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Control Valves Selection and Sizing Globe and Ball Valves Butterfly Valve Damper Actuators Selection and Sizing Damper Actuators NEMA Ratings NEMA Descriptions Pneumatic Relays Relay Piping Retrofit Cross Reference Conversion Tables Conversion Factors English to Metric Conversion Guide Pressure Conversion Table Temperature Conversion Table Psychrometric Chart H-23 H-25 H-26 H-27 H-28 H-19 H-22 H-18 H-17 H-2 H-14
Information
Page #
In this section you will nd reference materials on selecting and sizing control equipment, including: Valves Damper Actuators Pneumatic Relays This section also includes conversion guides for your use. For more information: For technical or installation instructions and locations, visit the web site at: www.sbt. simenens.com/hvp/ components. For further assistance, please contact a Siemens Building Technologies representative at: 1.888.593.7876.
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H-1
Engineering
Pricing Comparison
Today, with equivalent pricing between ball and globe valves, the full port ball valve is falling out of favor for most HVAC control applications. This is also due to its poor installed ow characteristic that leads to its inability to maintain proper control. New ow optimized or characterized ball valves, specically designed for modulating applications, have been developed. Characterized ball valves are sized the same way as globe valves. They provide an equal percentage ow characteristic, enabling stable control of uids. Additionally, there are more cost-effective valve actuators now available for globe valves. Better control and more-competitive pricing now puts globe valves on the same playing eld as characterized ball valves.
A basic rule of control valve sizing is: The higher the percentage of drop across the wide open valve in relation to the percentage of pressure drop through the line and process coil, the better the control.
Engineering
* This equates to a pump head pressure of approximately 230 ft. Not very common HVAC applications ** Valve can be line sized to minimize pressure losses; buttery valves are also used for these applications.
H-2
Sizing
Pressure Drop for Water Flow
A pressure drop must exist across a control valve if ow is to occur. The greater the drop, the greater the ow at any xed opening. The pressure drop across a valve also varies with the disc positionfrom minimum when fully open, to 100% of the system drop when fully closed. To size a valve properly, it is necessary to know the full ow pressure drop across it. The pressure drop across a valve is the difference in pressure between the inlet and outlet under ow conditions. When it is specied by the engineer and the required ow is known, the selection of a valve is simplied. When this pressure drop is not known, it must be computed or assumed. If the pressure drop across the valve when fully open is not a large enough percentage of the total system drop, there will be little change in uid ow until the valve actually closes, forcing the valves characteristic toward a quick opening form. Figure 1 shows ow-lift curves for a linear valve with various percentages of design pressure drop. Note the improved characteristic as pressure drop approaches 100% of system pressure drop at full ow. It is important to realize that the ow characteristic for any particular valve, such as the linear characteristic shown in Figure 1 is applicable only if the pressure drop remains nearly constant across the valve for full stem travel. In most systems, however, it is impractical to take 100% of the system drop across the valve. A good working rule is, at maximum ow, 25 to 50% of the total system pressure drop should be absorbed by the control valve. Although this generally results in larger pump sizes, it should be pointed out that the initial equipment cost is offset by a reduction in control valve size, and results in improved controllability of the system. Reasonably good control can be accomplished with pressure drops of 15 to 30% of total system pressures. A drop of 15% can be used if the variation in ow is small. Recommended Pressure Drops for Valve Sizing Water 1. With a differential pressure less than 20 psig, use a pressure drop equal to 5 psi. 2. With a differential pressure greater than 20 psig, use a pressure drop equal to 25% of total system pressure drop (maximum pump head), but not exceeding the maximum rating of the valve.
Figure 1.
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H-3
Engineering
Recommended Pressure Drops for Valve Sizing Steam 1. With gravity ow condensate removal and inlet pressure less than 15 psig, use a pressure drop equal to the inlet gauge pressure. 2. With vacuum return system up to 7 Hg vacuum and an inlet pressure less than 2 psig, a pressure drop of 2 psig should be used. With an inlet pressure of 2 to 15 psig, use a pressure drop equal to the inlet gauge pressure. 3. With an inlet pressure greater than 15 psig, use a pressure drop equal to 50% of inlet absolute pressure. Example: Inlet pressure is 20 psig (35 psig). Use a pressure drop of 17.5 psi. 4. When a coil size is selected on the basis that line pressure and temperature is available in the coil of a heating and ventilating application, a very minimum pressure drop is desired. In this case, use the following pressure drop:
Initial Pressure 15 psi 50 psi 100 psi Over 100 psi Pressure Drop 5 psi 7.5 psi 10 psi 10% of line pressure
Select a valve that is suitable for this application and has a Cv as close as possible to the calculated value. One choice is 277-03186: a 1-1/4 NC valve with a Cv of 16. Refer to Flowrite Valves Reference section.
Engineering
H-4
Valve Body Rating The temperature-pressure ratings for ANSI Classes 125 and 250 valve bodies made of bronze or cast iron are shown below.
Pressure Description
Bronze Screwed Bodies Specication #B16.15-1978 ANSI Amer. Std.; USA; ASME
Temperature
-20 to + 150F (-30 to + 66C) -20 to + 200F (-30 to + 93C) -20 to + 250F (-30 to + 121C) -20 to + 300F (-30 to + 149C) -20 to + 350F (-30 to + 177C) -20 to + 400F (-30 to + 204C)
Cast Iron Flanged Bodies Class A-sizes 1 to 12 Specication #B16.1 1975 ANSI Amer. Std.; USA; ASME
-20 to + 150F (-30 to + 66C) -20 to + 200F (-30 to + 93C) -20 to + 225F (-30 to + 106C) -20 to + 250F (-30 to + 121C) -20 to + 275F (-30 to + 135C) -20 to + 300F (-30 to + 149C) -20 to + 325F (-30 to + 163C) -20 to + 350F (-30 to + 177C) -20 to + 375F (-30 to + 191C) -20 to + 400F (-30 to + 204C)
2-Way, Full-Port (no ow optimizer) Ball Valve Part Numbers and Flow Coefcients
Valve Line Size
in. (mm)
Ball Size
in. (mm)
Valve Part No. 599-10208 599-10210 599-10214 599-10217 599-10219 599-10221 599-10223 599-10225
1-1/4 (32)
1-1/2 (38)
2 (51)
2-1/2 (63)
3 (76)
4 (102)
5 (127)
6 (152)
15.35 (13.12) 39.78 33.56 (34.00) (28.69) 100.00 69.19 51.45 (86.21) (5.13) (43.98) 63.00 55.34 51.00 (54.31) (47.30) (43.59) 160.00 93.80 76.34 (137.93) (80.17) (65.25) 100.00 94.30 86.12 (86.21) (80.60) (73.61) 250.00 187.47 140.26 (215.52) (160.23) (119.88)
Key Valve may be oversized. Optimal valve size. Valve may be undersized.
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H-5
Engineering
Valve Sizing Formulas The following denitions apply in the following formulas: Cv Valve ow coefcient, U.S. GPM with P = 1 psi P1 Inlet pressure at maximum ow, psia (abs.) P2 Outlet pressure at maximum ow, psia (abs.) P P1 P2 at maximum ow, psi Q Fluid ow, U.S. GPM Qa Air or gas ow, standard cubic feet per hour (SCFH) at 14.7 psig and 60F W Steam ow, pounds per hour (lb./hr.) S G T K Specic gravity of uid relative to water @ 60F Specic gravity of gas relative to air at 14.7 psig and 60F Flowing air or gas temperature (F) 1 + (0.0007 x F superheat), for steam C v= Cv=KrQ Cv=Q
1. For liquids (water, oil, etc.):
Remarks:
Specic gravity correction is negligible for water below 200F (use S=1.0). Use actual specic gravity S of other liquids at actual ow temperature. Use this for uids with viscosity correction fact. Use actual specic gravity S for uids at actual ow temperature.
C v=
Use this when P2 is greater than 1/2P1. Use this when P2 is less than or equal to 1/2P1.
V2 Specic volume, cubic feet per pound, at outlet pressure P2 and absolute temperature (T + 460) Kr Viscosity correction factor for uids (See Page I-4)
C v= C v=
Use this when P2 is greater than 1/2P1. Use this when P2 is less than or equal to 1/2P1. When P2 is less than or equal to 1/2P1, use the value of 1/2P1 in place of P and use P2 corresponding to 1/2P1 when determining specic volume V2.
C v=
WK 63.4
Engineering
H-6
Viscosity Factors The relationship between kinematic and absolute viscosity: Centistoke = Centipoise Specic Gravity
Saybolt* Univ Seconds (S.S.U.) 46,350 37,080 27,810 18,540 13,900 11,590 9,270 6,950 4,635 3,708 2,781 1,854 1,390 1,159 927 695 464 371 278 186 141 119 97.8 77.4 58.9 52.1 45.6 39.1 36.0 32.6 31.6 31.3
Engler Time Seconds 10,800 7,100 5,700 4,250 2,820 2,120 1,760 1,400 1,050 700 555 420 290 225 191 157 127 97 85.5 76.0 67.5 62.5 58.0 55.5
Kinematic Viscosity 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 800 600 400 300 250 200 150 100 80 60 40 30 25 20 15 10 8 6 4 3 2 1.5 1.1
Cv Correction Factors (Kr) 1.90 1.82 1.78 1.74 1.67 1.63 1.61 1.57 1.43 1.45 1.42 1.37 1.30 1.25 1.22 120 1.16 1.11 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.93
For Heating Water with Steam: lbs. steam/hr. = 0.50 x GPM x (F water temp. rise)
GPM1 = GPM2 x (F water2 temp. rise or drop) F water1 temp. drop For Heating Air with Steam Coils: lbs. steam/hr. = 1.08 x (F air temp. rise) x CFM 1000 For Heating Air with Water Coils: GPM = 2.16 x CFM x (F air temp. rise) 1000 x (F water1 temp. drop) lbs. steam/hr. = 0.24 x ft.2 EDR (Low pressure steam) EDR = Equivalent Direct Radiation 1 EDR (steam) = 240 BTU/Hr. (Coil Temp. = 215F) 1 EDR (water) = 200 BTU/Hr. (Coil Temp. = 197F) GPM = ft.2 EDR 50 (Assume 20F water TD)
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H-7
Engineering
MZ Series
2-way Line Size 1/2, Cv 1.6 1/2, Cv 4 3/4 to 1 Cv 10 1/2, Cv 1.6 1/2, Cv 4 3/4 to 1, Cv 10 Electronic
Normally Closed
3-way
70 psi (482 kPa) 70 psi (482 kPa) 40 psi (276 kPa) 40 psi (276 kPa) 30 psi (207 kPa) 30 psi (207 kPa) 60 psi (414 kPa) 25 psi (172 kPa) 35 psi (241 kPa) 15 psi (103 kPa) 30 psi (207 kPa) 10 psi (69 kPa)
Normally Open
For 3-way valve close-offs, use this chart to determine upper port (NC) and bottom port (NO).
MT Series
Pneumatic 599-01088 8-13 psi 95 psi (655 kPa) 50 psi (345 kPa) 40 psi (276 kPa) 45 psi (310 kPa) 25 psi (172 kPa) 10 psi (69 kPa) Electronic SQS 10-15 psi 95 psi (655 kPa) 50 psi (345 kPa) 40 psi (276 kPa) 20 psi (138 kPa) 15 psi (69 kPa) 95 psi (655 kPa) 50 psi (345 kPa) 40 psi (276 kPa) 21 psi (145 kPa) 13 psi (90 kPa) 95 psi (655 kPa)
Normally Closed
SSC
3-8 psi 40 psi (276 kPa) 28 psi (193 kPa) 18 psi (124 kPa) 95 psi (655 kPa) 45 psi (310 kPa)
2-way
160 psi (1103 kPa) 120 psi (868kPa) 85 psi (586 kPa) 70 psi (482 kPa) 28 psi (193 kPa) 14 psi (96 kPa) 65 psi (448 kPa) 55 psi (379 kPa) 20 psi (138 kPa) 10 psi (68 kPa)
Normally Open
Close-off pressures at 20 psi actuator pressure. Pneumatic 599-01088 8-13 psi 95 psi (655 kPa) 50 psi (345 kPa) 40 psi (276 kPa) 45 psi (310 kPa) 25 psi (172 kPa) 10 psi (69 kPa) Electronic SQS 10-15 psi 120 psi (827 kPa) 95 psi (655 kPa) 65 psi (448 kPa) 50 psi (345 kPa) 20 psi (138 kPa) 10 psi (69 kPa) 50 psi (345 kPa) 40 psi (276 kPa) 10 psi (69 kPa) 7 psi (48 kPa) 95 psi (655 kPa)
Normally Closed
SSC
3-8 psi 40 psi (276 kPa) 28 psi (193 kPa) 18 psi (124 kPa) 95 psi (655 kPa) 45 psi (310 kPa)
3-way
160 psi (1103 kPa) 95 psi (655 kPa) 85 psi (586 kPa) 70 psi (482 kPa) 10 psi (69 kPa) 7 psi (48 kPa) 55 psi (379 kPa) 40 psi (276 kPa) 10 psi (69 kPa)
Normally Open
Engineering
For 3-way valve close-offs, use this chart to determine upper (NC) and bottom port (NO). Close-off pressures at 20 psi actuator pressure.
H-8
599-10203 599-10204 599-10205 599-10206 599-10207 599-10208* 599-10209 599-10210* 599-10211 599-10212 599-10213 599-10214* 599-10215 599-10216 599-10217* 599-10218 599-10219* 599-10220 599-10221* 599-10222 599-10223* 599-10224 599-10225*
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/4 3/4 1 1 1 1 1-1/4 1-1/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 2 2 2 2
(15) (15) (15) (15) (15) (15) (20) (20) (25) (25) (25) (25) (30) (30) (30) (40) (40) (40) (40) (50) (50) (50) (50)
130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 3/4 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70
(896) (896) (896) (896) (896) (896) (896) (896) (689) (689) (689) (689) (689) (689) (689) (482) (482) (482) (482) (482) (482) (482) (482)
(0.34) (0.54) (1.4) (2.2) (3.5) (8.6) (8.6) (22) (8.6) (22) (14) (54) (14) (35) (86) (22) (54) (35) (138) (35) (86) (54) (215)
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H-9
Engineering
Electronic
Valve Size in. (mm) 1/2 (15) 3/4 (20) 1 (25) 1-1/4 (32) 1-1/2 (40) 2 (50) 2-1/2 (65) 3 (80) 4 (100) 5 (125) 6 (150) 1/2 (15) 3/4 (20) 1 (25) 1-1/4 (32) 1-1/2 (40) 2 (50) 2-1/2 (65) 3 (80) 4 (100) 5 (125) 6 (150) SQX62 APC 271 250 (1724) 221 (1524) 130 (896) 75 (517) 46 (317) 28 (193) 25 (172) 18 (124) 250 (1724) 173 (1193) 112 (772) 69 (476) 44 (303) 27 (186) 25 (172) 18 (124) SQX82 APC 272, 273 250 (1724) 221 (1524) 130 (896) 75 (517) 46 (317) 28 (193) 25 (172) 18 (124) 250 (1724) 173 (1193) 112 (772) 69 (476) 44 (303) 27 (186) 25 (172) 18 (124) Rack & Pinion APC 298, 299 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 173 (1193) 100 (690) 61 (421) 37 (255) 25 (172) 18 (124) 250 (1724) 231 (1593) 149 (1028) 92 (634) 59 (407) 36 (248) 25 (172) 18 (124) SKD APC 274, 275, 276 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 203 (1400) 117 (807) 73 (503) 44 (303) 34 (234) 22 (152) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 201 (1386) 124 (855) 80 (552) 49 (338) 38 (262) 25 (172) SKB APC 289-291 250 (1724 ) 250 (1724 ) 250 (1724 ) 250 (1724) 208 (1434) 126 (869) 97 (668) 63 (434) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 201 (1386) 153 (518) 101 (342) SKC APC 292-294 39 (268) 25 (172) 17 (117) 65 (448) 42 (289) 29 (199) El/Mech APC 296 250 (1724) 238 (1640) 140 (965) 81 (558) 50 (345) 31 (214) 24 (165) 15 (103) 10 (68) 250 (1724) 186 (1282) 121 (834) 75 (517) 48 (331) 30(207) 23 (158) 16 (110) 10 (68) El/Mech APC 295, 297 250 (1724) 238 (1640) 140 (965) 81 (558) 50 (345) 31 (214) 50 (344) 32 (220) 20 (137) 250 (1724) 186 (1282) 121 (834) 75 (517) 48(331) 30(207) 48 (330) 32 (220) 21 (144)
Table Notes All valves within table are in psi (kPa) unless otherwise indicated. For 3-way valve close-offs, use this chart to determine upper port (NC) and bottom port (NO).
Engineering
H-10
Pneumatic
Spring Range Valve Size in. (mm) 1/2 (15) 3/4 (20) 1 (25) 1-1/4 (32) 1-1/2 (40) 2 (50) 2-1/2 (65) 3 (80) 4 (100) 5 (125) 6 (150) 1/2 (15) 3/4 (20) 1 (25) 1-1/4 (32) 1-1/2 (40) 2 (50) 2-1/2 (65) 3 (80) 4 (100) 5 (125) 6 (150) 4 Actuator 3 to 8 psi (21 to 55 kPa) 8 Actuator 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 198 (1365) 123 (848) 100 (689) 66 (444) 12 Actuator 4 Actuator
0 psi (0 kPa)
142 (979) 250 (1724) 80 (552) 231 (1593) 52 (359) 150 (1034) 32 (221) 93 (641) 20 (138) 60 (414) 12 (83) 37 (255) 31 (213) 20 (138)
95 (655) 304 (2096) 63 (434) 200 (1378) 40 (275) 129 (889) 26 (179) 82 (565) 18 (124) 57 (393)
250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 148 (1020) 92 (634) 55 (379) 187 (1288) 36 (248) 114 (786) 23 (158) 74 (610) 46 (317) 29 (199) 20 (137)
Table Notes All valves within table are in psi (kPa) unless otherwise indicated. For 3-way valve close-offs, use this chart to determine upper port (NC) and bottom port (NO).
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H-11
Engineering
2-1/2 to 8-inch Cast Iron Flange Dimensions (as dened by ANSI standard B16.1)
Engineering
H-12
Vacuum Inches Hg 29.74 29.67 29.56 29.40 29.18 28.89 28.50 28.00 27.88 25.85 23.81 21.78 19.74 17.70 15.67 13.63 11.60 9.56 7.52 5.49 3.45 1.42 Gauge Pressure psi 0.0 0.3 1.3 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.3 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.3 11.3 12.3 13.3 14.3 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.3 24.3 25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.3
Absolute Pressure psi 0.0886 0.1217 0.1780 0.2562 0.3626 0.505 0.696 0.946 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Absolute Pressure psi 14.70 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Temperature degrees Fahrenheit 32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100.00 101.83 126.15 141.52 153.01 162.28 170.06 176.85 182.86 188.27 193.22 197.75 201.96 205.87 209.55 Temperature degrees Fahrenheit 212.0 213.0 216.3 219.4 222.4 225.2 228.0 230.6 233.1 235.5 237.8 240.1 242.2 244.4 246.4 248.4 250.3 252.2 254.1 255.8 257.6 259.3 261.0 262.6 264.2 265.8 267.3 268.7 270.2 271.7 273.1
Gauge Pressure psi 30.3 31.3 32.3 33.3 34.3 35.3 36.3 37.3 38.3 39.3 40.3 41.3 42.3 43.3 44.3 45.3 46.3 47.3 48.3 49.3 50.3 51.3 52.3 53.3 54.3 55.3 56.3 57.3 58.3 59.3 60.3 61.3 62.3 63.3 64.3 65.3 66.3 67.3 68.3 69.3 70.3 71.6 72.3 73.3 74.3 75.3 76.3 77.3 78.3 79.3 80.3 81.3 82.3 83.3 84.3 85.3 87.3 89.3 91.3 93.3 95.3
Temperature degrees Fahrenheit 274.5 275.8 277.2 278.5 279.8 281.0 282.3 283.5 284.7 285.9 287.1 288.2 289.4 290.5 291.6 292.7 293.8 294.9 295.9 297.0 298.0 299.0 300.0 301.0 302.0 302.9 303.9 304.8 305.8 306.7 307.6 308.5 309.4 310.3 311.2 312.0 312.9 313.8 314.6 315.4 316.3 317.1 317.9 318.7 319.5 320.3 321.1 321.8 322.6 323.4 324.1 324.9 325.6 326.4 327.1 327.8 329.3 330.7 332.0 333.4 334.8
Gauge Pressure psi 97.3 99.3 101.3 103.3 105.3 107.3 109.3 111.3 113.3 115.3 117.3 119.3 121.3 123.3 125.3 127.3 129.3 131.3 133.3 135.3 137.3 139.3 141.3 143.3 145.3 147.3 149.3 151.3 153.3 155.3 157.3 159.3 161.3 163.3 165.3 167.3 169.3 171.3 173.3 175.3 177.3 179.3 181.3 183.3 185.3 190.3 195.3 200.3 205.3 210.3 215.3 220.3 225.3 230.3 235.3 245.3 255.3 265.3 275.3 285.3
Absolute Pressure psi 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 175 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 260 270 280 290 300
Temperature degrees Fahrenheit 336.1 337.4 338.7 340.0 341.3 342.5 343.8 345.0 346.2 347.4 348.5 349.7 350.8 352.0 353.1 354.2 355.3 356.3 357.4 358.5 359.5 360.5 361.6 362.6 363.6 364.6 365.6 366.5 367.5 368.5 369.4 370.4 371.3 372.2 373.1 374.0 374.9 375.8 376.7 377.6 378.5 379.3 380.2 381.0 381.9 384.0 386.0 388.0 389.9 391.9 393.8 395.6 397.4 399.3 401.1 404.5 407.9 411.2 414.4 417.5
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H-13
Engineering
Buttery Valves
Sizing Example
With this information and assuming the media is water or a similar media (glycol/water mix), a control valve can be properly sized for the application by following these steps: 1. Calculate the required Cv: Using the following formula and the information required above, you could calculate the ow coefcient (Cv) of the control valve. Cv= GPM
Whereas: GPM = The maximum ow requirement P = The max. pressure drop (5 psi) Example The line size is 6 and the required ow is 600 GPM with a maximum pressure drop of 5 psi. The square root of 5 is equal to 2.236. When divided into 600, the required Cv for this application is: 268.336. 2. Select your valve size: Using the Flow Coefcients (Cvs), select the appropriate valve size. If your required Cv is in between valve sizes, choose the larger size valve. When selecting a 3way assembly, the Cv of the run should be selected. Example The line size is 6 and the calculated required Cv is 268.336. The valve selected is a 4 with a rated Cv of 647. Buttery valves are high capacity valves and require very little pressure drop to control ow, which allows for reduction from the line size when sizing valves. This pipe reduction affects the ow characteristics and will reduce the effective Cv of the valve. This phenomenon is known as the piping geometry factor (Fp), which brings us to the nal step in valves sizing.
Engineering
H-14
Buttery Valves
Table Note Flow Coefcients (Cv) = The amount of water in gallons per minute, at 60F that will pass through a given orice with a one pound pressure drop.
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H-15
Engineering
Table Notes Three-way valve assemblies Cvs are corrected from published two-way Cvs to account for line losses generated by the tee, and are calculated values only. The pipe friction losses are a function of uid velocity through the pipe and the three-way Cvs listed are apparent for full ow through the pipe. Operation at less than full capacity (lower velocity) will increase the actual Cvs
Buttery Valves
3. Piping Geometry Factor: Reducing pipe sizes for installation of a smaller than pipe size valves will reduce the effective Cv of the valve. The greater the pipe reduction, the greater loss of Cv. Using the Adjusted Cvs for Piping Geometry Factors chart, verify that the corrected Cv, for the valve size selected, meets or exceeds the required Cv calculated in step 2. Note: 3-way Cvs have already been adjusted.
6-inch 3-way Assembly at Constant Valve Differential Pressure (corrected for tee loss)
Engineering
H-16
Damper Actuators
1. From the actuator literature select the actuator type and size whose actuator torque rating (ATR) in lb-in is most appropriate for the application. 2. The ATR is normally based on 90 rotation of the damper. For torque ratings of other than 90F rotation, use the following formula: ATR @ X rotation = ATR @ 90 rotation x Crank Radius @ X Crank Radius @ 90
3. If the actuator is rated in pounds of thrust, it can be converted to torque using the following formula:
1. From the damper manufacturer get the Damper Torque Rating (DTR) for the damper at the most severe operating conditions. If the damper torque rating is not available, Table 1 can be used for estimating purposes only on an interim basis. However, it is very important to get the damper torque rating from the manufacturer as soon as possible to assure accurate torque calculations. 2. Calculate the damper area (DA) in square feet from the damper dimensions. 3. Calculate the Total Damper Torque (TDT) in lb-in using the following formula: TDT = DTR X DA
Applications
*The crank arm length is for 90 shaft rotation at nominal actuator stroke.
Quantity of Actuators
1. Calculate the number of actuators required using the following formula: Total Damper Torque Number of actuators = SF x Actuator Torque Rating SF = Safety Factor: When calculating the number of actuators required, a safety factor should be included for unaccountable variables such as slight misalignments, aging of the damper, etc. A suggested factor is 0.8 or 80% of the rated torque. 2. If the number of actuators calculated is too large to be practical, select a more powerful actuator or consider using a positioning relay if it is a pneumatic actuator.
features
Table 1
4. If the damper torque rating is not available, use a torque wrench on the damper shaft while air is moving through the duct to measure the TDT.
Actuator Size
Damper Type
Damper Leakage at 1 H2O Static Pressure Drop More than 10 CFM/ft.2 5 to 10 CFM/ft.
2
Damper Torque for Approach Air Velocities of 1200 ft./min. or less 2.5 lb.-in./ft.2 5.0 lb.-in./ft.2 7.0 lb.-in./ft.2
Contact your local customer service representative for additional application assistance when specific damper factors are known.
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H-17
Engineering
NEMA Ratings
Type 1 2 Intended Use and Description Indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against limited amounts of falling dirt Indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against limited amounts of falling water and dirt. Outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against rain, sleet, wind blown dust and damage from external ice formation. Sections 14, and Gasket TestsSection 43 Outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against rain, sleet, and damage from external ice formation. Outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against rain, sleet, windblown dust and to provide for operation of external mechanisms when ice laden. Indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against windblown dust and rain, splashing water, hose-directed water and damage from external ice formation. Indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against corrosion, windblown dust and rain, splashing water, hose-directed water, and damage from Indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against setting airborne dust, falling dirt, and dripping noncorrosive liquids. Requirements or Qualication Tests, Paragraph or Section Numbers Corrosion Protection5.3 or Rust Resistance Section 38 Corrosion Protection5.3 or Rust Resistance Section 38, DripSection 31, GasketsSection 14 and Gasket TestsSection 43 RainSection 30, Outdoor Dust or Hose Section 32 or 35, IcingSection 34, Protective CoatingSection 15, Gaskets RainSection 30, IcingSection 34, Protective CoatingSection 15, GasketsSection 14, and Gasket TestsSection 43 RainSection 30, Outdoor Dust or Hose Section 32 or 35, IcingSection 34, Protective CoatingSection 15, Gaskets Sections 14, and Gasket TestsSection 43 HosedownSection 35, Protective Coating Section 15, IcingSection 34, Gaskets Section 34, and Gasket TestsSection 43 HosedownSection 35, Protective Coating Section 15, Corrosion ResistanceSection 39, IcingSection 34, GasketsSections 14, and Gasket TestsSection 43 Corrosion ProtectionSection 5.3 or Rust ResistanceSection 38, DripSection 31, Indoor Setting Airborne Dust or Atomized Water Method BSection 32 or 33, GasketsSections 14, and Gasket TestsSection 43 HosedownSection 35, IcingSection 34, SubmersionSection 36, Protective Coating Section 15 GasketsSections 14, and Gasket HosedownSection 35, IcingSection 34, Protective CoatingSection 15, Air Pressure Section 40, GasketsSections 14, and Gasket TestsSection 43 Corrosion ProtectionSection 5.3 or Rust ResistanceSection 38,Protective Coating Airborne Dust or Atomized Water Method B Section 32 or 33, GasketsSections 14, and Gasket TestsSection 43 13 Indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against dust, spraying of water, oil, and noncorrosive coolant. Corrosion ProtectionSection 5.3 or Rust ResistanceSection 38, OilSection 37, Gaskets Sections 14, and Gasket TestsSection 43
3R
3S
4X
Indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against hose-directed water, and the entry of water during occasional temporary submersion at a limited depth TestsSection 43 Indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against hose-directed water, the entry of water during prolonged submersion at a limited depth and damage from external ice formation. Indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against circulating dust, falling dirt, and dripping noncorrosive liquids. Section 15 DripSection 31, Indoor Setting
6P
12, 12K
Table Notes Refer to specic sections in the UL Standard UL50 Enclosures for Electrical Equipment. NEMA Ratings can be applied by the manufacturer through a self-certication process or through an independent testing house, such as UL. The term, Type, indicates to an inspector that the certication was performed independently.
Engineering
H-18
Relays
Relay Piping
Application Index
Pneumatic Relays
Multi-purpose, Balance-retard and Analog Relays
In the list below locate the application and type of required to locate the appropriate connections diagram.
Application Reverse Acting Reverse Acting Minimum Pressure Minimum Pressure with Characterized Output Minimum Pressure with Characterized Output Characterized Minimum Pressure Minimum Pressure with Hesitation Adjustable Minimum Pressure Highest Pressure Signal Selector Direct Acting Direct Acting Direct Acting with Positive Positioning Override Signal Advancing Adjustable Advancing Summing Signal Retard Signal Retard Balancing Hesitation Averaging Ratio 1 in = 2 out Ratio 2 in = 1 out Signal Inverting Signal Inverting Lowest Pressure Signal Selector Lowest Pressure Signal Selector Differential Pressure Limit Control Direct Acting Pressure Limiting in Dual Pressure Systems Limit Control Reverse Acting
Key R TD TR
Type of Relay Multi-purpose Analog Multi-purpose Multi-purpose Analog Analog Balance-retard Analog Analog Multi-purpose Analog Analog Multi-purpose Analog Analog Balance-retard Analog Balance-retard Balance-retard Analog Analog Analog Multi-purpose Analog Multi-purpose Analog Analog Multi-purpose Balance-retard Multi-purpose
Output signal port Direct acting input signal port Reverse acting input port
S SP T
Air supply port Setting of the adjustable screw Direct acting input port
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H-19
Engineering
Relay Piping
(ContinuedRefer to chart on H-19)
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Engineering
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
H-20
Relay Piping
(ContinuedRefer to chart on H-19)
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
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H-21
Engineering
Engineering
H-22
Conversion Factors
To Convert From atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres Btu Btu Btu Btu/hour Btu/hour Btu/hour Btu/minute Btu/minute Btu/minute Description Btu/minute Btu/minute Btu/hour Btu/ft. /minute
2
General Conversions
Into feet of water (at 4C) inch of mercury (at 0C) pounds/square inch foot-pounds horsepower-hours kilowatt-hours foot-pounds/second horsepower-hours watts foot-pounds/second horsepower kilowatts watts tons of refrigeration tons of refrigeration Watts/square inch Kilojoules/kilogram Laberts Candle meters cubic inches cubic yards gallons (U.S. liquid) pints (U.S. liquid) quarts (U.S. liquid) gallons/second pounds of water/minute liters per second millions gallons/day gallons/minute cubic feet cubic yards gallons cubic feet cubic inches gallons (U.S. liquid) pints (U.S. liquid) quarts (U.S. liquid) cubic feet/second gallons/second seconds revolutions/minute
Multiply By 33.90 29.92 14.70 778.3 3.931 x 10-4 2.928 x 10 0.2162 3.929 x 10-4 0.2929 12.96 0.02356 0.01757 17.57 1/200 1/12,000 0.1221 2.33 0.4870 0.0929 1,728.0 0.03704 7.48052 59.84 29.92 0.1247 62.43 0.4719 0.646317 448.831 5.787 x 10
-4 -4
To Convert From feet of water feet of water feet of water feet of water feet/min. feet/min. feet/sec. feet/sec. Foot-candle foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds Applications foot-pounds/min. foot-pounds/min. foot-pounds/min. foot-pounds/min. foot-pounds/sec. foot-pounds/sec. foot-pounds/sec. foot-pounds/sec. gallons gallons gallons gallons gallons (liq. Br. Imp.) gallons (U.S.) gallons of water gallons/min. gallons/min. US gallons/min. US gallons/min. gallons/hour horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower (boiler) horsepower (boiler) horsepower-hours horsepower-hours horsepower-hours
Into atmospheres inch of mercury pounds/square foot pounds/square inch feet/second miles/hour miles/hour miles/min. Lumen/square meter Btu horsepower-hour kilowatt-hour Btu/min. foot-pounds/second horsepower kilowatts Btu/hour Btu/min. horsepower kilowatts cubic feet cubic inches cubic yards liters gallons (U.S. liquid) gallons pounds of water cubic feet/sec. cubic feet/hour liters per second liters per second cubic meters/hour Btu/minute foot-pounds/min. foot-pounds/sec. kilowatts Watts Btu/hour kilowatts Btu foot-pounds kilowatt-hours
Multiply By 0.02950 0.8826 62.43 0.4335 0.01667 0.01136 0.6818 0.01136 10.764 1.286 x 10-3 5.050 x 10-7 3.766 x 10-7 1.286 x 10-3 0.01667 3.030 x 10-5 2.260 x 10-5 4.6263 0.07717 1.818 x 10-3 1.356 x 10-3 0.1337 231.0 4.951 x 10 3.785 1.20095 0.83267 8.3453 2.228 x 10-3 8.0208 0.06309 3.7854 1.434 x 10-3 42.44 33,000.0 550.0 0.7457 745.7 33.479 9.803 2,547.0 1.98 x 106 0.7457
Btu/pound air Candle/in. cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet/min. cubic feet/min. cubic feet/min. cubic feet/sec. cubic feet/sec. cubic inches cubic inches cubic inches cubic yards cubic yards cubic yards cubic yards cubic yards
2
Candle/ft.2
features
2.143 x 10-5 4.329 x 10-3 27.0 46,656.0 202.0 1,615.9 807.9 0.45 3.367 3,600.0 0.1667
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H-23
Engineering
Conversion Factors
To Convert inch inches inches of mercury inches of mercury inches of mercury inches of mercury inches of water inches of water in. of water (at 4C) inches of water inches of water kilometers kilometers kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts-hour kilowatts-hour kilowatts-hour Pa yards
Into
Multiply By 248.84 2.778 x 10 0.03342 1.133 70.73 0.4912 2.458 x 10-3 0.07355 0.5781 5.204 0.03613 0.6214 1,094.0 56.92 4.426 x 104 737.6 1.341 1,000.0 3,413.0 2.655 x 106 1.341 3.53
-2
To Convert OHM (international) ounces pounds pounds of water pounds of water pounds of water pounds/cubic feet pounds/square feet pounds/square feet pounds/square feet pounds/square feet pounds/square inch pounds/square inch pounds/square inch pounds/square inch revolutions square feet Watts Watts Watts Watts Watts Watts Watt-hours Watt-hours Watt-hours Watt-hours
Into OHM (absolute) pounds ounces cubic feet/second cubic inches gallons pounds/cubic inches atmospheres feet of water inches of mercury pounds/square inches atmospheres feet of water inches of mercury pounds/square feet degrees square inches Btu/hour Btu/minute foot-pounds/minute foot-pounds/second horsepower kilowatts Btu foot-pounds horsepower-hour kilowatt-hour
Multiply By 1.0005 0.0625 16.0 0.01602 27.68 0.1198 2.670 x 10-4 5.787 x 10-4 1,728.0 4.725 x 10-4 0.01602 0.01414 6.944 x 10-3 0.06804 2.307 2.036 144.0 360.0 144.0 3.4129 0.05688 44.27 0.7378 1.341 x 10-3 0.001 3,413.0 2,656.0 1.341 x 10-3 0.001
atmospheres feet of water pounds/square feet pounds/square feet atmospheres inches of mercury ounces/square inches pounds/square feet pounds/square inches miles yards Btu/minutes foot-pounds/minutes foot-pounds/second horsepower Watt Btu foot-pounds horsepower-hour pounds of water evaporated from and at 212F US gal/min. foot-candles Spherical candle power Watt Lumen/square meters foot-candles btu/hr. inches feet yards feet/minute feet/second miles/minute feet/second miles/hour
liters per sec. lumens/square feet Lumen Lumen Lumen/square feet lux lux meter meters meters miles/hour miles/hour miles/hour miles/minute miles/minute
15.85 1.0 0.07958 0.001496 10.76 0.0929 1000 39.372 3.281 1.094 88.0 1.467 0.1667 88.0 60.0
Engineering
H-24
Multiply By 6.4516 9.2903 x 10-2 4.1840 0.2731 471.9474 0.4719 0.4719 x 10-3 1.6990 1.695 1.607 1.695 0.0631 4.4482 25.4000 2.5400 30.4800 0.3048 0.4536 0.2929 746.0000 6.8947 98.0665 248.84 3376.85 tC =(tF-32) 1.8 tK=(tF+459.67) 1.8 0.1129 1.3558 0.3048 5.0800 x 10-3 0.4470 16.3871 2,8317 x 10-2 3.7854 x 10-3 2.9573 x 10-5 1.0551 1.3558 3.6000
Square Feet (ft.2) BTU Per Pound-MassF (BTU/lb. x F) Cubic Inches Per Minute (in.3/min.) Cubic Feet Per Minute (ft. /min.)
3
Square Meters (m2) Kilojoule Per KilogramKelvin (kJ/kg.K) Cubic Centimeters Per Second (cm3/s) Cubic Centimeters Per Second (cm /s)
3
Cubic Feet Per Minute (ft.3/min.) Cubic Feet Per Minute (ft.3/min.) Cubic Feet Per Minute (ft.3/min.) Standard Cubic Feet Per Minute SCFM 60F, 14.7 psia Standard Cubic Feet Per Minute SCFM 60F, 14.7 psia Gallons Per Minute (U.S. liquid) (GPM) Force Length Pound (Force) (lb.) Inches (in.) Inches (in.) Feet (ft.) Feet (ft.) Mass (Weight) Power Pressure (Stress)
2
Cubic Decimeters Per Second (dm3/s)=ls)3 Cubic Meters Per Second (m3/s) Cubic Meters Per Hour (m3/h) Cubic Meters Per Hour (m3/h 0C, 1.01325 bar) Cubic Meters Per Hour (m3/h 15C, 1.01325 bar) Cubic Decimeters Per Seconds (dm3/s)=l/s) Newtons (N) Millimeters (mm) Centimeters (cm) Centimeters (cm) Meters (m) Kilogram (kg) Watts (W) Watts (W) Kilopascals (kPa)
2
Pound (lb.) BTU Per Hour (BTU/hr.) Horsepower (hp) Pounds Per Square Inch (psi) Kilograms Per Square Centimeters (Kg/cm ) Inches of Water ( W.G.) @ 60F Inches of Mercury ( H.G.) @ 60F
Kilopascals (kPa) Pascals (Pa) Pascals (Pa) Degrees Celcius (tC) Kelvin (tK) Newton-Meter (Nm) Newton-Meter (Nm) Meters Per Second (m/s) Meters Per Second (m/s) Meters Per Seond (m/s) Cubic Centimeters (cm )
3
Toruqe (Bending)
Torque Velocity
Pound Force-Inch (lb.-in.) Pound Force-Foot (lb.-ft.) Feet Per Second (ft./sec.) Feet Per Minute (ft./min.) Miles Per Hour (MPH)
Volume
Cubic Feet (ft.3) Gallons U.S. (gal.) Ounce (oz.) Work (Energy) BTU (BTU) Foot Pound (ft.-lb.) Watthour (W-hr.)
Cubic Meters (m3) = Stere Kilojoule (kJ) Joule (J) Kilojoule (kJ)
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H-25
Engineering
Chart Notes 1. Since standard and normal cubic meters (STD m3 and Nm3) do not have a universally accepted denition, their reference pressure and temperature should always be spelled out. 2. In commercial and everyday use, the term weight almost always means mass. 3. Air consumption for pneumatic control devices should be expressed in milliliters per second (ml/s). Allowable leakage rates for pneumatic control devices should be expressed in milliliter per second (ml/s) or microliters per second (ul/s).
kPa 0.000 6.895 16.789 20.684 27.579 34.474 41.368 48.263 55.158 62.053 68.948 75.842 82.737 89.632 96.527 103.421 110.316 177.211 124.106 131.000 137.895 144.790 151.685 158.579 165.474 172.369
Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
psi 0.000 0.145 0.290 0.435 0.580 0.725 0.870 1.015 1.160 1.305 1.450 1.595 1.740 1.885 2.030 2.176 2.321 2.466 2.611 2.756 2.901 3.046 3.191 3.336 3.481 3.626
kPa
Index
psi
kPa
Index
psi
*kPa kPa
Index
*PSI psi
179.264 186.058 193.053 199.948 206.843 213.737 220.632 227.527 234.422 241.316 248.211 255.106 262.001 268.895 275.790 282.685 289.580 296.475 303.369 310.264 317.459 324.054 330.948 337.843 344.729
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
3.771 3.916 4.061 4.206 4.351 4.496 4.641 4.786 4.931 5.076 5.221 5.366 5.511 5.656 5.801 5.946 6.092 6.237 6.382 6.527 6.672 5.617 6.962 7.107 7.252
531.633 358.527 365.422 372.317 379.212 386.106 393.001 399.896 406.791 413.685 420.580 427.475 434.370 441.264 448.159 455.054 431.949 468.843 475.738 482.633 489.528 496.422 503.317 510.212 517.107
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 42 73 74 75
7.397 7.542 7.687 7.832 7.977 8.122 8.267 8.412 8.557 8.702 8.847 8.992 9.137 9.282 9.427 9.572 9.717 9.862 10.008 10.153 10.298 10.443 10.588 10.733 10.878
524.001 530.896 537.791 544.686 551.581 558.475 565.370 572.265 579.160 586.054 592.949 599.844 606.739 613.633 621.528 627.423 634.318 641.212 648.107 655.002 661.897 668.791 675.686 682.581 689.476
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
11.023 11.168 11.313 11.458 11.603 11.748 11.893 12.038 12.183 12.328 12.473 12.618 12.763 12.908 13.053 13.198 13.343 13.488 13.633 13.778 13.924 14.069 14.214 14.359 14.504
Engineering
H-26
C -45.6 -40.0 -34.4 -28.9 -23.3 -17.8 -17.2 -16.7 -16.1 -15.6 -15.0 -14.4 -13.9 -13.3 -12.8 -12.2 -11.7 -11.1 -10.6 -10.0 -9.44 -8.89 -8.33 -7.78 -7.22 -6.67 -6.11 -5.56 -5.00 -4.44 -3.89 -3.33 -2.78 -1.67 -1.67 -1.11 -0.56 0 0.56 1.11 1.67 2.22 2.78 3.33 3.89 4.44 5.00 5.56 6.11 6.67 7.22
F -58 -40 -22 -4 14 32 33.8 35.6 37.4 39.2 41.0 42.8 44.6 46.4 48.2 50.0 51.8 53.6 55.4 57.2 59.0 60.8 62.6 64.4 66.2 68.0 69.8 71.6 73.4 75.2 77.0 78.8 80.6 82.4 84.2 86.0 87.8 89.6 91.4 93.2 95.0 96.8 98.6 100.4 102.2 104.0 105.8 107.6 109.4 111.2 113.0
C 7.78 8.33 8.89 9.44 10.0 10.6 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0 20.6 21.1 21.7 22.2 23.8 23.3 23.9 21.1 25.0 25.6 26.1 26.7 27.2 27.8 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.1 31.7 32.2 32.8 33.3 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.6
46 to 96 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
F 114.8 116.6 118.4 120.2 122.0 123.8 125.6 127.4 129.2 131.0 132.8 134.6 136.4 138.2 140.0 141.8 143.6 145.4 147.2 149.0 150.8 152.6 154.4 156.2 158.0 159.8 161.6 163.4 165.2 167.0 168.8 170.6 172.4 174.2 176.0 177.8 179.6 181.4 183.2 185.0 186.8 188.6 190.4 192.2 194.0 195.8 197.6 199.4 201.2 203.0 204.8
C 36.1 36.7 37.2 37.8 43 49 54 60 66 71 77 82 88 93 99 100 104 110 116 121 127 132 138 143 149 154 160 166 171 177 182 188 193 199 204 210 216 221 227 232 238 243 249 254 260 316 371 427 482 538
97 to 1000 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 212 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 600 700 800 900 1000
F 206.6 208.4 210.2 212.0 230 248 266 284 302 320 338 356 374 392 410 413 426 443 464 482 500 518 536 554 572 590 608 626 644 662 680 698 716 734 752 770 788 806 824 842 860 878 896 914 932 1112 1292 1472 1652 1832
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H-27
Engineering
Psychrometric Chart
Engineering
H-28
Notes
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H-29
Engineering
Engineering
H-30
Notes
Notes
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H-31
Engineering
Engineering
H-32
Notes