BiologyTerms

Agglutination (Penggumpalan) The clumping of foreign substances or microorganisms by antibodies. Agranulocyte (Agranulosit) White blood cells with a non-granular cytoplasm. The nucleus can be either bean-shaped or spherical in shape. For example, lymphocytes and monocytes. Allele (Alel) An alternative form of a gene for a particular characteristic. Anaerobe (Anaerob) An organism that is able to release energy from food in the absence of oxygen. Antibody (Antibodi) A specific protein molecule produced by lymphocytes as a response to the entry of antigen into the body. Antigen (Antigen) A foreign substance that stimulates the production of specific antibodies by lymphocytes; usually a protein, carbohydrate or glycoprotein. Appendicular skeleton (Rangka apendaj) The skeleton that is made up of the bones of the limbs as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles. Artery (Arteri) A vessel that

carries

blood

away

from

the

heart

to

organs

throughout

the

body.

Atherosclerosis (Aterosklerosis) Progressive build up of plaques that cause narrowing of arteries and obstruction of blood flow. Atrium (Atrium) An upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces the blood by muscular contraction into the ventricles. Autosome (Autosom) Any of the chromosomes in a cell other than the sex chromosomes (that is, not the X or Y chromosome in humans).

Autotroph Producer. An

organism

able

to

synthesise

its

own

food

from

inorganic

(Autotrof) compounds.

Balanced diet (Gizi seimbang) A balanced diet contains all the essential nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, fibre and water) in correct proportion to meet the requirements of the body. Basophils (Basofil) A type of white blood cell that releases heparin to prevent intravascular blood clot formation. They are involved in certain allergic reactions. Benedicts test (Ujian Benedict) A biochemical test to determine the presence of a reducing sugar, for example, glucose. Benedicts reagent (a blue solution containing copper sulphate) forms a green, yellow, orange or brick red precipitate in the presence of a reducing sugar.

Bile (Hempedu) A greenish-yellow liquid secretion that is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder for release into the small intestine during digestion. It is a complex mixture of bile salts (that emulsify fats), bile pigments, water and cholesterol Biotic factors (Faktor Biosis / Faktor Biotik) The living organisms found within an ecosystem. These include producers, consumers and decomposers. Blastocyst (Blastosista) A hollow sphere of cells developing from the morula; the stage of implantation in the uterine wall Caecum (Sekum) Dilated pouch at the junction of the small and large intestines, terminating in the appendix. It has no known function in humans. In herbivorous animals like rabbits and cows, the caecum is quite long and contains cellulose-digesting bacteria. Capillarity (Kekapilarian) The action that causes water to rise in a narrow vessel. This is caused by cohesion between water molecules and adhesion between water molecules and walls of vessels. Capillary (Kapilari) The smallest blood vessel with a wall only one cell thick; allows exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid.Cardiac muscle (Otot kardium).A type of muscle found in the heart. It is myogenic. Contractions are produced spontaneously, without nervous stimulation. Cardiovascular system (Sistem Kardiovaskular) The system consisting of the heart, blood and blood vessels. Carnivore (Karnivor) An animal that feeds on other animals; a secondary consumer. Carotid body (Jasad karotid) Tissue mass in the wall of the carotid artery containing receptors that are sensitive to the carbon dioxide and pH level in the blood, and to low oxygen concentrations in the blood. Cartilage (Rawan) Non-elastic tissue found at the ends of bones with movable joints; functions to protect bones from wear and tear. Cell sap (Sap sel) A fluid in the vacuole of plant cells that consists of a high percentage of water and sugars, as well as some mineral salts. Characteristic (Ciri) A distinctive, inherited feature of an organism. Chromatin (Kromatin) A substance consisting

of

DNA

and

proteins

found

in

the

nucleus

during

interphase.

Chromosomal mutation (Mutasi kromosom) A change in the structure of chromosomes or number of chromosomes. Chromosome (Kromosom) A long, threadlike structure

made

up

of

DNA

and

proteins;

located

in

the

nucleus.

Closed circulatory system (Sistem peredaran tertutup) A type of circulatory system in which the blood is always confined within the heart and vessels. Coccyx (Koksiks) The small vertebral bones found at the end of the vertebral column; forms the tail of animals.

Collagen Fibers found

in

the

matrix

of

connective

tissues

such

as

the

skin,

bones

and

(Kolagen) cartilage.

Collenchyma Plant cells

with

thick

cellulose

walls;

normally

found

beneath

the

(Kolenkima) epidermis.

Continuous variation (Variasi selanjar) The continuous range of differences that can be observed in a certain characteristic of a species; such characteristics are controlled by a large number of genes.

Crossing over (Pindah silang) The process of exchanging genetic material between two non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

D Denitrification (Pendenitritan) The action of certain soil bacteria in changing (reducing) nitrates into simpler compounds, such as nitrites, ammonia, and eventually to nitrogen gas.

Depressant (Depresen) Drug that slows downs the activity of the central nervous system. Examples are alcohol and barbiturates.

Diaphragm (Diafragma) 1. In the respiratory system, a muscular membrane forming the floor of the chest cavity that, when contracted, pulls downwards, enlarging the chest cavity and causing air to be drawn into the lungs. 2. A birth control device that is placed over the neck of the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus, thereby preventing pregnancy.

Dicot (Dikot) Short for dicotyledonous. A type of flowering plant characterised by seeds with two cotyledons or seed leaves, modified for food storage.

Discontinuous variation (Variasi tak selanjar) Clearly defined differences in a characteristic in individuals of a species; it is qualitative (a feature is either present or absent) and is controlled by a single gene with two or more alleles.

DNA

(DNA)

Deoxyribonucleic acid, consisting of two deoxyri-bonucleotide strands coiled to form a double helix. Dominant An teristic allele allele both that in the produces homozygous (Alel the and dominan) characcondition.

phenotypic heterozygous

Double fertilisation (Persenyawaan ganda dua) The process of fertilisation seen only in flowering plants (Angiosperms); involves the fusion of a male gamete with an egg cell and another male gamete with two polar nuclei in the embryo sac. Downs A genetic syndrome caused by (Sindrom of an Down) 21.

disease

the

presence

extra

chromosome

Dry The

mass

or

weight

of

mass an

organism

after

the

(Berat water content

has

been

kering) eliminated.

E Ecology The branch among organisms as

of well as the

biology interactions

which studies between organisms and their

(Ekologi) interactions environment.

Ecosystem All within

the

organisms a

and

their defined

physical

(Ekosistem) environment area.

Ectoparasite A parasite

that

lives

on

the

outside

of

the

host,

for

(Ektoparasit) example, fleas.

Effector A cell

or

organ

such

as

muscles

and

glands

that

produces

physiological

(Efektor) response.

Embryo A structure

in

the

sac ovule of

the

flower

(Pundi that contains

eight

haploid

embrio) nuclei.

Embryo The a

early

stage

of

the development multicellular

of

zygote

(Embrio) in organism.

Endocrine The system

of

endocrine

system glands

secreting

(Sistem hormones directly

into

the

endokrin) blood.

Endoparasite A parasite

that

lives

within

its

host,

for

example,

(Endoparasit) tapeworms.

Endosperm Storage tissues and formed by two polar

with the

triploid fusion nuclei

nuclei of in a

found male the

(Endosperma) in seeds gamete with ovule.

Enzyme (Enzim) Biological catalyst. A protein molecule that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions.

Erythrocyte Red

blood

(Eritrosit) cell.

Exhalation In mammals, lungs.

it

is

the

(Hembus act of

releasing

air

from

nafas) the

F F1 (F1) Short form for first filial generation. The offspring that results when plants or animals from the parent generation breed.

F2 (F2) Short form for second filial generation. The offspring that is produced when F1 individuals are crossed or mated with each other.

Facilitated The assisted membrane.

movement by It

diffusion of molecules specific proteins does

(Resapan across a embedded not require

in

berbantu) membrane, the energy.

Fermentation (Penapaian) A form of anaerobic respiration that when undertaken by yeasts and plants, produces energy, ethanol and carbon dioxide. When undertaken in muscles, fermentation produces lactic acid and energy.

Fertilisation The process

of

fusion

of

male

gamete

and

female

gamete

to

(Persenyawaan) form a zygote.

Fibrinogen A plasma

protein

that

is

converted

into

insoluble

fibrin

during

(Fibrinogen) blood clotting.

Foetus (Fetus) The later stages of mammalian embryonic development when the developing animal has recognisable adult features. Food chain (Rantai makanan)

A linear feeding relationship in a community which shows the transfer of food energy from organism to organism. A food chain starts with a producer (usually a green plant), and arrows are used to show the direction in which energy and nutrients flow.

Fresh The

mass weight of a

(Berat living

basah) organism.

G Gamete A

reproductive

cell

that

is

(Gamet) haploid.

Ganglion A

(pl. cluster of the cell

ganglia) bodies

of

(Ganglion) neurones.

Gastric juice (Jus gaster) A mixture of chemicals secreted by glands in the walls of the stomach to help digest food. It contains: (a) the enzyme pepsin which breaks down proteins into polypeptides (b) the enzyme rennin which curdles milk (c) hydrochloric acid which kills most of the bacteria present in food (d) mucus which coats the walls of the stomach to prevent it from being digested

Gene A sudden

random

change

mutation in the

sequence

of

(Mutasi nucleotides

in

particular

gen) gene.

Gene (Gen) A basic unit of inheritance which consists of a specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of chromosomes. It determines the characteristic of an organism.

Generative The nucleus

in

pollen

nucleus that

divides

to

(Nukleus become

two

male

penjana) gametes.

Genotype The genetic

composition

of

an

organism

that

determines

its

(Genotip) characteristics.

Genus Taxonomic

group

containing

related

(Genus) species.

Germination (Percambahan) The initial stage of growth and development of a seed, spore or pollen grain. Glomerulus (Glomerulus) A dense network of thin-walled capillaries, located within Bowmans capsule of each nephron of the kidney, where blood pressure forces water and dissolved nutrients through capillary walls for filtration by the nephron.

Graafian follicle (Folikel Graaf) A mature follicle in the ovary of a mammal that contains the secondary oocyte; secretes the hormone oestrogen.

Granulocyte A white

blood

cell

that

has

granular

cytoplasm

and

lobed

(Granulosit) nucleus.

H Haemoglobin Respiratory

pigment

containing

protein

and

iron,

located

in

red

(Hemoglobin) blood cells.

Haemophilia (Hemofilia) A hereditary, sex-linked disease caused by deficiency of clotting factors; causes the blood to clot very slowly.

Heart The

muscular

organ

that

pumps

blood

through

the

circulatory

(Jantung) system.

Heart attack (Serangan jantung) A severe reduction or blockage of blood flow through a coronary artery, thus cutting off the blood supply to heart muscles resulting in death of tissues.

Herbivore (Herbivor) Plant-eating animal. An organism that feeds directly and exclusively on vegetation; a primary consumer.

Heterotroph (Heterotrof) An organism which is unable to make its own food, and thus depends on other organisms as a source of food.

Heterozygote (Heterozigot) An organism or cell having two different alleles of a gene for a particular inherited characteristic.

Homeostasis (Homeostasis) The maintenance of the physical and chemical composition of the internal environment at a constant level.

Hormone (Hormon) A chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands into the blood and transported to target cells or organs where it induces a specific physiological response.

Host The

organism

on

or

in

which

parasite

or

another

species

(Perumah) lives.

Hybrid (Hibrid) An organism that is the offspring of parents differing in at least one genetically determined characteristic. Also used

to

refer

to

the

offspring

of

parents

of

different

species.

Hydrostatic skeleton (Rangka hidrostatik) A type of support system that uses fluid contained in body compartments to provide support and mass against which muscles can contract. For example, the earthworm has a hydrostatic skeleton.

Hydrotropism The growth

of

plant

roots

towards

water

or

(Hidrotropisme) moisture.

I Immune system (Sistem keimunan) A system in vertebrates for the destruction of disease-causing microorganisms. It consists of white blood cells such as lymphocytes, and plasma cells and their products.

Immunity (Keimunan) The ability of the body to defend itself against infection caused by pathogens or the harmful effects of their toxins.

Implantation The process

in

which

the

blastocyst

attaches

itself

to

the

(Penempelan) endometrium.

Inhalation In mammals,

this

is

the

act

of

drawing

air

(Tarik into

the

lungs

by

enlarging

the

chest

nafas) cavity.

Inheritance Acquisition

of

characteristics

by

the

transmission

of

genes

from

one

generation

(Pewarisan) to another.

J Joint (Sendi) A flexible region between two rigid units of an exoskeleton or endoskeleton, allowing for movement between the units. The joint is held together by various muscles and tendons. (a) The hinge joint allows movement only in one plane, forward and backward (like the hinge of a door). Examples are the elbow, knee and knuckle joints. (b) The ball-and-socket joint allows considerable movement - the bones can swivel and move in many directions. Examples are the hip joint and shoulder joint.

K Karyotype A display

of

chromosome

pairs

of

somatic

cell,

arranged

according

to

size

(Kariotip) and shape.

Knee jerk (Pantulan lutut) A reflex action when a tendon under the knee cap is tapped. It involves only two neurones, an afferent neurone and an efferent neurone. The reflex will cause the quadriceps muscle to contract and bring the lower leg forward.

Kwashiorkor (Kwasyiorkor) A protein-deficiency disease, usually occurring in children raised in tropical countries. The symptoms are a distended stomach (potbelly), changes in skin pigmentation and diarrhoea.

L Lacteal A blind-ended,

single,

lymph

capillary

in

each

villus

of

the

small

(Lakteal) intestine.

Law of independent assortment (Hukum pengaturan bebas) During gamete formation, each member of a pair of alleles may combine randomly with either member of another pair of alleles.

Law of segregation (Hukum segregasi) The law of segregation states that each individual characteristic of an organism is determined by a pair of alleles. The pair of alleles segregate during meiosis and only one from each pair of alleles can be present in a single gamete.

Leucocyte White

blood

(Leukosit) cell

Ligament The

elastic

tissue

that

joins

two

bones

(Ligamen) together.

Lignin (Lignin) A hard material that is embedded in the cell walls of plants. It increases the strength of plant tissues and thus provides support in terrestrial plants.

Locomotion The ability

of

organisms

to

move

from

one

place

to

(Pergerakan) another.

Lymph (Limfa) The colourless fluid carried in the lymphatic vessels; similar to tissue fluid but does not contain red blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins.

M Macrophage A type of

white

blood

cell

that

engulfs

microorganisms

and

destroys

them

by

(Makrofaj) phagocytosis.

Malignant Life-threatening

and

invasive.

Usually

refers

to

the

growth

and

spread

of

(Malignan) cancers.

Manometer (Manometer) An instrument used to measure the pressure of a gas or liquid. The basic manometer consists of a U-tube containing a known liquid. For example, mercury. One side of the U-tube is connected to a gas supply, the pressure of which is

to

be

measured

and

the

other

side

is

exposed

to

atmospheric

pressure.

Medulla (Medula) 1. The inner portion of some organs, as compared to the outer cortex. For example, the adrenal medulla and the renal medulla. 2. It is also commonly used to refer to the medulla oblongata of the brain.

Mesophyll (Mesofil) Specialised parenchyma cells beneath the epidermis of a leaf. There are often two layers or mesophylls, the closely packed upper palisade layer and the loosely packed lower spongy layer.

Monocot (Monokot) Short for monocotyledon, a type of flowering plant characterised by embryos with one seed leaf or cotyledon.

Morphology The study Morula A compact mitotic division

of ball of

the of a

form cells zygote,

and

structure formed before

of from the

just

(Morfologi) things. (Morula) the repeated blastocyst stage. living

Mutagen An agent

such

as

radiation

and

chemicals

that

causes

mutations

in

an

(Mutagen) organism.

Mutation (Mutasi) A sudden random change in the genetic material of a cell that alters the genotype and hence the phenotype and functions of the cell or organism.

Mutualism A symbiotic

relationship

in

which

both

participa-ting

species

(Mutualisme) benefit.

Myelin sheath (Salut mielin) A wrapping of insulating membranes around the axons and dendrons of many vertebrate nerve cells. It increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses.

N Negative feedback (Suap balik negatif) A situation in which a change initiates a series of events that tend to counteract the change and restore the original state. Negative feedback in physiological systems maintains homeostasis.

Nerve A bundle

of

axons

of

nerve

cells,

bound

together

in

(Saraf) sheath.

Nerve

tissue

(Tisu

saraf)

The tissue that makes up the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It consists of neurones and ganglia.

Nervous system (Sistem saraf) The system which is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system; it controls and coordinates responses of the body.

Nicotine A poisonous

and

addictive

organic

compound

found

in

cigarette

(Nikotin) smoke.

Neurone Nerve

cell

that

conducts

nerve

impulses

through

the

nervous

(Neuron) system.

Nucleotides (Nukleotida) The building blocks of a nucleic acid, each consis-ting of a five-carbon sugar linked to a nitrogenous base and phosphate group.

O Obese Excessively

(Gendut) fat

Open circulatory system (Sistem peredaran terbuka) A type of circulatory system found in some invertebrates, such as arthropods and mollusks, that includes an open space (the haemocoel) in which blood directly bathes body tissues.

Operculum An external

flap,

supported

by

bone,

which

covers

and

protects

the

gills

of

(Operkulum) most fish.

Osmoregulation The control

of

the

water

content

and

the

concentration

of

(Pengosmokawalaturan) salts in the body.

Osteoporosis (Osteoporosis) A condition in which bones become porous, weak, brittle and easily fractured; most common in elderly women.

Ovulation The release

of

the

secondary

oocyte

from

the

Graafian

follicle

in

(Pengovuman) the ovary.

Ozone layer (Lapisan ozon) The ozone-enriched layer of the upper atmosphere that filters out some of the suns ultraviolet radiation.

P Palisade cell (Sel palisad) A cell of the mesophyll layer, just beneath the upper epidermis, which contains a lot of chloroplasts.

Parasitism (Parasitisme) A symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits by feeding on the other (the host), which is normally harmed.

Parthenocarpy (Partenokarpi) The formation and development of fruit without fertilisation; produces fruit without seeds. Passive transport (Pengangkutan pasif) Movement of substances into or out of cells along a concentration gradient, that is, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. No energy is needed for this process. Diffusion is an example.

Pathogen A

microorganism

or

organism

that

causes

(Patogen) disease.

Pectoral girdle (Lengkungan pektoral) The bones that form the shoulder, consisting of the clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade).

Pectoral The muscles

that

are

muscles attached to

the

sternum

(Otot and collar

bone

of

pektoral) vertebrates.

Pedigree chart (Carta salasilah) A diagram showing genetic relationships among a set of individuals, normally with respect to a specific genetic trait.

Pelvic The bones

that

form

girdle the hips;

it

forms

(Lengkungan joint with the

femur

or

thigh

pelvis) bone.

Peptide A chain

composed

of

two

or

more

amino

acids

linked

together

by

peptide

(Peptida) bonds.

Peristalsis (in the digestive tract) (peristalsis) Rhythmic, coordinated contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract that moves food through the digestive tract.

Petiole The

stalk

that

connects

the

blade

of

leaf

to

the

(Petiol) stem.

Phenotype Any

observable

or

detectable

characteristic

of

an

(Fenotip) organism.

Phloem (Floem) The vessels that transport dissolved organic substances from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Phytoplankton (Fitoplankton) Community of photosynthetic microorganisms that drift or float in the well-lit surface layer (euphotic zone) in an aquatic environment.

Placenta (Plasenta) A temporary organ derived from foetal and maternal tissue located in the uterus of higher mammals; it is the site of exchange of materials between the foetus and the mother.

Plasma The liquid

part

of

the

blood

in

which

the

blood

cells

are

(Plasma) suspended.

Platelet A cellular

fragment

in

blood

that

plays

an

important

role

in

blood

(Platlet) clotting.

Polar nuclei (Nukleus kutub) The two nuclei in the centre of the embryo sac that are involved in double fertilisation; they fuse with a male gamete to form the triploid nucleus of the endosperm tissue.

Pollen tube (Tiub debunga) The tube that grows out of a germinating pollen grain. It carries male gametes to the ovule.

Pollination The process

in

which

pollen

are

transferred

from

the

anther

to

the

stigma

(Pendebungaan) of a flower.

Primary consumer (Pengguna primer) An organism that feeds on plants or algae. Also known as herbivores. In terrestrial ecosystems, these organisms are mainly insects, rodents and ruminants. In aquatic ecosystems, they are mainly zooplankton.

Q Quadrat (Kuadrat) In ecological studies, an area of known size used to measure some property, for example, distribution number in a population.

R Receptor (Reseptor) A cell (receptor cell) or a group of cells (sensory organ) specialised to detect a particular stimulus and initiate the transmission of nerve impulses via afferent neurones.

Recessive allele (Alel resesif) The phenotypic characteristic of a recessive allele is only expressed in the homozygous condition; it is not expressed in a heterozygote. Reflex action (Tindakan refleks) A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus which is not under conscious control.

Reflex arc (Arka refleks) The pathway taken by impulses in a reflex action; the pathway involves receptors, afferent/sensory neurones, the

central

nervous

system,

efferent/motor

neurones

and

effectors.

Replication (Replikasi) The copying of the double-stranded DNA molecule, producing two identical DNA double helices.

Rh factor (Faktor Rh) The antigen that determines the rhesus blood group. It is a protein present on the red blood cells of some people (Rhpositive) but not others (Rh-negative). The exposure of Rh-negative individuals to Rh-positive blood triggers the production of antibodies in response to the antigens on Rh-positive blood cells.

Response The physiological,

muscular

or

(Gerak behavioural activity

that

reacts

to

balas) stimulus.

Root hair (Rerambut akar) A fine projection of an epidermal cell of a young root that increases the absorptive surface area of the root.

Root nodule (Nodul akar) A swelling on the root of a legume or other plants that consists of cortical cells (cells of the cortex) inhabited by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Root pressure (Tekanan akar) A force that pushes water and dissolved minerals up from the root into the xylem vessels in the stem.

S Saprophytes (Saprofit)/ Saprotrophs (Saprotrof) Organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, that get their nutrients by breaking down organic wastes and dead organisms. Also known as decomposers.

Scientific method (Kaedah saintifik) A system in which a problem is identified, a hypothesis is made and tested through experimentation or additional observation, relevant data are gathered, and finally a conclusion is drawn. Scientific name (Nama saintifik) The name of an organism formed from the two smallest major taxonomic categories the genus and the species.

Sclerenchyma Plant cells with

walls

thickened

by

cellulose

and

lignin;

forms

the

wood

of

(Sklerenkima) many trees.

Scurvy A deficiency

disease

caused

by

lack

of

vitamin

in

the

(Skurvi) diet.

Secondary An organism

that

consumer feeds on

primary

(Pengguna consumers. Also

called

sekunder) carnivores.

Sex A pair

of

chromosomes chromosomes containing

genes

that

(Kromosom determine the

sex

of

an

seks) individual.

Sex-linked A

gene

gene located

(Gen on

terangkai sex

seks) chromosome.

Sickle-cell anaemia (Anemia sel sabit) A genetic disease caused by a gene mutation which alters the structure of haemoglobin; the abnormal haemoglobin distorts the red blood cell into a sickle shape and reduces the amount of oxygen that is carried to tissues thereby causing anaemia.

Sino-atrial The specialised

node neuro-muscular tissues

in

the

(Nodus heart that

act

as

sino-atrium) pacemaker.

Skeletal Muscles

which

are

attached

muscles to the

skeleton;

they

(Otot contract

to

bring

about

rangka) movement.

Stimulus Any change

in

the

external

or

internal

environment

of

an

(Rangsangan) organism.

Stroke (Strok) An interruption of blood flow to part of the brain caused by the rupture of an artery, or the blocking of an artery by a blood clot. Loss of blood supply leads to rapid death of the area of the brain affected.

Symbiosis (Simbiosis) A close interaction between individuals of different species over an extended period. Symbiosis includes parasitism, mutualism and commensalism. Synovial fluid (Bendalir sinovia) The clear fluid present in joints that acts as a lubricant.

T Taxis (pl. taxes) (Taksis) The directed movement of an entire organism (as opposed to part of an organism) towards or away from a stimulus such as heat, light, gravity or chemicals.

Taxonomy (Taksonomi) The science by which organisms are classified into hierarchically arranged categories that reflect their evolutionary relationships.

Tertiary A carnivore

that

consumer feeds

on

other

(Pengguna carnivores

(secondary

tertier) consumers).

Tertiary The

complex,

structure three-dimensional

structure

of

(Struktur a single

peptide

tertier) chain.

Thorax (Toraks) 1. In insects, it is the segmented region between the head and the abdomen to which structures used in locomotion (wings and legs) are attached. 2. In mammals, it is the area above the diaphragm which includes the heart and the lungs within the rib cage.

Trait Each

variant

of

(Trait) characteristic.

Transect In ecology,

line,

strip

or

profile

for

counting

and

(Transek) mapping.

Translocation The transport

of

organic

nutrients

in

the

phloem

of

(Translokasi) vascular plants.

Transpiration (Transpirasi) The loss of water rapour from the plant to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly in the leaves through stomatal pores.

Tropism (Tropism) A directional growth response shown by part of a plant in response to a unilateral stimulus.

Tube nucleus (Nukleus tiub) The nucleus in the pollen tube that guides the direction of growth of the pollen tube. U Ultrafiltration (Ultraturasan) The process in which hydrostatic pressure causes water and small, dissolved molecules to filter out from the blood plasma in the glomerulus into Bowmans capsule of the nephron.

V Variation The

differences

between

individuals

of

(Variasi) species.

Vector-animal vector (Vector haiwan) An organism that carries disease-causing organisms (pathogens) from one living thing to another. For example, certain mosquitoes are vectors for the malaria parasite.

Vein A

vessel

that

carries

blood

to

the

(Vena) heart.

Ventricle (Ventrikel) A lower chamber of the heart that receives blood from the atria and pumps it into the arterial system.

Vertebra Small, uniquely

shaped

bones

that

articulate

with

one

another

to

form

the

vertebral

(Vertebra) column.

Vesicle A

small,

membrane-bound

sac

within

the

(Vesikel) cytoplasm.

Villus (pl. villi) (Vilus) A finger-like projection of the inner wall of the small intestine that increases the surface area for absorption of soluble food material.

Virus (Virus) A non-cellular, parasitic particle that is composed of hereditary information (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. A virus multiplies within a cell of a living organism (the host).

X Xylem vessel (Vesel xilem) A vessel that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to other parts of a plant.

Y Yeast Unicellular

fungi

that

reproduce

by

(Yis) budding.

Z Zooplankton (Zooplankton) Non-photosynthetic, microscopic animals which feed on abundant phytoplankton that exist in the aquatic environment.

Zygote The diploid cell that is produced when two haploid gametes fuse during fertilisation.

(Zigot)