SCU. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v3n1/children.html>. This document gives us the United Nations Declaration Of the Right of Children. We are also given childrens liberation rights and the responsibilities of parents. "Baby Strikers." daily kos. Kos Media, LLC, 20 May 2008. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.dailykos.com/story/2008/05/20/518026/-Baby-Strikers#>. This website provided me with information about the children who started strikes. It also contained quotes and pictures of the children and what seems to be a newsletter.

"Child Labor in Pennsylvania ." Portal State. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 2013. Web. 6 Nov. 2013. <http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/things/4280/child_labor/47819 3>. This source provided information about the jobs and hours the children had to work. It also talks about how many children worked in a specific job like factories and in the mines. "Childhood Lost: Child Labor During the Industrial Revolution." EIUTPS. Eastern Illinois University, n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2013. <http://eiu.edu/eiutps/childhood.php>. This source talks about the long days the children had to work. It also explains the rights that were taken away from the children. Humanium. Humanium, 23 July 2010. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.humanium.org/en/child-labour/>. Another reason as to why i liked this website was because it listed many negative effects that came out of child labor. Each negative effect was specified by being given with specific detail. Humphries, Jane. "Child labour: lessons from the Industrial Revolution." Vox 24 Apr. 2008: 24 pars. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. <http://www.voxeu.org/article/child-labour-lessonsindustrial-revolution>. In this article we learn how much children earned in a week. The author also gives us working conditions that the children would have to endure. L, Robin. "Child Labor And the Industrial Revolution." Bright Hub Education. Ed. Noreen Gunnell. Bright Hub Inc, 6 Jan. 2012. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. <http://www.brighthubeducation.com/history-homework-help/91810-child-labor-duringthe-industrial-revolution/>. This source tells us that if families didnt want to starve they

had to send their children to work, even the youngest ones. It also gives us examples of where the children were given their jobs. Do to their harsh working conditions many children didnt even make it to the age of thirty. "5 Positive sides of child labor- Why child labour should not be banned?." extremology. blogger, 3 Mar. 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. <http://www.extremology.com/2013/03/5positive-sides-of>. This source was very useful because it provided information on good things that came out of child labor. Each reason has specific detail into in order to explain a little more. "Reformer Grace Abbott Was Born November 17, 1878 ." Americas Library. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2013. <http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/gilded/jb_gilded_abbott_2.html>. In this document we learn about an activist who focuses her time on investigating children. She followed in her parents footsteps who were also activists. Scheuerman, Dan. "Lost Children: Riders on the Orphan Train." Humanities Nov. 2007. Destiny. Web. 25 Oct. 2013. <http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2007/novemberdecember/feature/lost-children-ridersthe-orphan-train>. This periodical tells us about many orphan children that were found in a train near New York. These children afterwards were used to work in the factories during the industrial revolution. Thatcher, Wade. "Child Labor During the English Industrial Revolution." iweb. N.p., 2009. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. <http://wathatcher.iweb.bsu.edu/childlabor/>. This document provides us

with an overview of the Industrial Revolution. The author explains to us the childrens working conditions, and why they worked in the first place. "The Bowery Boys." blogspot. Awesome inc, 11 June 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://theboweryboys.blogspot.com/2010/06/newsies-vs-world-newsboys-strikeof.html>. This website included information about the boys striking from the newspaper. It contained many images of these young boys and a description of what they were doing. "Timeline of Child Labor Developments in the United States." Stop Child Labor. National Education Association, 20 Oct. 2010. Web. 19 Oct. 2013. <http://stopchildlabor.org/?p=1795>. This document gives us a timeline. The timeline shows us the dates/years children got their rights and the year child labor ended. "What kinds of work do children do?." Know Child Labor. ICCLE, 2005. Web. 6 Nov. 2013. <http://www.knowchildlabor.org/child_labor/kinds_of_child_labor.php>. This source provided me with information about the jobs the children had to do. It specifies what they did how many children worked in each place and percentages. Yellowitz, Irwin. "Child Labor." History. Ed. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty. A&E Television Networks, 2013. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/child-labor>. This document states that children during the Industrial Revolution were useful laborers because they were small,and they could fit anywhere. Not only this but they were paid less than adults and they were easier to manage. Not Used

"Child Labor Facts." Compassion. Compassion International, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2013. <http://www.compassion.com/child-advocacy/find-your-voice/quick-facts/child-laborquick-facts.htm>. This document tells us that child labor still goes on. It gives us specific statistics on how many children work and where specifically they work. We are also given the types of jobs they work in. We didnt use the statistics. "Child Labour." Global March. Global March International Secretariat, 1998-2013. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.globalmarch.org/issues/Child-Labour>. This website included information about the conditions they had to work in and the rights they didnt have. It also included pictures of these children working and a graph. We didnt find the pictures useful. "Child Labour." Resources for Speakers on Global issues. Resources for Speakers on Global issues, 2008. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/briefingpapers/childlabour/>. This website explained arguments on how child labor is still going on today. It also provided a video of what children believe and quotes. We didnt find the quotes useful. Currie, Stephen. We Have Marched Together. N.p.: Lerner Publications Company, 1997. 6-14. Print. This book gives us several pictures of children working in factories. The picture that really interested me was one about children working as soon as they were able to walk. Des Jardins, Julie. The Politics of Reform. THE GILDER LEHRMAN INSTITUTE OF AMERICAN HISTORY. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. <http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-byera/progressive-era-new-era-1900-1929/politics-reform>. This source contains a picture

of three little boys sleeping on the street. It shows them barefoot and their clothes is dirty from all the working. John, Angela V. "A New Slavery?" History Today 2002: 16 pars. Destiny. Web. 25 Oct. 2013. <http://www.historytoday.com/angela-v-john/new-slavery>. This source was useful because it talked about how child labor was a type of slavery. Another thing this magazine talked about was how they sold their children in hopes that they would be better off with rich countries surrounding them. We could not relate this article to our topic. Seller, Carol. Working Children. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 1998. 8-37. Print. This book has a variety of pictures of children working. One picture that caught my attention was with a little girl doing extended hours of farm work looking very tired and dehydrated. Seller, Carol. Working Children. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 1998. 15-37. Print. In this book we found a very interesting picture of a young boy who smashed his fingers while working with a machine. This photograph was taken in 1908 in indianapolis, Indiana. Sekers, David. "The Mill: The real story of the child slaves of the Industrial Revolution." radio times. immediate Media Company Limited, 28 July 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. <http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-07-28/the-mill-the-real-story-of-the-childslaves-of-the-industrial-revolution>. This website provided information about an event that had occurred in May 1806. It talks about a boys finger getting stuck in a machine while working at the factory. We didnt add any personal stories to our project.

Simkin, John. "Lewis Hine." Spartacus. N.p., June 2013. Web. 3 Oct. 2013. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhine.htm#source>. The article provides Hines D.O.B., where he studied, when he bought his first camera, etc. Hine took pictures of the poverty in New York hoping to bring about social reform. He was hired by the National Child Labour Committee and took pictures of children working in factories all over the country. We decided not to use this site because we did not create a page on Lewis Hine. The Photography of Lewis Hine: Exposing Child Labor in North Carolina, 1908-1918. 2011. North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. Web. 3 Oct. 2013. <http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ncdcr.gov%2F2011%2F02%2F1 8%2Fthe-photography-of-lewis-hine-exposing-child-labor-in-north-carolina-19081918%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHIOFIcECbC7E2GrqiaOLO>. This is a photograph taken by Lewis Hine. It shows a group of young children at a textile mill looking run-down and tired from their long hours of work. Some children look older than their actual age. Tuttle, Carolyn. "Child Labor during the British Industrial Revolution." EH.Net Encyclopedia. Ed. Robert Whaples. Economic History Association, 14 Aug. 2001. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. < http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/tuttle.labor.child.britain>. This source talked about the jobs the children had. Also it talks about the debates they had and it includes a table about child employment. We later found that the page was no longer available. "What are childrens rights?." lawstuff. Reading Room, n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. <http://www.lawstuff.org.uk/the-facts/what-are-childrens-rights>. On this website we are

informed about international children rights, this includes being treated properly and fairly. The author also tells us about childrens basic rights. We found a more detailed site of these rights.