WHAT IS A SENTENCE?

Sentence To make our meaning clear we use a single word; such as, come, go, sit, run, etc. But generally we use words in groups to make our meaning clear: such as 1. The children are playing in the garden. 2. The Taj Mahal is in Agra. ence a !entence is a group o" words that makes complete sense. A !entence always starts with a capital letter and ends with a "ull stop. #hen we make a sentence, we name a person or a thing and then we say something a$out that person or thing. #hat you name is called the SUBJECT o" the sentence. #hat you say a$out the !u$ject is called the PREDICATE o" the sentence. Thus e%ery sentence is made o" a Subject and a Predicate. E.g. Mary had a little lam$. Subject &'ercise !eparate the su$ject and the predicate in the "ollowing sentence. 1. (ature is the $est physician. 2. Man is a social animal. ). The earth re%ol%es round the sun. *. The sun rises in the east. +. Mother Teresa is a great social worker ,. -iana is %ery $eauti"ul .. /illian is going to school today. 0. 1ome was not $uilt in a day. 2. 3olum$us disco%ered America. Predicate

Kinds of Sentences: !entences are di%ided into "our kinds, namely: . Dec!arati"e Sentences A -eclarati%e sentence makes a statement or declares something. e.g. 4ohn is playing cricket. -elhi is the capital o" 5ndia. The children are going to Agra #. Interrogati"e Sentences An 5nterrogati%e sentence asks a 6uestion. e.g. #hen is he going to -elhi7 #ill you play cricket today7 5s he coming with us7 $. I%&erati"e Sentences An 5mperati%e !entence e'presses a command or a re6uest. e.g. 3lose the door and keep still. 8lease knock $e"ore you enter the room. Always speak the truth. '. E(c!a%ator) Sentences An &'clamatory !entence e'presses some strong and sudden "eeling. e.g. #hat a $eauti"ul painting9 ow glad 5 am that you ha%e come9 #hat a great mo%ie9 The sentence "ormula "or a simple sentence is: :. 5nterrogati%e;Au'iliary;!u$ject;<er$;=$ject>3omplement. A1. !u$ject;Au'iliary;<er$; =$ject>3omplement. A2. !u$ject;(egati%e Au'iliary; <er$;=$ject>3omplement. Any con%ersation with a person will $e in 6uestion and answer "orm. The answer will $e positi%e or negati%e. 5n this $ook we shall use :. "or 6uestions, A1 "or positi%e answers and A2 "or negati%e answers. The di""erence $etween A1 and A2 is in the au'iliary. ?or A1 we use a positi%e au'iliary and A2 a negati%e au'iliary. !tudy the sentence "ormula gi%en a$o%e and memori@e it.

Q I / Q II
#e usually ask a 6uestion either to get the answer in the positi%e or the negati%e e.g. Are you coming with me7 =r to get a reason e.g.: #hy are you coming with me7 Asking 6uestions in &nglish in all the tenses as well as with Au'iliaries Amentioned in a later 3hapterB should $e practiced $y the student. ere we shall "irst identi"y the 6uestion. CetDs say, the 6uestion which can $e answered in the positi%e or negati%e are :;1 and the 6uestion which can $e answered with a reason are :;55 AAt this stage, students should just identi"y the sentenceB.

5denti"y the sentence; :5 or :55 #hether the answer could $e yes or no;:5 #hether the answer couldnDt $e yes or no;:55 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. -o 5 ha%e to come7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE #hat did you do7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE a%e you read this $ook7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Am 5 not $eauti"ul7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE #hy is his shirt $etter than yours7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE #hy must we watch this mo%ie7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE !hall we watch the mo%ie now7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE !hall we $uy the stereo set today7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

2.

!hould 5 wait "or you today7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

1F. #onDt you come with me7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 11. #hat would you like to $uy7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 12. Are you com"orta$le7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 1). #ould you like to join us7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 1*. #hy canDt we tra%el $y train7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 1+. #ere you "ast asleep7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 1,. -o you like this apartment7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 1.. ArenDt you sleepy7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 10. #hy did you distur$ me7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 12. #here do you wish to ha%e your dinner7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 2F. 3an /anguly $at as well7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 21. ow did you get hurt7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 22. May we ha%e a $reak7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Sentence Pattern
SUBJECT / OBJECT / VERBS
Subject* The su$ject o" a sentence is generally the person or thing a$out which something is said and can usually $e "ound $y asking the 6uestion GwhoG or GwhatG $e"ore the %er$. e.g. !he went near the ri%er, Ain this sentence GsheG is the su$ject.B +bject* The o$ject o" a %er$ is the person or thing to which the action denoted $y the %er$ passes o%er "rom the doer. 5t can generally $e "ound $y asking the 6uestion GwhomG or GwhatG a"ter the %er$. e.g. 5 $ought a $ook on cooking Ain this sentence the G$ookG is the o$jectB ,erb* The %er$ is the most important part o" a sentence and tells us or asserts something a$out the su$ject. 5t shows an action or state and may consist o" one word or more than one word. e.g. !he has "orgotten her $ag. A5n this sentence Ghas "orgottenG is the %er$.B Break up the "ollowing sentence into su$ject;%er$;o$ject !H<H= 1ohan plays "oot$all ! H < H=

E(ercise Inderline the !u$ject, <er$ and =$ject 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. The customer has $ought this car. The $oys are ha%ing lunch. 8aul watched the sunrise. The $oys played cricket. The athlete crossed the "inishing line. 4ohn wrote a letter. &%ery$ody liked him. The teacher lo%es teaching. #e know his name.

1F. Maria has lost her hand$ag. 11. The little girl shut the window. 12. -onald wrote a letter to his client. 1). #e should help the needy. 1*. Mr. !mith has learnt to play the %iolin.

PARTS OF SPEECH
Introduction #ords are used "or di""erent purposes. They, in other words, per"orm a %ariety o" "unctions. They, sometimes, name persons, places and things and on occasion, they are used in place o" other words or they descri$e things, persons or places. #ords are also used to descri$e actions, show relationships and to com$ine words or sentences. #ords may also $e used to modi"y another word and to e'press some sudden "eeling. They are classi"ied into eight kinds $ased on their "unctions. #ords which are "re6uently used in speech or writing are called &arts of s&eec-: 1. (ouns 2. Adjecti%es ). 8ronouns *. <er$s +. Ad%er$s ,. 8repositions .. 3onjunctionss 0. 5nterjection AThe de"inition o" the same is gi%en along with the chaptersB JArticlesD and J8unctuationD are generally not considered to $e a part o" speech $ut ne%ertheless play a %ital role in "raming a sentence.

ARTICLES
Artic!es: GAG, GanG and GtheG are known as Articles. Kinds o" Articles: There are two types o" articles. . Definite Artic!e: An Article which is used to re"er to a particular person or thing is known as the -e"inite Article. &': the #. Indefinite Artic!e: An Article which does not re"er to any particular person or thing is known as the 5nde"inite Article. &': a, an A. T.E SE/ECTI+0 +1 2A2 +R 2A02 The selection $etween GaG and GanG is determined $y sound. .ints: 1. 2. JAD is used $e"ore a word $eginning with a consonant sound. &': a man, a chair, a uni%ersity, a horse, a yard. JAD is also used $e"ore a word $eginning with GhG and also with GyG and GuG. &': a horse, a historical place, a youth, a year, a yell, a yellow "lower, a young man, a use"ul thing, a unit, a &uropean, a uni"orm, a union ). *. JAD is used $e"ore a word $eginning with a GwG sound. &': a one legged soldier, a one man tri$unal, a one rupee note, such a one. JAnD is used $e"ore a word $eginning with a %owel sound. &': an hour, an heir, an honest citi@en, an ass, an enemy, an orange, an uncle, an ice cream.

B. T.E USE +1 I0DE1I0ITE ARTIC/E The 5nde"inite Article JaD or JanD is used in the sense o" 2one of a 3ind2. &': 5 met a colleague, Ameans one o" some>all colleaguesB 5 read a maga@ine, Ameans one o" some>all maga@inesB 5t is used to represent a whole class or in the sense o" a!! or an). &': A pupil should $e o$edient, Ameans all or any pupilB A mother must lo%e her children, Ameans all or any motherB 5t is used in the sense o" GoneG. &': This is a $ook. C. 2A2 +R 2A02 IS 0+T USED A or An is not used with a plural noun. &': cats, toys, $ooks Anot a cats, a toys, a $ooksB

#ith material nouns. &': glass, cloth, sil%er, $read, wheat, sand, water, wine, rice, iron, paper, sugar.

#ith a$stract nouns &': happiness, pleasure, $eauty, lo%e, "ear, a""ection, "riendship, wisdom

D. T.E USE +1 DE1I0ITE ARTIC/ES The -e"inite Article GtheG is used when we speak o": Particu!ar &ersons or t-ings GTheG is used to talk a$out particular persons or things. &': The old man you met yesterday is my grand"ather. The lady you saw at the theatre is my sister. Persons or t-ings %entioned for t-e second ti%e GTheG is used to talk a$out persons or things mentioned "or the second time. &'.: 5 saw a dress. The dress is %ery $eauti"ul. 5 went to a restaurant. The restaurant is %ery well designed. 2

Singu!ar nouns re&resenting t-e 4-o!e c!ass The teacher should lo%e her students.Le%ery or all teachersM

&': The lion is the king o" the jungle. Aall or any lionB 0a%es of ri"ers5gu!fs5seas5grou&s of is!ands5%ountain ranges and oceans &': the /anges, the 8ersian /ul", the imalayas, the 8aci"ic =cean 6e!!*3no4n boo3s

GTheG is used with the names o" well known $ooks. &': the Bi$le, the Bhaga%ath /ita, the 1amayana, the Koran Su&er!ati"e adjecti"es

JTheD is used $e"ore superlati%e adjecti%es. &': the tallest tower, the $iggest mountain, the largest island, the longest tunnel. Directions

GTheG is used with directions. &': the north, the east, the south, the west .istorica! bui!dings

GTheG is used with historical $uildings. &': the Taj Mahal, the !tatue o" Ci$erty, the 1ed ?ort, the &i""el Tower. 0e4s&a&ers and %aga7ines

&': the industan Times, the 5ndian &'press, the Times o" 5ndia. 0a%es of countries

GTheG is used with the names o" certain countries and pro%inces. &': the 8unja$, the Inited Kingdom, the Inited !tates, the -eccan 1a%ous -istorica! e"ents

GTheG is used with historical e%ents. &': the 1enaissance, the American #ar o" 5ndependence.

1F

Trains8 s-i&s and aero&!anes

GTheG is used with the names o" trains, ships and aeroplanes. &': the /ujrat Mail, the 3oncord, the Titanic, the 1ajdhani &'press E. +9ISSI+0 +1 T.E ARTIC/E Pro&er nouns: Mona, 5ndia, 5nor$it mall Abstract nouns: wisdom, honesty, courage 9ateria! nouns: gold, cloth, mar$le. /anguages: indi, ?rench, &nglish. 0a%es of %ea!s8 ga%es8 diseases8 co!ours8 seasons: lunch, cricket, "lu, pink8 summer. 1. REPETITI+0 +1 T.E ARTIC/E &.g. The "irst and the second "light. The accountant and the analyst E(ercise: 1i!! in t-e b!an3s 4it- 2a28 2an2 or 2t-e2. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. My aunt is EEEEEEEE teacher in EEEEEEEEuni%ersity. EEEEEEEE imalayas lie in EEEEEEEE north o" 5ndia. ?rench is EEEEEEEE easy language. EEEEEEEE sun shines $y day, and EEEEEEEE moon $y night. !he is EEEEEEEE &nglish writer who li%es in ?rance. 4ohn returned a"ter EEEEEEEE hour. 11

.. 0. 2.

5 just met him EEEEEEEEyear ago. -o you see EEEEEEEE $lue sky7 4ack has $ought EEEEEEEE $icycle. EEEEEEEE$icycle is green.

1F. Australia is EEEEEEEEisland. 11. 3opper is EEEEEEEEuse"ul metal 12. Mr. -a%is, EEEEEEEEhonoura$le man, li%es near EEEEEEEEMall. 1). 1ustom is EEEEEEEEyoung 8arsee. 1*. EEEEEEEE/anga is EEEEEEEE sacred ri%er. 1+. EEEEEEEE school will close shortly "or EEEEEEEE-iwali holiday. 1,. EEEEEEEElion is EEEEEEEEking o" EEEEEEEEjungle. 1.. #ho is EEEEEEEEowner o" this house7 5 think, Mr 4ack. 10. -o you know EEEEEEEEe'act time o" the start o" EEEEEEEEe'hi$ition: 12. !anskrit is EEEEEEEEdi""icult language 2F. !he is EEEEEEEE untidy girl.

12

THE NOUN: KINDS OF NOUNS

A1B #hat is a (oun7 A noun is a word used as the name o" a person, place or thing. A2B ow many kinds o" (ouns are there7 There are "i%e kinds o" (ouns. ; < A Co%%on 0oun:*is a name gi%en in common to e%ery person or thing o" the same class or kind. e.g.:; 1B ;#< A Pro&er 0oun: * e.g.:; 1B e.g.:; 2B girl, $oy, woman, man, animal. is the name o" some particular person or place. 8erson;<ictor, 4onathan, Mary, 8anda 8lace; Mum$ai, ?rance, Condon, 3le%eland

;$< A Co!!ecti"e 0oun: * is the name "or a num$er o" persons or things taken together and spoken o" as one whole. e.g.:; crowd, mo$, team, "lock, herd, army, "leet, jury, "amily, nation, parliament, committee. ;'< An Abstract 0oun: * is the name o" a 6uality, action or state. :uality ; goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, $rightness, honesty, wisdom, $ra%ery. Action ; laughter, the"t, mo%ement, judgement. !tate; childhood, $oyhood, youth, sla%ery, sleep, sickness, death, po%erty. ;=< A 9ateria! 0oun: * A noun that re"ers to metals and materials "rom which something is made is called a Material (oun. e.g.: ; iron, gold, sugar, tea, oil, milk, rice, and wheat etc.

1)

T.E C+RRECT USE +1 S+9E 0+U0S A1B (ouns which are always used in the plural The "ollowing (ouns are always used in the plural 1iches tidings spectacles shorts trousers goods mathematics gymnastics news summons politics gentry people nation thanks surroundings alms $illiards mo%a$les wages athletics statistics mechanics innings ethics mankind poultry "olk police audience cattle pu$lic stocks premises eata$les scissors stockings proceeds "etters arms tongs jeans %alua$les

pantaloons measles

A2B (ouns : 8lural in appearance $ut !ingular in use physics gallows economics classics

A)B 3ollecti%e (ouns used in the 8lural

A*B A$stract (ouns ha%e no plural &'.: hope, charity, lo%e, kindness A+B Material (ouns are not used in the plural &.g.: copper, iron, tin, wood, gold, water, milk. 0ote: These words may $e used in the 8lural with a di""erent meaning. &'. coppers irons tins woods means N N N copper coins "etters, chains cans made o" tin "orest 1*

A,B Cetters, ?igures and other sym$ols are turned plural $y adding an apostrophe and GsG &'.: There are two MGs and two TGs in the word committee. ?i%e +Gs are twenty "i%e. A.B 8eople means a nation and it may $e used $oth as singular and plural &'.: The 8arisians are creati%e people. A0B (ouns used in the singular scenery rice issue stationery machinery a$use alpha$et "urniture $aggage o""spring "uel mischie" in"antry luggage hair

in"ormation ad%ice

A2B GMeansG is used as singular or plural &'.:;The 3inema is a means o" entertainment. (ote: ; But it is plural in the sense o" wealth &'.:; e is a man o" means. A is means are plenti"ulB. 0+U0: 0U9BER 0u%ber: The word which indicates whether a noun is singular or plural is known as the num$er o" the noun. Kinds of 0u%bers: A noun has two num$ers: 1. 2. . The !ingular (um$er The 8lural (um$er T-e Singu!ar 0u%ber: a noun which denotes one person or thing is known as singular num$er. &'. tree, $o', o', man, $oy, girl, cow, $ird, pen, $ook. 1+

#.

T-e P!ura! 0u%ber: a noun which denotes more than one person or thing is known as plural num$er. &': trees, $o'es, o'en, men, $oys, girls, cows, $irds, pens, $ooks.

.+6 T+ 1+R9 P/URA/S Singu!ar $alloon "ace kite lion shoe toe P!ura! $alloons "aces kites lions shoes toes Singu!ar day lake prince state tongue uncle P!ura! days lakes princes states tongues uncles

#e can see "rom the a$o%e, that most nouns "orm their plurals $y adding GsG to the singular. 2. (ouns ending with GchG, GsG, GssG, GshG, "orm their plurals $y adding GesG to the singular. Singu!ar $ranch catch inch peach torch watch P!ura! $ranches catches inches peaches torches watches Singu!ar gas $us dress cross wish crash P!ura! gases $uses dresses crosses wishes crashes

1,

).

(ouns ending with GyG which ha%e a consonant $e"ore JyD "orm their plural $y changing GyG into GiesG Singu!ar army $ody copy cry duty "amily P!ura! armies $odies copies cries duties "amilies Singu!ar $a$y city country diary "airy "ly P!ura! $a$ies cities countries diaries "airies "lies

0ote: But onlyGsG is added to the singular, i" the GyG comes a"ter a %owel.e.g. ray, toy, key *. (ouns ending with G" or G"eG "orm the plural $y changing G"D or G"eG into G%esG Singu!ar cal" loa" thie" kni"e P!ura! cal%es lea%es thie%es kni%es Singu!ar lea" shel" wol" li"e P!ura! lea%es shel%es wol%es li%es

But the e'ceptions are: Singu!ar chie" grie" hoo" +. Singu!ar Bu""alo ero mos6uito potato &'ceptions: 1. P!ura! chie" grie"s hoo"s P!ura! $u""aloes heroes potatoes Singu!ar dwar" gul" proo" Singu!ar echo mango tomato P!ura! dwar"s gul"s proo"s P!ura! echoes mangoes cargoes tomatoes

Most nouns ending with GoG are turned plural $y adding GesG the singular.

mos6uitoes cargo

Singu!ar $am$oo photo ,. Singu!ar man "oot goose o' .. Singu!ar

P!ura! $am$oos photos P!ura! men "eet geese o'en

Singu!ar dynamo piano Singu!ar woman tooth mouse child

P!ura! dynamos pianos P!ura! women teeth mice children

!ome nouns "orm their plural $y %owel change.

3ompound nouns are turned plural $y adding GsG to the principal word. P!ura! 3ommanders;in;chie" !ons;in;law -aughters;in;law !tep;sons !tep;daughters Maid;!er%ants 8assers;By =n;lookers Men;o";war and"uls Arm"uls !poon"uls 3up"uls 3ommander;in;chie" !on;in;law -aughter;in;law !tep;son !tep;daughter Maid;!er%ant 8asser;By =n;looker Man;o";war and"ul Arm"ul !poon"ul 3up"ul

10

/reek words: Singu!ar a'is $asis parenthesis phenomenon thesis Catin words: Singu!ar datum inde' radius "ormula memorandum terminus medium E(ercise * 3hange the num$er o" the "ollowing words 1ing Bag #atch Cady =re 1adius 8asser$y Ball 3olour Man Cea" ?oot ?ormula ?lower Button ?ish #i"e Tooth 3up /lass 8ony 3al" 3hild /irl !titch Ba$y 8roo" Mouse Bottles 3rises ?ly Thie" -atum P!ura! data indices or inde'es radii "ormulae, "ormulas memoranda termini media P!ura! a'es $ases parentheses phenomena theses Singu!ar crisis analysis criterion oasis P!ura! crises analyses criteria oases

hypothesis hypotheses

-aughter;in;law

Maid;ser%ant

12

E(ercise # 3hange the num$er o" the noun in the sentence and make necessary changes accordingly: e.g. The goat came home /oats came home. A monkey chatters Monkeys chatter #here is the parrot7 #here are the parrots7 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. The girl is writing a letter. 3ows gi%e us milk. There are + cups on the ta$le. The inkpots are new. My sister can sing well. ?leur plucked many "lowers Cea%es are "alling "rom the trees Ba$ies ha%e $een crying. The thie" stole e%erything he could carry.

1F. The room has "our doors 11. The child plays in the garden. 12. e ga%e me two pencils 1). The $oys $roke the $ottles o" ink. 1*. There is a $ird on the tree. 1+. e $roke the glass.

2F

0+U0: >E0DER >ender: /ender indicates whether a person or an animal is masculine or "eminine. The word GgenderG originated "rom Catin word GgenusG which means kind or sort. Kind of >ender: 5n &nglish languages genders are o" "our kinds: 1. 2. ). *. 1. Masculine /ender ?eminine /ender 3ommon /ender (euter /ender 9ascu!ine >ender: A noun which denotes a male person or an animal is known as masculine gender. &'.: $oy, $rother, "ather, hus$and, horse, dog, drone, king, lord, man, monk, nephew, son, stag, uncle, wi@ard, author. 2. 1e%inine >ender: A noun which denotes a "emale person or an animal is known as "eminine gender. &'.: girl, sister, mother, wi"e, mare, $itch, $ees, 6ueen, lady, woman, nun, niece, daughter, hind, aunt, witch, authoress. ). Co%%on >ender: A noun which denotes $oth male and "emale person or an animal is known as common gender. &'.: parents, painter, dri%er singer, cousin, child, artists, cook, judge, rider, "riend, pupil, thie", ser%ant, relation, enemy, person. *. 0euter >ender: A noun which denotes neither male nor "emale Aperson or animalB is known as neuter gender. &'.: $ook, pen, pencil, ta$le, lamp, house, radio, al$um, photograph, camera, glass, college, school, science, poetry, car.

21

S+9E 1ACTS AB+UT >E0DER 1. (ote the use o" the "ollowing words: !alesman !pokesman 3hairman 2. !aleswoman or girl !pokeswoman>spokesperson 3hairperson

But salesperson, chairperson, spokesperson are pre"erred. !hips and 3ountries are treated as "eminine gender. &'.: The ship has lost all her crew. 5ndia is proud o" her heritage and culture. ). =$jects noted "or strength and %iolence are treated as masculine gender. &'.: sun, summer, winter, time, death. ;The sun shed his $eams o" light on the rich and the poor alike. ;=ld ?ather Time ne%er rests. *. =$jects nota$le "or $eauty, grace, gentleness, and admiration are treated as "eminine gender. &'.: moon, earth, spring, autumn, nature, li$erty, justice, mercy, peace, hope, charity. ;The moon has hidden her "ace $ehind the cloud. ;!pring has spread her mantle o" green o%er the earth. ;8eace has her %ictories no less renowned than war. masculine gender "ather Incle gentleman ero prince author /reat uncle 3@ar peacock "eminine gender mother aunt lady heroine princess authoress great aunt c@arina peahen masculine gender son nephew monk $achelor king emperor heir master jack ass "eminine gender daughter niece nun spinster 6ueen empress heiress mistress jenny ass 22

8oet shepherd patron steward traitor wi@ard Cord E(*$: *

poetess shepherdess patroness stewardess traitoress witch lady

lion priest prophet peer waiter stag horse

lioness priestess prophetess peeress waitress hind mare

3hange the gender and rewrite the sentence correctly. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. The cow is gra@ing in the "ield. My uncle has le"t "or his o""ice. Their niece is a doctor. The princess was dressed in a shimmering gown. The king rode the horse. The host was charming The emperor "ought alongside his troops. The peacock danced in the rain. My son;in;law works in the !tandard 3hartered Bank.

1F. The lion is on the prowl in the jungle. 11. The gentleman $owed $e"ore the king. 12. The actress injured hersel". 1). e died a $achelor. 1*. ?ather scolded his son. 1+. The c@ar o" 1ussia was honoured $y his courtiers. The word OactressP has $ecome outdated. ?emale actresses are called JactorsD now.

2)

0oun >rou& 0a%e ere we shall learn the group name "or a noun. !r. (o. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. 1F. 11. 12. 1). 1*. 1+. 1,. 1.. 10. 12. 2F. 21. 22. 2). 2*. 2+. 2,. A /roup (ame a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a Band $atch>class Bench Board Bou6uet Bo' Brood Bunch Bunch Bundle 3ara%an 3hoir cloud>swarm 3ode 3ollection army>$attalion>company congregation consignment 3ouncil 3ouple 3ourse -o@en -ro%e ?amily ?leet o" (oun o" musicians o" students o" magistrates o" directors o" "lowers o" cigars o" chickens o" "lowers o" "ruit o" sticks o" tra%ellers o" singers o" locusts o" laws o" stamps o" soldiers o" worshippers o" goods o" ad%isers o" things o" lectures things o" cattle o" mem$ers o" ships 2*

cluster>constellation>gala'y o" stars

2.. 20. 22. )F. )1. )2. )). )*. )+. ),. ).. )0. )2. *F. *1. *2. *). **. *+. *,. *.. *0. *2. +F. +1. +2. +). +*. ++. +,. +..

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

?lock /ang /ang /arland /allery /ro%e heap eap erd erd erd i%e Kennel Ceague Cegion Ci$rary Citter Cock nest>swarm (ursery 8ack 8acket 8air 8air 8arade :ui%er range>chain 1etinue !chool !eries !et

o" $irds o" dacoits o" workers o" "lowers o" pictures o" trees o" ruins o" sand o" cattle o" cows o" elephants o" $ees o" dogs o" nations o" de%ils o" $ooks o" pigs o" hair o" ants o" plants o" wol%es o" cigarettes o" scissors o" socks o" soldiers o" arrows o" mountains o" "ollowers o" thinkers o" e%ents o" chairs 2+

+0. +2. ,F. ,1. ,2. ,). ,*. ,+. ,,. ,..

a a a a a a a a a a

!et shea">stack !hoal !hower !ta"" stock>string !ta$le !warm Team Troop

o" tools o" corn o" "ish o" rain o" o""icials o" goods o" horses o" $ees o" players o" artillery

Cearning>understanding>memori@ing the a$o%e, would ena$le you to enrich your con%ersation. E(.: * ?ill in the $lanks with correct group name or noun. 1B 2B )B *B +B ,B .B 0B 2B A choir o" EEEEEEEEE sang the hymns in the church. A EEEEEEEEE o" tra%ellers crossed the dessert. 5 recei%ed a EEEEEEEEE o" "lowers on my $irthday. The EEEEEEEEE o" goods was deli%ered to the e'porter. A EEEEEEEEEEEE o" locusts destroyed the entire corn"ield. The "isherman netted a EEEEEEEEE o" "ish. 3an you gi%e me a EEEEEEEEE scissors. The EEEEEEE o" cows was gra@ing in the meadow. e was attacked $y a EEEEEEEEE o" $ees.

2,

0oun*Co%&arisons The "ollowing list may help you not only in enriching your %oca$ulary $ut also in impro%ing your writing skills. These are striking comparisons. They gi%e %i%idness to the language. They are known as similes. S. 0o. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. 1F. 11. 12. 1). 1*. 1+. 1,. 1.. 10. 12. 2F. 21. 22. 2). 2*. 2+. 2,. 2.. 20. 22. )F. )1. )2. )). )*. As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As Co%&arison /entle Black Blind Blue Bra%e Bright Brittle Busy 3alm 3lear 3lear 3ool 3ruel 3unning -ark -ead -eep -ry &asy &ternal ?air ?ierce ?luid ?ree ?resh ?ierce /audy /entle /race"ul !erious /reedy /reen appy ard as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as 0oun a lam$ coal>crow>ink>midnight a $at>mole the sky a lion day glass a $ee the night starlight crystal>day>sapphire a cucum$er death a "o' night a door nail the ocean the desert a poetDs dream the sky a gem "ire>a tiger thought air a rose>daisy an eagle a $utter"ly a lam$ a swan a judge a wol">dog grass a king $ron@e>stone 2.

)+. ),. ).. )0. )2. *F. *1. *2. *). **. *+. *,. *.. *0. *2. +F. +1. +2. +). +*. ++. +,. +.. +0. +2. ,F. ,1. ,2. ,). ,*. ,+. ,,. ,.. ,0. ,2. .F. .1. .2. .). .*. .+. .,. ... .0.

As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As

armless ea%y igh ope"ul uge 3old impassi%e impatient 5nnocent /ra%e Keen Cight Coud -istant Modest Mute numerous =ld 8ale 8lay"ul 8lenti"ul 8ure 1emote !harp !illy !lender !low !mooth !o"t !our !till !teady !traight !tupid !ure !weet Tall Timid Tricky #atch"ul #elcome #hite Mute ?ast

as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as

a do%e lead hea%en the day $reak A hippopotamus ice a statue the wind a child ashes>a ghost the ra@orGs edge air>a "eather thunder a star a hermit an ice$erg the stars the hills death>wa' a kitten $lack$erries prayer>holy a hidden star a ra@or sheep a thread a snail>tortoise silk>%el%et>$utter $utter %inegar death a clock an arrow an ass death honey a gira""e a hare a monkey a hawk a "riend milk>snow a "ish a hare 20

.2. 0F. 01. 02. 0). 0*. 0+. 0,. 0.. 00. 02. 2F. 21. 22. 2). 2*. 2+. 2,. 2.. 20. 22. 1FF. 1F1. 1F2. 1F). 1F*. 1F+. 1F,. 1F..

As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As

ot #arm :uick -ry !tupid appy Bright Merry 1ich -eep ?at Bright Blind &asy 1ed Coud Igly Qellow !harp /reen -ea" 1ipe ?lat ungry 3lear ?air 3unning /race"ul elpless

as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as

"ire wool thought dust a donkey a king a $utter"ly a cricket the sea a well a whale day a $at A.B.3. $lood thunder a toad sa""ron a needle grass a doorpost a cherry a $oard a hawk day a rose a "o' a swan a $a$y

E(.:* ?ill in the $lanks with suita$le comparisons. 1B 2B )B *B +B ,B .B Kate #inslet is asEEEEEEEEE as a swan. The little girls was as EEEEEEE as a lam$. -onGt $e as silly as a EEEEEEEEE. is $rains are as EEEEEEEEEEas a ra@or. is answers were as stupid as an EEEEEEEEEE. The teacherDs ga@e was as steady as a EEEEEE. This news is as EEEEEEEEEEEas death 22

0B 2B

The $ag is as light as EEEEEEEEEEE. The children were as play"ul as EEEEEEEEEE.

1FB !ome people are as EEEEEEE as a monkey.

PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word used instead o" a noun. e.g. 5 am young. #e are young e is young They are young. 5, we, you, he, she, it, are called personal pronouns $ecause they stand "or three persons. 1. 2. The person speaking. The person spoken to )F

).

The person spoken o"

?orms o" 8ersonal 8ronouns 1IRST PERS+0 (ominati%e 8ossessi%e Accusati%e !ingular 5 mine me SEC+0D PERS+0 (ominati%e 8ossessi%e Accusati%e Qou yours you 8lural #e ours us

T.IRD PERS+0 Masculine (ominati%e 8ossessi%e he his Singu!ar ?eminine she hers her (euter it its it P!ura! All genders they theirs, them

Accusati%e him E(a%&!e of 0o%inati"e &ronouns 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 5 am a $oy #e are going to the $a@ar. e is a naughty $oy. !he lo%es music. 5t is a pencil. Qou are a good man. They are waiting "or you.

E(a%&!e: Possessi"e Pronouns These are mine. This $ook is mine. )1

=urs is the $est house This house is ours. This key is yours. #e know this cell phone is his. ers is another story. This $ag is hers. Theirs is the only BM#

E(a%&!e of Accusati"e Pronouns 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. The principal has called me. e told me a$out the party. #hy are you so sad7 -id you call him7 The 4udge ga%e her the pri@e. That is your $ook, take it away. #e ha%e to play with them.

J5tD is used "or things without li"e as here is your pen, take it away. 5t is also used "or animals or child i" we do not want to speak o" them as male or "emale. e.g.: 1. e lo%es his dog and cannot li%e without it.

E?* :* ?ill in the $lanks with correct pronouns, "rom those gi%en in $rackets 1. 2. ). *. EEEEEEEEEE are playing in the /arden Athey, sheB EEEEEEEEEE is a naughty $oy. Ahe, you, theyB EEEEEEEEEE is going to 3ali"ornia. Awe, she, youB This $ag is not EEEEEEEEEE Ayours, your, themB )2

+. ,. .. 0. 2.

That car is EEEEEEEEEE. Amy, mine, yourB This "lat is EEEEEEEEEE . Atheir, theirs, mineB #hen 5 saw the child EEEEEEEEEE was crying, Ait, its, theyB There is a $ook on the ta$le, EEEEEEEEEE yours, Ait, itDs, theyB The doctor ga%e EEEEEEEEEEthe medicine, Aher, she, heB

0ote: #hen we talk a$out oursel%es and another person, we must always use the pronoun "or the other person "irst. e.g. Qou and 5 shall do this work. ari and 1......... 5nstead o" 5 and ari......... e and 5......... 5nstead o" 5 and he......... Indefinite &ronouns: * A pronoun that does not re"er to any person or thing in particular is called an 5nde"inite pronoun. e.g. !ome$ody has stolen my watch. (o$ody was there to rescue the child. Many o" them were war %eterans. -id you ask any$ody to come7 All were drowned. Re!ati"e &ronouns: * #ords like GwhoG, GwhomG, GwhichG, GwhoseG are called 1elati%e pronouns $ecause they relate to some noun preceding it which is called its Antecedent. e.g. 5 met 4im. 4im had just returned. 5 met 4im who had just returned, Awho;relati%e pronoun, 4im;antecedentB ;5 ha%e "ound the pen. 5 lost the pen. 5 ha%e "ound the pen which was lost. ; ere is the $ook. Qou ga%e me the $ook. ; ere is the $ook which you ga%e me. ))

;That is the dress. 5 wanted that dress. That is a dress which 5 wanted. ; That is the $oy. e was $eaten $y his teacher. e is the $oy who was $eaten $y his teacher. Ref!e(i"e and E%&-atic Pronouns: mysel", yoursel", himsel", hersel", oursel%es, themsel%es. #hen the a$o%e are used a"ter a <er$ AAction wordB it is called 1e"le'i%e pronoun and when the same is used a"ter a noun or a pronoun, it is called &mphatic pronoun. e.g. 1e"le'i%e pronoun. 5 cried mysel" to sleep. -a%id has hurt himsel". The $oys hid themsel%es in the stack o" hay. e.g. &mphatic 8ronoun: 5 mysel" heard the remark. e himsel" said so. They themsel%es admitted their guilt. !he hersel" says so. De%onstrati"e &ronoun #hen we re"er to a word that points to any person, animal or o$ject, it is called a -emonstrati%e pronoun. e.g.:; This is a mango. That is your $ag. These are his mar$les. Those are my $ooks. E(.*#. 8ick the pronoun and state its kind A5nde"inite, 1elati%e, &mphatic, 1e"le'i%e, -emonstrati%e, 8ersonal pronoun. Accusati%e pronounB Many o" them were too tired to go on. ere is the pen which you ga%e me. )*

5 injured mysel" while playing. -id you ask any$ody to come7 All the $oys swam in the ri%er. This is the $oy whose $rother was awarded a medal "or his $ra%ery. The $oys hid themsel%es. That is a lion, the king o" the jungle. &%ery$ody was told to get out. /lenda cried hersel" to sleep. They themsel%es drew this. These sketches are painted $y M.?. ussain himsel". 5 will write it mysel". This is the man who came to our house. &%eryone knows the truth a$out his escapade.

)+

VERBS I / II / III
,erbs: * A %er$ is descri$ed as a word o" action and no sentence is complete without a %er$. e.g.: A1B !hall 5 $ring you some co""ee7 A$ring R <er$B A2B 8lease dance with me. Adance ;%er$B A)B Cook in the mirror. Alook R %er$B

Bring, dance, look etc are Ofu!! "erbsP as they ha%e meanings o" their own. <er$s like; is, am, are, was, were, ha%e, has, had, etc. do not ha%e meaning o" their own $ut help to "rame sentences. %er$s are called OPri%ar) Au(i!iariesP !imilarly, %er$s like can, could, would, must, may, should, shall, will, need, ought to, used to dare, etc. also ha%e no meaning on their own $ut can $e used only to help and "orm other %er$s. These <er$s "orms are called O 9oda! au(i!iariesP <er$s ha%e three "orms and the correct usage o" the same helps us to "rame the sentence correctly. #e shall learn a$out the same in this chapter. ,erbs I R <er$ in the 8resent tense ,erb II R <er$ in the 8ast tense ,erb III R <er$ in the 8ast per"ect "orm;8ast participle &'.: #rite>#rote>#ritten <er$s 5 > 55 > 555 ha%e to $e practiced $y you as it is necessary to place them correctly while "raming sentences using the correct "ormula o" the tense as well the au'iliary. ence they are O -e!&ing "erbsP. These

),

&'.: -onald is writing a letter ere the sentence is in the acti%e "orm as O-onaldP is the -oer in the sentence there"ore O-onaldP is the su$ject, A#riteB is the %er$ and Athe letterB is the o$ject. As the sentence is in the present continuous "orm, the "ormula will $e, ! H am > is > are H % H ing H o, there"ore the sentence will $e: ; -onald is writing A< H ingB a letter AoB. !imilarly, a !entence can $e "ramed in other tenses too .

TENSES
).

The word Tense comes "rom the Catin word GtempusG which means time. The Tense o" a <er$ shows the time o" an action or e%ent. A <er$ that re"ers to present time is said to $e in the 8resent Tense; 5 write, 5 play A <er$ that re"ers to 8ast Time is said to $e the 8ast Tense; as 5 wrote;5 played A <er$ that re"ers to ?uture Time is said to $e in the ?uture; as 5 shall>will writeS1 shall>will play 5n any language, tense is di%ided into three classes namely: Present Tense: #hen a %er$ is used to show that an action takes place in the present, it is known as the 8resent Tense. &': e speaks &nglish well. 5t rains e%eryday. Past Tense: #hen a %er$ is used to show that an action was completed, it is known as the 8ast Tense. &': e went to 8une yesterday. 5 spoke to her "or three hours. 1uture Tense: #hen a %er$ is used to show that an action will take place in "uture, it is known as the ?uture Tense. &': They will tra%el a$road this year. 5 will $e late today. Present Tense !imple 8resent tense 8resent 3ontinuous Tense 8resent 8er"ect Tense 8resent 8er"ect continuous Tense Past Tense !imple 8ast Tense )0

8ast 3ontinuous Tense 8ast 8er"ect Tense 8ast 8er"ect continuous Tense 1uture Tense !imple ?uture Tense ?uture 3ontinuous Tense ?uture 8er"ect Tense ?uture 8er"ect continuous Tense

AU?I/IAR@ ,ERBS Au(i!iar) ,erb: A %er$ which helps other %er$s to "orm di""erent tenses is known as an Au'iliary <er$. /ist of Au(i!iar) ,erbs: Be and its "orms: am, is, are, was, were a%e and its "orms: ha%e, has, had -o and its "orms: do, does, did, done !hall, should; will, would 3an, could; may, might Must, ought, need, dare, used to

Kinds of Au(i!iar) ,erbs: . Pri%ar) Au(i!iaries: <er$s used to "orm negati%es, 6uestions and tenses are known as 8rimary Au'iliaries. &': am, was, do, ha%e, is, were, does, has, are, $een, did, had. )2

A "ew o" the regular > irregular %er$s with their past and the past participle "orms are mentioned $elow. The list is e'hausti%e. Qou are re6uired to memorise at least 2FF>2+F <er$s and the rest can $e done in due course. ,ERBS Regu!ar ,erbs to accept to act to add to admire to admit to adopt to agree to allow to announce to answer to apologi@e to appear to appoint to argue to arrange to arrest to arri%e to attach to attack to attempt to attend to a%oid to await to award to $an to $argain to $eha%e to $elie%e to $orrow to $uild to $urn to call to cancel Past Tense accepted acted added admired admitted adopted agreed allowed announced answered apologi@ed appeared appointed argued arranged arrested arri%ed attached attacked attempted attended a%oided awaited awarded $anned $argained $eha%ed $elie%ed $orrowed $uilt $urnt called cancelled Past &artici&!e accepted acted added admired admitted adopted agreed allowed announced answered apologi@ed appeared appointed argued arranged arrested arri%ed attached attacked attempted attended a%oided awaited awarded $anned $argained $eha%ed $elie%ed $orrowed $uilt $urnt called cancelled *F

to care to carry to cele$rate to challenge to change to cheat to check to clari"y to clean to clim$ to close to collect to comment to compare to complete to con"irm to connect to construct to continue to control to cook to copy to correct to co%er to cure to cut to dance to decide to declare to decorate to de"eat to demand to depend to descri$e to desire to despatch Aletter etc.B to destroy to de%ote to die to dig to disappear to discuss to dislike to distri$ute

cared carried cele$rated challenged changed cheated checked clari"ied cleaned clim$ed closed collected commented compared completed con"irmed connected constructed continued controlled cooked copied corrected co%ered cured cut danced decided declared decorated de"eated demanded depended descri$ed desired despatched destroyed de%oted died dug disappeared discussed disliked distri$uted

cared carried cele$rated challenged changed cheated checked clari"ied cleaned clim$ed closed collected commented compared completed con"irmed connected constructed continued controlled cooked copied corrected co%ered cured cut danced decided declared decorated de"eated demanded depended descri$ed desired despatched destroyed de%oted died dug disappeared discussed disliked distri$uted *1

to di%ide to dou$t to drop to dry to earn to educate to elect Aleader etc.B to employ to enjoy to en6uire to enter to esta$lish to e'change to e'cuse to e'pand to e'pect to e'perience to e'plain to e'port to e'tend to "ace to "ail to "eed to "ight to "ill to "ind to "inish to "latter to "ollow to "orce to "orm to "orward to gain to greet to grum$le to halt to handle to hang to harass to harm to help to hire to hoist A"lag etc.B to hold

di%ided dou$ted dropped dried earned educated elected employed enjoyed en6uired entered esta$lished e'changed e'cused e'panded e'pected e'perienced e'plained e'ported e'tended "aced "ailed "ed "ought "illed "ound "inished "lattered "ollowed "orced "ormed "orwarded gained greeted grum$led halted handled hanged harassed harmed helped hired hoisted held

di%ided dou$ted dropped dried earned educated elected employed enjoyed en6uired entered esta$lished e'changed e'cused e'panded e'pected e'perienced e'plained e'ported e'tended "aced "ailed "ed "ought "illed "ound "inished "lattered "ollowed "orced "ormed "orwarded gained greeted /rum$led alted andled anged arassed armed elped ired oisted eld *2

to honour to hope to hunt to hurry to identi"y to imagine to imprison to increase to indicate to in"orm to injure to install to instruct to insult to inter%iew to introduce to in%ent to in%est to in%ite to join to jump to kidnap to kill to knock to laugh to 9earn to lend to lie to li"t to light to li%e to locate to look to lose to lo%e to maintain to manage to marry to melt to mention to mind to miss to mo%e to murder

honoured hoped hunted hurried identi"ied imagined imprisoned increased indicated in"ormed injured installed instructed insulted inter%iewed introduced in%ented in%ested in%ited joined jumped kidnapped killed knocked laughed learnt>learned lent lied li"ted lighted>lit li%ed located looked lost lo%ed maintained managed married melted mentioned minded missed mo%ed murdered

onoured oped unted urried 5denti"ied 5magined 5mprisoned 5ncreased 5ndicated 5n"ormed 5njured 5nstalled 5nstructed 5nsulted 5nter%iewed 5ntroduced 5n%ented 5n%ested 5n%ited 4oined 4umped Kidnapped Killed Knocked Caughed learnt>learned Cent Cied Ci"ted lighted>lit Ci%ed Cocated Cooked Cost Co%ed Maintained Managed Married Melted Mentioned Minded Missed Mo%ed Murdered *)

to narrate to need to nominate to note to notice to nourish to o$lige to o$ser%e to o$tain to occur to o""end to o""er to omit to open to operate to oppose to order to o%erlook to owe to pack to pain to pardon to paste to pat to patrol to pick to pity to place to play to please to polish to pollute to practice to praise to pray to pre"er to prepare to pretend to print to produce to promise to protect to pro%e to pro%ide

narrated needed nominated noted noticed nourished o$liged o$ser%ed o$tained occurred o""ended o""ered omitted opened operated opposed ordered o%erlooked owed packed pained pardoned pasted patted patrolled picked pitied placed played pleased polished polluted practiced praised prayed pre"erred prepared pretended printed produced promised protected pro%ed pro%ided

(arrated (eeded (ominated (oted (oticed (ourished =$liged =$ser%ed =$tained =ccurred =""ended =""ered =mitted =pened =perated =pposed =rdered =%erlooked owed packed pained pardoned pasted patted patrolled picked pitied placed played pleased polished polluted practiced praised prayed pre"erred prepared pretended printed produced promised protected pro%ed pro%ided **

to pu$lish to pull to push to put to 6uarrel to 6uestion to rain to raise to reach to reali@e to recei%e to recti"y to reduce to re"ine to re"lect to re"und to re"use to regret to reject to rela' to remem$er to remind to remo%e to renew to repeat to reply to report to represent to reser%e to resign to respect to rest to re%eal to re%ise to ro$ to rush to sa%e to search to seem to select to separate to ser%e to settle to share

pu$lished pulled pushed put 6uarreled 6uestioned rained raised reached reali@ed recei%ed recti"ied reduced re"ined re"lected re"unded re"used regretted rejected rela'ed remem$ered reminded remo%ed renewed repeated replied reported represented reser%ed resigned respected rested re%ealed re%ised ro$$ed rushed sa%ed searched seemed selected separated ser%ed settled shared

pu$lished pulled pushed put 6uarreled 6uestioned rained raised reached reali@ed recei%ed recti"ied reduced re"ined re"lected re"unded re"used regretted rejected rela'ed remem$ered reminded remo%ed renewed repeated replied reported represented reser%ed resigned respected rested re%ealed re%ised ro$$ed rushed sa%ed searched seemed selected !eparated !er%ed !ettled !hared *+

to shout to sign to smell to sol%e to spare to spend to stare to start to state to stay to stick to stop to study to succeed to su""er to suggest to supply to support to surprise to sur%ey to sweep to sympathi@e to talk to taste to tease to tempt to test to thank to threaten to tie to tolerate to touch to trade to trans"er to translate to transport to tra%el to treat to trou$le to trust to try to turn to use to utili@e

shouted signed smelt>smelled sol%ed spared spent stared started stated stayed stuck stopped studied succeeded su""ered suggested supplied supported surprised sur%eyed swept sympathi@ed talked tasted teased tempted tested thanked threatened tied tolerated touched traded trans"erred translated transported tra%eled treated trou$led trusted tried turned used utili@ed

!houted !igned smelt>smelled !ol%ed !pared !pent !tared !tarted !tated !tayed !tuck !topped !tudied !ucceeded !u""ered !uggested !upplied !upported !urprised !ur%eyed !wept !ympathi@ed Talked Tasted Teased Tempted Tested Thanked Threatened Tied Tolerated Touched Traded Trans"erred Translated Transported Tra%eled Treated Trou$led Trusted Tried Turned Ised Itili@ed *,

to %alue to %eri"y to %isit to wag to wait to walk to wander to want to warm to warn to wash to waste to watch to whistle to win to wish to witness to wonder to work to worry to yell to yield

%alued %eri"ied %isited wagged waited walked wandered wanted warmed warned washed wasted watched whistled won wished witnessed wondered worked worried yelled yielded /ist of Irregu!ar ,erbs

<alued <eri"ied <isited #agged #aited #alked #andered #anted #armed #arned #ashed #asted #atched #histled #on #ished #itnessed #ondered #orked #orried Qelled Qielded

Present tense Be Bear Beat Become Begin Bend Bind Bite Blow Break Bring Build Burn Burst Buy -are -eal -o

Past tense was $ore $eat $ecame $egan $ent $ound $it $lew $roke $rought $uilt $urned $urst $ought dared dealt did

&ast &artici&!e Been Borne Beat Become Begun $ent $ound $itten $lown $roken $rought $uilt $urnt $urst $ought dared dealt done *.

-raw -ream -rink -ri%e &at ?all ?eed ?eel ?ight ?ind ?ling ?ly ?or$id ?orget ?orgi%e ?ree@e /et /i%e /o /rind /row ang Keep Kneel Know Cay Cead Ceap Cearn Cea%e Cend Cet Cight Cose Make May Mean !ew !hake !hall !hed !hine !hoot !how

drew dreamed drank dro%e ate "ell "ed "elt "ought "ound "lung "lew "or$ade "orgot "orga%e "ro@e got ga%e went ground grew hanged, hung kept knelt knew laid led leaped, leapt learned, learnt le"t lent let lighted, lit lost made might meant sewed shook should shed shone shot showed

drawn dreamt drunk dri%en eaten "allen "ed "elt "ought "ound "lung "lown "or$idden "orgotten "orgi%en "ro@en got gi%en gone ground grown hanged, hung kept knelt know laid led leaped, leapt learned, learnt le"t lent let lighted, lit lost made ;;;;; meant sewed, sewn shaken ;;;;;;; shed shone shot showed, shown *0

!hrink !hut !ing !ink !it !leep !lit !mell !ow !peak !pell !pend !pill !pin !plit !pread !pring !tand !teal !tick !ting !trike !wear !weep !well !wim Take Teach Tear Tell Think Throw Thrust Inderstand Indertake #ake #ear #ea%e

shrank shut sang sank sat slept slit smelled, smelt sowed spoke spelled, spelt spent spilled, spilt spun split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung struck swore swept swelled swam took taught tore told thought threw thrust understood undertook woke wore wo%e

shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slit smelled, smelt sowed, sown spoken spelled, spelt spent spilled, spilt spun split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung struck sworn swept swelled, swollen swum taken taught torn told thought thrown thrust understood undertaken woken worn wo%en

*2

So%e "erbs -a"e t-e sa%e for% in t-e Present8 Past and Past &artici&!e Present tense Bid Broadcast Burst 3ast 3ost 3ut it urt Cet 8ut 1id !et !hed !hut !lit !plit !pread Thrust #et Past tense $id $roadcast $urst cast cost cut hit hurt let put rid set shed shut slit split spread thrust wet Past &artici&!e $id $roadcast $urst cast cost cut hit hurt let put rid set shed shut slit split spread thrust wet

+F

,ERBS 6IT. T6+ DI11ERE0T PARTICIP/ES There are certain %er$s in &nglish which ha%e two di""erent past participles. 5n such cases one is used as a %er$ and the other is used as an adjecti%e. 1. Bind Bound Bound Bounden &': !he is ne%er $ound $y her promises. 5t is our $ounden duty to help the poor. 2. -rink -rank -runk -runken &': 5 ha%e drunk the water "rom the jug. 5 "ound him in a drunken stupor. ). /et /ot /ot /otten &': !hirley has got into a lot o" trou$le. e donated his ill gotten money to the home "or -estitutes. *. ide id id idden &': e hid the kni"e care"ully. 5 could not make out the hidden meaning o" the poem. +. Coad Coaded Coaded Caden &': e loaded his ri"le to go hunting. The tree was laden with "ruit. !ink !ank !unk !unken &': The ship has sunk. They "ailed to trace out the sunken ship. !trike !truck !truck !tricken &': !he has struck me on the head. 5 ha%e sympathy "or the hunger stricken. +1

,.

..

0.

Melt

Melted

Melted Molten

&': The !now has melted. The molten la%a spread in all directions. 2. !ha%e !ha%ed !ha%ed !ha%en &': By 0.FF a.m., he had sha%ed and was set "or the day. The police suspected him $ecause o" his sha%en head. 1F. !well !welled !welled !wollen &': is "oot has swelled as a result o" the sprain. 5t is di""icult "or her to walk with swollen "eet. 11. Thri%e Thri%ed Thri%ed &': e thri%ed on the inheritance that he got at his "atherDs death. The thri%en Lrich peopleM do not help the poor. 12. Cight Cighted Cighted Cit &': !he has lit the lamp. The lighted candle shone in the dark.

+2

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

<oice: <oice is the "orm o" the %er$ which indicates whether a person or a thing does some action or some action has $een done to a person or a thing. Kinds o" <oice: there are two kinds o" %oice, namely; 1. Acti"e ,oice: #hen a %er$ "orm shows that the su$ject has per"ormed the action o" the <er$, it is in the Acti%e <oice. The !u$ject is the doer o" the action. &': !ohan wrote a poem. 2. Passi"e ,oice: #hen a %er$ "orm shows that something has $een done to the su$ject. 5t is in the 8assi%e <oice. &': A poem was written $y !ohan. A. BASIC RU/ES 1. A sentence can $e separated into su$ject, %er$ and o$ject &': != A( ! 2. &': != A( ! A 8=&M ! ). *. +. ,. &': A poem JwasD The 8ast 8articiple o" the %er$ must $e used &': A poem was written The 8reposition J$yD must $e added &': A poem was written $y The su$ject must $e made the o$ject &': A poem was written $y !ohan +) #1=T& < #1=T& < < A 8=&M = A 8=&M = BQ != A( =

The o$ject o" the sentence must $e turned into su$ject

#A! #15TT&(

The J$eD "orm must $e used according to the %er$

E(a%&!es: 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. 1oger sings a song. A song is sung $y 1oger. usain is painting a picture. A picture is $eing painted $y usain. 4ulie has posted a letter. A letter has $een posted $y 4ulie. arry $roke the window. The window was $roken $y arry. /andhi preached (on;%iolence. (on;%iolence was preached $y /andhi. Mother had cooked a nice meal. A nice meal had $een cooked $y Mother. 5t is not possi$le to turn 8resent and 8ast 8er"ect 3ontinuous Tenses and ?uture 3ontinuous and ?uture 8er"ect 3ontinuous into 8assi%e <oice. Present and Past 8resent simple Acti"e #e %a3e $utter "rom milk. !ome$ody c!eans these rooms e%ery day. 8eople ne%er in"ite me to parties. ow do they %a3e $utter7 !ome$ody sto!e my car last week. They didnDt in"ite me to the party. #hen did they bui!d these houses7 They are bui!ding some new houses near the ri%er. #hen 5 was here a "ew years ago, Passi"e Butter is %ade "rom milk. These rooms are c!eaned e%ery day. 5 a% ne%er in"ited to parties. ow is $utter %ade7 My car 4as sto!en last week. 5 wasnDt in"ited to the party. #hen were these houses bui!t7 !ome new houses are being bui!t near the ri%er. #hen 5 was here a "ew years +*

8ast simple

8resent continuous 8resent

3ontinuous 8resent per"ect

8ast per"ect

they 4ere bui!ding a new airport. Cook9 They -a"e &ainted the door. These shirts are clean. !ome$ody -as 4as-ed them. !ome$ody -as sto!en my car. Ann said that some$ody -ad sto!en her car.

ago, a new airport 4as being bui!t. Cook9 The door -as been &ainted. These shirts are clean. They -a"e been 4as-ed. My car -as been sto!en. Ann said that her car -ad been sto!en.

6i!! 5 can 5 %ust 5 -a"e to etc.A Modal Au'iliaries B Acti"e !ome$ody will clean the o""ice tomorrow. !ome$ody must clean the o""ice. 5 think theyDll in%ite you to the party. They canDt repair my watch. Qou should wash this sweater $y hand. Passi"e The o""ice will $e cleaned tomorrow.

The o""ice must $e cleaned. 5 think youDll $e in%ited to the party. My watch canDt $e repaired. This sweater should $e washed $y hand. They are going to $uild a new airport. A new airport is going to $e $uilt. !ome$ody has to wash these clothes. These clothes ha%e to $e washed. They had to take the injured man to The injured man had to $e taken to hospital. hospital. !ome changes in the 8ronouns when the <oice is changed "rom Acti%e to 8assi%e ;;; Acti"e ,oice 5 Qou e !he 5t They #e /ordon > !ome$ody Me Qou im er 5t Them Is /ordon ++ Passi"e ,oice

(o$ody > &%ery$ody

A(o passi%e %oiceB

+,

Tr) A understand t-e fo!!o4ing in )our %ot-er tongue ;if necessar)< Tense B Acti"e 1. !imple 8resent Tense The child enjoys the mo%ie 2. !imple 8ast Tense The child enjoyed the mo%ie ). !imple ?uture Tense The child will enjoy the mo%ie *. 3ontinuous 8resent Tense The child is enjoying the mo%ie. +. 3ontinuous 8ast Tense The child was enjoying the mo%ie. ,. 3ontinuous ?uture Tense e will $e enjoying the mo%ie .. 8er"ect 8resent Tense e has enjoyed the mo%ie 0. 8er"ect 8ast Tense e had enjoyed the mo%ie. 2. 8er"ect ?uture Tense e will ha%e enjoyed the mo%ie 1F. 3ontinuous 8er"ect 8resent Tense e has $een enjoying the mo%ie. 11. 3ontinuous 8er"ect 8ast Tense e had $een enjoying the mo%ie. 12. 3ontinuous 8er"ect ?uture Tense e will ha%e $een enjoying the mo%ie. Tense B Passi"e 1B !imple 8resent Tense The mo%ie is enjoyed $y the child. 2B !imple 8ast Tense The mo%ie was enjoyed. )B !imple ?uture Tense The mo%ie will $e enjoyed *B 8resent 3ontinuous Tense The mo%ie is $eing enjoyed. +B 8ast 3ontinuous Tense The mo%ie was $eing enjoyed. ,B ?uture 3ontinuous Tense (o passi%e .B 8er"ect 8resent Tense The mo%ie has $een enjoyed. 0B 8er"ect 8ast Tense The mo%ie had $een enjoyed. 2B 8er"ect ?uture Tense The mo%ie will ha%e $een enjoyed. 1FB 8resent 8er"ect 3ontinuous (o passi%e 11B 8ast 8er"ect 3ontinuous (o passi%e 12B ?uture 8er"ect 3ontinuous (o passi%e

+.

This "ormula chart will $e o" immense help to you. Memorise the same. TE0SE
1. !imple present tense 2. !imple 8ast Tense ). !imple ?uture Tense *. 3ontinuous 8resent Tense +. 3ontinuous 8ast Tense ,. 3ontinuous ?uture Tense .. 8er"ect 8resent Tense 0. 8er"ect 8ast Tense 2. 8er"ect ?uture Tense 1F. 3ontinuous 8.8. Tense 11. 3ontinuous 8. 8ast Tense 12. 3ontinuous 8. ?. Tense

ACTI,E ,+ICE
8ositi%e: ! H < As, esB H = (egati%e ! H do>does H not H < H = 8ositi%e: ! H < R 55 H = (egati%e: ! H didnDt H < H = ! H will>shall H A(otB H < H = ! H am>is>are A< H ingB H = ! H was>were H A<H ingB H = ! H will>shall H $e H A< H ingB H = ! H ha%e>has H < R 555 H = ! H had H < R 555 H = ! H will>shall H ha%e H < R 555 H = ! H ha%e>has H $een H A< H ingB H = ! H had $een H A< H ingB H = ! H will>shall H ha%e $een H A< H ingB H =

PASSI,E ,+ICE
= H am>is>are H < R 555 H A$y H !B = H was>were H <;555 H A$y H !B = H will>shall H $e H <;555 H A$y H !B = H am>is>are H $eing H <;555 H A$y H !B = H was>were H $eing H < H 555 H $y A!B ; = H ha%e>has H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B = H had H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B =Hwill>shall>ha%eH$eenH<H555HA$yH!B ; ; ;

T-e fo!!o4ing sentences are fra%ed based on t-e for%u!a c-art. C.ART 6IT. SE0TE0CE SI9P/E PRESE0T TE0SE B ACTI,E P+SITI,E ?ormula ! H < As,esB H = ATo writeB
CBI 5 write the letter A<;5B -o 5 write the letter7 Qou write the letter A<;5B -o you write the letter7 e writes the letter A<;5B -oes he write the letter7 !he writes the letter A<;5B -oes she write the letter7 They write the letter A<;5B -o they write the letter7

Sentence

C B II #hy do 5 write the letter ow do you write the letter7 #here does he write the letter7 #hen does she write the letter7

#hich letter do they write7 A(ote: here the o$ject comes ne't to the JwhD 6uestionB #e write the letter A<;5B -o we write the letter7 #hose letter do we write7 A(ote : here the o$ject comes ne't to the JwhD 6uestionB /len writes the letter A<; -oes /len write the #ho writes the letter7 5B letter7

?ormula s H do>does H not H %H o

(egati%e +0

5 do not write or 5 donDt -o 5 not or -onDt 5 write #hy do 5 not =r #hy donDt 5 write the letter Qou do not writeT e does not not the letter7 write the letter -o you not write>-onDt ow do you not or ow donDt

youT youT.. write> e -oes he not or -oesnDt #here does he not or #hy doesnDt or heT heT !he -oes she not or -oesnDt #hen does she not or #hy sheT doesnDt sheT

doesnDtT !he does doesnDt

They do not>they donDtT

-o they not or -onDt #hich letter do they not write7

theyT #e do not > #e donDt -o we not or -onDt we #hose letter do we not write7 /len does not> /len -oes /len not or -oesnDt #hy does /len not or #hy doesnDt he doesnDt heT.

SI9P/E PRESE0T TE0SE*PASSI,E P+SITI,ED ?ormula: o H am H is H are H <;555 H $y AsB ATo gi%eB
CBI C B II 5 am gi%en the $ook $y AsB7 Am 5 gi%en the $ook $y #hy am 5 gi%en the $ook $y AsB7

Sentence

AsB7 Qou are gi%en the $ook $y Are you gi%en the $ook $y AsB7 AsB7 e is gi%en the $ook $y 5s he gi%en the $ook $y AsB7

ow are you gi%en the $ook $y AsB7 #here is he gi%en the $ook $y AsB7

AsB7 !he is gi%en the $ook $y 5s she gi%en the $ook $y #hen is she gi%en the $ook $y AsB7 AsB7 AsB7

They are gi%en the $ook $y Are they gi%en the $ook $y #hich $ook are they gi%en $y AsB7 AsB7 AsB7 #e are gi%en the $ook $y Are we gi%en the $ook $y #hose $ook are we gi%en $y AsB7 AsB7 AsB7 /len is gi%en the $ook $y 5s /len gi%en the $ook $y #hy is /len gi%en the $ook $y AsB7 AsB7 AsB7

SI9P/E PRESE0T TE0SE B PASSI,E 0E>ATI,E ?ormula: o H am>is>are H not H <;555 H $y AsB A(ot to gi%eB Sentence
5 am not gi%en the $ook Qou are not gi%en the $ook CBI Am 5 not gi%en the $ook7 Are you not> ArenDt youT C B II #hy am 5 not gi%en the $ook7 ow are you not> ow arenDt

+2

e is not gi%en the $ook !he is not gi%en the $ook

5t he not>5snDt heT 5s she not>5snDt heT.

youT #here is he not>where isnDt heT #here is she not>where isnDt sheT #hich $ook are they not7... A(ote: the o$ject J$ookD comes closer to the JwhD 6uestionB #hose $ook are we notT.A(ote: the o$ject J$ookD comes closer to

They are not gi%en the Are they not>ArenDt theyT $ook #e are not gi%en the $ook Are we not>ArenDt weT.

the JwhD 6uestion /len is not gi%en the $ook 5s /len not>5snDt /lenT #hy isnDt /lenT (otre: 5t is not important that e%ery sentence should ha%e a su$ject. 5t is howe%er understood that there is a su$ject present.

,F

E(ercise Turn the "ollowing sentences "rom the Acti%e <oice to the 8assi%e <oice: ; 1. The cat killed the mouse. 2. The man cut down the tree. ). The ser%ant "eeds the horse e%ery day.G *. My "ather will write a letter. +. !tanley threw the $all. ,. e scored twenty runs. .. #e e'pect good news. 0. e made a great disco%ery. 2. &%eryone respects him. 1F. 8eter will $ring the pony. 11. e in%ited us to his house. 12. The gardener will water the plants. 1). is teacher praised him. 1*. The captain will win the toss this time. 1+. A speeding car knocked her down. E(ercise Turn the "ollowing sentences "rom the 8assi%e <oice to the Acti%e <oice:S 1. The lion was trailed $y the jackal. 2. America was disco%ered $y 3hristopher 3olum$us. ). e is liked $y all his neigh$ours. *. The pri@e will $e decided $y the teacher. +. The match was won $y the igh !chool team. ,. The king will $e welcomed $ack "rom e'ile $y his people. .. e was taken $y his "riends to the hospital. 0. /rammar is taught in the school $y Mr. !ymonds 2. The $uilding was destroyed $y the "ire. 1F. By whom was the jug $roken7

,1

9aster 1or%u!a C-art

ACTI,E ,+ICE
1. !imple 8resent Tense

1+R9U/A
8ositi%e : !H< As,esB H = (egati%e : ! H do>does H not H < H =

CUESTI+0 B
-o>does H AnotB H !H<H=H7

CUESTI+0 * II
5B #Hdo>doesHAnotB H!H<H=H7 55B #ho H < As,esB H = H7 555B #hich>#hoesH=Hd o>does H!H<H7 5B #HdidH AnotB H !H<H=H7 55B #ho H < R 55 H =H7 555B #hich>#hose H=HdidHAnotBH!H<H7 # H will>shall H ! H< H = H7 # H am>is>are H ! H A<HingB H = H7 # H was>were H ! H A<HingB H = H7 # H will>shall H ! H $e H A<HingB H = H7 # H ha%e>has H ! H < R 555 H = H7 # H had H ! H <;555 H =H7 # H will>shall H ! H ha%e H <;555 H = H7 # H ha%e>has H ! H $een H A<HingB H =H7 # H had H ! H $een H A<HingB H =H7 # H will>shall H! H ha%e $een H A<HingBH =H7

2. !imple 8ast Tense

8ositi%e : !H<;55H= (egati%e : !HdidnDt H<H=

-id H AnotB H !H<H=H7

). !imple ?uture Tense *. 3ontinuous 8resent Tense +. 3ontinuous 8ast Tense ,. 3ontinuous ?uture Tense .. 8re"ect 8resent Tense 0. 8ast 8er"ect Tense 2. ?uture 8er"ect Tense 1F.3ontiuous 8resent 8er"ect Tense 11. 3ontinuous 8ast 8er"ect Tense 12. 3ontinuous ?uture 8er"ect Tense

! H will>shallHAnotBH<H= ! H am>is>are H AnotB H A<HingB H = ! H was>were H AnotB H A<HingB H = ! H will>shall H AnotB H $e H A<HingB H = ! H ha%e>has H AnotB H < R 555 H = ! H had H AnotB H <;555H= ! H #ill>shall H AnotB H ha%e H <;555 H = ! H ha%e>has H AnotB H $een H A<HingB H = ! H had H AnotB $een H A<HingB H = ! H #ill>shall H AnotB H ha%e $een H A<HingB H F7

#ill>!hall H ! H < H = H7 Am>is>are H ! H A<HingB H =H7 #as>were H ! H A<HingB H =H7 #ill>shall H ! H $e H A<HingB H =H7 a%e> has H !H < H 555 H = H7 ad H ! H <;555 H = H7 #ill>shall H ! H ha%e H <;555 H =H7 a%e>has H ! H $een H A<HingB H = H7 ad H ! H $een H A<HingB H = H7 #ill>shall H ! H ha%e $een H A<HingB H = H7

ACTI,E ,+ICE
1. 3an 2. 3ould ). !hould *. Must +. #ould ,. May .. Cet 0. CetDs 2. a%e> has to

1+R9U/A
! H can H AnotB H < H = ! H could H AnotB H <H = ! H shouldH AnotB H <H = ! H must H AnotB H <H = ! H would H AnotB H <H = ! H may H AnotB H <H = Cet H = H < CetDs H = H < ! H ha%e>has to H < H = > ! H do>does H not H ha%e to H <H=

CUESTI+0 B
3an H AnotB H ! H < H = H7 3ould H AnotB !H <H = H7 !hould H AnotB !H <H = H7 Must H AnotB !H <H = H7 #ould H AnotB !H <H = H7 May H AnotB !H <H = H7 ; ; -o>does H AnotB H ! H ha%e to H < H = H7

CUESTI+0 * II
# H can H AnotB H ! H < H = H7 # H could H AnotB H ! H < H = H7 # H should H AnotB H ! H < H = H7 # H mustH AnotB H ! H < H = H7 # H would H AnotB H ! H < H = H7 # H may H AnotB H ! H < H = H7 ; ; # H do>does H AnotB H !H ha%e to H < H = H7

,2

1F. ad to 11. -id ha%e to 12. #ill > !hall ha%e to 1). !hould ha%e 1*. 3ould ha%e 1+. Must ha%e 1,. Might ha%e 1.. #ould ha%e

! H had to H < H =>! H did Hnot H ha%e to H < H = ! H did ha%e to H < H = ! H #ill>shall H AnotB H ha%e to H < H = ! H !hould H AnotB H ha%e H <;555 H = ! H 3ould H AnotB H ha%e H <;555 H = ! H Must H AnotB H ha%e H <;555 H = ! H Might H AnotB H ha%e H <;555 H = ! H #ould H AnotB H ha%e H <;555 H =

-id H AnotB H ! H ha%e to H < H = H7 -id H AnotB H ! H ha%e to H < H = H7 #ill>shall H AnotB H ! H ha%e to H < H = H7 !hould H AnotB H ! H ha%e H <;555 H = H7 3ould H AnotB H ! H ha%e H <;555 H = H7 Must H AnotB H ! H ha%e H <;555 H = H7 Might H AnotB H ! H ha%e H <;555 H = H7 #ould H AnotB H ! H ha%e H <;555 H = H7

# H did H AnotB H ! H ha%e to H < H = H7 # H did H AnotB H ! H ha%e to H < H = H7 # H will>shall H AnotB H ! H ha%e to H < H = H7 # H !hould H AnotB H ! H ha%e H <;555 H =H7 # H 3ould H AnotB H ! H ha%e H <;555 H =H7 # H Must H AnotB H ! H ha%e H <;555 H =H7 # H Might H AnotB H ! H ha%e H <;555 H =H7 # H #ould H AnotB H ! H ha%e H <;555 H =H7

PASSI,E ,+ICE
1. !imple 8resent Tense 2. !imple 8ast Tense ). !imple ?uture Tense *. 3ontinuous 8resent Tense +. 3ontinuous 8ast Tense ,. 3ontinuous ?uture Tense .. 8resent 8er"ect Tense 0. 8ast 8er"ect Tense 2. ?uture 8er"ect Tense 1F.3ontinuous 8er"ect 8resent Tense 11. 3ontinuous 8er"ect past Tense 12. 3ontinuous 8er"ect ?uture Tense

1+R9U/A
= H am>is>are H AnotB H < R 555 H A$y H !B = H was>were H AnotB H < R 555 H A$y H !B = H will>shall H AnotB H $e H< R 555 H A$y H !B = H am>is>are H AnotB H $eing H < R 555 H A$y H !B = H was>were H AnotB H $eing H < R 555 H A$y H !B = H ha%e>has H AnotB $een H <;555 H A$y H !B = H had H AnotB H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B = H will H AnotB ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H!B

CUESTI+0 B
Am>is>are H = H < R 555 H A$y H !B H7 #as>were H = H < R 555 H A$y H !B H7 #ill>shall H = H < R 555 H A$y H !B H7 Am>is>are H = H $eing H <;555 H A$y H !B H7 #as>were H = H $eing H <;555 H A$y H !B H7 a%e>has H = H $een H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 ad H = H $een H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 #ill>shall H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B

CUESTI+0 * II
# H am>is>are H = H <;555 H A$y H !B H7 # H was>were H = H <;555 H A$y H !B H7 # H will>shall H = H $e H <;555 H A$y H !B H7 # H am>is>are H = H $eing H<; 555 H A$y H !B H7 # H was>were H = H $eing H<; 555 H A$y H !B H7 # H ha%e>has H = H $een H A< R 555B H A$y H!B H7 # H had H = H $een H A<;555B H A$yH!B H7 # H #ill>shall H = H ha%e $een H < R 555 H A$y H !B H7

,)

PASSI,E ,+ICE
1. 3an 2. 3ould ). !hould *. Must +. #ould ,. May .. Cet 0. CetDs 2. a%e> has to 1F. ad to 11. -id ha%e to 12. #ill > !hall ha%e to 1). !hould ha%e 1*. 3ould ha%e 1+. Must ha%e 1,. Might ha%e 1.. #ould ha%e

1+R9U/A
= H can H AnotB H $e H <;555 H A$y H !B = H could H AnotB H $e H <; 555 H A$y H !B = H should H AnotB H $e H <;555 H A$y H !B = H must H AnotB H $e H <; 555 H A$y H !B = Hwould H AnotB H $e H <; 555 H A$y H !B = H may H AnotB H $e H <; 555 H A$y H !B Cet H = H $e H <;555 H A$y H!B ; = H ha%e>has to H $e H <; 555 H A$y H !B = H had to H $e H <;555 H A$y H !B = H did H AnotB ha%e to H $e H <; 555 H A$y H!B = H will>shall H AnotB H ha%e to H $e H <;555 H A$y H !B = H !hould H AnotB H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B = H 3ould H AnotB H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B = H Must H AnotB H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B = H Might H AnotB H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B = H #ould H AnotB H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B

CUESTI+0 B
3an H AnotB H = H $e H <; 555 H A$y H!B H7 3ouldH AnotB H = H $e H <; 555 H A$y H!B H7 !houldH AnotB H = H $e H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 Must H AnotB H = H $e H <; 555 H A$y H!B H7 #ould H AnotB H = H $e H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 May H AnotB H = H $e H <; 555 H A$y H!B H7 ; ; ; ; ; #ill>!hall H AnotB H = H ha%e to H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 !hould H AnotB H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 3ould H AnotB H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 Must H AnotB H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 Might H AnotB H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 #ould H AnotB H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H!B H7

CUESTI+0 * II
# H can H AnotB H = H $e H <; 555 H A$y H!B H7 # H could H AnotB H = H $e H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 # H should H AnotB H = H $e H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 # H mustH AnotB H = H $e H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 # H would H AnotB H = H $e H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 # H may H AnotB H = H $e H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 ; ; ; ; ; # H will >shall H AnotB H = H ha%e to H $e H <;555 H A$y H!B H7 # H should H AnotB H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B H7 # H could H AnotB H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B H7 # H must H AnotB H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B H7 # H might H AnotB H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B H7 # H would H AnotB H = H ha%e H $een H <;555 H A$y H !B H7

,*

ADJECTIVE-TYPES-DEGREES
Adjecti"e: * 5t is a word that descri$es or tells you something a$out a noun. e.g. This is a tall tree Atall;adjecti%e; it says something a$out the noun GtreeGB !unita is cle%er Acle%er;adjecti%e; it says something a$out the noun G!unitaGB T)&es of adjecti"es:* A1B Adjecti"es of Eua!it) Ahonest, $eauti"ul, cruel, handsome etc.B A2B Adjecti"es of Euantit) Asome, little etc.B A)B Adjecti"es of 0u%ber Atwo, a "ew, many etc.B A*B De%onstrati"e Adjecti"es Athis, that, those, these etc.B A+B Interrogati"e Adjecti"es Awhat, whose, which etc.B Adjecti%es can $e categorised into three degrees o" 3omparison;8ositi%e 3omparati%e and !uperlati%e. 8ositi%e 1ich 8oor 3omparati%e 1icher 8oorer !uperlati%e 1ichest 8oorest Martin is a rich man. 5" the

A statement in the positi%e degree;i" we want to make a statement concerning a single indi%idual, the statement would $e ; statement has to $e made in the positi%e degree "rom the comparati%e, without changing the meaning, then the statement would $e: (o other person is as rich as Martin Ai"" Martin is compared with manyB =1 4ames is not as rich as Martin. Ai" Martin is compared with 4amesB !tatement in the comparati%e Martin is richer than 4ames. !tatement in the superlati%e ,+

;Martin is the richest o" all. (ote the word GthanG will always appear in the comparati%e degree.

1ules to $e "ollowed while trans"orming the positi%e into comparati%e and superlati%e. 1. #hen the adjecti%e in the positi%e is only one sylla$le then GerG and GestD is placed a"ter the Adjecti%e in the 3omparati%e and the !uperlati%e. e.g.: Tall Bold Qoung /reat Kind Taller Bolder Qounger /reater Kinder Tallest Boldest Qoungest /reatest Kindest

2. #hen the Adjecti%e in the positi%e ends in JeD only GrG and GstG are added in the 3omparati%e and !uperlati%e "orm: &g: Bra%e ?ine A$le (o$le #ise Bra%er ?iner A$ler (o$ler #iser Bra%est ?inest A$lest (o$lest #isest

U!ylla$le: A <ocal soundAsB "orming a whole word or part o" it containing one %owel;sound. ). #hen the positi%e ends with JyD it is changed into GiG $e"ore adding GerG and appy happier happiest ea%y hea%ier hea%iest ,,

GestD in the 3omparati%e and !uperlati%e "orm: &.g.:

Merry merrier merriest #ealthy wealthier wealthiest *. 5" in the positi%e, the second last letter is a %owel, then the last letter is redder $igger hotter thinner sadder reddest $iggest hottest thinnest saddest

dou$led and GerG and GestD is added in the 3omparati%e and !uperlati%e "orms e.g.: 1ed Big ot Thin !ad +.

#hen the 8ositi%e word is made up o" two or more sylla$les, then the

comparati%e and superlati%e are "ormed $y using GmoreG and GmostG $e"ore the positi%e. e.g.: Beauti"ul -i""icult 5ndustrious 3ourageous &'pensi%e more $eauti"ul more di""icult more industrious more courageous more e'pensi%e most $eauti"ul most di""icult most industrious most courageous most e'pensi%e

=thers: 8olite, 3ruel, 3ommon, andsome, 8leasant, !tupid. ,. 5rregular 3omparison ;The comparati%e V the superlati%e are not "ormed Better #orse More ?arther 5nner Ipper =uter Cess>lesser Best #orst Most ?arthest 5nnermost>inmost Ippermost>upmost =utermost least ,.

"rom the positi%e /ood>well Bad>ill Many ?ar 5n Ip =ut Cittle

E?ERCISE :* ?ill in the $lank with the correct degree o" comparison. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. !achin Tendulkar is the ............ $atsman in the world Agood, $etter, $estB The ............ $uildings are "ound in America, Atall, taller, tallestB The &i""el Tower is............ than the :utu$ Minar. Atall, taller, tallestB My uncle is ............ than my "ather, Arich, richer, richestB =oty is ............ than 3hennai. Acool, cooler, coolestB (o other $owler is as ............ as Brett Cee.A"ast, "aster, "astestB Michael is............ than 4ason. Ahandsome, more handsome, most handsomeB 8remchand is ............ than any other most "amousB This is the ............ o" my two sons. Ayoung, younger, youngestB 1F. (o other general was as ............ as Ale'ander, Agreat, greater, greatestB E?ERCISE #:* 5denti"y and make sentences using the "ollowing degrees o" the Adjecti%es. Most $eauti"ul, 8oorer, Tallest, ea%ier, =ld, Biggest, 1ichest #orst. More e'pensi%e, 3heapest, indi poet. A"amous, more "amous,

,0

E?ERCISE $:* 3hange the degree o" comparison without changing the meaning. e.g.:;l. e.g.:;2. 4ohn is taller than the other $oys. AMake it superlati%eB 4ohn is the tallest $oy o" all. 5ndia is more $eauti"ul than any other country in the world. AMake it positi%eB (o other country in the world is as $eauti"ul as 5ndia. e.g.:;). 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. The cow is the most use"ul animal. AMake it comparati%eB The cow is more use"ul than any other animal. (o other metal is as use"ul as iron. AMake it superlati%eB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 4upiter is the $iggest planet. AMake it comparati%eB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE /old is more e'pensi%e than most other metals. AMake it positi%eB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE (o other island in the world is as large as Australia. AMake it comparati%eB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE !amson was stronger than any other man AMake it superlati%eB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE G(o other peak o" the 3omparati%eB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE .. 0. 2. The 8en is mightier than the sword. AMake it positi%eB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE The 8aci"ic is one o" the largest oceans. AMake it comparati%eB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE !hakespeare is the greatest o" &nglish poets. AMake it positi%eB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 1F. The Tiger is more dangerous than any other animal. AMake it positi%eB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE imalayas is as high as Mt. &%erest. AMake it

,2

ADVERBS
An Ad%er$ is a word which Eua!ifies a %er$ or an adjecti"e or some other ad"erb KI0DS +1 AD,ERBS 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. Ad%er$s o" Manner Ad%er$s o" 8lace Ad%er$s o" Time Ad%er$s o" ?re6uency Ad%er$s o" -egree Ad%er$s o" 1eason 5nterrogati%e Ad%er$s

AD,ERBS +1 9A00ER * showing G ow....7G !he works sincerely. e talks clearly and precisely. The accident took place there. Maria li%es here. !he returned home %ery late. (ow, he has reached -elhi. e ne%er tells a lie. !he is always dressed in white. Cight tra%els "aster than sound. !he was completely e'hausted.

AD,ERBS +1 P/ACE ; showing G#here....7G

AD,ERBS +1 TI9E * showing G#hen....7G

AD,ERBS +1 1RECUE0C@ * showing Go"ten....7G

AD,ERBS +1 DE>REE * showing ; ow much....7G

.F

AD,ERBS +1 REAS+0 * showing GThe reasonG Because !te%e did not o$ey the teacher, he was punished, -ence his name was struck o"" the school register. 1omy eats too many chocolates. ConseEuent!), his teeth are decayed. Interrogati"e AD,ERBS * to pose a 6uestion A7B #hy did she go there7 #hen did you come here7 E(ercise I Inderline the Ad%er$s in the "ollowing sentences and state what kind each o" them $elongs to. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. Qesterday, 5 was not present at the party. The house was a$solutely silent a"ter the children le"t. #here has !te%e gone7 My uncle ne%er tells me a$out his $usiness. The $us will stop there. The girl suddenly shouted in alarm. 5 am $usy today. Mr. !mith always walks slowly. Mr. 4ones has just arri%ed.

1F. The sportsman %aulted the pole grace"ully. 1+R9ATI+0 +1 AD,ERBS Ad%er$s can $e "ormed in the "ollowing ways: 1. By adding JlyD to adjecti"es of %anner8 to some &resent and &ast &artici&!es.

.1

&'amples: Adjecti%e wise true sincere decided 2. ;;; ;;; ;;; ;;; Ad%er$ wisely truly sincerely decidedly Adjecti%e !trong dou$le $usy willing ;;; ;;; ;;; ;;; Ad%er$ strongly dou$ly $usily willingly

By adding 4-i!e or 4ise mean H while W meanwhile clock H wise W clockwise other Hwise W otherwise edge H wise W edgewise hence H "orth W hence"orth home H ward W homeward north H ward W northward there H upon W thereupon there H o" W thereo"

). *.

By joining two ad"erbs there H "ore W there"ore By adding 4ard $ack H ward W $ackward east H ward W eastward

+.

By joining a preposition and an ad%er$ here H in W herein here H a"ter W herea"ter

E(ercise # Make Ad%er$s "rom the "ollowing words. Qou can take hints "rom the a"oresaid e'amples. 1. ). +. .. 2. &'treme EEEEEEEEEEEEE !outh EEEEEEEEEEEEE A""ected EEEEEEEEEEEEE ence EEEEEEEEEEEEE There EEEEEEEEEEEEE 2. *. ,. 0. 1F. 3lock EEEEEEEEEEEEE Mocking EEEEEEEEEEEEE MentalEEEEEEEEEEEEE appy EEEEEEEEEEEEE ere EEEEEEEEEEEEE

.2

P+SITI+0 +1 AD,ERBS Ad%er$s can $e placed at di""erent places in the sentence: . Bet4een t-e subject and t-e finite "erbs Ad%er$s which re"er to time, "re6uency, and manner are most o"ten placed $etween the su$ject and the "inite %er$. &'amples iB Mary sometimes listens to old songs. iiB 4ack "re6uently goes to the cinema. iiiB !he always respects her elders. #. Bet4een t-e au(i!iar) and t-e finite "erb !ome Ad%er$s should $e placed $etween the au'iliary and the "inite %er$. #hen there are two au'iliaries in a sentence the Ad%er$ should $e placed $etween au'iliaries. &'amples iB 5t can ne%er $e appro%ed $y the teacher. iiB Qou ha%e o"ten diso$eyed your parents. $. I%%ediate!) after t-e "erbs Isually Ad%er$s are placed immediately a"ter the %er$s J$eD, JseemD, JappearD, etc. &'amples iB The sum is Euite easy. iiB The $ook seems a!%ost new. iiiB e looks angri!) at the child. E(ercise $ Brac3et t-e 4ord 4-ic- is an Ad"erb in eac- sentence. 1. e is too weak to walk. 2. e is 6uite out o" my range. ). e will do it easily. *. !ara can ne%er $e dismissed "rom her jo$.

.)

E(ercise ' P!ace t-e Ad"erbs gi"en in t-e brac3ets in t-e rig-t &!ace and re4rite t-e sentence. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. The little child $egan to cry. A!uddenlyB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5 will "orget that dread"ul night; A(e%erB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Mac has come downstairs. A4ustB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Colita is a thin girl. A<eryB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE The car turned. A:uicklyB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE The $o' is $ig to $e carried $y the child. ATooB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE !achin will $e declared man o" the match. A-e"initelyB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE A"ter EEEEE 2. !he is singing songs while doing her work. AAlwaysB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 1F. 5t will rain. A!hortlyB EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E(ercise = Use t-e fo!!o4ing ad"erbs in sentences of )our o4n. 1. 2. ). A$ruptly =nly Too EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE .* a long journey, we were e'hausted. A6uiteBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. 1F. :uite !ometimes EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE In"ortunately EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 3ertainly Qesterday !lowly urriedly EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

.+

PREPOSITION
The wordSprepositionSmeans positioned $e"ore. A 8reposition is generally used $e"ore a noun or pronoun , as S 1. for a month *. in the corner 2. in the capital +. u& the stairs ). be-ind the tree ,. 4it- her

The noun or pronoun that "ollows a preposition is called its o$ject. #hat role does a 8reposition play in a sentence7 A 8reposition e(&resses t-e !in3 of its object 4it- so%e ot-er noun or &ronoun %entioned before it in t-e sa%e sentence; asS 1. 2. ). *. +. 5 ha%e $een doing this jo$ for a month. The 1ed ?ort is in the capital o" 5ndia. The "o' hid be-ind the tree. The stool is lying in the corner. The dog ran u& the stairs.

But in interrogati"e sentences and in the &assi"e "oice, 8repositions are o"ten mo%ed to the end o" the sentence, asS 1. 2. ). #hom were you talking to7 #hat did you open the lock 4it-7 #ar reporters are sometimes shot at. a$o%e around $eneath during o"" o%er to upon Across at $eside e'cept in round towards with a"ter $e"ore $etween "or into since under within against $ehind $y "rom on through underneath without

3ommon prepositions used in &nglish are as gi%en $elow: a$out along $elow down o" onto till up

.,

KI0DS +1 PREP+SITI+0S There are "our main types o" prepositions: A. PREP+SITI+0S +1 P/ACE These prepositions include inside, outside, o%er, under, a$o%e, $elow, at, $eside, near, $e"ore, $ehind, $etween, $eyond, on. =$ser%e the "ollowing sentences: 1. Three men are inside the room. =ne is waiting outside. 2. The $ridge is o"er the ri%er and the $oat is under the $ridge. ). The sky is abo"e our heads $ut the earth is beneat- our "eet. *. The $us is at the stop near a truck and beside the pole. +. The hut is in front of the tree and the tree is be-ind it. ,. The $oy is standing bet4een the two girls. .. The temple is on the hill and the lake is be)ond it. B. PREP+SITI+0S +1 9+,E9E0T These prepositions include into, in, onto, towards, "rom, through, across, up, down, along, o"", past, round, around, $y. =$ser%e the "ollowing sentences: 1. 8ut the tea;lea%es in the water and take the teapot into the li%ing room. 2. The $ird "lew onto the $ranch o" a tree. ). The cyclist pedalled to4ards the market. *. This road passes t-roug- a tunnel. ,. The child ran across the road a!ong the @e$ra line. .. The arrow glided &ast my right shoulder. 0. The earth re%ol%es round the sun. 2. 5 like to tra%el b) $us not b) train.

..

C. PREP+SITI+0S +1 TI9E A0D DATE These prepositions include at, in, on, during, o%er, "or, since, till, until, $y, "rom, to, $etween, $e"ore, a"ter. =$ser%e the "ollowing sentences: 1. 5 was $orn in 12*2 on Thursday at *;)F a.m. 2. #hat did you paint during the summer7 ). 5 ha%e seen her a lot o"er the last "ew weeks. *. 5 ha%e $een working here for "i%e years>since 122+. +. old these pigeons ti!!5unti! sunset. ,. B) t-e end of the month, she will ha%e le"t "or Condon. .. The matches will $e played fro% !eptem$er to (o%em$er. 0. Qou can see me before5after my o""ice;hours. D. PREP+SITI+0S +1 DIRECTI+0 A0D DISTA0CE These prepositions include across, along, down, up, towards, o"", away, to, into, out o%er, onto =$ser%e the "ollowing sentences: 1. The cat ran u& the stairs. 2. The $ear was coming to4ards the two "riends. ). The child ran across the road carelessly. *. 5 took a walk a!ong the $ank o" the ri%er. +. The tiger jumped t-roug- the ring o" "ire. ,. The man jumped fro% the running $us. .. The $ird "lew a4a) to its nest. 0. The gun went off suddenly and killed a passer;$y 2. The cat rushed out o" the room and got onto the roo". 1F. The $oulder rolled do4n the hill.

.0

T.E C+RRECT USE +1 CERTAI0 PREP+SITI+0S . Beside and besides Beside W $y the side o", ne't to, at the side o". Besides W in addition, more, plus, including. &': #e $uilt a house $eside the "actory. Besides ?rench, he also speaks &nglish. #. Since and for J!inceD is used "or a point o" time and J"orD is used "or a period o" time in the 8er"ect Tense. !ince W point o" time ?or W period o" time &': #e ha%e $een here since * =Gclock, #e ha%e li%ed here "or two years. A%ong and bet4een JAmongD is used "or a group and J$etweenD is used "or two persons and things. Among W more than two persons or things Between W two persons or things &': They di%ided the cake among themsel%es. There was an argument $etween the two girls. $. B) and 4itJByD is used "or agent and JwithD is used "or instrument. By W &': America was disco%ered $y 3olum$us. 5 usually write with a $all point pen. '. In and at agent #ith W instrument

.2

JAtD is used "or small towns and %illages and JinD is used "or large places, countries and towns. At W small towns and %illages 5n W large places, countries and towns &': e was $orn at Andheri and li%ed in Mum$ai all his li"e. =. +n and in * At and b) =n W days o" week>month 5n W period At W e'act time By W point o" time &': !he will come on !unday. !he was married on the 2Fth o" April, 2FF1. #e will go to Kashmir in summer. is "light will arri%e at *.FF p.m. !he will lea%e $y the end o" the day. F. In and into J5nD is used "or things or persons in the position o" rest; and JintoD is used "or things or persons in motion. 5n W things or persons in the position o" rest. 5nto W things or persons in motion &': Manisha was in the room. 5 walked into the theatre, e is in the hospital. G. +n and u&on J=nD is used "or things at rest and JuponD "or things in motion. =n W things or persons at rest Ipon W things or persons in motion &': The 8resident was seated on the dais. e leaped upon the wall. 0F

H.

In and 4it-in 5n W at the end o" #ithin W $e"ore the end o" AduringB &': 5 shall type the letters in two hours. 5 shall complete the work within three hours. 5 shall pay you the money in a week. !he will return the $ook within a week

I.

Before and for JBe"oreD is used "or a point o" time and J"orD is used "or a period o" time. Be"ore W point o" time ?or W period o" time &': 5 shall $e $ack $e"ore . =Gclock, 5 shall stay here "or three weeks.

J. After and in JA"terD denotes the end o" a period in the past and JinD denotes the end o" a period in "uture. A"ter W at the end o" a period in the past 5n W the end o" a period in "uture &': !he returned a"ter a week. #e will "inish the $ook in a week, . 1ro% and since Both are used "or a point o" time. But JsinceD is used only in per"ect tenses and J"romD is used in any tense. &': #e ha%e stayed here since 122F. #e shall $e on the jo$ "rom tomorrow. #. Ti!! and to Till is used "or time and to is used "or place. Till W time 01

To W place &': 5 waited "or Karen till * =Gclock. They went to the market. $. To and at JToD is used "or things or persons in motion; and JatD "or things or persons at position or rest. To W mo%ement At W position &'. #e are going to the seaside. e is waiting at the $us stop. PREP+SITI+0S A0D T.E DETER9I0ERK T.E T-e nounsSchurch, hospital, school>college, $ed, sea, work, prison, court do not ta3e the before t-e% if an) of t-e% is "isited for its &ri%ar) &ur&oseD asK 1. #e go to sc-oo! as pupils. 2. #e go to &rison as prisoners. ). #e go to court as litigants. *. #e go to 4or3 as workers. +. #e go to bed to sleep. ,. #e return fro% sc-oo!. .. #e escape fro% &rison5-os&ita!5sc-oo!. 0. #e get out of bed5-os&ita!. But when these places are %isited not "or their primary purpose, JtheD is used $e"ore them; asS 1. 5 went to t-e te%&!e to see the priest. 2. 5 went to t-e sc-oo! to attend the Annual -ay. ). 5 went to t-e &rison to inter%iew some inmates. 02

T.E 6+RDK.+9E The wordShomeSis used without any preposition when it is alone: 1. #e reached -o%e %ery late. E(ercise #rite a suita$le preposition in each $lank: 1. !he was not..........................................home when 5 went to see her. 2. #e were sun;$athing................................................................the $each. ). The $oy...................................................a hat on his head is my son. *. 3an you see that girl standing.....................................................there7 +. 5 was $orn......................................................................March, 120). ,. The popular leader li%ed.................................................nearly +F years. .. e arri%ed in 5ndia.....................................................the 2*th o" April this year. 0. #e stayed at !himla.................................................three weeks in 4une. 2. The dog jumped................and struggled...........................the running thie". 1F. The goat ran.............................................the hill to drink water at the spring. E(ercise 3omplete the "ollowing paragraph putting a suita$le preposition in each $lank: =h, 5 "orgot to tell you that we all went.............the circus last week. Qou must go and see it. There are so many wonder"ul things.............it. Tigers jump.............rings o" "ire. The girls mo%e $ackwards and "orwards.............swings high..................................the air. A young girl jumps.............a $oard.............a small tank. Acro$ats clim$.............ropes. And the clowns, it is "antastic really, put eggs.............peopleGs pockets and push one another.............the water;tank. ow "unny indeed9 2. e returned -o%e sa"ely.

0)

E(ercise 1i!! in t-e b!an3s 4it- suitab!e &re&osition: 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. 11. The 1i%er "lows EEEEEEEEEE the $ridge, Ain, under, $elowB e is a"raid EEEEEEEEEE the dog. A$y, at, o"B 5 am "ond EEEEEEEEEE music, A"rom, "or, o"B e goes EEEEEEEEEE!unday EEEEEEEEEE3hurch, A$y, "rom on, toB The steam engine was in%ented EEEEEEEEEE4ames #att. Ain, o", $yB The $urglar jumped EEEEEEEEEEthe compound wall. Aat, o%er, to, uponB e spoke EEEEEEEEEEme EEEEEEEEEE!panish. Aat, in, toB They li%e EEEEEEEEEEthe same roo". Aunder, in, intoB 5 ha%e not seen him EEEEEEEEEElast #ednesday. A"or, $y, sinceB e has not reco%ered EEEEEEEEEEhis illness, A$y, "rom, o"B

1F. 5 am tired EEEEEEEEEEhim. A$y, "or, o"B 12. 5 shall do it EEEEEEEEEEpleasure, Ain, $y, withB 1). /od is good EEEEEEEEEE me. Aat, with, toB 1*. 5 am sorry EEEEEEEEEEwhat 5 ha%e done. Ao", "or, "romB 1+. 5 $ought it EEEEEEEEEE"i"teen rupees, A$y, in, "orB 1,. 5t has $een raining EEEEEEEEEEyesterday, A$y, "rom, sinceB 1.. The poetry was written EEEEEEEEEEme EEEEEEEEEEa 3amlin pen. Ato,$y, "rom, withB 10. #ill you come EEEEEEEEmy home7 said /anesh to !uresh Ain, into, at, toB 12. 5t is ten oGclock EEEEEEEEEEmy watch, A"rom, in, $yB 2F. They dro%e EEEEEEEEEEMum$ai to 8une. Ato, "rom, $yB 21. 22. e li%es EEEEEEEEEE ydera$ad EEE *0, Tilak !treet, Aat, in, $yB e le"t EEEEEEEEEEsi' EEEEEEEEEEthe morning, Aat, on, inB EEEEEEEEEEan artist who was "amous EEEEEEEEEE si'teenth century.A with, o", $y, inB 2*. The child has $een missing EEEEEEEEEEyesterday, A"rom, since, atB 2+. #e should reach our destination EEEEEEEEEEsunset, A$e"ore on, inB 2,. !uddenly, he rushed EEEEEEEEEEmy room suddenly, Ain, at, intoB 0*

2). The portrait was painted

2.. The train departs EEEEEEEEEE) p.m. A$y, to, atB 20. )F. e has spent his li"e EEEEEEEEEECondon. Aon, in, $yB e was killed EEEEEEEEEthe ro$$er EEEEEEEEa kni"e, A"rom, with, $y, o"B 22. #hile 5 was EEEEEEEEEE-elhi he was EEEEEEEEEEMum$ai.Aat, on, in, $yB )1. EEEEEEEEEE a scooter, he also has a car. A$esides, $y, o"B

0+

CONJUNCTIONS
3onjunctions are used to join two or more sentences, words or phrases. E(ercise AaB A$B Monte could not achie%e academic e'cellence. Monte did not get much time to study.

AaH$B Monte could not achie%e academic e'cellence $ecause he did not get much time to study. There are the "ollowing kinds o" conjunctionsG. . Coordinating Conjunctions are used to join the sentences or clauses o" e6ual rank. and yet E(ercise >ordon and 1oger are $rothers. The path was "ull o" twists and $ends )et we managed to reach your house. #ork hard or you wonDt "are well. e is stern but kind. $ut or neither... nor not only...$ut also either... or

#. Corre!ati"e Conjunctions are used in pairs not only... $ut also although... yet E(ercise (either 8eter nor his "riends ha%e turned up "or the match. 3hoose either this tea set or these wine glasses. (ot only does she speak &nglish, $ut she also speaks /erman e6ually well. 0, either... or whether...or neither... nor

$. Subordinating Conjunctions join together a dependent clause and a main clause. #hen A"ter !o that since until pro%ided that as unless $ecause $e"ore i" that till

The su$ordinating conjunctions can $e classi"ied as under: A Subordinating Conjunctions of Ti%e: until, till, when>while, $e"ore, as, since, a"ter Qou will not touch anything in the room unti! 5 ti!! you are allowed to do so. -aniel will $e $ack before the day is done. The guests arri%ed soon after we had "inished dinner. !he has $een li%ing in this house since she was "i%e years old. !ome$ody called out to me 4-en 5 4-i!e 5 was dri%ing past the house.

B Subordinating Conjunctions of P!ace: where, where%er 8lease go 4-ere there are $etter opportunities "or progress. 5 shall "ollow you 4-ere"er you may go.

C Subordinating Conjunctions of Pur&ose: lest, that, so that #alk slowly !est you should "all. #e eat t-at we may li%e. My "ather works day and night so t-at we may ha%es a good li"e.

D Subordinating Conjunctions of Cause 5 Reason: as, since, $ecause !he is weeping $itterly as she has lost her purse. Since he had met with an accident, he could not attend the meeting. 0.

4ack was admitted to a local hospital because he had su""ered a heart attack.

E Subordinating Conjunctions of Condition: unless, pro%ided that, i" Qou wonGt $e allowed to $oard the train un!ess you show me your ticket. If you use more "orce on the rope, it will snap. 5Gll lend you the $ook &ro"ided you return it to me $y the end o" this month. 1 Subordinating Conjunctions of Resu!t: so, that e set o"" on his journey $e"ore day$reak, so he reached -elhi $e"ore 2 am. e was so $usy t-at he could not spend time with me.

> Subordinating Conjunctions of Co%&arison 5 Concession Co%&arison * than, as '. !he is "atter t-an you AareB. e is as weak as you are. 5 lo%e him t-oug- he hates me. 5 donGt like milk a!t-oug- it is good "or health.

Co%&ound Conjunctions are the phrases, which are used to join together 5n order to as soon as as well as e%en i"

two or more clauses. As i"T. E(ercise e $oasts as if he were the star o" the show. As soon as the child saw the clown he started laughing with delight. In order to reach the Airport in time "or his "light, Mr. 4ohn took a ta'i.

00

E?ERCISE Join t-e fo!!o4ing sentences using Coordinating Conjunctions. 1. 2. ). *. +. AaB 1ose is going to America tonight. A$B -olly is going to America tonight. AaB /ordon will not $e sanctioned lea%e "or a week. A$B Karen will not $e sanctioned lea%e "or a week. AaB 3lip the hedges o" my lawn neatly. A$B Cea%e the place. AaB The newspaper was "ull o" glaring errors A$B -a%id identi"ied them all. AaB 8ut some "ertili@er to the plants immediately. A$B The plants may wither. A. C+99+0 ERR+RS I0 T.E USE +1 S+9E C+0JU0CTI+0S 1. #hen correlati%e conjunctions are used, care should $e taken to see that the two nouns and %er$s are joined properly. &': Qou should either come today or tomorrow. L5ncorrectM Qou should come either today or tomorrow. L3orrectM (either he is a "ool nor a mad man. L5ncorrectM e is neither a "ool nor a mad man. L3orrectM 2. (either is always "ollowed $y nor &': 5 recei%ed neither any letter or a telegram. L5ncorrectM 5 recei%ed neither a letter nor a telegram. L3orrectM 5 know neither !am or his wi"e. L5ncorrectM 5 know neither !am nor his wi"e. L3orrectM ). &ither is "ollowed $y or; &': !he is either a teacher nor a student.L5ncorrectM !he is either a teacher or a student. L3orrectM

02

*.

J!carcelyD and JhardlyD are always "ollowed $y JwhenD &': 5 had scarcely reached home than it started raining hea%ily. L5ncorrectM 5 had scarcely reached home when it started raining hea%ily. L3orrectM

+.

J(o soonerD is always "ollowed $y JthanD &': 5 had no sooner "inished my studies when 5 got a good jo$.A5ncorrect 5 had no sooner "inished my studies than 5 got a good jo$. L3orrectM

,.

The correct "orm o" the pronoun must $e used a"ter the words JthanD and JasD &': 5 am as tall as him. L5ncorrectM 5 am as tall as he. L3orrectM A J5sD is understoodB e is cle%erer than me. L5ncorrectM e is cle%erer than 5. L3orrectM AJAmD is understoodB

..

1ather and other are "ollowed $y than &': 5 would rather speak &nglish $ut indi. L5ncorrectM 5 would rather speak &nglish than indi. L3orrectM 5 lo%ed no other girl e'cept !arah. L5ncorrectM 5 lo%ed no girl other than !arah. L3orrectM

0.

JCikeD cannot $e used as a conjunction &': !he speaks &nglish well like her mother. L5ncorrectM !he speaks &nglish as well as her mother AdoesB. L3orrectM

2.

3onjunctions should not $e omitted &': !he is more $eauti"ul, $ut not as kind as her sister. L5ncorrectM !he is more $eauti"ul than, $ut not as kind as her sister. L3orrectM The $ook is as use"ul, i" not more use"ul than that. L5ncorrectM The $ook is as use"ul as, i" not more use"ul than that AoneB. L3orrectM

1F.

JInlessD is negati%e in sense. !o it should not $e used with JnotD. &': Inless you donGt ask me, 5 cannot help you. L5ncorrectM Inless you ask me, 5 cannot help you. L3orrectM 2F

11.

JCestD is always "ollowed $y JshouldD &': !tart early lest you may miss the train. L5ncorrectM !tart early lest you should miss the train. L3orrectM

12.

JThatD is not used in indirect speech with GwhG words &': !he asked me that whether 5 had posted the letter. L5ncorrectM !he asked me whether 5 had posted the letter. L3orrectM 8lease tell me that where you are staying now. L5ncorrectM 8lease tell me where you are staying now. L3orrectM

1).

J!inceD must $e preceded $y a present or past per"ect tense. &': ?i%e years passed since 5 saw 8rerna. L5ncorrectM ?i%e years ha%e passed since 5 saw 8rerna. L3orrectM

E?ERCISE ?ill in the $lanks with suita$le conjunctions: 1. EEEEEEEE these di""erent classes and their mutual con"licts there was common $ond which united them in 5ndia. 2. ). *. =ur own poet EEEEEEEE teacher whom we call gurude%a has named it in There is no "reer li"e in 5ndia EEEEEEEE the li"e o" our children at Their "aces tell the story o" their joy EEEEEEEE their "reedom.

his song. !hantiniketan. E?ERCISE 3orrect the "ollowing sentences: 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. Mona worked hard lest she may "ail in her attempt. Though 5 tried hard $ut 5 "ailed in the e'amination. !ean does not speak like me. 5 had no sooner reached the $us stop when it started raining. 5 lo%ed $oth 4ohn as well as 4ames. 5 am not sure i" she will return "rom -elhi. 21

.. 0. 2.

#ait here until 5 do not come. !he asked me that what 5 was doing in her room. Two months ha%e passed when 5 saw Monica.

22

INTERJECTIONS
The word JinterjectD ; means to interpose Athrow inB suddenly. #hile speaking to someone, the speaker sometimes may $e e%otiona!!) e(cited. 5n such a case, he>she shouts some words unconsciously under the in"luence o" the emotion. These words $ecome a part o" his>her speech. 5n other words, they get interjected into his>her speech. !uch words are called Interjections. 5nterjections are o"ten e'claimed louder than other words. &ach interjection indicates the emotion under which it is e'claimed. 3ommon emotions include jo)8 sorro48 4onder8 &raise8 anger8 -atred8 regret etc. !ometimes words are e'claimed to attract attention as well. All these words are interjections. Cet us study some e'amples. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. .urra-9 we ha%e won the match. A!as9 my pet dog is no more. A-9 what a lo%ely rose9 Bra"o9 well done, my son9 .us-9 the $a$y is sleeping, /oo39 you must ne%er come here again. /o9 there comes daddy with toys. +-9 how careless 5 ha%e $een9 Poo-9 what a dirty place9 AjoyB AsorrowB AwonderB ApraiseB AwarningB AangerB AattentionB AregretB AhatredB Are$ukeB

1F. 1ie9 how shame"ul o" you9

All the words in $old type in the sentences gi%en a$o%e show emotion. They are shouted suddenly under the in"luence o" %arious emotions. !o, they are interjections. An Interjection is a word e'claimed under the in"luence o" a sudden emotion.

2)

E?C/A9ATI+0S A sentence starting with an 5nterjection is called an &'clamation>&'clamatory sentence. All the ten sentences gi%en a$o%e are &'clamations. An &'clamation can $e easily changed into a statement; asS Ah9 what a lo%ely child. 5t is a %ery lo%ely child. May you li%e a long li"e9 5 wish that /od may grant you a long li"e. E(ercise !ort out the interjection in each sentence and name the emotion that it indicates. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. urrah9 Mother has $rought me toys. Alas9 we are undone Ah9 what a lo%ely day9 Bra%o9 you ha%e carried the day. ello9 how do you do7 ?ie9 shame on you "or doing it. =h9 i" 5 were a minister. ark9 the siren is sounding a warning. TT...................................... TT...................................... TT...................................... TT...................................... TT...................................... TT...................................... TT...................................... ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Ae'clamationB AstatementB Ae'clamationB AstatementB

2*

Answer: AaB #hat is an 5nterjection7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE A$B #hat is an &'clamation7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE AcB #rite ten common 5nterjections and the "eelings they e'press. EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 3hange each &'clamation into a statement or %ice %ersa: 1. 2. #ould that 5 were a minister9 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE The 6ueen is e'tremely charming. EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

2+

INTRODUCTION TO PUNCTUATION
T-e different for%s of &unctuation in t-e Eng!is- !anguage inc!ude t-e fo!!o4ing: They are R ?ull stop A.B 3omma A,B :uestion mark A7B &'clamation mark A9B Apostrophe AJB 5n%erted comma AOEPB !emi;3olon A;B 3olon A:B -ash A;B 3apital Cetter. 1u!!sto& ;.< ; 5t is used to end a sentence. e.g. e is going to school. Cuestion %ar3 ;:< ; 5t is used to indicate a 6uestion has $een asked. e.g. #hat is your name 7 E(c!a%ator) %ar3 ;L< ; 5t is used to e'press strong positi%e or negati%e emotions. e.g. urrah 9 5ndia won the cricket match. Co%%a ;8< ; 5t is used when we ha%e to separate a list o" persons>things in a sentence. e.g. Tina, 1eena, Meena and <eena are playing in the garden. A&ostro&-e ; 2 < ; 5t is used to show possession e.g. That is /opalDs pen. In"erted co%%as ;MNNM< RThey are used to $egin and end the e'act words o" a speaker. e.g. Mother asked, N#here are you going7N

2,

T-e Se%i*Co!on ;D< ; 5t is used to show a pause which is longer than a comma. 5t is also used to separate two connected simple sentences. e.g. This dog is a "riendly animal; he will not $ark at you. T-e Co!on ;:< ; 5t is used to gi%e out a list o" names or articles one $y one. e.g. Many students secured a "irst class. They are: 1oger, !onia, 8eter AnneTTTT. T-e das- ;*< ; is used when there is a sudden stop or change o" thought. e.g. My relati%es and "riends;they all enjoyed the party. Ca&ita! /etter ; 5t is used to $egin a sentence, "or 8roper nouns, "or titles, "or the letter J5D when it is used in the "irst person and the interjection J=D Punctuate t-e fo!!o4ing: a lecturer at Mum$ai uni%ersity when e'plaining stress management to his students raised a glass o" water and asked how hea%y is this glass o" water the students answers ranged "rom )FFg to +FFg the lecturer replied the actual weight does not matter it depends on how long you try to hold it i" 5 hold it "or a minute thatDs not a pro$lem i" 5 hold it "or an hour ill ha%e an ache in my right arm i" 5 hold it "or a day youDll ha%e to call an am$ulance what a tragedy.

2.

MODALS (AU ILIARIES!

Modals are also said to $e .e!&ing ,erbs. The "ollowing are commonly used Modal Au'iliaries: !hall #ill Must (eed #. !hould would must not need not AneednDtB can may used to could might ought to

9oda! Au(i!iaries: <er$s used to e'press %arious moods and mental

attitudes like hope, e'pectations, possi$ility and "uturity are known as Modal Au'iliaries. &': can, may, will, shall, must, could, might, would, should, need, dare, ought to, used to. 9oda!s and t-eir %eanings 9+DA/ AU?I/IAR@ 3an 3ould !hall !hould #ill #ould May Might Must =ught AtoB Ised AtoB (eed -are 9EA0I0> A$ility, permission, re6uest, possi$ility A$ility, re6uest, possi$ility ?uturity, willingness, intention, suggestion, insistence =$ligation, ad%isa$ility, necessity, e'pectation #illingness, intention, prediction, insistence, re6uest #illingness, ha$itual action in the past, possi$ility, wishes, desire 8ermission, possi$ility, wishes, purpose, concession 8ermission, possi$ility, concession, reproach (ecessity, prohi$ition, compulsion, o$ligation, certainty, pro$a$ility. Moral o$ligation, duty, necessity, desira$ility 8ast ha$it now discontinued (ecessity, importance, desira$ility 3hallenge, courage, $oldness, disappro%al 9+DA/ AU?I/IARIES 20

9ain 1eatures: Modals ha%e some speci"ic "eatures o" their own. . 9oda! Au(i!iaries cannot be used a!one. T-e) s-ou!d be co%bined 4it- Princi&a! ,erbs. &': Qou may go now. !he can speak &nglish. e must tell the truth. (ote: 8rincipal <er$s can $e used alone. &': Qou go to the temple e%ery !unday. !he speaks &nglish. e tells the truth. #. T-e) -a"e on!) a sing!e for%. &': 5 can teach. e can teach. &': 5 am teaching. 5 ha%e taught. Qou are teaching. 8rincipal <er$s ha%e di""erent "orms &'. $. 5 like. e likes. They eat. !he eats. e goes. #e go. !he may come. #e may come. e does the work, They do the work. 5 was writing a letter. They must help. 5 must help.

(ote: 8rimary Au'iliary <er$s ha%e di""erent "orms.

T-e 9oda! Au(i!iaries -a"e no infiniti"e or &artici&!e for%. #e cannot write as: To must, to can, to shall

(ote: To will, to need, to dare are correct, $ecause these %er$s are used as 8rincipal <er$s. But they ha%e di""erent meanings. &': e decided to will his property to his sons. Lgi%e awayM Qou donGt need to worry, Lno necessity o" worryingM !he did not dare to talk to her "ather, Lhad no courage to talkM (ote: 8rimary Au'iliaries ha%e in"initi%e and participle "orms. 1. 5n"initi%e: &': 5 desire to $e praised. 22

The $oy appears to ha%e le"t the room. 2. 8articiple: &': The house is $eing $uilt They are $eing 6uestioned. T.E USE +1 OCA0P . Can is used to e(&ress abi!it) &': 5 can teach &nglish. !he can understand the poem. e can type the letters. #. To e(&ress ca&acit) &': e can work hard. !he can deal with customers. e can $uild a house. $. To e(&ress &er%ission &': 3an 5 speak to the manager7 3an 5 ha%e a cup o" tea7 3an 5 go early today7 '. To e(&ress &ossibi!it) &': e can come tomorrow. !he can go to the party. Qou can speak in &nglish i" you try.

1FF

T.E USE +1 OC+U/DP . Cou!d is used to e(&ress &ast abi!it) &': 5 could walk longer i" 5 tried harder. !he could work $etter when she was young. e could not attend the ceremony $ecause o" hea%y rain. #. Cou!d is used in indirect s&eec&': !he told me that she could help me. They said they could lend me the money. #e said we could "inish the work $y the end o" the month. $. Cou!d is used to e(&ress &ossibi!it) &': 5 could do it easily with your help. 5" only Tom were here, 5 could ask him a$out it. 5" she had a degree, she could apply "or the post. '. Cou!d is used to %a3e a &o!ite reEuest &': 3ould you post this letter "or me7 3ould you ha%e dinner with me this e%ening7 3ould you teach me &nglish grammar7 =. Cou!d is used to see3 &er%ission &': 3ould 5 smoke in the room7 3ould 5 talk to your $rother7 3ould 5 $orrow your maga@ine "or a while7 T.E USE +1 O9A@P . 9a) is used to reEuest &er%ission &': May 5 open the window7 May 5 use your phone7 May 5 park the car in your compound7

1F1

#.

9a) is used to e(&ress a &o!ite reEuest &': May 5 speak to Miss 4ackson7 May 5 join the 3lu$7 May 5 come with you7

$.

9a) is a!so used to e(&ress &ossibi!it) &': !he may come tomorrow. Qou may pass the e'am. e may $e elected president o" the association.

'.

9a) is used to e(&ress a 4is&': May /od $less you9 May /od help you9 May you li%e long9

=.

9a) is used in subordinate c!auses to e(&ress &ur&ose &': Cearn that you may teach others. &arn that you may spend. &at that you may li%e.

T.E USE +1 O9I>.TP . Q9ig-tR is t-e &ast tense of Q%a)R and it is used in indirect s&eec&': e said that he might change his mind a$out $uying the house. !he said that she might come the ne't day. They told me that they might apply "or a $ank loan. 8adma said that she might $ecome a nurse. #. 9ig-t is used to e(&ress &ossibi!it) &': 5t might rain today. !he might $e happy to see him. e might $e awarded the (o$el 8ri@e. e might attend the meeting.

1F2

$.

9ig-t is used to %a3e a gent!e re&roac&': Qou might spend the money with a little care. Qou might ha%e told me earlier a$out it. Qou might go there a little early.

T.E USE +1 O6I//P . 6i!! is used to e(&ress si%&!e futurit) in t-e second and t-ird &erson &': The plane will take o"" in a "ew seconds. Tomorrow will $e a holiday. They will come tomorrow. #. 6i!! is used to e(&ress deter%ination8 &ro%ise8 t-reat8 4i!!ingness in t-e first &erson AaB -etermination &': 5 will win the race. L5 am determined to win the race.X 5 will not agree with him, L5 am determined not to agree with himM #e will not see her again. L#e are determined not to see her againM A$B 8romise &': 5 will gi%e you a nice gi"t "or your $irthday. L8romise to gi%eM #e will help you in this matter. L8romise to helpM 5 will consider the case. L8romise to considerM AcB Threat &': 5 will teach her a lesson. 5 will dismiss you "rom ser%ice. #e will disown you.

1F)

AdB #illingness &': #e will gi%e you the address. L#illingnessM 5 will type the matter. L#illing to typeM 5 will lend you my $ike. L#illing to lendM $. 6i!! is used to ta!3 about a c-aracteristic -abit &': e will listen to the news on T.<. in the e%ening. Karen will talk a$out her "amily and "riends. They will always $oast o" their ancestral wealth. '. 6i!! is used to ta!3 about &robabi!it) &': 5 think she will $ecome an e'pert in her "ield. 5 suppose he will direct the "ilm. 5 think Marie will $e a great singer. =. 6i!! is used to indicate an in"itation or a &o!ite reEuest &': #ill you ha%e a cup o" tea7 #ill you post this letter "or me7 #ill you ha%e dinner with me tomorrow7 #ill you type this letter neatly7 T.E USE +1 O6+U/DP . 6ou!d is t-e &ast tense of 4i!! and it is used in indirect s&eec&': !he told me that she would see me the ne't day. e said that he would consult his ad%ocate. #. 6ou!d is used to e(&ress 4i!!ingness or deter%ination &': The 3hie" !urgeon said he would operate on the patient. L#illing to operateM The (urse said she would look a"ter the patient. L#illing to look a"terM !he would apply "or the post. L-eterminationM

1F*

$.

6ou!d is used to e(&ress a &ast -abit &': e would sit there e%ery e%ening and reminisce a$out his youth. !he would call her mother on the telephone e%ery morning.

'.

26ou!d2 and 24ou!d !i3e to2 are used to e(&ress a 4is&': 5 would know her opinion a$out it. L#ish to knowM 5 would like to talk a$out it later. L#ish to talkM 5 would like to e'press my thanks to her "or her help. L#ish to e'pressM

=.

Q6ou!d )ouR S infiniti"e is used to %a3e a &o!ite reEuest &': #ould you gi%e this letter to your $rother7 #ould you please lend me this $ook7 #ould you please wait "or me7

F.

26ou!d rat-er2 is used to e(&ress a c-oice or &reference &': 5 would rather die than commit a crime. e would rather go out than stay at home. !he would rather apply "or a jo$ than continue her studies.

T.E USE +1 OS.A//P . S-a!! is used in t-e first &erson to e(&ress futurit) &': 5 shall see Maria tomorrow. #e shall %isit Agra ne't week. #e shall attend yoga classes "rom Monday. #. S-a!! is used in t-e second and t-e t-ird &erson to e(&ress a co%%and8 a &ro%ise or a t-reat AaB 3ommand: &': Qou shall not smoke in the room. LQou are commanded not to smokeM Qou shall o$ey me. LQou are commanded to o$eyM A$B 8romise: &': Qou shall win a gold medal, i" you get a distinction. 1F+

e shall $e encouraged, to work hard. Qou shall $e o""ered the post, i" you 6uali"y in the written test. AcB Threat: &': Qou shall $e "ined, i" you e'ceed the speed limit. e shall $e punished "or his mis$eha%iour. e shall $e e'pelled "rom college "or his indiscipline. AdB -etermination &': Qou shall e'plain the reason "or your delay. L5 am determined that you will e'plain the reason "or your delayM Qou shall do whate%er 5 tell you. L5 am determined that you will do whate%er 5 tell youM They shall pay the "ine. L5 am determined that they should pay the "ineM AeB !hall is used in the "irst person to e'press permission and suggestion. AiB 8ermission: &': !hall 5 post the letter7 L-o allow me to post the letterM !hall 5 read the $ook to you7 L-o you permit me to read the $ook to you7M !hall 5 open the window7 LAllow me to open the windowM AiiB !uggestion: &': !hall 5 apply "or a $ank loan7 L-o you think it is proper "or me to apply "or a loan7M !hall 5 come tomorrow7 L-o you want me to come tomorrow7M !hall we go to the temple this e%ening7 L5 want to know whether you appro%e o" my ideaM T.E USE +1 OS.+U/DP . . S-ou!d is used to e(&ress dut) or ob!igation for a!! &ersons AaB -uty

1F,

&':

Qou should attend the classes regularly. L5t is your duty to attend the #e should pay ta'es to the go%ernment. LAs a citi@en it is our duty to pay ta'esM

classes regularlyM

A$B =$ligation: &': Qou should help the poor. LMoral o$ligationM #e should realise our mistakes. L8ersonal o$ligationM Qou should respect others. L!ocial o$ligationM e should gi%e up smoking. L e is o$liged to gi%e up smokingM #. S-ou!d is used to e(&ress &robabi!it) or !i3e!i-ood &': 5 should $e a$le to complete the $ook in time. e should $e in the o""ice now. 5 should pay you the money soon.

T.E USE +1 O9USTP . 9ust is used to e(&ress ob!igation or dut) AaB =$ligation: &': !he must go to the party. Qou must tell me the truth. A$B -uty: &': !he must care "or her children. L5t is her dutyM #e must use our right to %ote responsi$ly. L5t is our duty as citi@ensM #. 9ust is used to e(&ress necessit) &': Qou must take your medicine daily. Le'presses the necessity o" taking the medicineM e must work hard then he will get a promotion. L5t is necessary "or him to work hardM #e must cut down on our e'penditure. L5t is necessary "or us to cut down our spendingM 1F.

$.

It is used to e(&ress a fi(ed or strong deter%ination &': 5 must teach her a lesson. #e must "inish the work today.

'.

It is used to e(&ress &robabi!it) or !i3e!i-ood &': 5 suppose he must return home. 5 think it must $e a nice "ilm.

T.E USE +1 O9UST0RTP ;9UST 0+T< O9ustnRtP is used to e'press o$ligation, compulsion, etc. &': Qou mustnDt touch my toys. Qou mustnDt come home late. T.E USE +1 O+U>.TP =ught LtoM is used to e'press duty, necessity, "itness and moral o$ligation: . Dut) &': Qou ought to look a"ter your parents in their old age. L5t is your duty as a sonM !he ought to $e "aith"ul to her promise. L5t is her dutyM #. 0ecessit) &': Qou ought to do your duty honestly. Lthe necessity o" doing your duty honestlyM !he ought to work hard to raise her "amily. Lnecessity to work hard "or her "amilyM $. 9ora! ob!igation &': Qou ought to help the poor. Qou ought not to laugh at the handicapped.

1F0

T.E USE +1 O+U>.T T+P O+ug-t toP is used: 1. to e'press a moral duty. &': 2. Qou ought to help the needy. Qou ought to do something good "or mankind. to e'press o$ligation. &Y: Qou ought to respect your elders. Qou ought to o$ey your teachers. ). to e'press ad%ice or suggestion. &': 5" you donDt like this drink, you ought to order something else. Qou ought to see a doctor at once. T.E USE +1 O0EEDP . 0eed is used as a &rinci&a! "erb &': 1achel needs money. #e need your help, They needed more "unds to $uild the temple. #. As an au(i!iar) "erb8 it re%ains unc-anged and is co%%on!) used 4it- Qn2tR &': Qou need not worry a$out your "uture. /ordon need not think a$out his pro$lems. e need not pay e'tra "or my ser%ices. $. It can a!so be used 4it- on!) &': '. Qou need only pay the su$scription "ee and we will make you a mem$er o" the 3lu$. 20eed2 4it-out not %a) be used in Euestions &': (eed she support the project7 (eed 5 pay the money7 e need not go there, need he7 1F2

T.E USE +1 O0EED0RTP ;0EED 0+T< O0eednRtP is used to e'press o$ligation, necessity. &'. Qou neednDt $ring your $ags tomorrow. T.E USE +1 ODAREP . T-e "erb dare is used in t-e sense of def)ing8 c-a!!enging or facing so%et-ing bo!d!) and it -as a!! t-e usua! for%s as a regu!ar "erb &': #. e doesnGt dare to "ace his mother. 5 didnGt dare to tell them the truth. As an au(i!iar) "erb8 it -as no inf!e(ions and it is t-en used in t-e &': !he dare not speak to her "ather a$out this matter. ow dare he talk like that9 5 dare not ask him "or money. T.E USE +1 ODARE02TP ;DARE 0+T< G-arenGtG is used to e'press lack o" courage. &': e darenGt ask me anything a$out it. sense of 2-a"e t-e courage to2.

T.E USE +1 OUSED T+P . It is used to ta!3 about a &ast -abit8 no4 discontinued. E(: .e used to play in the garden. !he used to teach &nglish in her spare time. T.E USE +1 OBEP 1. Be and its for%D are used as /in3 ,erbs &': 5 am a writer. !he is Miss ?raser. They are cricket players. #. To e(&ress a co%%and or ad"ice &': Be considerate to others. 11F

Be content with what you ha%e. Be polite to strangers. $. In t-e for%ation of Present and Past Continuous Tense AaB 8resent 3ontinuous Tense &': 5 am writing a letter. 1amya is reading a no%el. Qou are talking to the manager. A$B 8ast 3ontinuous Tense &': 4oe was watching T.<. in the a"ternoon. #e were sitting in the classroom. Qou were dictating a letter to me. '. To for% t-e Passi"e ,oice &': 5 am in"ormed a$out the matter. #e are re6uired to su$mit the application. 5 was $lamed "or the delay. =. To e(&ress a co%%and &': F. Qou are to get me a cup o" tea. Qou are to type the letters $y this e%ening. To fra%e Euestions &': 5 am a teacher. Qou are my "riend. #e are happy. G. To %a3e 0egati"e Cuestions !tatement 5 am not a journalist. #e are not hungry now. H. To %a3e 0egati"es !tatement 5 am a player. #e are poor. Qou are a singer. (egati%e :uestion 5 am not a player. #e are not poor. Qou are not a singer. 111 (egati%e :uestion Am 5 not a journalist7 Are we not hungry now7 Am 5 a teacher7 Are you my "riend7 Are we happy7

T.E USE +1 OD+P . To %a3e Euestions &': !tatement 5 teach &nglish. #. To for% negati"e Euestions &': !tatement 5 donGt like co""ee. They did not help you. $. To for% negati"es &': !tatement 5 like reading the newspaper. #e eat apples. They paid the $ill. '. To a"oid re&etition &': -o you know 3hristine7 Qes, 5 do. e teaches you &nglish. Qes, he does. Qou did not tell me the truth. -id you7 =. To e%&-asi7e a state%ent &': F. Qou do look tired. 5 did not write the letter to her. Qou did write it. Do %a) so%eti%es be used for a reEuest or in"itation. &': -o %isit us. -o stay with us. T.E USE +1 O.A,EP 112 (egati%e :uestion 5 do not like reading the newspaper. #e do not eat apples. They did not pay the $ill. (egati%e :uestion -o 5 not like co""ee7 -id they not help you7 :uestions -o 5 teach &nglish7

Karen goes to the o""ice early. -oes Karen go early to the o""ice7

.a"e is used in t-e sense of &ossess8 ta3e8 e(&erience and recei"e &': 1ose is $lessed with common sense. L8ossessM They ha%e co""ee at eight. Lha%eM

#.

To for% Perfect Tenses AaB 8resent 8er"ect &': 5 ha%e written the letter. #e ha%e met her $e"ore. A$B 8resent 8er"ect 3ontinuous Tense &': e has $een ;working in this $ank "or "i%e years. Ima has $een helping me with the housework. AcB 8ast 8er"ect &': The Bus had le"t when we reached the stop. !he had done her work when they %isited her. AdB 8er"ect 3ontinuous Tense L8astM &': 5 had $een teaching &nglish "or "i%e years. !he had $een reading the $ook "or 6uite a while.

$.

To for% Euestions &': !tatement 5 ha%e waited "or her. #e ha%e stayed there. Qou ha%e passed the e'am. :uestion a%e 5 waited "or her7 a%e we stayed there7 a%e you passed the e'am7 (egati%e :uestion a%e 5 not seen her7 a%e we not passed the test7 a%e you not posted the letter7 (egati%e !tatement 11)

'.

To for% negati"e Euestions &': !tatement 5 ha%e not seen her. #e ha%e not passed the test. Qou ha%e not posted the letter.

=.

To for% negati"e state%ents &': !tatement

#e ha%e "inished our work. Qou ha%e sent me the $ook F. To for% Passi"e ,oice &':

#e ha%e not "inished our work. Qou ha%e not sent me the $ook.

5 ha%e $een in"ormed o" the matter. Qou ha%e $een asked to go there. e has $een arrested $y the police.

G.

2.a"e2 S infiniti"e e(&resses co%%and &': Qou ha%e to $e here at si' in the e%ening. Qou ha%e to answer my 6uestions. Qou ha%e to e'plain the reason "or your delay.

H.

2.a"e2 S infiniti"e e(&resses ob!igation &': !he has to li%e with her parents. e has to support his "amily.

T.E USE +1 O.A,E T+P J a%e toD is used to e'press compulsion, o$ligation, etc. AiB Qou ha%e to work hard. AiiB Qou ha%e to run "ast otherwise you wonDt reach the station on time. AiiiB Qou ha%e to go to the post o""ice right now. T.E USE +1 O.AD T+P G ad toG is the past tense o" Gha%e toG and is used to e'press o$ligation, compulsion necessity, etc. !he had to lea%e her jo$ in the city "or personal reasons. e had to accept the charges against him.

11*

E?ERCISE 1i!! in t-e b!an3s 4it- suitab!e au(i!iaries. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. EEEEEEEEEEEE you speak /erman7 (o, 5EEEEEEEEEEEE. But 5 EEEEEEEEE speak &nglish well, Qou EEEEEEEEEEEE go now and please send the ne't candidate in. er $rotherEEEEEEEEEEEE smoke hea%ily. But he has stopped smoking now. This old man EEEEEEEEEEE li"t this stone $ut he EEEEEEEEEEE li"t a stone e%en hea%ier than this one when he was young. Qou EEEEEEEEEEE touch my $ooks otherwise they EEEEEEEEE get spoiled. EEEEEEEEEEE you like to join us to !wit@erland this summer %acation7 EEEEEEEEEEEthat 5 were a $illionaire9 5" you donGt like this dish you EEEEEEEEEEEE to ask "or something else. The sky is o%ercast with clouds and it EEEEEEEEEEEE rain anytime.

1F. 4ack has torn my $ook. 5 EEEEEEEEEEEE spare him, 11. 5 EEEEEEEEEEE check your $ag $e"ore you lea%e these premises. 12. EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE /od $less you9 1). 5 EEEEEEEEEEEE stand $y you through thick and thin. 1*. This road EEEEEEEEEEEE remain closed to tra""ic "or two days. 1+. EEEEEEEEEEE 5 use you pen7 Qes, you EEEEEEEEEEEE. 1,. There EEEEEEEEEEEE to $e a $eauti"ul garden on the corner o" the street $ut now you EEEEEEEEEEEE "ind a hotel there. 1.. 5 EEEEEEEEEEEE sol%e this sum in no time $ut your $rother EEEEEEEEEEEE $ecause he is weak in mathematics. =h, 5 see. Then he EEEEEEEEEEEE pay more attention to this su$ject $ecause it is the one su$ject in which you EEEEEEEEscore "ull marks. 10. EEEEEEEEEE 5 open the window7 11+

12. EEEEEEEEEEE you please dine with us tonight7 2F. EEEEEEEEEEE 5 dance with you7 E?ERCISE # Tic3 t-e correct a!ternati"e in eac- of t-e fo!!o4ing sentences. 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. 2. 11. Qou neednDt > mustnDt wait "or us a"ter the mo%ie. !hould > will 5 switch on the Air 3onditioner7 !hould > would you please help me7 May > could you succeed in li"e9 !hould > could 5 use your motor$ike "or a while7 !he kept accusing him $ut he dared not > need not answer her $ack. May > could 5 go "or lunch now7 Qes, you may> should. Qou ought to > will ser%e your countrymen. !he used to > dared go to $ed early in the e%ening. e has to > had to work day and night to earn his li%elihood $ut he could ne%er $e a rich man. 12. Qou should not > shall not run along the "ence or you will $e punished. 1). 1*. Qou must > need stop talking or 5 shall > will punish you. My uncle can > could read $oth &nglish and /erman %ery well. could read ?rench too when he was young. 1+. 3ould > #ould that 5 were a rich man9 E(ercise $ 1i!! in t-e b!an3 4it- an a&&ro&riate au(i!iar) fro% t-e brac3et. 1. 2. ). *. +. .............5 come with you Awould, can, let. letGsB #e............ go to the $a@aar. AMay, should ha%e, might ha%eB Qou ..........complete this work Alet, would ha%e, should, could ha%eB 3ome on............ go. ACet us, must, may, shouldB 5t........... rain tomorrow, Amight ha%e, may, will ha%e toB 11, e can >

1F. Qou will > shall pay your de$t $y the end o" this month.

,. .. 0. 2. 11. 12.

1oger........... learned his lesson. Awill, should ha%e, mayB 1........... eat. Amust ha%e, had to, would ha%e, should ha%eB Qou........... learn &nglish. Acould ha%e, let, ha%e to, might ha%e.B e........... spoken to his "ather, Amust ha%e, can, must, did ha%e toB e........... written the letter, Aha%e to, can, must ha%e, mayB e........... done his homework. Adid, ha%e to, can, must ha%e, couldB

1F. ...........me sing with you. ACet, shall ha%e to, letGs, might ha%eB

1). ........... him go 9 Acan, must, let, wouldB 1*. ...........5 ha%e my dinner7 Alet, will ha%e to, had to, mayB 1+. Qou........... study grammar to speak &nglish $etter. Acan, should ha%e, must, mightB 1,. #hy........... you allow me to %isit you. AdonDt, couldnGt ha%e, mustnDt, shouldnGt ha%eB 1.. /ordon........... come with his "ather. Alet, might, letGsB 10. #hy shouldnGt you........... him go Acan, would, let, couldB 12. e........... $e pardoned. Acould ha%e, might ha%e, shouldB 2F. 5t........... $een dangerous work. Acan, could, must ha%e, shouldB 21. The money........... ha%e $een taken $y /anesh. Acan, hadnGt to, shouldnGt, letB 22. ........... go to the sea shore, Amay, could, should, letGsB 2). The match...........$een played on the )rd day. Acould, will ha%e to, should ha%eB 2*. #e........... work hard. Ashould ha%e, has to, let, shouldB 2+. 5 know it...........happened.Amust ha%e,1et,would.shouldB

11.

QUESTION TAG " SHORT ANSWERS

; < Cuestion Tag 5 S-ort Ans4ers Cuestion Tags: * 6e often %a3e a State%ent A as3 for its confir%ation E.g.: 5tGs %ery hot, isnGt it7 In t-e State%ent: isnGt it7 5s called a :uestion Tag #e ha%e to keep in mind that i" the statement is positi%e then the 6uestion tag will $e negati%e and when the statement is negati%e, then the 6uestion tag will $e positi%e. The statement must $e "ollowed $y a comma, a"ter which the :uestion tag is added, with a 6uestion mark. &.g.: 5tGs raining, isnGt it7 Qou are "ree, arenGt you7 !he can swim well, canGt she7 Qou are not $usy, are you7 !he canGt swim, can she7 5 am smart, arenGt 57 E(.* .: Add a Cuestion tag to t-e fo!!o4ing sentences A1B Qou like him ; A2B Kumar will come ; A)B e must hurry ; A*B Qour uncle is a doctor ; A+B 5 didnGt hurt you ; A,B Qou arenGt going out ; A.B They ha%e $een sleeping ; A0B They will go home soon ; A2B e does his homework ; A1FB That girl is $eauti"ul ;

110

;II<

S-ort Ans4ers iB 5t is a good "ilm7 Qes, it is (o it is, not iiB 3an you dri%e a car7 Qes, 5 can (o, 5 canGt iiiB -oes 4ohn work hard7 Qes, he does (o, he does not > doesnDt

E(*#.:* Answer the "ollowing 6uestion in the a""irmati%e and in the negati%e 1B 2B )B *B +B ,B .B 0B III< -o you like sweets7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Are you angry with me7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5s it going to rain7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Am 5 in your way7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE as he met you7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE -oes she know &nglish7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE -id he come with you7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE #ill you lend me your 3ar7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Agree%ent and disagree%ent 4it- state%ents 112

(ote: The statements made should $e in the tone o" a 6uestion. Agree%ent 4it- &ositi"e state%ents Agreement: ; ?ormula Qes>so>o" course H 8ronoun H au' &.g.: 5t is a good "ilm ;Qes it is Mohan has already come ; !o he has e can speak indi %ery well ; =" course he can e looks dishonest ; Qes he does Agree%ent 4it- negati"e state%ents ?ormula: ; (o H 8ronoun H au' H nGt > not 1B The apples arenGt good ; (o they arenGt 2B !he doesnGt like "ish ; (o, she doesnGt )B e canGt help laughing ; (o, he canGt *B They ha%enGt played well ; (o, they ha%enGt Disagree%ent 4it- affir%ati"e state%ents ?ormula: ; But>(o>oh noHpronounHau'HnGt>not iB e is ill ; (o, he isnGt iiB Qou are joking ;=h no, 5Gm not iiiB #hy did you $eat him7 ; But 5 didnGt i%B 5 understand she knows &nglish ; But she doesnGt Disagree%ent 4it- negati"e state%ents =h yes > oh $ut H pronoun H au' iB Qou canGt understand it ; =h yes, 5 can iiB e wonGt come again ; =h $ut he will iiiB Qou donGt know him ; =h yes, 5 do i%B 5 didnGt $ring it ; =h $ut, you did

12F

E(.* . Agree 4it- t-e fo!!o4ing state%ents using t-e &attern Qes >!o>=" course H 8ronouns H au'iliary iB iiB 3hildren like playing EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE e has le"t already EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE iiiB My aunt came yesterday EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE i%B They are playing $eauti"ul music. EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE %B Mr. -a%is knows ten languages EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E(.*#: Agree 4it- t-e fo!!o4ing state%ents using t-e &attern (o H 8ronoun H au' H nGt > not 1B 2B )B *B +B e doesnDt like tea EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Qou didnGt go to the $a@ar EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Qour $rother doesnGt look old EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE e canGt speak &nglish "luently EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 4ohn didnGt attend the party EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

121

E(.*$:* Disagree 4it- t-e fo!!o4ing state%ents using t-e &attern But>(o>=h yes>=h $ut H 8ronoun H au' H nGt>not Au'iliary; did, has, ha%e, will not AwonGtB iB iiB e lied EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE !he has promised to pay you EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE iiiB #hy ha%e you taken his pen7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE i%B The $oy will hurt himsel" EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE %B 5 think he is honest EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E(.*':* Disagree 4it- t-e fo!!o4ing state%ents using t-e &attern A=h yes>=h $utH8ronounHau'illaryB 1B 2B )B *B +B Qou canGt do the same EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 1eagan doesnGt like you EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE e isnGt reading EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE !he wonGt come EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5 didnGt know where you went a"ter the party. EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

122

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Definition #hen two persons "ace each other and talk using the personal pronouns 5, Q=I or #&, their dialogue is re"erred to as -irect speech $ecause they are talking directly with each other. 5" a third person re"ers to that con%ersation, it will $e known as 5ndirect !peech $ecause the third person will $e reporting what has $een said. e will use the pronouns &, ! &, 5T or T &Q. #hen we want to repeat the e'act words used $y some$ody, we put such sentences $etween in%erted commas AN.........NB. The contents inside the in%erted commas are also known as -irect !peech. 5n our day to day li"e in spoken as well as written "orm, we use $oth. ence you must know $oth and also know how to con%ert one into the other. Dia!ogue bet4een t4o &ersons &'amine the dialogue gi%en $elow $etween two women named !andra and -oris. !andra -oris !andra -oris !andra -oris : : : : : : 5 hear that your $rother is in the hospital. 5s it true7 Qes, !andra. e met with an accident last e%ening while he was returning "rom the o""ice. 5 am sorry to hear that -oris. 5s he serious7 (o. e has a dislocation in his el$ow, so they ha%e put his right arm in a plaster. !hall we go and %isit him in the hospital this e%ening7 !ure. A"ter o""ice hours.

12)

Do notice t-e fo!!o4ing &oints: AaB Both the women use only the pronouns 5, Q=I and #&. This is Direct S&eecA$B #hen either o" them re"ers to a third person, they switch o%er to T &Q. AcB -uring a personal con%ersation we o$ser%e many shortcuts. #e omit many words. !uch shortcuts are accepta$le and we do not consider them as a grammatical omission. (ow, i" a third person reports this con%ersation, it will go something like this. !andra asked -oris whether her $rother was in the hospital. -oris con"irmed the in"ormation and also added that her $rother had met with an accident on his way $ack home the pre%ious e%ening. To a "urther in6uiry, -oris replied that the $one in his el$ow had $een dislocated and accordingly the doctors had put his right arm in a plaster. The two "riends decided to %isit the patient in the hospital that e%ening a"ter o""ice hours. Present tense cases. ere are more e'amples in the present tense. &'amine them care"ully "rom the angle o" pronouns and the common nouns. AaB -irect : Incle says, N5 am going to the market now.N Incle says that he is going to the market now. 8inky tells me, N5 may go swimming today.N 8inky tells me that she may go swimming today The ser%ant asks, NAre you coming with me to the market7P The ser%ant asks i" 5 am going with her to the market. The little girl says, NMy sisters %isited the a6uarium yesterday.N AddB 5ndirect : NThe little girl in"orms us that her sisters %isited the a6uarium yesterday. 12* AaaB 5ndirect : A$B -irect : A$$B 5ndirect : AcB -irect : AccB 5ndirect : AdB -irect : & and

AeB -irect

The -elhi correspondent reports, NThe strike in the ?arida$ad comple' has entered the third day today. (o agreement is in sight. The workers re"used to mo%e away "rom the "ront gate.N

AeeB 5ndirect :

The correspondent reports "rom -elhi that the strike in the ?arida$ad comple' has entered the third day; no agreement is in sight and the workers ha%e re"used to mo%e away "rom the gate.

Past tense cases A"B -irect : A""B 5ndirect : AgB -irect : AggB 5ndirect : AhB -irect : !alome said, N5 am cooking your lunch now.N !alome said that she was cooking my lunch then. The minister replied, N5 ha%e gi%en him the necessary 5nstructionsP. The minister replied that he had gi%en him the necessary instructions. -ennis insisted. N5 did not meet this $oy yesterday.N -ennis insisted that he had not met that $oy the day $e"ore. AiB -irect : !te%e said to me O#e will all go to the station to recei%e our parents.N AiiB 5ndirect : AjB -irect AkB -irect AlB -irect : : : !te%e told me that we would all go to the station to recei%e our parents. The %isitor asked, N#here are you working7P The %isitor asked where 5 was working. ?ather said, O#ill you go with your uncle to Mum$ai7N ?ather asked whether 5 would go with my uncle to Mum$ai. The 8rincipal told us, N#ait here till 5 return.N The 8rincipal told us to wait there till he returned. !ymonds said to me,N Are you corning to my house now or 12+ AjjB 5ndirect : AkkB 5ndirect : AllB 5ndirect : AmB -irect : AhhB 5ndirect :

later7N AmmB 5ndirect : AnB -irect : !ymonds asked me whether 5 was going to his house then or later. The circus manager shouted, N -ri%e the animals into their cages.N AnnB 5ndirect : The circus manager shouted that they should dri%e the animals into their cages.

0otes: the contents inside the in%erted commas should 1. 2. The contents inside the in%erted commas should $e put in an appropriate tense depending on the content o" the statement. Any suita$le condition is to $e used. #hen the sentence is in : "orm, use the conditions GwhetherG i" the %er$ in the "irst part is GsaidG change it to asked when a choice is in%ol%ed. !ee AmmB. ). =$ser%e the tense rules in some o" the sentences. TE0SE RU/ES Direct S&eec!imple present 8resent continuous 8resent per"ect 8resent per"ect continuous !imple past 8ast continuous 8ast per"ect 8ast per"ect continuous !imple "uture May changes into O O O O O O O O O Indirect S&eec!imple past 8ast 3ontinuous 8ast per"ect 8ast per"ect continuous 8ast per"ect 8ast per"ect continuous (o change (o change ?uture conditional Might 12,

3an Must *. +.

O O

3ould had to

5" the "irst part is a command like in AnB, then use an in"initi%e in the indirect "orm.AnnB The time and place inside the in%erted commas are changed as under, Direct this these now ago last night ne't day today tonight yesterday tomorrow 3hanges to O O O O O O O O O Indirect that those then $e"ore the pre%ious night the night $e"ore the "ollowing day the day a"ter that day that night the pre%ious day the day $e"ore the ne't day the "ollowing day the day a"te the day $e"ore yesterday the day a"ter tomorrow ne't week now here thus come O O O O O O O two days earlier two days later the "ollowing week then there so go 12.

,.

8ersons AaB The "irst person pronouns are changed in to third person. But i" the meaning demands it, the ?irst person pronouns are le"t unchanged like in AiiB. A$B Any second person pronoun may remain in second person or $e changed into "irst person like in AiiB. AcB Third person pronouns remain in the third person.

1ules "or changing a 6uestion into indirect speech: #hen a 6uestion is changed into 5ndirect !peech, the word GthatG is not used instead, the 6uestion word is used.U A"ter the 6uestion word, the su$ject is placed instead o" the %er$ and the %er$ is put only a"ter the su$ject. (o 6uestion mark is put. e.g. -irect : !he said to me, N#hat are you doing 7N 5ndirect: !he asked me what 5 was doing. 5" there is no 6uestion word, the word GwhetherG or 5" G is used. e.g. -irect: !he said, N#ill you listen to such a man7N 5ndirect: !he asked them whether they would listen to such a man. 1ules to change a sentence o" command into 5ndirect !peech The %er$ o" the commanding sentence has to $e made into 5n"initi%eG and the word Gre6uestedG or GorderedG is to $e put e.g. -irect: NBring me a glass o" milkN said the pilgrim to the %illagers. 5ndirect: The pilgrim re6uested the %illagers to $ring him a glass o" milk.
U5n"initi%e: ; ToG is put $e"ore the %er$. 5n AnnB the word Gto dri%eG is used.

120

1uture tense cases AoB -irect : AooB 5ndirect : ApB -irect : e will certainly say, N-onGt distur$ me again and again.N e will certainly say that he should not $e distur$ed again and again. 1ogers will $oast, N5 was the president o" the committee "or 2 years.N AppB 5ndirect : A6B -irect : 1ogers will $oast that he had $een the president o" the committee "or 2 years. 1ogers will $oast, N5 am the president o" the committee e%en now.N A66B 5ndirect : 1ogers will $oast that he is the president o" the committee e%en now. A ere, now is more suita$le than T &(B ArB -irect : -onald would ha%e said, N5 always help the poor.N -onald would ha%e said that he always helps the poor. ArrB 5ndirect : E?ERCISES I:* C-ange t-e fo!!o4ing into indirect s&eec-: 1. 2. ). *. +. !he says, O5 am going to 8une "or a holiday.N Ashley says, N=ur company doesnGt produce inks.N The ?inance Minister stated, N5 ha%e drawn up a Budget that will suit all walks o" li"e.N The 8rincipal answers, N5 will look into the progress o" e%ery student.N The T< anchor reported, N#e ha%e proo" o" the wrong doings.N

E?ERCISES II:* C-ange t-e fo!!o4ing into direct s&eec1. 2. ). 8resident Bush said that 5ndia and the I!A had a common goal. The newspapers stated that Mum$ai would $ecome a mega city $y 2F12. My grand"ather wanted to know i" he could go "or a walk in the e%ening. 122

*. +. ,.

!he in6uired i" non;%egetarian "ood is ser%ed daily. My "riend in"ormed us that he would come to (agpur. The /eneral commanded >ordered his soldiers to "ire.

E(ercise $ Re4rite t-e fo!!o4ing sentences into direct or indirect s&eec-: 1. OMelroy, where is your homework7P O5 ha%e not done any homework, !ir,P he said $lankly. O eadache7P asked the teacher. OQes sirP said Melroy. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. OThank /od9P said the woman, Othey are all sa"e in spite o" the earth6uake.P e asked me not to do it. !he said that she had not done her homework. e said, O#ho will come to the mo%ie with me7P e said, O5 am sorry. 5 am lateP. O#hich college you are in7P the instructor snapped at the youth in "ront o" me. O=hio !tate Ini%ersity,P he said promptly. 0. 2. O5 ha%e no headache, !ir,P replied the $oy $rightly. O!it down, you idiotP. As soon as 4ames went home with the letter, his "ather remarked, O5 knew you wouldnDt deli%er it, you coward.P O5 swear our eadmaster is on lea%e,P 4ames $egan. ?ather replied, O-onDt lie. 5n addition to $eing a coward you are a liar.P 1F. e said. O5 purchased a house in (ew -elhi last year.P

1)F

CONTRACTIONS
0egati"e contractions Co%&!ete for% ,erb 3an 3ould #ill #ould !hall !hould Must (eed =ught -are 5s Are #as #ere -o -oes -id Contractions Persona! Pronoun 5 5 5 5 5 Qou Qou Qou Qou Qou e e e e e !he !he !he ,erb am ha%e will would had are ha%e will would had is has will would had is has would Contraction 5Dm 5D%e 5Dll 5Dd 5Dd QouDre QouD%e QouDll QouDd QouDd eDs eDs eDll eDd eDd !heDs !heDs !heDd 1)1 Contraction 0ot not not not not not not not not not not not not not not not not not 3anDt 3ouldnDt #onDt #ouldnDt !hanDt !houldnDt MustnDt (eednDt =ughtnDt -arenDt 5snDt ArenDt #asnDt #erenDt -onDt -oesnDt -idnDt

!he !he 5t 5t 5t #e #e #e #e #e They They They They They

had will is has will are ha%e will would had are ha%e will would had

!heDd !heDll 5tDs 5tDs 5tDll #eDre #eD%e #eDll #eDd #eDd TheyDre TheyD%e TheyDll TheyDd TheyDd

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+t-er co%%on contractions 3omplete "orm 8ronoun or Ad%er$ ere There #here #hen ow That That #hat #hat #ho #ho #ho 3ontraction <er$ is is is is is is will is will is will would ereDs ThereDs #hereDs #henDs owDs ThatDs ThatDll #hatDs #hatDll #hoDs #hoDll #hoDd

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COMPREHENSION
5n this 3hapter you will learn a$out a new type o" composition e'ercise which is interesting as well as %ery use"ul. Qou will $e asked to read a piece o" descripti%e or narrati%e prose and to answer a num$er o" pointed 6uestions $ased on it. !uch e'ercises help you to read accurately and to think intelligently a$out what you ha%e read. They gi%e you practice in writing short answers which are precise and to the point, !ince the passages and the 6uestions test your a$ility to understand or comprehend written &nglish, they are called 3omprehension which means NInderstandingN. P!ease note t-e fo!!o4ing instructions: 1ead the passage care"ully once or twice so that you get to know e'actly what it is all a$out. The 6uestions gi%en may sometimes help you in knowing what the central idea is. Try to understand each 6uestion thoroughly $e"ore you attempt to answer it. /i%e only the in"ormation that is asked "or S nothing more, nothing less. Inless you are re6uired to reproduce certain phrases or sentences "rom the passage, answer the 6uestions as "ar as possi$le in your own words. Again, unless you are asked to write single words or phrases, your answers should $e in complete sentences, 5" you ha%e to supply a title to the passage, think o%er the central 5dea or incident, and select a suita$le phrase or e'pression that e'presses it e""ecti%ely. E?A9P/E A DA0>ER+US ,+@A>E !o they made a $oat out o" newspaper, and placed the soldier inside it, and set him "loating down the gutter. The two $oys ran $y his side, clapping their hands. Bless us and sa%e us9 #hat wa%es there were in the gutter, and what a strong current9 5t was, to $e sure, at high water, owing to the rain. The paper $oat rocked up and down, and sometimes whirled round so "ast that the lead 1)* e'ercises in

soldier trem$led; yet he remained at his post, made no "aces, looked straight $e"ore him and shouldered his gun. =n a sudden, the $oat shot under a long $ridge that lay across the gutter, where it was as dark as in his $o'. CUESTI+0S 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. #ho made the $oat7 #ho was placed in the $oat7 #here did the $oat sail7 #hat was the cause o" the wa%es and the strong current7 #hy did the soldier trem$le7 #as he "rightened7 ow can you tell7 ow do you know7 #ere the $oys pleased7

#hat change took place when the $oat went under a long $ridge7

A0S6ERS 1. 2. ). *. +. ,. .. 0. The two $oys made the $oat. A lead soldier was placed inside the $oat. The $oat sailed in the gutter. The rain and the strong current were the cause o" the wa%es. The soldier trem$led $ecause the paper $oat rocked up and down and sometimes turned round %ery "ast. (o, he was not "rightened, $ecause he remained at his post without making "aces, and shouldering his gun looked straight $e"ore him. Qes, the $oys were pleased, $ecause they ran $y the side o" the $oat, clapping their hands. #hen the $oat went under a long $ridge, e%erything $ecame as dark as it was in his own $o'. E(ercise

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1ead each o" the "ollowing passages care"ully and answer the 6uestions gi%en $elow it:; T.E A0T A0D T.E >RASS.+PPER =n a cold "rosty day an Ant was dragging out some o" the corn, which he had laid up in summer time, to dry it. A /rasshopper, hal" dead with hunger, asked the Ant to gi%e him a morsel o" it to sa%e his li"e. O#hat were you doing,N said the Ant, Othis last summer7P O=h,N said the /rasshopper, O5 was not idle. 5 kept singing all the summer long.N said the Ant, laughing and shutting up his granary, O!ince you could sing all summer, you may dance all winter.N CUESTI+0S #hy did the /rasshopper come to the Ant7 #hich season was it7 #hy was the Ant dragging out the corn7 #as the Ant willing to help the /rasshopper7 #hat makes you think so7 #hy did the Ant laugh7 #hat single words are used in the passage "or: S AaB place where grain is stored; A$B a mouth"ul o" "ood: AcB pulling or drawing along the ground. #hich o" these Adjecti%es $est descri$es the character o" the Ant: rude, $usy, wise, cruel7 #rite down another title "or the story. E(ercise As she spoke, Moses came slowly on "oot, sweating under the deal $o', which he had strapped round his shoulders like a pedlar. N#elcome9 #elcome, Moses9 #ell, my $oy, what ha%e you $rought us "rom the "air7P O5 ha%e $rought you mysel",N cried Moses, with a sly look, and resting the $o' on the dresser. OAy, Moses,N cried my wi"e,N that we know, $ut where is the horse7 N N5 ha%e sold him,N cried Moses,N "or three pounds "i%e shillings and two pence.N 1),

N#ell done9 my good $oy,N returned she; N5 knew you would succeed. Between oursel%es, three pounds "i%eN shillings and two pence is not a $ad dayGs work. 3ome, let us ha%e it then.N N5 ha%e $rought you no money,N cried Moses again,P 5 ha%e laid it all out in a $argain, and here it is,N pulling out a $undle "rom his $reast;P here they are: a do@en green spectacles, with sil%er rims and silk cases.N NA do@en green spectacles9N repeated my wi"e, in a "aint %oice. OAnd you ha%e parted with the colt, and $rought us $ack nothing $ut a gross o" paltry green spectacles9N CUESTI+0S ?rom which place was Moses returning7 #hy had he gone there7 #hy is he compared to a pedlar7 #hy was his mother pleased at his return7 #hat news "illed her with joy7 #hich o" her remarks shows that7 #hat was the $argain that Moses had made7 #as his mother pleased with the $argain7 ow many make a do@en7 A colt is the young one o" a horse. #hat are the young ones o" the "ollowing animals called: cat, dog, $ear, cow7 /i%e a suita$le title to the passage. ow can you tell7

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STORY WRITING
Re%e%ber t-e fo!!o4ing instructions: 1ead the outline %ery care"ully and get a clear idea o" the plot o" the story $e"ore you $egin to write. ?ollow the outline strictly; do not omit any point and keep to the order in which the points are gi%en. 3onnect the points in a natural way so that the whole story appears real and natural. 5t should not appear disconnected. Ise your imagination "reely in "illing in the missing details. Qou can $ring in whate%er you think necessary to make up a good tale. #hene%er con%ersation is introduced use the direct speech and make it natural, li%ely and interesting. The conclusion o" the story should $e as striking and surprising as possi$le. 5" the story has no title, supply a suita$le title. 5" you ha%e to gi%e a title to the story, you can name it a"ter the main characters, o$jects or incidents in the story or a"ter some saying or pro%er$ illustrated $y the story. 3omposing a story "rom a $are outline Ai.e. an outline which is not su""icient and contains only the main pointsB re6uires a greater play o" imagination. #hen asked to complete an un"inished story, de%elop the plot in a way that appeals to you the most. The conclusion should $e striking. !ee that the story is written in simple and correct &nglish and in the 8ast Tense. A story may $e de%eloped "rom AiB a gi%en outline, AiiB an un"inished outline, AiiiB some main points. But you ha%e to keep in %iew the "ollowing points: 1ead out the material gi%en in the "orm o" an outline %ery care"ully and try to understand the whole story. 1)0

-e%elop the story on the $asis o" the outline pro%ided. The same order o" the points should continue and it is useless to omit any point. Qou may introduce a dialogue or con%ersation where%er re6uired in order to present a realistic picture. 5t should $e a well connected and lucid piece o" composition. Try to $egin in an interesting manner and make sure the conclusion is interesting. /i%e the moral o" the story i" it is asked. But write it in your own words. Ise a %ery simple and clear techni6ue o" e'pression so as to make the story more intelligi$le. The title or heading o" the story may $e taken "rom the main incident or the main character or any other e%ent that suits the story. Tell the story in the past tense as "ar as possi$le. E?A9P/E T.E /A9B A0D T.E 6+/1 +ut!ine: A lam$ drinking water at a stream ; a wol" reaches there ; starts making e'cuses ; de%ours the lam$ ; moral.... Stor): 5t was a summer e%ening. A lam$ "elt thirsty. !he went to a stream to 6uench her thirst. A wol", also drinking there, cast a glance at the lam$. e was %ery hungry. e appeared $e"ore the lam$ and said, N-onGt make the water muddy. you dare do this7N N(o, thatGs wrong. "lowing "rom your side to me,N murmured the lam$ in reply. N#hat courage9 Qou nasty lam$9 Qou ha%e a$used me "or nothing,N cried the wol" angrily. The lam$ started trem$ling with "ear. !he could not "lee; "or the wol" could o%ertake her. N5 am a poor lam$. 5 ha%enGt a$used you at all. 8lease e'cuse me,N said the lam$. ow did ow can 5 make the water muddy, "or it is

1)2

NQou rascal9 -onGt you know that your "ather had a$used meN said the wol" and with these remarks he pounced upon the lam$ and de%oured it. 9ora!: Might is right. +UT/I0E Androcles, sla%e in 3arthage S ran away S li%ed in ca%e in desert S lion came, limping S thorn in "oot S Androcles pulled out thornSlion grate"ulS soon a"ter Androcles caughtScondemned to $e thrown to lions S one lion would not touch him S lay at his "eet S same lion S /o%ernor heard AndroclesG storySpardoned AndroclesSset lion "ree. ST+R@ Cong, long ago there was in 3arthage a sla%e called Androcles, who ran away "rom his cruel master into the A"rican desert. There he li%ed "or some time in a ca%e. =ne day, to his terror, he "ound a $ig lion in the ca%e. But the lion seemed to $e in pain, and held up its paw in a piti"ul way. Androcles was "rightened; $ut he went in and pulled a great thorn out o" the lionGs "oot. The lion wagged its tail, and licked AndroclesG hand in gratitude. !ome time later, Androcles was caught, and taken $ack to 3arthage. There he was condemned to $e thrown to the lions at the ne't pu$lic games. But when a great lion was let out to kill and eat him, it would not touch him. 5nstead, the lion lay at his "eet, wagging its tail and licking his hands. The /o%ernor was ama@ed; and when he heard AndroclesG story, he pardoned Androcles, and set the lion "ree. The story can $e called SNAndrocles and the CionN; or, O/ratitudeNG, or, N=ne good turn deser%es another.N E(ercise #rite short stories using the "ollowing outlines and gi%e to each story a suita$le title:S A crowS"ound some peacock "eathersSstuck them in his tailS"lew to peacocksSclaimed peacocks as relati%esS peacocks dro%e him away S "lew to crows S crows dro%e him awayScrow le"t alone, "riendless. 1*F

LQou may $egin like this:S=ne day a crow "ound some "eathers which a peacock had dropped. Thinking he would make himsel" "ine like a peacock, he picked them up and . . . .M ?o' caught in trap S escapes S $ut lea%es tail in trap S"eels ashamedS$ut tells other "o'es $etter to ha%e no tailSmore com"orta$le S more "ashiona$le S other "o'es do not agree. LQou may $egin like this: S A "o' was one day caught in a trap $y its tail. e tried hard to get away, and pulled and pulled. At last....M ?rogs croaking in pondS$oys throw stones at themSsome killedSold "rog $egged $oys to stopS$oys say, O=nly playP S old "rog says, O8lay to you, $ut death to us.N LQou may $egin like this: S =ne e%ening some $oys were playing $y a pond. They amused themsel%es $y throwing stones. . . .M Two cats 6uarrelling o%er piece o" cake S asked monkey to decideSmonkey said each should ha%e hal"S$roke cake in twoSparts not 6uite e6ualSmonkey $it o"" $it "rom larger partStoo muchSso $it o"" other partSat last ate nearly all the cakeS$oth cats said: N/i%e us what is le"tNSmonkey said last piece his "ee "or deciding their case. LQou may $egin like this:S=ne day two cats were 6uarrelling o%er a piece o" cake. =ne said she stole it "irst, $ut the other said she saw it "irst. At last they agreed . . . .M A manGs three sonsSalways 6uarrellingS"ather dyingS called his sons S ga%e them a $undle o" sticks to $reak Snone could $reak it S "ather untied the $undle S sons soon $roke separate sticks S "atherGs ad%ice.

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LQou may $egin like this:SA man had three sons who were always 6uarrelling with one another. Their "ather was a %ery old man, and when he was dying . . . .M ?o' "alls into a wellScanGt get outSa goat looks downS asks "o' why in well S "o' says water %ery sweet S asks goat to come down S goat jumps in S "o' clim$s out o%er goatGs $ackSlea%es goat in well. LQou may $egin like this:S=ne day a "o' "ell into a well. e tried hard to get out, $ut could not. At last a goat came to the well and ; ; . .M 3ap;seller under a treeSten red caps on ground "or sale S cap;seller "alls asleep S wakes up S caps all gone Slooks up S ten monkeys in tree S each wears a red cap Stries to "righten monkeys S they grin and chatter S tries to clim$ tree to catch them S no use S in despair S snatches his cap o"" his head S throws it down on ground in despair S monkeys great mimics S they do the same S so man gets $ack all his caps. LQou may $egin like this: S A cap;seller spread out ten caps "or sale under a tree. The day $eing hot, he "ell asleep. #hen T & A1& A(- T & T=1T=5!& +ut!ine: A hare proudly struts along a road ; comes across a tortoise ; taunts him ;challenges him to run a race ; tortoise wins ; moral... T & TA5C=1 A(- T & &C&8 A(T +ut!ine: A kingGs elephant ; went to a ri%er e%ery day ; a tailorGs shop was near$y ; the tailor "ed him on the way ; one day the tailor was $usy ; pricked him with a needle ; the elephant was angry ; while returning threw mud into his shop ; moral....

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0+TES EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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0+TES EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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0+TES EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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0+TES EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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