Questionnaire Design for Surveys and Laboratory Experiments: Social And Cognitive Perspectives Communication 2 !

" Political Science 2#$" Psyc%ology 22# &on A' (rosnic) Departments of Communication" Political Science" and Psyc%ology Stanford *niversity # # +cClatc%y ,all" -2./ 0 1" (rosnic)2stanford'edu Spring" 200. 3uilding .0" $oom .2, 4uesdays" :1. 5 6:0. pm _______________________________________________________________________ This course will provide an introduction to general theories of the cognitive aspects of question-answering in surveys. The focus will be on the cognitive processes in which respondents engage when answering questions and on the social interactions among researchers, interviewers, and respondents. The course will provide an overview of issues that one should consider when designing a survey questionnaire or when interpreting the results of a survey. A great deal of research has been conducted during the last 50 years e ploring the effects of different measurement strategies on the findings of survey research, and this wor! reveals a great deal about the cognitive processes in which survey respondents engage during interviews. "e will review the ma#or findings of this wor! and discuss their implications for understanding cognitive aspects of question-answering. The primary goal of the discussions will be to identify issues to be considered when writing survey questions to measure specified constructs. Ta!en together, this literature ma!es many useful recommendations regarding how to avoid sources of bias in measurement and how to ma imi$e accuracy. %ost of our discussions will focus on the measurement of sub#ective psychological phenomena, such as attitudes, beliefs, assessments of importance, and assessments of satisfaction. There will be some secondary discussion of the measurement of ob#ective phenomena, primarily past behavior. &ourse requirements are' ()* reading all required reading assignments prior to class meetings when they will be discussed, (+* participating energetically and creatively in class discussion, and (,* a final sit-down e am as!ing you to critique a questionnaire that - will give you.

Topics to be &overed ). .eneral -ntroduction +. /pen versus &losed 0uestions ,. &losed 0uestions' 1atings versus 1an!ings 2. &losed 0uestions' 3umber of 4cale 5oints6%agnitude 4caling 5. &losed 0uestions' 7erbal vs. 3umeric 4cale 5oint 8abels 9. &losed 0uestions' 1esponse /rder :ffects ;. Attitudes and 3on-attitudes <. Acquiescence and /ther 1esponse =iases >. 0uestion "ording60uestion =alance )0. 0uestion /rder )). Attitude 1ecall 0uestions )+. As!ing "hy?

1eadings to be 1eviewed 3ote' 1eadings mar!ed with @A@ are required. 1eadings mar!ed with @B@ are optional but recommended. All other readings are fully optional.

.eneral 1eadings on 0uestionnaire Cesign =radburn, 3. %. ()><,*. 1esponse effects. 5p. +<>-,+< in 5. D. 1ossi, E. C. "right, F A. =. Anderson (:ds.*, Dandboo! of survey research. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. =radburn, 3. %., F 4udman, 4. -mproving interview method and questionnaire design. 4an Hrancisco' Eossey-=ass. &antril, D. ()>22*. .auging public opinion. 5rinceton, 3.E.' 5rinceton Iniversity 5ress. B&onverse, E. %., F 5resser, 4. ()><9*. 4urvey questions' Dandcrafting the standardi$ed questionnaire. =everly Dills, &A' 4age. Jahn, 1. 8., F &annell, &. H. ()>5;*. The dynamics of interviewing (&hapters 5 and 9, @The formulation of questions@ and @The design of questionnaires@*. 3ew Gor!' "iley. /ppenheim, A. 3. ()>99*. 0uestionnaire design and attitude measurement. 3ew Gor!' =asic =oo!s. 5ayne, 4. 8. ()>5)*. The art of as!ing questions. 5rinceton, 3.E.' 5rinceton Iniversity 5ress. 4heatsley, 5. =. ()><,*. 0uestionnaire construction and item writing. 5p. )>5-+,0 in 5. D. 1ossi, E. C. "right, F A. =. Anderson (:ds.*, Dandboo! of survey research. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. 4mith, T. ". ()><;*. The art of as!ing questions, )>,9-)><5. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5), 4>5-4)0<. 4udman, 4., F =radburn, 3. %. ()>;2*. 1esponse effects in surveys. &hicago' Aldine. 4udman, 4., F =radburn, 3. %. ()><,*. As!ing questions. 4an Hrancisco' Eossey-=ass. BTurner, &. H., F %artin, :. ()><2*. 4urveying sub#ective phenomena (vol. ) and +*. 3ew Gor!' 1ussell 4age Houndation.

"arwic!, C. 5., F 8ininger, &. A. ()>;5*. The sample survey' Theory and practice. (&hapter 9, @0uestionnaire design.@*. 3ew Gor!' %c.raw-Dill. ). -ntroduction to -ssues of 0uestion Cesign Andrews, H. %. ()><2*. &onstruct validity and error components of survey measures' A structural modeling approach. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2<, 20>-22+. ADippler, D., F 4chwar$, 3. ()><;*. 1esponse effects in surveys. -n D. Dippler, 3. 4chwar$, F 4. 4udman (:ds.*, 4ocial information processing and survey methodology. 3ew Gor!' 4pringer-7erlag. Jalton, .., F 4chuman, D. ()><+*. The effect of the question on survey responses' A review. The Eournal of the 1oyal 4tatistical 4ociety, )25, 2+-;,. AJrosnic!, E. A. ()>>)*. 1esponse strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys. Applied &ognitive 5sychology, 5, +),-+,9. 4chuman, D. ()><+*. Artifacts are in the mind of the beholder. The American 4ociologist, );, +)-+<. 4chuman, D. ()><9*. /rdinary questions, survey questions, and policy questions. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 50, 2,+-22+. 4chuman, D., F Jalton, .. ()><5*. 4urvey methods. -n .. 8ind$ey and :. Aronson (:ds.*, Dandboo! of social psychology (vol. )*. 3ew Gor!' 1andom Douse. 4chuman, D., F 5resser, 4. ()>;;*. 0uestion wording as an independent variable in survey analysis. 4ociological %ethods and 1esearch, 9, +;-29. ATourangeau, 1. ()><;*. Attitude measurement' A cognitive perspective. -n D. Dippler, 3. 4chwar$, F 4. 4udman (:ds.*, 4ocial information processing and survey methodology. 3ew Gor!' 4pringer-7erlag. +. /pen vs. &losed 0uestions =elson, ". A., F Cuncan, E. A. ()>9+*. A comparison of the chec!list and the open response questioning systems. Applied 4tatistics, )), )+0-),+. A&onverse, E. %. ()><2*. 4trong arguments and wea! evidence' The open6closed questioning controversy of the )>20s. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2<, +9;-+<+. :hrlich, D. E., F 1inehart, E. ". ()>95*. A brief report on the methodology of stereotype research. 4ocial Horces, 2,, 592-5;5.

:lig, T. "., F Hrie$e, -. D. ()>;>*. %easuring causal attributions for success and failure. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, ,;, 9+)-9,2. .eer, E. .. ()><<*. "hat do open-ended questions measure? 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5+, ,95-,;). Durd, A. ". ()>,+*. &omparisons of short answer and multiple choice tests covering identical sub#ect content. Eournal of :ducational 5sychology, +9, +<-,0. Een!ins, E. .. ()>,5*. 5sychology in =usiness and -ndustry. 3ew Gor!' "iley, p. ,2<,5). 8a$arsfeld, 5. :. ()>22*. The controversy over detailed interviews - an offer for negotiation. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, <, ,<-90. 8ind$ey, .. :., F .uest, 8. ()>5)*. To repeat - chec! lists can be dangerous. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, )5, ,55-,5<. 8in!, D. &. ()>2,*. An e periment in depth interviewing. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, ;, +9;-+;>. %agill, ". D. ()>,2*. The influence of the form of the item on the validity of achievement tests. Eournal of :ducational 5sychology, +5, +)-+<. %almud, 1. 4. ()>+5*. The controlled vs. the free completion. American Eournal of 5sychology, ,9, 20)-2)). %ason, 1., =oersma, 8., F Haul!enberry, .. C. ()><<*. The use of open and closed questions to identify holders of crystalli$ed attitudes' The case of adoption of erosion-control practices among farmers. 1ural 4ociology, 5,, >9-)0>. %et$ner, D., F %ann, H. ()>5+*. A limited comparison of two methods of data collection' The fi ed alternative questionnaire and the open-ended interview. American 4ociological 1eview, );, 2<9-2>). 1emmers, D. D., %arschat, 8. :., =rown, A., F &hapman, -. ()>+,*. An e perimental study of the relative difficulty of true-false, multiple-choice, and incompletesentence types of e amination questions. Eournal of :ducational 5sychology, )2, ,9;-,;+. 1oslow, 4., F =lan!enship, A. =. ()>,>*. 5hrasing the question in consumer research' : perimental studies on the form of question. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, +,, 9)+-9++.

1oslow, 4., "ulfec!, ". D., F &orby, 5. .. ()>20*. &onsumer and opinion research' : perimental studies on the form of the question. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, +2, ,,2-,29. 1ugg, C., F &antril, D. ()>22*. The wording of questions. -n D. &antril (:d.*, .auging public opinion. 5rinceton' 5rinceton Iniversity 5ress, p. ,;-,<, 2>. 4chuman, D., 8udwig, E., F Jrosnic!, E.A. ()><9*. The perceived threat of nuclear war, salience, and open questions. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 50, 5)>-5,9. A4chuman, D., F 5resser, 4. ()><)*. 0uestions and answers in attitude surveys. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. &hapter ,, @/pen versus closed questions.@ 4chuman, D., F 4cott, E. ()><;*. 5roblems in the use of survey questions to measure public opinion. 4cience, +,9, >5;->5>. 4!ott, D. :. ()>2,*. Attitude research in the Cepartment of Agriculture. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, ;, +<0-+>+. ,. &losed 0uestions' 1atings vs. 1an!ings AAlwin, C. H., F Jrosnic!, E. A. ()><5*. The measurement of values in surveys' A comparison of ratings and ran!ings. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2>, 5,5-55+. :lig, T. "., F Hrie$e, -. D. ()>;>*. %easuring causal attributions for success and failure. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, ,;, 9+)-9,2. Heather, 3. T. ()>;,*. The measurement of values' :ffects of different assessment procedures. Australian Eournal of 5sychology, +5, ++)-+,). .uilford, E. 5. ()>52*. 5sychometric methods. 3ew Gor!' %c.raw-Dill. ADer$og, A. 1., F =achman, E. .. ()><)*. :ffects of questionnaire length on response quality. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 25, 52>-55>. AJrosnic!, E. A., F Alwin, C. H. ()><;*. A test of the form-resistant correlation hypothesis' 1atings, ran!ings, and the measurement of values. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5+, 5+9-5,<. %c-ntyre, 4. D., F 1yans, A. =. ()>;;*. Time and accuracy measures for alternative multidimensional scaling data collection methods' 4ome additional results. Eournal of %ar!eting 1esearch, )2, 90;-9)0. %oore, %. ()>;5*. 1ating versus ran!ing in the 1o!each value survey' An -sraeli comparison. :uropean Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, 5, 205-20<.

%unson, E. %., F %c-ntyre, 4. D. ()>;>*. Ceveloping practical procedures for the measurement of personal values in cross-cultural mar!eting. Eournal of %ar!eting 1esearch, )9, 2<-5+. 1an!in, ". 8., F .rube, E. ". ()><0*. A comparison of ran!ing and rating procedures for value system measurement. :uropean Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, )0, +,,+29. 1eynolds, T. E., F Eolly, E. 5. ()><0*. %easuring personal values' An evaluation of alternative methods. Eournal of %ar!eting 1esearch, );, 5,)-5,9. 4chul$, I., F %ay, T. ()><>*. The recording of social orientations with ran!ing and pair comparison procedures. :uropean Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, )>, 2)-5>. 2. &losed 0uestions' 3umber of 4cale 5oints Andrews, H. %. ()><2*. &onstruct validity and error components of survey measures' A structural modeling approach. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2<, 20>-22+. =ass, =. %., &ascio, ". H., F /K&onnor, :. E. ()>;2*. %agnitude estimations of e pressions of frequency and amount. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 5>, ,),,+0. =endig, A. ". ()>5,*. The reliability of self-ratings as a function of amount of verbal anchoring and of the number of categories on the scale. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, ,;, ,<-2). =endig, A. ". ()>52*. Transmitted information and the length of rating scales. Eournal of : perimental 5sychology, 2;, ,0,-,0<. =endig, A. "., F Dughes, E. =. ()>5,*. :ffect of amount of verbal anchoring and number of rating-scale categories upon transmitted information. Eournal of : perimental 5sychology, 29, <;->0. =ir!ett, 3. E. ()><9*. 4electing the number of response categories for a 8i!ert-type scale. 5roceedings of the American 4tatistical Association )><; Annual %eetings, 4ection on 4urvey 1esearch %ethods. =ishop, .. H. ()><;*. : periments with the middle response alternative in survey questions. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5), ++0-+,+. &hampney, D., F %arshall, D. ()>,>*. /ptimal refinement of the rating scale. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, +,, ,+,-,,).

&o , :. 5. ()><0*. The optimal number of response alternatives for a scale' A review. Eournal of %ar!eting 1esearch, );, 20;-2++. :agly, A. D., F 4teffen, 7. E. ()><<*. A note on assessing stereotypes. 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology =ulletin, )2, 9;9-9<0. Hinn, 1. D. ()>;+*. :ffects of some variations in rating scale characteristics on the means and reliabilities of ratings. :ducational and 5sychological %easurement, ,+, +55-+95. .arner, ". 1. ()>90*. 1ating scales, discriminability, and information transmission. 5sychological 1eview, 9;, ,2,-,5+. .hiselli, :. :. ()>,>*. All or none versus graded response questionnaires. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, +,, 205-2),. .reen, 5. :., F 1ao, 7. 1. ()>;0*. 1ating scales and information recovery - how many scales and response categories to use? Eournal of %ar!eting, ,2, ,,-,>. Jalton, .., 1oberts, E., F Dolt, C. ()><0*. The effects of offering a middle response option with opinion questions. 4tatistician, +>, 95-;<. Jomorita, 4. 4., F .raham, ". J. ()>95*. 3umber of scale points and the reliability of scales. :ducational and 5sychological %easurement, +5, <>;->>5. 8ehmann, C. 1., F Dulbert, E. ()>;+*. Are three-point scales always good enough? Eournal of %ar!eting 1esearch, >, 222-229. 8ipset, 4. %., F 4chneider, ". ()><,*. The confidence gap. 3ew Gor!' The Hree 5ress, p. <>->9. 8issit$, 1. "., F .reen, 4. =. ()>;5*. :ffect of the number of scale points on reliability' A monte carlo approach. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 90, )0-), B8odge, %. ()><)*. %agnitude scaling' 0uantitative measurement of opinions. =everly Dills' 4age. 8odge, %., F Turs!y, =. ()>;>*. &omparisons between category and magnitude scaling of political opinion employing 41&6&54 items. American 5olitical 4cience 1eview, ;,, 50-99. 8odge, %., F Turs!y, =. ()><)* The social-psychophysical scaling of political opinion. -n =. "egener (:d.*, 4ocial attitudes and psychophysical measurement. Dillsdale, 3.E.' :rlbaum.

8odge, %., &ross, C., Turs!y, =., F Tannenhaus, E. ()>;5*. The psychophysical scaling and validation of a political support scale. American Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, )>, 9))-92>. 8odge, %., &ross, C., Turs!y, =., Holey, %. A., F Holey, D. ()>;9*. The calibration and cross-model validation of ratio scales of political opinion in survey research. 4ocial 4cience 1esearch, 5, ,+5-,2;. 8odge, %., &ross, C., Turs!y, =., Tannenhaus, E., F 1eeder, 1. ()>;9*. The psychophysical scaling of political support in the Kreal worldK. 5olitical %ethodology, +, )5>-)<+. %atell, %. 4., F Eacoby, E. ()>;)*. -s there an optimal number of alternatives for 8i!ert scale items? 4tudy -' 1eliability and validity. :ducational and 5sychological %easurement, ,), 95;-9;2. %atell, %. 4., F Eacoby, E. ()>;+*. -s there an optimal number of alternatives for 8i!ertscale items? :ffects of testing time and scale properties. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 59, 509-50>. %c.uire, ". E. ()><)*. The probabilogical model of cognitive structure and attitude change. -n 1. :. 5etty, T. %. /strom, and T. &. =roc! (:ds.*, &ognitive responses in persuasion. Dillsdale, 3E' :rlbaum. 5eterson, =. 8. ()><5*. &onfidence' &ategories and confusion. .44 Technical 1eport 3o. 50, 3ational /pinion 1esearch &enter, Iniversity of &hicago. 1amsay, E. /. ()>;,*. The effect of number of categories in rating scales on precision of estimation of scale values. 5sychometri!a, ,<, 5),-5,+. 1osenstone, 4. E., Dansen, E. %., F Jinder, C. 1. ()><9*. %easuring change in personal economic well-being. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 50, );9-)>+. A4chuman, D., F 5resser, 4. ()><)*. 0uestions and answers in attitude surveys. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. &hapters 9, @%easuring a middle position.@ 4mith, T. "., F 5eterson, =. 8. ()><5*. The impact of number of response categories on inter-item associations' : perimental and simulated results. 5aper presented at the American 4ociological Association annual meetings, "ashington, C.&. 4tember, D., F Dyman, D. ()>2>-)>50*. Dow interviewer effects operate through question form. -nternational Eournal of /pinion and Attitude 1esearch, ,, 2>,5)+. 4ymonds, 5. %. ()>+2*. /n the loss of reliability in rating due to coarseness of the scale. Eournal of : perimental 5sychology, 259-29).

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"arr, 5., =arter, E., F =rownridge, .. ()><,*. /n the independence of positive and negative affect. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 22, 922-95). "atson, C. ()><<*. The vicissitudes of mood measurement' :ffects of varying descriptors, time frames, and response formats on measures of positive and negative affect. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 55, )+<-)2). A"edell, C. D., F 5arducci, A. ()><<*. The category effect in social #udgment' : perimental ratings of happiness. Eournal of personality and 4ocial 5sychology, 55, ,2)-,59. "elch, 1. :. ()>;+*. The use of magnitude estimation in attitude scaling' &onstructing a measure of political dissatisfaction. 4ocial 4cience 0uarterly, ;9-<;. 5. &losed 0uestions' 7erbal vs. 3umerical 4cale 5oint 8abels Albaum, .., F %urphy, =. C. ()><<*. : treme response on a 8i!ert scale. 5sychological 1eports, 9,, 50)-50+. Andrews, H. %. ()><2*. &onstruct validity and error components of survey measures' A structural modeling approach. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2<, 20>-22+. =ass, =. %., &ascio, ". H., F /K&onnor, :. E. ()>;2*. %agnitude estimations of e pressions of frequency and amount. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 5>, ,),,+0. =endig, A. ". ()>5,*. The reliability of self-ratings as a function of amount of verbal anchoring and of the number of categories on the scale. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, ,;, ,<-2). =endig, A. "., F Dughes, E. =. ()>5,*. :ffect of amount of verbal anchoring and number of rating-scale categories upon transmitted information. Eournal of : perimental 5sychology, 29, <;->0. A=radburn, 3. %., F %iles, &. ()>;>*. 7ague qualifiers. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2,, >+-)0). =ryant, .. C., F 3orman, .. 1. ()>??*. : pressions of probability' "ords and numbers. 3ew :ngland Eournal of %edicine, ,0+, 2)). =udescu, C. 7., F "allsten, T. 4. ()><5*. &onsistency in interpretation of probabilistic phrases. /rgani$ational =ehavior and Duman Cecision %a!ing, ,9, ,>)-205. &hase, &. -. ()>9>*. /ften is where you find it. American 5sychologist, +2, )02,.

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&liff, 3. ()>5>*. Adverbs as multipliers. 5sychological 1eview, 99, +;-22. &ohen, E. Cearnley, :. E., F Dansel, &. :. %. ()>5<*. A quantitative study of meaning. =ritish Eournal of :ducational 5sychology, +<, )2)-)2<. :agly, A. D., F 4teffen, 7. E. ()><<*. A note on assessing stereotypes. 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology =ulletin, )2, 9;9-9<0. Hinn, 1. D. ()>;+*. :ffects of some variations in rating scale characteristics on the means and reliabilities of ratings. :ducational and 5sychological %easurement, ,+, +55-+95. .oocher, =. :. ()>95*. :ffects of attitude and e perience on the selection of frequency adverbs. Eournal of 7erbal 8earning and 7erbal =ehavior, 2, )>,-)>5. Da!el, %. C. ()>9<*. Dow often is often? American 5sychologist, +,, 5,,-5,2. Jolt!o, %. :. ()><>*. Dow vagueness can ruin a survey' &omment on 5ope, Tabachnic!, F Jeith-4piegel. American 5sychologist, 22, <25-<29. 8ichtenstein, 4., F 3ewman, E. 1. ()>9;*. :mpirical scaling of common verbal phrases associated with numerical probabilities. =ulletin of the 5sychonomic 4ociety, >, 59,-592. %adden, E. %., F =ourdon, 1. C. ()>92*. :ffects of variations in scale format on #udgment. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 2<, )2;-)5). %iller, 5. 7. ()><2*. Alternative question forms for attitude scale questions in telephone surveys. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2<, ;99-;;<. %oore, 5. .. ()>;;*. The managerKs struggles with uncertainty. Eournal of the 1oyal 4tatistical Association, )20, )+>-)95. %urphy, J. 1., F &onstans, E. -. ()><;*. =ehavioral anchors as a source of bias in ratings. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, ;+, 5;,-5;;. /strom, T. %., F Ipshaw, D. 4. ()>9<*. 5sychological perspective and attitude change. -n A. .. .reenwald, T. &. =roc!, and T. %. /strom (:ds.*, 5sychological Houndations of Attitudes. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. 5arducci, A. ()>9<*. /ften is often. American 5sychologist, +,, <+<. 5epper, 4., F 5rytula!, 8. 4. ()>;2*. 4ometimes frequently means seldom' &onte t effects in the interpretation of quantitative e pressions. Eournal of 1esearch in 5ersonality, <, >5-)0).

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5eters, C. 8., F %c&ormic!, :. E. ()>99*. &omparative reliability of numerically anchored versus #ob-tas! anchored rating scales. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 50, >+->9. 5ope, J. 4., Tabachnic!, =. .., F Jeith-4piegel, 5. ()><>*. 1eply to Jolt!o. American 5sychologist, 22, <29-<2;. 1eyna, 7. H. ()><)*. The language of possibility and probability' :ffects of negation on meaning. %emory and &ognition, >, 92+-950.. 1oslow, 4., "ulfec!, ". D., F &orby, 5. .. ()>20*. &onsumer and opinion research' : perimental studies on the form of the question. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, +2, ,,2-,29. 4chwar$, 3., F 4cheuring, =. ()><<*. Eudgments of relationship satisfaction' -nter- and intraindividual comparisons as a function of questionnaire structure. :uropean Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, )<, 2<5-2>9. 4impson, 1. D. ()>22*. The specific meanings of certain terms indicating different degrees of frequency. 0uarterly Eournal of 4peech, ,0, ,+<-,,0. 4tone, C. 1., F Eohnson, 1. T. ()>5>*. A study of words indicating frequency. Eournal of :ducational 5sychology, 50, ++2-++;. Teigen, J. D. ()><<*. "hen are low-probability events #udged to be Kprobable?K :ffects of outcome-set characteristics on verbal probability estimates. Acta 5sychologica, 9<, )5;-);2. A"allsten, T. 4., =udescu, C. 7., 1apoport, A., Lwic!, 1., F Horsyth, =. ()><9*. %easuring the vague meanings of probability terms. Eournal of : perimental 5sychology' .eneral, ))5, ,2<-,95. "arr, 5., =arter, E., F =rownridge, .. ()><,*. /n the independence of positive and negative affect. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 22, 922-95). "atson, C. ()><<*. The vicissitudes of mood measurement' :ffects of varying descriptors, time frames, and response formats on measures of positive and negative affect. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 55, )+<-)2). "edell, C. D., F 5arducci, A. ()><<*. The category effect in social #udgment' : perimental ratings of happiness. Eournal of personality and 4ocial 5sychology, 55, ,2)-,59. "eisberg, D. H., F %iller, A. D. ()><0*. :valuation of the feeling thermometers' A report to the 3ational :lection 4tudy =oard based on data from the )>;> pilot

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study. Inpublished manuscript, &enter for 5olitical 4tudies, -nstitute for 4ocial 1esearch, Iniversity of %ichigan. Laller, E. ()><<*. 7ague questions get vague answers' An e perimental attempt to reduce response instability. Inpublished manuscript, Iniversity of &alifornia at 8os Angeles. 9. &losed 0uestions' Acquiescence and /ther 1esponse =iases =achman, E. .., F /K%alley, 5. %. ()><2*. =lac!-white differences in self-esteem' Are they affected by response styles? American Eournal of 4ociology, >0, 9+2-9,>. =achman, E. .., F /K%alley, 5. %. ()><2*. Gea-saying, nay-saying, and going to e tremes' =lac!-white differences in response styles. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2<, 2>)-50>. =ass, =. %. ()>55*. Authoritarianism or acquiescence? Eournal of Abnormal and 4ocial 5sychology, 5), 9)9-9+,. =entler, 5. %., Eac!son, C. 3., F %essic!, 4. ()>;)*. -dentification of content and style' A two-dimensional interpretation of acquiescence. 5sychological =ulletin, ;9, )<9-+02. =entler, 5. %., Eac!son, C. 3., F %essic!, 4. ()>;+*. A rose by any other name. 5sychological =ulletin, ;;, )0>-)),. =ishop, .. H., /ldendic!, 1. "., F Tuchfarber, A. E. ()><+*. :ffects of presenting one versus two sides of an issue in survey questions. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 29, 9>-<5. =ishop, .. H., /ldendic!, 1. "., F Tuchfarber, A. E. ()><+*. :ffects of presenting one versus two sides of an issue in survey questions. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 29, 9>-<5. =lan!enship, A. =. ()>20*. The influence of the question form upon the response in a public opinion poll. 5sychological 1ecord, ,, ,25-2++. =loc!, E. ()>95*. The challenge of response sets. 3ew Gor!' Appleton-&entury-&rofts. =loc!, E. ()>;)*. /n further con#ectures regarding acquiescence. 5sychological =ulletin, ;9, +05-+)0. &ampbell, A., &onverse, 5. :., F 1ogers, ". ()>;9*. The quality of American life' 5erceptions, evaluations, and satisfaction. 3ew Gor!' 1ussell 4age Houndation. &hapter 2.

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&ampbell, A., &onverse, 5. :., %iller, ". :., F 4to!es, C. :. ()>90*. The American 7oter. 3ew Gor!' "iley. &hapter )<. &lancy, J. E., F "achsler, 1. A. ()>;)*. 5ositional effects in shared-cost surveys. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, ,5, +5<-+95. &ouch, A., F Jeniston, J. ()>90*. Geasayers and naysayers' Agreeing response set as a personality variable. Eournal of Abnormal and 4ocial 5sychology, 90, )5)-);2. &ouch, A., F Jeniston, J. ()>9)*. Agreeing response set and social desirability. Eournal of Abnormal and 4ocial 5sychology, 9+, );5-);>. &randall, E. :. ()>95*. 4ome relationship among se , an iety, and conservatism of #udgment. Eournal of 5ersonality, ,,, >>-)0;. &ronbach, 8. E. ()>2)*. An e perimental comparison of the multiple true-false and multiple multiple-choice tests. Eournal of :ducational 5sychology, ,+, 5,,-52,. &ronbach, 8. E. ()>2+*. 4tudies of acquiescence as a factor in the true-false test. Eournal of :ducational 5sychology, ,,, 20)-2)5. &ronbach, 8. E. ()>29*. 1esponse sets and test validity. :ducational and 5sychological %easurement, 9, 2;5-2>2. &ronbach, 8. E. ()>50*. Hurther evidence on response sets and test design. :ducational and 5sychological %easurement, )0, ,-,). Hoster, 1. E. ()>9)*. Acquiescent response set as a measure of acquiescence. Eournal of Abnormal and 4ocial 5sychology, 9,, )55-)90. .age, 3. 8., F &hatter#ee, =. =. ()>90*. The psychological meaning of acquiescence set' Hurther evidence. Eournal of Abnormal and 4ocial 5sychology, 90, +<0-+<,. .oldsmith, 1. :., 4tith, %. T., F "hite, E. C. ()><;*. The 1o!each value survey and social desirability. Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, )+;, 55,-552. .oldsmith, 1. :., "hite, E. C., F 4tith, %. T. ()><;*. Geasaying and the 1o!each value survey' -nteractions with age and race. Eournal of 4ocial =ehavior and 5ersonality, +, +5)-+5<. Damilton, C. 8. ()>9<*. 5ersonality attributes associated with e treme response style. 5sychological =ulletin, 9>, )>+-+0,. Dedges, =. %. ()>;>*. 0uestion wording effects' 5resenting one or both sides of the case. 4tatistician, +<, <,->>.

),

Ditlin, 1. ()>;9*. /n question wording and stability of response. 4ocial 4cience 1esearch, 5, ,>-2). Dui, &. D., F Triandis, D. &. ()><5*. The instability of response sets. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2>, +5,-+90. Eac!man, %. 1. ()>;,*. :ducation and pre#udice or education and response-set? American 4ociological 1eview, ,<, ,+;-,,>. Eac!son, C. 3., F %essic!, 4. E. ()>5;*. A note on ethnocentrism and acquiescence response sets. Eournal of Abnormal and 4ocial 5sychology, 52, ),+-),2. Eac!son, C. 3., F %essic!, 4. E. ()>5<*. &ontent and style in personality assessment. 5sychological =ulletin, 55, +2,-+5+. Eac!son, E. :. ()>;>*. =ias in closed-ended issue questions. 5olitical %ethodology, 9, ,>,-2+2. 8ens!i, .. :., F 8eggett, E. &. ()>90*. &aste, class, and deference in the research interview. American Eournal of 4ociology, 95, 29,-29;. 8ent$, T. H. ()>,<*. Acquiescence as a factor in the measurement of personality. 5sychological =ulletin, ,5, 95>. 8ewis, 3. A., F Taylor, E. A. ()>55*. An iety and e treme response preferences. :ducational and 5sychological %easurement, )5, )))-))9. %artin, E. ()>92*. Acquiescence' %easurement and theory. =ritish Eournal of 4ocial and &linical 5sychology, ,, +)9-++5. %c&lendon, %. E. ()><>*. Acquiescence' A test of the cognitive limitations and question ambiguity hypotheses. 5aper presented at the )><> meetings of the American Association for 5ublic /pinion 1esearch, 4t. 5etersburg, Hlorida. %c&lendon, %. E. ()>>)*. Acquiescence and recency response-order effects in interview surveys. 4ociological %ethods and 1esearch. %oum, T. ()><<*. Gea-saying and mood-of-the-day effects in self-reported quality of life. 4ocial -ndicators 1esearch, +0, ));-),>. /K.rady, J. :. ()><<*. The %arlowe-&rowne and :dwards social desirability scales' A psychometric perspective. %ultivariate =ehavioral 1esearch, +,, <;-)0).

)2

5eabody, C. ()>9)*. Attitude content and agreement set in scales of authoritarianism, dogmatism, anti-4emitism, and economic conservatism. Eournal of Abnormal and 4ocial 5sychology, 9,, )-)). 5eabody, C. ()>92*. %odels for estimating content and set components in attitude and personality scales. :ducational and 5sychological %easurement, +2, +55-+9>. 5eabody, C. ()>99*. Authoritarianism scales and response bias. 5sychological =ulletin, 95, ))-+,. 5hillips, C. 8. ()>;,*. Abandoning method. 4an Hrancisco' Eossey-=ass. (&hapters + and ,*. 1as!in, :., F &oo!, 4. ". ()>,<*. A further investigation of the measurement of an attitude toward fascism. Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, >, +0)-+09. 1ay, E. E. ()>;>*. -s the acquiescent response style not so mythical after all? 4ome results from a successful balanced H scale. Eournal of 5ersonality Assessment, 2,, 9,<-92,. 1ay, E. E. ()><,*. 1eviving the problem of acquiescent response bias. Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, )+), <)->9. 1ay, E. E., F 5ratt, .. E. ()>;>*. -s the influence of acquiescence on @&atchphrase@ type attitudes scale items not so mythical after all? Australian Eournal of 5sychology, ,), ;,-;<. A1orer, 8. .. ()>95*. The great response-style myth. 5sychological =ulletin, 9,, )+>)59. 1oslow, 4., "ulfec!, ". D., F &orby, 5. .. ()>20*. &onsumer and opinion research' : perimental studies on the form of the question. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, +2, ,,2-,29. 4chuman, D., F Cuncan, /. C. ()>;2*. 0uestions about attitude survey questions. -n D. &ostner (:d.*, 4ociological %ethodology )>;,-)>;2. 4an Hrancisco' Eossey=ass. 4chuman, D., F 5resser, 4. ()><)*. 0uestions and answers in attitude surveys. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. &hapter ;, @=alance and imbalance in questions.@ A4chuman, D., F 5resser, 4. ()><)*. 0uestions and answers in attitude surveys. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. &hapter <, @The acquiescence quagmire.@ 4chuman, D., F 4cott, E. ()><>*. 1esponse effects over time' Two e periments. 4ociological %ethods and 1esearch, );, ,><-20<.

)5

4mall, C. /., F &ampbell, C. T. ()>90*. The effect of acquiescence response set upon the relationship of the H-scale and conformity. 4ociometry, +,, 9>-;). 4tagner, 1. ()>2)*. A comparison of the .allup and Hortune polls regarding American intervention policy. 4ociometry, 2, +,>-+5<. (p. +2;* Toner, =. ()><;*. The impact of agreement bias on the ran!ing of questionnaire response. Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, )+;, ++)-+++. "right, E. C. ()>;5*. Coes acquiescence bias the Kinde of political efficacy?K 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, ,>, +)>-++9. ;. &losed 0uestions' 1esponse /rder :ffects =ec!er, 4. 8. ()>52*. "hy an order effect. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, )<, +;)-+;<. =elson, ". A. ()>99*. The effects of reversing the presentation order of verbal rating scales. Eournal of Advertising 1esearch, 9, ,0-,;. =ishop, .. H. ()><;*. : periments with the middle response alternative in survey questions. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5), ++0-+,+. =roo!, C., F Ipton, .. E. .. ()>;2*. =iases in local government elections due to position on the ballot paper. Applied 4tatistics, +,, 2)2-2)>. &ampbell, C. T., F %ohr, 5. E. ()>50*. The effect of ordinal position upon responses to items in a chec! list. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, ,2, 9+-9;. &arp, H. %. ()>;2*. 5osition effects on interview responses. Eournal of .erontology, +>, 5<)-5<;. &ochrane, 1., F 1o!each, %. ()>;0*. 1o!eachKs value survey' A methodological note. Eournal of : perimental 1esearch in 5ersonality, 2, )5>-)9). &oney, J. A. ()>;;*. /rder-bias' The special case of letter preference. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2), ,<5-,<<. &oney, J. A. ()>;>*. 1eply. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2,, 20<-20>. .reenhalgh, &. ()>;>*. /n letter preference order bias. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2,, 20;-20<. Eohnson, E. C. ()><)*. :ffects of the order of presentation of evaluative dimensions for bipolar scales in four societies. Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, )),, +)-+;.

)9

AJrosnic!, E. A., F Alwin, C. H. ()><;*. An evaluation of a cognitive theory of response order effects in survey measurement. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5), +0)-+)>. %athews, &. /. ()>+>*. The effect of the order of printed response words on an interest questionnaire. Eournal of :ducational 5sychology, +0, )+<-),2. %c&lendon, %. E. ()><9*. 1esponse-order effects for dichotomous questions. 4ocial 4cience 0uarterly, 9;, +05-+)). A%c&lendon, %. E. ()>>)*. Acquiescence and recency response-order effects in interview surveys. 4ociological %ethods and 1esearch, +0, 90-)0,. %ingay, C. E., F .reenwell, %. T. ()><>* %emory bias and response-order effects. Eournal of /fficial 4tatistics, 5, +5,-+9,. %onsees, %. 8., F %assey, E. T. ()>;>*. Adapting procedures for collecting demographic data in a personal interview to a television interview. 5roceedings of the American 4tatistical Association )>;> Annual %eetings. %organ, 1. ()>2<*. A note on question wording. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, )+, ,<. %ueller, E. :. ()>;0*. &hoosing among ),, candidates. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, ,2, ,>5-20+. 5ayne, E. C. ()>;)*. The effects of reversing the order of verbal rating scales in a postal survey. Eournal of the %ar!eting 1esearch 4ociety, )2, ,0-22. 5ayne, 4. 8. ()>2>*. &ase study in question comple ity. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, ),, 95,-95<. 5ayne, 4. 8. ()>5)*. The art of as!ing questions. 5rinceton' 5rinceton Iniversity 5ress. 5erreault, ". C. ()>;5*. &ontrolling order-effect bias. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, ,>, 522-55). 5owers, :. A., %orrow, 5., .oudy, ". E., F Jeith, 5. %. ()>;;*. 4erial order preference in survey research. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2), <0-<5. 0uinn, 4. =., F =elson, ". A. ()>9>*. The effects of reversing the order of presentation of verbal rating scales in survey interviews. 8ondon' 4urvey 1esearch &entre. 1ugg, C., F &antril, D. ()>22*. The wording of questions. -n D. &antril (:d.*, .auging public opinion. 5rinceton' 5rinceton Iniversity 5ress.

);

A4chuman, D., F 5resser, 4. ()><)*. 0uestions and answers in attitude surveys. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. &hapters +, @0uestion order and response order,@ p. 59-;2 only. Ipton, .. E. .., F =roo!, C. ()>;2*. The importance of positional voting bias in =ritish elections. 5olitical 4tudies, ++, );<-)>0. Ipton, .. E. .., F =roo!, C. ()>;5*. The determination of the optimum position on a ballot paper. Applied 4tatistics, +2, +;>-+<;. <. Attitudes and 3on-Attitudes Andrews, H. %. ()><2*. &onstruct validity and error components of survey measures' A structural modeling approach. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2<, 20>-22+. =ishop, .. H., /ldendic!, 1. "., F Tuchfarber, A. E. ()><0*. : periments in filtering political opinions. 5olitical =ehavior, +, ,,>-,9>. =ishop, .. H., /ldendic!, 1. "., F Tuchfarber, A. E. ()><+*. :ffects of presenting one versus two sides of an issue in survey questions. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 29, 9>-<5. =ishop, .. H., /ldendic!, 1. "., F Tuchfarber, A. E. ()><,*. :ffects of filter questions in public opinion surveys. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2;, 5+<-529. =ishop, .. H., /ldendic!, 1. "., Tuchfarber, A. E., F =ennett, 4. :. ()><0*. 5seudo/pinions on public affairs. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 22, )><-+0>. =ishop, .. H., Tuchfarber, A. E., F /ldendic!, 1. ". ()><9*. /pinions on fictitious issues' The pressure to answer survey questions. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 50, +20-+50. =ishop, .. H., Tuchfarber, A. E., F /ldendic!, 1. "., F =ennett, 4. :. ()>;>*. :ffects of opinion filtering and opinion floating' :vidence from a secondary analysis. 5olitical %ethodology, 9, +>,-,0>. =lan!enship, A. =. ()>20*. The influence of the question form upon the response in a public opinion poll. 5sychological 1ecord, ,, ,25-2++. =udd, 1. E. ()><;*. 1esponse bias and the theory of reasoned action. 4ocial &ognition, 5, >5-)0;. A&onverse, 5. :. ()>92*. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. -n C. :. Apter (:d.*, -deology and discontent. 3ew Gor!' Hree 5ress.

)<

&onverse, 5. :. ()>;0*. Attitudes and non-attitudes' &ontinuation of a dialogue. -n :. 1. Tufte (:d.*, The quantitative analysis of social problems. 1eading, %A' Addison-"esley. :dwards, E. C., F /strom, T. %. ()>;)*. &ognitive structure of neutral attitudes. Eournal of : perimental 4ocial 5sychology, ;, ,9-2;. :hrlich, D. E. ()>92*. -nstrument error and the study of pre#udice. 4ocial Horces, 2,, )>;-+09. :ysenc!, D. E., F &rown, 4. ()>2<*. 3ational stereotypes' An e perimental and methodological study. -nternational Eournal of /pinion and Attitude 1esearch, +, +9-,>. .ill, 4. ()>2;*. Dow do you stand on sin? Tide, +), ;+. Jolson, J. 8., F .reen, E. E. ()>;0*. 1esponse set bias and political sociali$ation research. 4ocial 4cience 0uarterly, 5), 5+;-5,<. %ason, 1., =oersma, 8., F Haul!enberry, .. C. ()><<*. The use of open and closed questions to identify holders of crystalli$ed attitudes' The case of adoption of erosion-control practices among farmers. 1ural 4ociology, 5,, >9-)0>. A4chuman, D., F 5resser, 4. ()><)*. 0uestions and answers in attitude surveys. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. &hapters 2 and 5, @The assessment of no opinion,@ and @The fine line between attitudes and non-attitudes.@ 4chuman, D., F 4cott, E. ()><>*. 1esponse effects over time' Two e periments. 4ociological %ethods and 1esearch, );, ,><-20<. 4mith, T. ". ()><2*. 3onattitudes' A review and evaluation. -n &. H. Turner F :. %artin (:ds.*, 4urveying sub#ective phenomena. 3ew Gor!' 1ussell 4age Houndation. >. 0uestion "ording Aldrich, E. D., 3iemi, 1. .., 1abinowit$, .., F 1ohde, C. ". ()><+*. The measurement of public opinion about public policy' A report on some new issue question formats. American Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, +9, ,>)-2)2. =lan!enship, A. =. ()>20*. The influence of the question form upon the response in a public opinion poll. 5sychological 1ecord, ,, ,25-2++. =lan!enship, A. =. ()>20*. Coes the question form influence public opinion poll results? Eournal of Applied 5sychology, +2, +;-,0.

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&haplin, ". H., F =uc!ner, J. :. ()><<*. 4elf-ratings of personality' A naturalistic comparison of normative, ipsative, and idiothetic standards. Eournal of 5ersonality, 59, 50>-5,0. &onverse, 5. :., F 5ierce, 1. ()><5*. %easuring partisanship. 5olitical %ethodology, )), )2,-)99. Hee, E. H. ()><)*. 4ymbols in survey questions' 4olving the problems of multiple word meanings. 5olitical %ethodology, ;, ;)->5. ADippler, D. E., F 4chwar$, 3. ()><9*. 3ot forbidding isnKt allowing' The cognitive basis of the forbid-allow asymmetry. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 50, <;->9. Ditlin, 1. ()>;9*. /n question wording and stability of response. 4ocial 4cience 1esearch, 5, ,>-2). Douser, E. C. ()>,<*. %easurement of the vital products of business. Eournal of %ar!eting, +, )<)-)<>. Jenney, 5. E., F 1ice, T. ". ()><<*. The evaporating independents' 1emoving the KindependentK option from the 3:4 party identification question. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5+, +,)-+,>. Jolson, J. 8., F .reen, E. E. ()>;0*. 1esponse set bias and political sociali$ation research. 4ocial 4cience 0uarterly, 5), 5+;-5,<. BJrosnic!, E. A. ()><>*. 0uestion wording and reports of survey results' The case of 8ouis Darris and Aetna 8ife and &asualty. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5,, )0;)),. 8anger, .. ()><>*. 5olling on pre#udice' 0uestionable questions. 5ublic /pinion, %ay6Eune, )<-)>, 5;. 8in!, D. &., F Hreiberg, A. C. ()>2+*. The problem of validity vs. reliability in public opinion polls. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 9, <;-><. 8urie, ". A. ()>,<*. The measurement of prestige and prestige-suggestibility. Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, >, +)>-++5. %enefee, 4. &. ()>,9*. The effect of stereotyped words on political #udgments. American 4ociological 1eview, ), 9)2-9+). %organ, 1. ()>2<*. A note on question wording. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, )+, ,<.

+0

%ullen, =., Cris!ell, E. :., F 4mith, &. ()><>*. Availability and social pro#ection' The effects of sequence of measurement and wording of question on estimates of consensus. 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology =ulletin, )5, <2->0. 5ayne, 4. 8. ()>5)*. The art of as!ing questions. 5rinceton, 3.E.' 5rinceton Iniversity 5ress. A5etty, 1. :., 1ennier, .. A., F &acioppo, E. T. ()><;*. Assertion versus interrogation format in opinion surveys' 0uestions enhance thoughtful responding. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5), 2<)-2>2. 0uattrone, .. A., F Tvers!y, A. ()><<*. &ontrasting rational and psychological analyses of political choice. American 5olitical 4cience 1eview, <+, ;)>-;,9. 1oslow, 4., "ulfec!, ". D., F &orby, 5. .. ()>20*. &onsumer and opinion research' : perimental studies on the form of the question. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, +2, ,,2-,29. 1ossi, 5. D., F "right, E. C. ()>??*. 4ocial science research and the politics of gun control. -n 1. 8. 4hotland and %. %. %ar! (:ds.*, 4ocial science and social policy. =everly Dills, &A' 4age. 1ugg, C. ()>2)*. : periments in wording questions' --. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5, >)>+. 4chaffer, 3. &. ()><+*. A .eneral 4ocial 4urvey e periment in generic words. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 29, 5;+-5<). 4chuman, D. ()><<*. 1e#oinder. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5+, 5;>-5<). 4chuman, D., F =obo, 8. ()><<*. 4urvey-based e periments on white racial attitudes toward residential integration. American Eournal of 4ociology, >2, +;,-+>>. 4chuman, D., F Cuncan, /. C. ()>;2*. 0uestions about attitude survey questions. -n D. &ostner (:d.*, 4ociological %ethodology )>;,-)>;2. 4an Hrancisco' Eossey=ass. A4chuman, D., F 5resser, 4. ()><)*. 0uestions and answers in attitude surveys. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. &hapters )), @Tone of wording.@ 4igelman, 8., F 5resser, 4. ()><<*. %easuring public support for the new &hristian right' The perils of point estimation. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5+, ,+5-,,;. 4impson, E. D. ()><<*. A reply to K%easuring public support for the new &hristian right' The perils of point estimation.@ 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5+, ,,<-,2+.

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4inger, :. ()><<*. To the editor of 5/0. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5+, 5;9-5;>. 4mith, T. ". ()><;*. That which we call welfare by any other name would smell sweeter' An analysis of the impact of question wording on response patterns. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5), ;5-<,. 4niderman, 5. %., 5ia$$a, T., F Jendric!, A. ()><;*. The dynamics of racial policy attitudes. 5aper presented at the annual meetings of the %idwest 5olitical 4cience Association, &hicago, -llinois. 4tagner, 1. ()>2)*. A comparison of the .allup and Hortune polls regarding American intervention policy. 4ociometry, 2, +,>-+5<. (p. +2;* 4tagner, 1. ()>2)*. The prestige value of different types of leadership. 4ociology and 4ocial 1esearch, 202-2),. 4tudens!i, 5. ()>,>*. Dow polls can mislead. Darpers, )<0, <0-<,. Ihrbroc!, 1. 4. ()>50*. 4tandardi$ation of ;+2 rating scale statements. 5ersonnel 5sychology, +, +<5-,)9. "arr, 5., =arter, E., F =rombridge, .. ()><,*. /n the independence of positive and negative affect. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 22, 922-95). "embridge, :. 1., F %eans, :. 1. ()>)<*. /bscurities in voting upon measures due to double-negative. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, +, )59-)9,. "iner, .. A., Demphill, E., F &raig, 1. J. ()><<*. The effect of misleading questions in promoting nonconservation responses in children and adults. Cevelopmental 5sychology, +2, )>;-+0+. )0. 0uestion /rder Abramson, 5. 1., 4ilver, =. C., F Anderson, =. A. ()><;*. The effects of question order in attitude surveys' The case of the 41&6&54 citi$en duty questions. American Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, ,), >00->0<. =aron, 1. 4., F 1oper, .. ()>;9*. 1eaffirmation of social comparison views of choice shifts' Averaging and e tremity effects in an auto!enetic situation. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, ,,, 5+)-5,0. =ishop, .. H. ()><;*. &onte t effects on self-perceptions of interest in government and public affairs. -n D. Dippler, 3. 4chwar$, F 4. 4udman (:ds.*, 4ocial information processing and survey methodology. 3ew Gor!' 4pringer-7erlag.

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=ishop, .. H., /ldendic!, 1. "., F Tuchfarber, A. E. ()><0*. : periments in filtering political opinions. 5olitical =ehavior, +, ,,>-,9>. A=ishop, .. H., /ldendic!, 1. "., F Tuchfarber, A. E. ()><+*. 5olitical information processing' 0uestion order and conte t effects. 5olitical =ehavior, 2, );;-+00. =ishop, .. H., /ldendic!, 1. "., F Tuchfarber, A. E. ()><2*. "hat must my interest in politics be if - #ust told you @- donKt !now@? 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2<, 5)05)>. =ishop, .. H., /ldendic!, 1. "., F Tuchfarber, A. E. ()><5*. The importance of replicating a failure to replicate' /rder effects on abortion items. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2>, )05-))2. =lan!enship, A. =. ()>20*. The influence of the question form upon the response in a public opinion poll. 5sychological 1ecord, ,, ,25-2++. =radburn, 3. %., F %ason, ". %. ()>92*. The effect of question order on responses. Eournal of %ar!eting 1esearch, ), 5;-9). A=udd, 1. E. ()><;*. 1esponse bias and the theory of reasoned action. 4ocial &ognition, 5, >5-)0;. &arp, H. %. ()>;2*. 5osition effects on interview responses. Eournal of .erontology, +>, 5<)-5<;. &arpenter, :. D., F =lac!wood, 8. .. ()>;>*. The effect of question position on responses to attitudinal questions. 1ural 4ociology, 22, 59-;+. &arper, E., F Coob, 8. ". ()>5,-)>52*. -ntervening responses between questions and answers in attitude surveys. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, );, 5))-5)>. &respi, -., F %orris, C. ()><2*. 0uestion order effect and the measurement of candidate preference in the )><+ &onnecticut elections. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2<, 5;<5>). Heldman, E. %., F 8ynch, E. .. ()><<*. 4elf-generated validity and other effects of measurement on belief, attitude, intention, and behavior. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, ;,, 2+)-2,5. Herber, 1. ()>5+*. /rder bias in a mail survey. Eournal of %ar!eting, );, );)-);<. .ranberg, C. ()><5*. An anomaly in political perception. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2>, 502-5)9.

+,

.reen, C. 5., F "a man, 8. %. ()><;*. Cirect threat and political tolerance' An e perimental analysis of the tolerance of blac!s toward racists. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5), )2>-)95. .ross, :. E. ()>92*. The effect of question sequence on measures of buying interest. Eournal of Advertising 1esearch, 2, 20-2). Dayes, C. 5. ()>92*. -tem order and .uttman scales. American Eournal of 4ociology, ;0, 5)-5<. Diggins, :. T., F 8urie, 8. ()><,*. &onte t, categori$ation, and memory' The @changeof-standard@ effect. &ognitive 5sychology, )5, 5+5-52;. Diggins, :. T., F 4tangor, &. (in press*. A @change-of-standard@ perspective on the relations among conte t, #udgment, and recall. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology. Ditlin, 1. ()>;9*. /n question wording and stability of response. 4ocial 4cience 1esearch, 5, ,>-2). Dyman, D. D., F 4heatsley, 5. =. ()>50*. The current status of American public opinion. -n E. &. 5ayne (:d.*, The teaching of contemporary affairs' Twenty-first yearboo! of the national council for the social studies. "ashington, C. &.' 3ational &ouncil for the 4ocial 4tudies. Eohnson, ". 1., 4ieve!ing, 3. A., F &lanton, :. 4. ()>;2*. :ffects of alternative positioning of open-ended questions in multiple-choice questionnaires. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 5>, ;;9-;;<. Jalton, .., &ollins, %., F =roo!, 8. ()>;<*. : periments in wording opinion questions. Applied 4tatistics, +;, )2>-)9). Jirchner, ". J., F Iphoff, ". D. ()>55*. The effect of grouping scale items in unionattitude measurement. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, ,>, )<+-)<,. Jnowles, :. 4. ()><<*. -tem conte t effects on personality scales' %easuring changes the measure. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 55, ,)+-,+0. Jnowles, :. 4., &o!er, %. &., &oo!, C. A., Cierc!s, 4. 1., -rwin, %. :., 8undeen, :. E., 3eville, E. "., F 4ibic!y, %. :. ()>>)*. /rder effects within personality measures. -n 3. 4chwar$ F 4. 4udman (:ds.*, /rder effects in social and psychological research. 3ew Gor!' 4pringer-7erlag. Jraut, A. -., "olfson, A. C., F 1othenberg, A. ()>;5*. 4ome effects of position on opinion survey items. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 90, ;;2-;;9.

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%ansbridge, E. E. ()><9*. "hy we lost the :1A. &hicago' Iniversity of &hicago 5ress, pp. )2-)>. %c&auley, &., Jogan, 3., F Teger, A. -. ()>;)*. /rder effects in answering ris! dilemmas for self and others. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, +0, 2+,-2+2. %c&lendon, %. E., F /K=rien, C. E. ()><<*. 0uestion-order effects on the determinants of sub#ective well-being. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 5+, ,5)-,92. %cHarland, 4. .. ()><)*. :ffects of question order on survey responses. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 25, +0<-+)5. %et$ner, D., F %ann, H. ()>5,*. :ffects of grouping related questions in questionnaires. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, );, ),9-)2). %oore, C. ()><;*. 0uestion order effects and form resistant correlations' 4ome discouraging findings. 5aper presented at the annual meetings of the American Association for 5ublic /pinion 1esearch, Dershey, 5A. %ullen, =., Cris!ell, E. :., F 4mith, &. ()><>*. Availability and social pro#ection' The effects of sequence of measurement and wording of question on estimates of consensus. 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology =ulletin, )5, <2->0. 3a!amura, &. G. ()>5>*. 4alience of norms and order of questionnaire items' Their effect on responses to the items. Eournal of Abnormal and 4ocial 5sychology, 5>, ),>-)2+. 3ewman, 4. :., F =enassi, 7. A. ()><>*. 5utting #udgments of control into conte t' &ontrast effects. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 59, <;9-<<>. 5ligt, E. 7. C., :iser, E. 1., F 4pears, 1. ()><;*. &omparative #udgments and preferences' The influence of the number of response alternatives. =ritish Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, +9, +9>-+<0. 4ayre, E. ()>,>*. A comparison of three indices of attitude toward radio advertising. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, +,, +,-,,. 4chuman, D., Jalton, .., F 8udwig, E. ()><)*. &onte t and contiguity in survey questionnaires. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2;, ))+-))5. A4chuman, D., F 8udwig, E. ()><,*. The norm of even-handedness in surveys as in life. American 4ociological 1eview, 2<, ))+-)+0.

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4chuman, D., F 5resser, 4. ()><)*. 0uestions and answers in attitude surveys. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. &hapter +, @0uestion order and response order,@ p. +,-59 only. 4chuman, D., 5resser, 4., F 8udwig, E. ()><)*. &onte t effects on survey responses to questions about abortion. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 25, +)9-++,. 4chwar$, 3., F "yer, 1. 4. ()><5*. :ffects of ran! ordering stimuli on magnitude ratings of these and other stimuli. Eournal of : perimental 4ocial 5sychology, +), ,0-29. 4igelman, 8. ()><)*. 0uestion-order effects on presidential popularity. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 25, )>>-+0;. 4mith, 1. D., Ciener, :., F "edell, C. D. ()><>*. -ntrapersonal and social comparison determinants of happiness' A range-frequency analysis. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 59, ,);-,+5. 4mith, T. ". ()><+*. &onditional order effects. 5aper presented at the annual meeting of the "orld Association for 5ublic /pinion 1esearch, Dunt 7alley, %aryland, %ay, )><+. 4trac!, H., F %artin, 8. 8. ()><;*. Thin!ing, #udging, and communicating' A process account of conte t effects in attitude surveys. -n D. Dippler, 3. 4chwar$, F 4. 4udman (:ds.*, 4ocial information processing and survey methodology. 3ew Gor!' 4pringer-7erlag. 4wann, ". =., 5elham, =. "., F &hidester, T. 1. ()><<*. &hange through parado ' Ising self-verification to alter beliefs. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 52, +9<-+;,. Tourangeau, 1., F 1asins!i, J. A. ()><<*. &ognitive processes underlying conte t effects in attitude measurement. 5sychological =ulletin, )0,, +>>-,)2. ATourangeau, 1., 1asins!i, J. A., F =radburn, 3. ()>>)*. %easuring happiness in surveys' A test of the subtraction hypothesis. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 55, +55+99. Turner, &. H., F Jrauss, :. ()>;<*. Hallible indicators of the sub#ective state of the nation. American 5sychologist, ,,, 259-2;0. "einstein, 3. C. ()><2*. "hy it wonKt happen to me' 5erceptions of ris! factors and susceptibility. Dealth 5sychology, ,, 2,)-25;.

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"illic!, C. D., F Ashley, 1. J. ()>;)*. 4urvey question order and the political party preferences of college students and their parents. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, ,5, )<>-)>>. )). Attitude 1ecall 0uestions Abramson, 5. 1., F -nglehart, 1. ()>>+*. .enerational replacement and value change in eight "est :uropean societies. =ritish Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, ++, )<,-++<. Aderman, C., F =rehm, 4. 4. ()>;9*. /n the recall of initial attitudes following counterattitudinal advocacy' An e perimental ree amination. 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology =ulletin, +, 5>-9+. Allegeier, A. 1., =yrne, C., =roo!s, =., F 1evnes, C. ()>;>*. The waffle phenomenon' 3egative evaluations of those who shift attitudinally. Eournal of Applied 4ocial 5sychology, >, );0-)<+. Allsop, C., F "eisberg, D. H. ()><<*. %easuring change in party identification in an election campaign. American Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, ,+, >>9-)0);. Andersen, J. ()>;>*. .eneration, partisan shift, and realignment' A glance bac! to the new deal. -n 3. 3ie, 4. 7erba, F E. 5etroci! (:ds.*. The changing American voter. &ambridge, %A' Darvard Iniversity 5ress. Anderson, 1. &., F 5ichert, E. ". ()>;<*. 1ecall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in perspective. Eournal of 7erbal 8earning and 7erbal =ehavior, );, )-)+. Andrews, H. %., F "ithey, 4. =. ()>;9*. 4ocial indicators of well-being. 3ew Gor!' 5lenum 5ress. =addeley, A. C., 8ewis, 7., F 3immo-4mith, -. ()>;<*. "hen did you last ...? -n %. %. .runeberg, 5. :. %orris, F 1. 3. 4y!es (:ds.*, 5ractical aspects of memory. 8ondon' Academic 5ress. =ain, 1. ()>,)*. 4tability in questionnaire response. American Eournal of 4ociology, ,;, 225-25,. =altes, 5. ()>9<*. 8ongitudinal and cross-sectional sequences in the study of age and generation effects. Duman Cevelopment, )), )25-);). =artlett, H. &. ()>,+*. 1emembering' A study in e perimental and social psychology. &ambridge' &ambridge Iniversity 5ress. =em, C. E. ()>95*. An e perimental analysis of self-persuasion. Eournal of : perimental 4ocial 5sychology, ), )>>-+)<.

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=em, C. E. ()>9;*. 4elf-perception' An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. 5sychological 1eview, ;2, )<,-+00. A=em, C. E., F %c&onnell, D. J. ()>;0*. Testing the self-perception e planation of dissonance phenomena' /n the salience of premanipulation attitudes. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, )2, +,-,). =enewic!, 1. E., =irch, A. D., =lumler, E. .., F :wban!, A. ()>9>*. The floating voter and the liberal view of representation. 5olitical 4tudies, );, );;-)>5. =erent, %. J., F Jrosnic!, E. A. ()>>0*. The accuracy of attitude recollections. Inpublished data, The /hio 4tate Iniversity, &olumbus, /hio. =lair, :., F =urton, 4. ()><;*. &ognitive processes used by survey respondents to answer behavioral frequency questions. Eournal of &onsumer 1esearch, )2, +<0+<<. =lair, E., %enon, .., F =ic!art, =. ()>>)*. %easurement effects in self vs. pro y responses to survey questions' An information-processing perspective. -n 5. 5. =iemer, 1. %. .roves, 8. :. 8yberg, 3. A. %athiowet$, F 4. 4udman (:ds.*, %easurement errors in surveys. 3ew Gor!' "iley. =ooth, A. ()>;)*. The recall of news items. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, ,2, 902-9)0. =ower, .. D. ()><)*. %ood and memory. American 5sychologist, ,9, )+>-)2<. =radburn, 3. %., 1ips, 8. E., F 4hevell, 4. J. ()><;*. Answering autobiographical questions' The impact of memory and inference on surveys. 4cience, +,9, )5;)9). =re!sted, A. ()>99*. Hactors influencing the reliability of anamnestic recall. &hild Cevelopment, ,;, 90)-9)+. =ridge, 1. .., 1eeder, 8. .., Janouse, C., Jinder, C. 1., 3agy, 7. T., F Eudd, &. %. ()>;;*. -nterviewing changes attitudes - sometimes. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2), 59-92. =urton, 4., F =lair, :. ()>>)*. Tas! conditions, response formulation processes, and response accuracy for behavioral frequency questions in surveys. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 55, 50-;>. =utler, C., F 4to!es, C. ()>9>*. 5olitical change in =ritain. 3ew Gor!' 4t. %artinKs 5ress. &ialdini, 1. =., =raver, 4. 8., F 8ewis, 4. J. ()>;2*. Attributional bias and the easily persuaded other. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, ,0, 9,)-9,;.

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&ialdini, 1. =., 8evy, A., Derman, &. 5., F :venbec!, 4. ()>;,*. Attitudinal politics' The strategy of moderation. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, +5, )00-)0<. &annell, &. H., F Howler, H. E. ()>9,*. A comparison of a self-enumerative procedure and a personal interview' A validity study. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, +;, +50+92. &annell, &. H., /!senberg, 8., F &onverse, E. %. ()>;<*. : periments in interviewing techniques' Hield e periments in health reporting, )>;)-)>;;. "ashington, C.&.' I.4. Cepartment of Dealth, :ducation, and "elfare, CD:" 5ublication 3o. (D1A* ;<-,+02. &ialdini, 1. =., =raver, 4. 8., F 8ewis, 4. J. ()>;2*. Attributional bias and the easily persuaded other. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, ,0, 9,)-9,;. &ialdini, 1. =., 8evy, A., Derman, 5., F :venbec!, 4. ()>;,*. Attitudinal politics' The strategy of moderation. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, +5, )00)0<. &onway, %., F 1oss, %. ()><2*. .etting what you want by revising what you had. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 2;, ;,<-;2<. &rowder, 1. .. ()>;9*. 5rinciples of learning and memory. Dillsdale, 3E' :rlbaum. Ca!in, 1. :., F Tennant, C. ()>9<*. &onsistency of response by event-recall intervals and characteristics of respondents. 4ociological 0uarterly, >, ;,-<2. Cuncan, /. C. ()>;5*. %easuring social change via replication of surveys. -n J. &. 8and F 4. 4pilerman (:ds.*, 4ocial indicator models. 3ew Gor!' 1ussell 4age. Cuncan, /. C., 4chuman, D. F Cuncan, =. ()>;,*. 4ocial change in a metropolitan community. 3ew Gor!' 1ussell 4age Houndation. :ich, :., 1eeves, E. 8., Eaeger, =., F .raff-1adford, 4. =. ()><5*. %emory for pain' 1elation between past and present pain intensity. 5ain, +,, ,;5-,<0. Haunce, ". A. ()>5<*. Automation and the automobile wor!er. 4ocial 5roblems, 9, 9<;<. Herber, 1. ()>99*. The reliability of consumer reports of financial assets and debts. Irbana, -8' =ureau of :conomic and =usiness 1esearch, Iniversity of -llinois. Herber, 1., Horsythe, E., .uthrie, D., F %aynes, :. 4. ()>9>*. 7alidation of a national survey of consumer financial characteristics' savings accounts. 1eview of :conomics and 4tatistics, 5), 2,9-222. Hin!, 1. ()>90*. The retrospective question. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, +2, )2,-)2<.

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Hischhoff, =. ()>;5*. Dindsight M6 foresight' The effect of outcome !nowledge on #udgment under uncertainty. Eournal of : perimental 5sychology' Duman 5erception and 5erformance, ), +<<-+>>. Hischhoff, =. ()>;;*. 5erceived informativeness of facts. Eournal of : perimental 5sychology' Duman 5erception and 5erformance, ,, ,2>-,5<. .oethals, .. 1., F 1ec!man, 1. H. ()>;,*. The perception of consistency in attitudes. Eournal of : perimental 4ocial 5sychology, >, 2>)-50). .ranberg, C., F Dolmberg, 4. ()>>)*. 4elf-reported turnout and voter validation. American Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, ,5, 22<-25>. .ranberg, C. F Dolmberg, 4. ()>>+*. The Dawthorne effect in election studies' The impact of survey participation on voting. =ritish Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, ++, +20-+2;. .ute!, =. A. ()>;<*. /n the accuracy of retrospective attitudinal data. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2+, ,>0-20). Dardin, :. ()>90a*. &omputer automation, wor! environment, and employee satisfaction' A case study. -ndustrial and 8abor 1elations 1eview, ),, 55>-59;. Dardin, :. ()>90b*. The reactions of employees to office automation. %onthly 8abor 1eview, <,, >+5->,+. Dardin, :. ()>95*. 5erceived and actual change in #ob satisfaction. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 2>, ,9,-,9;. Dardin, :., F Dershey, .. 8. ()>90*. Accuracy of employee reports on changes in pay. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 22, +9>-+;5. Dastie, 1., F 5ar!, =. ()><9*. The relationship between memory and #udgment depends on whether the #udgment tas! is online or memory-based. 5sychological 1eview, >,, +5<-+9<. Dastorf, A., F &antril, D. ()>52*. They saw a game. Eournal of Abnormal and 4ocial 5sychology, 2;, )+>-)2,. Daw!ins, 4. A., F Dastie, 1. ()>>0*. Dindsight' =iased #udgments of past events after the outcomes are !now. 5sychological =ulletin, )0;, ,))-,+;. Dimmelweit, D. T., =iberian, %. E., F 4toc!dale, E. ()>;<*. %emory for past vote' -mplications of a study of bias in recall. =ritish Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, <, ,95-,;5.

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Dimmelweit, D. T., Dumphreys, 5., F Eaeger, %. ()><5*. Dow voters decide' A longitudinal study of political attitudes and voting e tended over fifteen years. 5hiladelphia' /pen Iniversity 5ress. Duttenlocher, E., Dedges, 8., 5rohas!a, 7. ()><<*. Dierarchical organi$ation in ordered domains' :stimating the dates of events. 5sychological 1eview, >5, 2;)-2<2. Jat$, 1. 4., 3iemi, 1. .., F 3ewman, C. ()><0*. 1econstructing past partisanship in =ritain. =ritish Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, )0, 505-5,;. Jelley, D. D. ()>9;*. Attribution theory in social psychology. -n C. 8evine (:d.*, 3ebras!a symposium on motivation (7ol. )5, pp. )>+-+20*. 8incoln' Iniversity of 3ebras!a 5ress. Jenny, C. A., F &ampbell, C. T. ()><>*. /n the measurement of stability in over-time data. Eournal of 5ersonality, 5;, 225-2<). 8add, :. &., F Dadley, &. C. ()>;5*. Transformations of the American party system. 3ew Gor!' 3orton. 8ansing, E. =., .insburg, .., F =raaten, J. ()>9)*. An investigation of response error. Irbana, -8' =ureau of :conomic and =usiness 1esearch, Iniversity of -llinois. 8ocander, "., 4udman, 4., F =radburn, 3. ()>;9*. An investigation of interview method, threat, and response distortion. Eournal of the American 4tatistical Association, ;), +9>-+;5. 8oftus, :. H. ()>;5*. 8eading questions and the eyewitness report. &ognitive 5sychology, ;, 590-5;+. 8oftus, :. H., F Lanni, .. ()>;5*. :yewitness testimony' The influence of the wording of a question. =ulletin of the 5sychonomic 4ociety, 5, <9-<<. 8yons, T. H., F Cic!inson, T. 8. ()>;,*. A comparison of perceived- and computedchange measures over a three-year period. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 5<, ,)<-,+). %ann, H. &., F Doffman, 8. 1. ()>90*. Automation and the wor!er. 3ew Gor!' Dolt. %ar!us, .. =. ()><+*. 5olitical attitudes during an election year' A report of the )><0 3:4 panel study. American 5olitical 4cience 1eview, +,, ,,<-,5>. A%ar!us, .. =. ()><9*. 4tability and change in political attitudes' /bserved, recalled, and @e plained@. 5olitical =ehavior, <, +)-22. %cHarland, &., F 1oss, %. ()><;*. The relation between current impressions and memories of self and dating partners. 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology =ulletin, ),, ++<-+,<.

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%cHarland, &., 1oss, %., F &onway, %. ()><5*. 4elf-persuasion and self-presentation as mediators of anticipatory attitude change. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 29, 5+>-520. %cHarland, &., 1oss, %., F .iltrow, %. ()>>+*. =iased recollections in older adults' The role of implicit theories of aging. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 9+, <,;-<50. %eans, =., 3igam, A., Larrow, %., 8oftus, :. H., F Conaldson, %. 4. ()><>*. Autobiographical memory for health-related events. "ashington, C.&.' I.4. Cepartment of Dealth and Duman 4ervices, CDD4 5ublication 3o. (/D4* <>)0;;. %ednic!, 4. A., F 4haffer, E. =. 5. ()>9,*. %othersK retrospective reports in childrearing research. American Eournal of /rthopsychiatry, ,,, 25;-29). %ischel, "., :bbesen, :. =., F Leiss, A. %. ()>;9*. Ceterminants of selective memory about the self. Eournal of &onsulting and &linical 5sychology, 22, >+-)0,. %urphy, .., F 8i!ert, 1. ()>9;*. 5ublic opinion and the individual. 3ew Gor!' 1ussell and 1ussell. 3atale, %., F Dantas, %. ()><+*. :ffect of temporary mood states on selective memory about the self. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 2+, >+;->,2. 3ational &enter for Dealth 4tatistics. ()>95b*. Dealth interview responses compared with medical records. 7ital and Dealth 4tatistics, 5D4 5ublication 3o. )0004eries +-3o. <. "ashington, C.&.' I.4. .overnment 5rinting /ffice. 3ational &enter for Dealth 4tatistics. ()>95c*. &omparison of hospitali$ation reporting in three survey procedures. 7ital and Dealth 4tatistics, 5D4 5ublication 3o. )000-4eries +-3o. <. "ashington, C.&.' I.4. .overnment 5rinting /ffice. 3ational &enter for Dealth 4tatistics. ()>;)*. :ffect of some e perimental interviewing techniques on reporting in the Dealth -nterview 4urvey. 7ital and Dealth 4tatistics, 5D4 5ublication 3o. )000-4eries +-3o. 2). "ashington, C.&.' I.4. .overnment 5rinting /ffice. 3ational &enter for Dealth 4tatistics. ()>;+a*. :ffect of an e tensive questionnaire and a diary procedure. 7ital and Dealth 4tatistics, 4eries +-3o. 2>, CD:" 5ublication 3o. (D4%* ;+-)02> Dealth 4ervices and %ental Dealth Administration. "ashington, C.&.' I.4. .overnment 5rinting /ffice. 3ational &enter for Dealth 4tatistics. ()>;+b*. /ptimum recall period for reporting persons in#ured in motor vehicle accidents. 7ital and Dealth 4tatistics, 4eries +3o. 50, CD:" 5ublication 3o. (D4%* ;+-)050. "ashington, C.&.' I.4. .overnment 5rinting /ffice.

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3ational &enter for Dealth 4tatistics. ()>;;*. A summary of studies of interviewing methodology. 7ital and Dealth 4tatistics, 4eries +-3o. 9>, CD:" 5ublication 3o. (D1A* ;;-),2,. "ashington, C.&.' I.4. .overnment 5rinting /ffice. 3ational &enter for Dealth 4tatistics. ()>95a*. 1eporting of hospitali$ation in the health interview survey. 7ital and Dealth 4tatistics, 5D4 5ublication 3o. )000-4eries +3o. 9. "ashington, C.&.' I.4. .overnment 5rinting /ffice. 3eter, E., F "a!sberg, E. ()>92*. A study of response errors in e penditures data from household interviews. Eournal of the American 4tatistical Association, 5>, )<-55. 3ewcomb, T. %. ()>2,*. 5ersonality and social change. 3ew Gor!' Cryden. 3ewcomb, T. %., Joenig, J. :., Hlac!s, 1., F "arwic!, C. 5. ()>9;*. 5ersistence and change' =ennington &ollege and its students after twenty-five years. 3ew Gor!' "iley. 3ewman, ". 1. ()>;9*. 5atterns of recall among television news viewers. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 20, ))5-)+,. 3iemi, 1. .., Jat$, 1. 4., F 3ewman, C. ()><0*. 1econstructing past partisanship' The failure of the party identification recall questions. American Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, +2, 9,,-95). /lson, E. %., F &al, A. 7. ()><2*. 4ource credibility, attitudes, and the recall of past behavior. :uropean Eournal of 4ocial 5sychology, )2, +0,-+)0. 5arry, D. E., F &rossley, D. %. ()>50*. 7alidity of responses to survey questions. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, )2, 9)-<0. 5owers, :., F =ultena, .. ()>;+*. &haracteristics of decreased dropouts in longitudinal research. Eournal of .erontology, +;, 5,0-5,5. 5owers, :. A., .oudy, ". E., F Jeith, 5. %. ()>;<*. &ongruence between panel and recall data in longitudinal research. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2+, ,<0-,<>. 1eiter, D. 8. ()><0*. The perils of partisan recall. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 22, ,<5,<<. 1obbins, 8. &. ()>9,*. The accuracy of parental recall of aspects of child development and of child rearing practices. Eournal of Abnormal and 4ocial 5sychology, 99, +9)-+;0. 1oberts, E. 7. ()><5*. The attitude-memory relationship after 20 years' A meta-analysis of the literature. =asic and Applied 4ocial 5sychology, 9, ++)-+2). 1obinson, E. A. ()>;9*. 4ampling autobiographical memory. &ognitive 5sychology, <, 5;<-5>5.

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1ogers, T. H. ()>;9*. -nterviews by telephone and in person' 0uality of responses and field performance. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 20, 5)-95. 1oss, %. ()><>*. 1elation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories. 5sychological 1eview, >9, ,2)-,5;. 1oss, %., F 4hulman, 1. H. ()>;,*. -ncreasing the salience of initial attitudes' Cissonance versus self-perception theory. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, +<, ),<-)22. A1oss, %., F &onway, %. ()><9*. 1emembering oneKs own past' The construction of personal histories. -n 1. %. 4orrentino F :. T. Diggins (:ds.*, Dandboo! of motivation and cognition (pp. )++-)22*. 3ew Gor!' .uilford 5ress. 1oss, %., %cHarland, &., F Hletcher, .. E. /. ()><)*. The effect of attitude on the recall of personal histories. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 20, 9+;-9,2. 1oss, %., %cHarland, &., &onway, %., F Lanna, %. 5. ()><,*. 1eciprocal relation between attitudes and behavior recall' &ommitting people to newly formed attitudes. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 25, +5;-+9;. 4haffer, C. 1. ()>;5a*. Another loo! at the phenomenological equivalence of pre- and postmanipulation attitudes in the forced-compliance e periment. 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology =ulletin, ), 2>;-500. 4haffer, C. 1. ()>;5b*. 4ome effects of consonant and dissonant attitudinal advocacy on initial attitude salience and attitude change. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, ,+, )90-)9<. 4!owrons!i, E. E., =et$, A. 8., Thompson, &. 5., F 4hannon, 8. ()>>)*. 4ocial memory in everyday life' 1ecall of self-events and other-events. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 90, <,)-<2,. 4mith, T. ". ()><2*. 1ecalling attitudes' An analysis of retrospective questions on the )><+ .44. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, 2<, 9,>-92>. 4nyder, %., F "hite, 5. ()><+*. %oods and memories' :lation, depression, and the remembering of the events of oneKs life. Eournal of 5ersonality, 50, )2>-)9;. 4taw, =. %., F 1oss, E. ()><0*. &ommitment in an e perimenting society' A study of the attribution of leadership from administrative scenarios. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 95, +2>-+90. 4treib, .. ()>99*. 5articipants and drop-outs in a longitudinal study. Eournal of .erontology, +), +00-+0>. 4udman, 4., F =radburn, 3. ()>;,*. :ffects of time and memory factors on response in surveys. Eournal of the American 4tatistical Association, 9<, <05-<)5.

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4udman, 4., F =radburn, 3. %. ()>;2*. 1esponse effects in surveys' A review and synthesis. &hicago' Aldine. Teasdale, E. C., F Hogarty, 4. E. ()>;>*. Cifferential effects of induced mood on retrieval of pleasant and unpleasant events from episodic memory. Eournal of Abnormal 5sychology, <<, +2<-+5;. Teasdale, E. C., F Taylor, 1. ()><)*. -nduced mood and accessibility of memories' An effect of mood state or of induction procedure? =ritish Eournal of &linical 5sychology, +0, ,>-2<. Tedeschi, E. T., 4chlen!er, =. 1., F =onoma, T. 7. ()>;)*. &ognitive dissonance' 5rivate retiocination or public spectacle. American 5sychologist, +9, 9<5-9>5. Trussell, 1. :., F :linson, E. ()>5>*. &hronic illness in the Inited 4tates, 7ol. ---. &ambridge' Darvard Iniversity 5ress. "anous, E. 5., F 1eichers, A. :. ()>>+*. %easuring @change@' 1emembered change vs. longitudinal data. "54 >+-))+, "or!ing 5aper 4eries, &ollege of =usiness, /hio 4tate Iniversity, &olumbus, /hio. "eir, =. T. ()>;5*. The distortion of voter recall. American Eournal of 5olitical 4cience, )>, 5,-9+. "eiss, &. ()>9<*. 7alidity of welfare mothersK interview responses. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, ,+, 9++-9,,. B"ells, .. 8., F 8oftus, :. H. ()><2*. :yewitness testimony' 5sychological perspectives. 3ew Gor!' &ambridge Iniversity 5ress. "enar, &., F &oulter, E. =. ()>9+*. A reliability study of developmental histories. &hild Cevelopment, ,,, 25,-29+. "hite, 8., F :dwards, E. 3. ()>>0*. :mptying the nest and parental well-being' An analysis of national panel data. American 4ociological 1eview, 55, +,5-+2+. "hyte, ". H. ()>5)*. 5attern for industrial peace. 3ew Gor!' Darper. "illiams, %. C., F Dollan, E. C. ()><)*. The process of retrieval from very long-term memory. &ognitive 4cience, 5, <;-))>. "ithey, 4. =. ()>52*. 1eliability of recall of income. 5ublic /pinion 0uarterly, )<, )>;-+02. "i on, C. 1., F 8aird, E. C. ()>;9*. Awareness and attitude change in the forcedcompliance paradigm' The importance of when. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, ,2, ,;9-,<2.

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Garrow, %. 1., &ampbell, E. C., F =urton, 1. 7. ()>;0*. 1ecollections of childhood' A study of the retrospective method. %onographs of the 4ociety for 1esearch in &hild Cevelopment, ,5, )-<,.

)+. As!ing "hy

=em, C. E. ()>9;*. 4elf-perception' An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. 5sychological 1eview, ;2, )<,-+00. =em, C. E. F %c&onnell, D. J. ()>;0*. Testing the self-perception e planation of dissonance phenomena' /n the salience of premanipulation attitudes. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, )2, +,-,). =ishop, .. H. ()><>*. Thin!-aloud responses to survey questions' -llustrations of a new qualitative technique. 5resented at the annual conference of the American Association for 5ublic /pinion 1esearch, 4t. 5etersburg, Hlorida. =lair, :. F =urton, 4. ()><;*. &ognitive processes used by survey respondents to answer behavioral frequency questions. Eournal of &onsumer 1esearch, )2, +<0+<<. =oring, :. .. ()>5,*. A history of introspection. 5sychological =ulletin, 50, )9>-)<>. =ornstein, 1. H., 8eone, C. 1., F .alley, C. E. ()><;*. The generali$ability of subliminal mere e posure effects' -nfluence of stimuli perceived without awareness on social behavior. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 5,, )0;0-)0;>. =rown, 1. ()>9+*. %odels of attitude change. -n 1. =rown, :. .alanter, :. D. Dess, F .. %andler (:ds.*, 3ew directions in psychology (7ol. )*. 3ew Gor!' Dolt, 1inehart F "inston. =urt, &. 8. ()>+5*. The young delinquent. 8ondon' Iniversity of Toronto 5ress. =yrne, C. ()>5>*. The effects of a subliminal food stimulus on verbal responses. Eournal of Applied 5sychology, 2,, +2>-+5+. &hai!en, 4. F Gates, 4. ()><5*. Affective-cognitive consistency and thought-induced attitude polari$ation. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 2>, )2;0)2<). &hapman, C ". ()>,+*. 1elative effects of determinate and indeterminate @Aufgaben.@ American Eournal of 5sychology, 22, )9,-);2.

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&omstoc!, &. ()>+)*. /n the relevancy of imagery to the processes of thought. American Eournal of 5sychology, ,+, )>9-+,0. &omte, A. ()<>9*. The positive philosophy of &omte. 8ondon' =ell, (/riginally published, )<,0-)<2+*. Cavis, E. A. ()>92*. .reat aspirations' The graduate school plans of AmericaKs college students. &hicago' Aldine. Creben, :. J., His!e, 4. T., F Dastie, 1. ()>;>*. The independence of evaluative and item information' -mpression and recall order effects in behavior-based impression formation. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, ,;, );5<);9<. Cuval, 4. F "ic!lundKs, 1. A. ()>;+*. A theory of ob#ective self awareness. 3ew Gor!' Academic. :ricsson, J. A. F 4imon, D. A. ()><2*. 5rotocol analysis' 7erbal reports as data. &ambridge, %ass' %-T 5ress. Ha$io, 1. D., &hen, E. %., %cConel, :. &. F 4herman, 4. E. ()><+*. Attitude accessibility, attitude-behavior consistency, and the strength of the ob#ectevaluation association. Eournal of : perimental 4ocial 5sychology, )<, ,,>-,5;. Hishbein, %. F A#$en, -. ()>;5*. =elief, attitude, intention, and behavior' An introduction to theory and research. 1eading, %A44' Addison-"esley. .audet, D. ()>55*. A model for assessing changes in voting intention. -n 5. H. 8a$arsfeld F %. 1osenberg (:ds.*, The language of social research. 3ew Gor!' Hree 5ress of .lencoe. .avans!i, -. F Doffman, &. ()><9*. Assessing influences on oneKs own #udgments' -s there greater accuracy for either sub#ectively important or ob#ectively influential variables? 4ocial 5sychology 0uarterly, 2>, ,,-22. .avans!i, -. F Doffman, &. ()><;*. Awareness of influences on oneKs own #udgments' The roles of covariation detection and attention to the #udgment process. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 5+, 25,-29,. .enest, %. F Tur!, C. &. ()><)*. Thin!-aloud approaches to cognitive assessment. -n T. %erlu$$i, &. .lass, F %. .enest (:ds.*, &ognitive assessment. 3.G.' .uilford. .oethals, .. 1. F 1ec!man, 1. H. ()>;,*. The perception of consistency in attitudes. Eournal of : perimental 4ocial 5sychology, >, 2>)-50). .oode, ". E. ()>59*. After divorce. 3ew Gor!' Hree 5ress of .lencoe.

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Dastie, 1. F 5ar!, =. ()><9*. The relationship between memory and #udgment depends on whether the #udgment tas! is memory-based or on-line. 5sychological 1eview, >,, +5<-+9<. Daw!ins, C. ()>;0*. The effects of subliminal stimulation on drive level and brand preference. Eournal of %ar!eting 1esearch, ;, ,++-,+9. Dothersall, C. ()><2*. Distory of psychology. 3ew Gor!' 1andom Douse. Dume, C. ();,>*. A treatise of human nature. 8ondon' 3oon. Eames, ". ()<>0*. The principles of psychology. 3ew Gor!' Dolt. Eamieson, C. "., 8ydon, E. :. F Lanna, %. 5. ()><;*. Attitude and activity preference similarity' Cifferential bases of interpersonal attraction for low and high selfmonitors. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 5,, )05+-)090. Jadushin, &. ()>5<*. -ndividual decisions to underta!e psychotherapy. Administrative 4cience 0uarterly, ,, ,;>-2)). Jelman, D. ()>99*. Ceception in social research. Transaction, ,, +0-+2. Jimble, .. A. F 5erlmuter, 8. &. ()>;0*. The problem of volition. 5sychological 1eview, ;;, ,9)-,<2. Jraut, 1. :. F 8ewis, 4. D. ()><)*. 5erson perception and self-awareness' !nowledge of influences on oneKs own #udgments. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 2+, 22<-290. Jrosnic!, E. A. ()>>)*. 1esponse strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys. Applied &ognitive 5sychology, 5, +),-+,9. Jrosnic!, E. A., =et$, A. 8., Eussim, 8. E., F 8ynn, A. 1. ()>>+*. 4ubliminal conditioning of attitudes. 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology =ulletin, )<, )5+)9+. Julpe, /. ()<>5*. /utlines of psychology. /riginally published, )<>,. :. =. Titchener (Trans.*. 3ew Gor!' %acmillan. Junst-"ilson, ". 1., F La#onc, 1. =. ()><0*. Affective discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recogni$ed. 4cience, +0;, 55;-55<. 8anger, :. E. ()><>*. %indfulness. 1eading, %ass.' Addison-"esley. 8atane, =. F Carley, E. ()>;0*. The Inresponsive bystander' "hy doesnKt he help? 3ew Gor!' Appleton-&entury-&rofts. 8a$arsfeld, 5. H. ()>,5*. The art of as!ing why' Three principles underlying the formulation of questionnaires. 3ational %ar!eting 1eview, ), ,+-2,.

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8eahey, T. D. ()>>)*. A history of modern psychology. 3ew Eersey' 5rentice Dall. 8essler, E. T. ()><;*. Ise of 8aboratory %ethods and &ognitive 4cience for the Cesign and Testing of 0uestionnaires. Dandboo! of methods. 4weden. 8essler, E., Tourangeau, 1., F 4alter, ". ()><>*. 0uestionnaire design in the cognitive research laboratory. 7ital and Dealth 4tatistics, 4eries 9, 3o. ) (DD4 5ublication 3o. 5D4 <>-)0;9*. "ashington, C&' I.4. .overnment 5rinting /ffice. 8ieberman, C. A. ()>;>*. =ehaviorism and the mind. A (limited* call for a return to introspection. American 5sychologist, ,2, ,)>-,,,. 8oc!e, E. ()>5>*. An essay concerning human understanding. 3ew Gor!' Cover, (/riginally published, )9>0.* 8odge, %., %c.raw, J. %., F 4troh, 5. ()><>*. An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. American 5olitical 4cience 1eview, <,, ,>>-2)>. 8us!, &. F Eudd, &. %. ()><<*. 5olitical e pertise and the structural mediators of candidate evaluations. Eournal of : perimental 4ocial 5sychology, +2, )05-)+9. %ac!ie, C. %. F Asuncion, A. .. ()>>0*. /n-line and memory-based modification of attitudes' determinants of message recall-attitude change correspondence. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 5>, 5-)9. %ar!us, .. =. ()><9*. 4tability and change in political attitudes' /bserved, recalled, and @: plained@. 5olitical =ehavior, <, +)-22. %ayer, A., F /rth, E. ()>0)*. Lur qualitativen Intersuchung der Association. L. 5sychol. 5hysiol. 4innesorg., +9, )-),. %cCougall, ". ()>++*. 5rolegomena to psychology. 5sychological 1eview, +>, )-2,. %c.raw, J., 8odge, %. F 4troh, 5. ()>>0*. 5rocesses of candidate evaluation' /n-line or memory based? A review and synthesis of four e periments. Inpublished manuscript, Cepartment of 5olitical 4cience, 4tate Iniversity of 3ew Gor! at 4tony =roo!. %illar, %. .. F Tesser, A. ()><9*. :ffects of affective and cognitive focus on the attitude-behavior relationship. Eournal of 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology, 5), +;0-+;9. %illar, %. .. F Tesser, A. ()><>*. The effects of affective-cognitive consistency and thought on the attitude-behavior relation. Eournal of : perimental 4ocial 5sychology, +5, )<>-+0+. 3ewport, H. ()>>)*. The .allup poll monthly (no. ,),*. 5rinceton, 3E' The .allup /rgani$ation.

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A3isbett, 1. :. F "ilson, T. C. ()>;;*. Telling more than we can !now' 7erbal reports on mental processes. 5sychological 1eview, <2, +,)-+5>. 5ryor, E. =., .ibbons, H. N., "ic!lund, 1. A. Ha$io, F Dood, 1. ()>;;*. 4elf-focused attention and self-report validity. Eournal of 5ersonality 5sychology, 25, 5),-5+;. 0uattrone, .. A. ()><5*. /n the congruity between internal states and action. 5sychological =ulletin, ><, ,-20. 1ahn, ". %. ()>>0*. 5erception and evaluation of political candidates' A socialcognitive perspective. Inpublished 5h.C. dissertation, Iniversity of %innesota. 1obles, 1., 4mith, 1., &arver, &. 4., F "ellens, A. 1. ()><;*. -nfluence of subliminal visual images on the e perience of an iety. 5ersonality and 4ocial 5sychology =ulletin, ),, ,>>-2)0. 1ossi, 5. D. ()>55*. "hy families move' A study in the social psychology of urban residential mobility. 3ew Gor!' Hree 5ress of .lencoe. 1ousseau, E., Eohnson, :., F 4tevens, C. ()><2*. The validity of verbal protocols. %anuscript described in La#onc, 1. =. ()><<*. 5rolegomena for the study of access to mental events' 3otes on 4ingerKs chapter. -n %. E. Dorwit$ (:d.*, 5sychodynamics and cognition. &hicago' Iniversity of &hicago 5ress. 4cheier, %. H., =uss, A. D., F =uss, C. %. ()>;<*. 4elf-consciousness, self-report of aggressiveness, and aggression. Eournal of 1esearch in 5ersonality, )+, ),,-)20. 4chult$, C. ()><)*. A history of modern psychology. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. 4chuman, D. ()>99*. The random probe' A technique for evaluating the validity of closed questions. American 4ociological 1eview, ,), +)<-+++. 4chuman, D. F 5resser, 4. ()><)*. 0uestions and answers in attitude surveys' : periments on question form, wording and conte t. 3ew Gor!' Academic 5ress. 4ills, C. 8. ()>5;*. The volunteers' %eans and ends in a national organi$ation. .lencoe, -ll.' Hree 5ress. 4ills, C. 8. ()>9)*. /n the art of as!ing @"hy not?@ 4ome problems and procedures in studying acceptance of family planning. -n All -ndia &onference on Hamily 5lanning (Hourth, )>9)* 1eport of the 5roceedings' +>th Eanuary-,rd Hebruary )>9), Dyderabad. =ombay' Hamily 5lanning Association of -ndia. 4inger, E. 8. ()><<*. 4ampling ongoing consciousness and emotional e perience' -mplications for health. -n %. E. Dorwit$ (:d.*, 5sychodynamics and cognition. &hicago' Iniversity of &hicago 5ress.

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