Aspect Pairs Ceha

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs
Introductory information by FACTUM CZ, s.r.o.
ASPECT PAIRS OF CZECH VERBS
Karel Tahal
FACTUM CZ, s.r.o., 2011
www.factumcz.cz
more than 800 entries of verbs in aspect pairs infinitives and conjugation patterns
SUPPLEMENT Karel Tahal
Czech Verb Aspect

at the end of the compendium
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ASPECT PAIRS OF CZECH VERBS
Karel Tahal
www.factumcz.cz
Written by: doc. PhDr. Karel Tahal, CSc. Factum CZ, s.r.o., 2011
www.factumcz.cz
INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION The exposition of verb aspect is based on the same principles as in the handbook A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE http://www.factumcz.cz/ See also the supplement at the end of this compendium. The entries are arranged in the alphabetic order of imperfective verbs. Czech Alphabet: a b c d e f g h ch i j k l m n o p r s t u v z
The imperfective verb (nedokonav sloveso) is always introduced on the upper line, its perfective (dokonav) counterpart on the lower line. The two verbs correspond to one lexical unit in other (non-Slavonic) languages. E.g. pekldat translate peloit
<
< otvrat otevt < < <
open
If a verb only exists in the imperfective aspect (monoaspective imperfective = imperfectivum tantum), the absence of the perfective aspect is indicated by a zero sign on the lower line, e.g. need potebovat 0 If, on the contrary, the verb only exists in the perfective aspect (monoaspective perfective = perfectivum tantum), the absence of the imperfective counterpart is indicated by a zero sign on the upper line, e.g. 0 fall ill onemocnt If one of the aspects is either rarely used or if it has a slightly different lexical meaning, the unusual item is bracketed. (The exact reasons are not discussed. See also the supplement at the end of this compendium.) E.g. rozumt understand (porozumt) se) < (rodit narodit se be born
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Apart from presenting the aspect pairs in the infinitive forms, even the information about the present tense conjugation is mentioned according to the folowing principles: Regular formal relations between the infinitive and the present tense forms are indicated by underlining the infinitive suffixes -et, -t, -it, -at, -ovat, -nout , the verbs being conjugated as explained in chapter 13 of A Grammar of Czech as a Foreign Language, i.e.:
INFINITIVE PRESENT TENSE ENDINGS PAST PARTICIPLE
vidt slyet mluvit dlat potebovat odmtnout prominout
}
}
-m, -,
-,
-me,
-te,
vidl slyel mluvil dlal poteboval odmtl (after a consonant prominul (after a vowel)
-m, -,
-,
-me,
-te, -aj
-uji, -uje, -uje, -ujeme, -ujete, -uj -nu, -ne, -ne, -neme, -nete, -nou
Mind that the present form of a perfective (dokonav) verb refers to futurity! - See A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE, chapter 16, as well as the supplement at the end of this compendium. Verbs with other relations between the infinitive and the present forms are arranged like this: 1: the infinitive, 2: the 3rd person singular with the ending underlined (-e, -, -), 3: the past participle. In such cases, the present tense forms follow one of the three regular patterns mentioned in A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE, chapter 13, i.e. -u -m -m e.g.: st, te, etl stt, stoj, stl znt, zn, znal -e - - -e - - -eme -ete -ou -me -te - (certain verbs -j)
-me -te -aj
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---The aspect and conjugation patterns are presented systematically. Marginally, additional grammatical information is provided: With verbs that always have a reflexive form (reflexiva tantum), the pronoun se or si respectively, is underlined, e.g. dvat se look podvat se
<
edstavovat si <p pedstavit si
imagine
(More information about reflexive verbs in A Grammar , chapters 19 and 50.) Irregular imperatives are indicated by the exclamation mark, e.g. pjovat lend pjit; pj! (Imperative see A Grammar , chapter 44.)
< <
Irregular passive participles are presented after the abbreviation pas., e.g. pijmat accept pijmout, pijmu, pijal; pas.: pijat (Passive voice see A Grammar , chapter 48.) With some verbs requiring a syntactic object not in the Accusative, but in another grammatical case (pd), the appropriate case questions (= interrogative pronouns) are used, i.e. who what Nominative N KDO CO Accusative A KOHO CO Genitive G KOHO EHO Dative D KOMU EMU Locative L (o) KOM (o) EM Instrumental I KM M (For the survey of declensions see A Grammar , chapter 33.) E.g.: rozumt komu/emu (porozumt)
<
understand sb./sth. ask sb.about sb./sth.
se, ptm se, ptal se < ptt zeptat se, zeptm se, zeptal se
koho (G) na koho/co (A)
The English translation serves for basic orientation only. More detailed explanations can be found in dictionaries. **********************
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< akreditovat 0 < aktivovat 0 < aktualizovat (zaktualizovat) < analyzovat 0 < argumentovat 0 < artikulovat 0
accredit activate
update analyze argue articulate
< balit zabalit < barvit nabarvit

= obarvit koho/eho se, boj se, bl se < bt 0 (se) < bavit pobavit (se)
pack, wrap colour fear, be afraid of sb/sth
amuse (oneself) run (= move with quick steps) (iterative) run (= move with quick steps) beat, strike congratulate
< b0hat < b0et

, bije, bil < bt 0 t, blahopeje, blahopl < blahop poblahopt, poblahopeje, poblahopl
< blikat bliknout

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twinkle
se = pibliovat se < blit piblit se
approach stray, lose ones way lighten fight, struggle
< bloudit zabloudit

se < blskat zablesknout se = blsknout se
< bojovat 0 < bolet 0

it < bo zboit Bol m (A) hlava (N).
ache I have a headache.
= rozboit
demolish, pull down defend, resist resist successfully take weep, cry
(se) < brnit ubrnit (se) , bere, bral < brt vzt, vezme, vzal et < bre 0
< brousit nabrousit < bruslit 0 < brzdit zabrzdit < budovat vybudovat < bydlet 0
pas.: brouen pas.: nabrouen
sharpen skate
apply the breaks build, construct live (= reside) be
, jsem, jsi, je, jsme, jste, jsou; byl; bu! < bt 0
< cestovat 0 < ctit (poctit = uctit)

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travel
feel
< citovat (ocitovat) < couvat couvnout

it < cvi (procviit)
quote, cite back (= move backwards) exercise, practise
ekat < pokat na koho/na co (A) wait for comb sb., comb (oneself) do, amount, number pas.: ten pas.: peten pas.: itn pas.: vyitn read clean subdivide, structure, break up
esat (se), ee (se), esal (se) < uesat (se), uee (se), uesal (se) init < uinit slovat < oslovat st, te, etl < pest, pete, peetl istit < vyistit lenit = rozleovat < rozlenit
< darovat 0 < da0it se

Da se mu (D) dobe. it se < da podait se
present (= donate) He is well off.
succeed komu (D) co (A) co (A) kam give sb. sth. put / place sth. somewhere
< dvat dt, d, dal < dvat dt, d, dal

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dit <d zddit kovat <d podkovat lat <d udlat lit = <d rozdlit rozdlovat komu (D) za co (A)
inherit thank sb. for sth. do, make divide demonstrate
< demonstrovat 0 < diskutovat (prodiskutovat)

se, dje se, dlo se < dt 0 se < dvat podvat se se < divit podivit se na koho/na co komu/emu
discuss happen, occur
look at sb./sth. marvel, be surprised at conquer 1: add ; 2: supply
< dobvat dobt, dobude, dobyl < dodvat dodat < dodrovat dodret
dodr! t < dohn dohnat, doene, dohnal se < dohadovat dohodnout se
keep, follow (promise, law)
catch, make up for bargain come to an agreement supervise prove, evidence make oneself understood assume
< dohlet dohldnout < dokazovat dokzat, doke, dokzal

se < domlouvat domluvit se se < domnvat 0
< dopadat dopadnout

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1: fall down, 2: go off
si < dopisovat 0 ovat < dopl doplnit ovat < doporu doporuit
keep up a correspondence complete, supplement recommend transport deliver (mail) get, receive kam koho/eho get to a place touch hope
< dopravovat dopravit

ovat < doru doruit
< dostvat dostat, dostane, dostal

se < dostvat dostat se, dostane se, dostal se se < dotkat dotknout se
< doufat 0 < dovet dovzt, doveze, dovezl; pas.: dovezen

se < dovdat dovdt se, dov se, dovdl se
import get to know allow, permit hold breathe, respire
< dovolovat dovolit

dr! < dret (udret)
< dchat (dchnout)

E
< emigrovat 0 < existovat 0
emigrate exist
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< filmovat zfilmovat = nafilmovat < financovat 0 < foukat (fouknout = zafoukat) < fungovat 0
G
shoot a film finance
blow function, operate
< gratulovat pogratulovat

H
congratulate
< hdat uhodnout

se < hdat (pohdat se) = < hjit obhjit obhajovat pas.: haen pas.: uhaen
guess guess right quarrel defend extinguish, quench throw, cast pas.: hlen pas.: ohlen report, announce vote
< hasit uhasit < hzet hodit
= ohlaovat < hlsit ohlsit
< hlasovat 0
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< hledat 0
se < hodit 0
search, look for suite, come in handy pas.: hodnocen pas.: zhodnocen
< hodnotit zhodnotit < honit 0

et < ho shoet it < hovo (pohovoit)
evaluate, assess hunt, chase
burn (intransitive) talk 1: play; 2: act threaten, menace warm, heat 1: move sth; 2: move (oneself)
, hraje, hrl < hrt (zahrt, zahraje, zahrl)
< hrozit (pohrozit)

t, heje, hl = ohvat <h (oht, oheje, ohl) , hbe, hbal < hbat hnout, hne, hnul 1:m 2: se
CH , chpe, chpal < chpat pochopit
comprehend cool, get cold boast go, walk (iterative) raise, breed animals behave
< chladnout vychladnout

se < chlubit pochlubit se
< chodit 0 < chovat 0

se < chovat 0
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chra! < chrnit ochrnit ochra! , chci, chce chtj; chtl < chtt 0 = ochutnvat < chutnat ochutnat
protect want
(transitive) taste, degust (intransitive) like (the taste of) I like the meal. praise be missing
< chutnat 0 < chvlit pochvlit

t < chyb 0
To (N) mi (D) chutn.
< chytat chytit

I
catch
< imitovat 0 < informovat 0 < instalovat (nainstalovat) < investovat 0

J
imitate inform
install invest
< jednat 0
se < jednat 0
o em o koho/o co
act, proceed, treat be concerned go (car, train ) go (car, train ) (iterative)
< jet0, jede, jel ; je! < jezdit 0

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j jed; jedl jez! < jst,(transit.) snst, sn snd; sndl snz! < (intransit.) najst se, naj se , najedl se
eat go, walk

name, appoint
< jt0, jde, el < jmenovat 0
fut.: pjde koho (A) km (I) Jmenuje se
se < jmenovat 0
be called
His name is
K kale, kalal < kalat, zakalat, zakale, zakalal , ke, kzal < kzat 0
cough preach
< kazit zkazit

t se = uklnt se < klan uklonit se , klepe, klepal < klepat zaklepat, zaklepe, zaklepal
spoil bow, curtsey knock, tap sink, fall stammer, stutter waver, fluctuate combine complicate perform, accomplish check
< klesat klesnout < koktat (zakoktat) < kolsat (zakolsat) < kombinovat zkombinovat < komplikovat zkomplikovat < konat vykonat < kontrolovat zkontrolovat
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< konverzovat 0
, kope, kopal < kopat kopnout (se), koupe (se), koupal (se) < koupat vykoupat (se), vykoupe (se), vykoupal (se) it < kou (zakouit si) , koue, kousal < kousat kousnout
converse (talk)
1: dig; 2: kick bath, bathe smoke bite cut, carve, slice steal draw (pictures) feed cover shout buy nod
< krjet ukrojit

, krade, kradl < krst ukrst, ukradne, ukradl
< kreslit nakreslit < krmit nakrmit

, kryje, kryl = pikrvat < krt pikrt, pikryje, pikryl iet <k kiknout
< kupovat koupit

, kve, kval < kvat kvnout
< ladit naladit < ladit sladit < lkat (zlkat)

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tune coordinate allure
, lme, lmal < lmat zlomit it < l vylit si < lehat lehnout si se < lekat leknout se koho/eho
break, fracture
cure
lie down get scared of glue glisten fly (iterative) fly
< lepit slepit

se < lesknout 0
< ltat 0
t < let 0 , leze, lezl < lzt 0
creap, crawl lie (= be at rest) lie (make false statement)
< leet 0
, le, lhal < lht 0
< lbat polbit

se < lbit 0 se < liit 0 Ta kniha (N) se mu(D) lbila. od koho/od eho
kiss like He liked the book.
differ from
, lije, lil = nalvat < lt nalt, nalije, nalil
pour regret, be sorry take leave hoover, vacuum clean ski
< litovat (politovat)

it se < lou rozlouit se
< luxovat vyluxovat < lyovat (zalyovat si)

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< malovat namalovat < mvat zamvat

= mvnout , mae, mazal < mazat smazat, smae, smazal , mae, mazal < mazat namazat, namae, namazal it <m zmit it < m0
paint wave delete lubricate measure (trans.) measure (intrans.)
< mchat zamchat < milovat 0 < mt, m, ml < mizet zmizet < ml0et
ml! , mele, mlel < mlt umlt, umele, umlel
mix, blend, stir love have
disappear be silent
grind, mill speak, talk can (modal verb)
< mluvit (promluvit)

, me, mohl < moct 0 it < mo vymoit se
urinate must (modal verb)
< muset 0
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se < mlit zmlit se
be mistaken, err think
< myslet 0
(se), myje (se), myl (se) < mt umt (se), umyje (se), umyl (se)
wash (oneself)
< nabzet nabdnout < nahrvat nahrt, nahraje, nahrl < nahrazovat nahradit < nachzet najt, najde, nael
0 < nachladnout
offer record, tape, upload replace find catch a cold pas.: najat hire load incline, lean buy, purchase = nachzet = najt, najde, nael find imitate order, command; set up (a device)
occur, turn up
< najmat najmout, najme, najal; < nakldat naloit

t se < nakln naklonit se
< nakupovat nakoupit < nalzat nalzt, nalezne, nalezl < napodobovat napodobit
izovat < na nadit
< nastvat nastat, nastane, nastal

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< nastupovat nastoupit

et < nat natoit
get on, board roll up, shoot a film pas.: navren suggest, propose visit leave, let, quit hate, detest carry, bear
< navrhovat navrhnout

vovat < navt navtvit
< nechvat nechat

t < nenvid 0 , nese, nesl < nst 0 it < ni zniit
destroy carry, bear (iterative) be bored
< nosit 0
se < nudit 0 pas.: nucen < nutit pinutit pas.: pinucen = donutit pas.: donucen
force, compel
< obdivovat 0
0 < obdret dvat < ob naobdvat se
admire
obtain, receive have lunch sacrifice, devote
< ob0tovat < obchzet obejt, obejde, obeel

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1: walk around; 2: evade
< obhajovat obhjit < obhat obhnout < objednvat objednat < objevovat objevit
se < objevovat objevit se
defend circulate order, book discover appear, turn up embrace clothe, dress renew put on shoes turn round pas. obsaen) contain occupy attend, serve provide, supply trouble, bother
< objmat obejmout, obejme, objal

se < oblkat oblknout se pas. obleen
< obnovovat obnovit

se < obouvat obout se, obuje se, obul se (se) < obracet obrtit (se)
< obsahovat (obshnout < obsluhovat obslouit < obstarvat obstarat

ovat < obt 0 ovat < obvi obvinit ovat < oce ocenit
< obsazovat obsadit pas. obsazen
accuse, blame appreciate expect
< o0ekvat
ovat < odbo odboit
turn, deviate
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lovat < odd oddlit se < odehrvat odehrt se, odehraje se, odehrl se
separate take place send estimate disclose, reveal pas.: odhozen throw away log out go away, leave (on foot) go away, depart (car, train ..)
< odeslat odeslat, odele, odeslal < odhadovat odhadnout < odhalovat odhalit < odhazovat odhodit odho!
se < odhlaovat odhlsit se pas.: odhlen
< odchzet odejt, odejde, odeel

t < odjd odjet, odjede, odjel
< odkldat odloit < odltat odlett < odliovat odliit

ovat < odm odmnit
1: postpone; 2: lay aside depart (airplane) distinguish, differentiate reward refuse, reject unlock carry away relax, take a rest disconnect forgive
< odmtat odmtnout < odmykat odemknout, odemkne, odemkl < odnet odnst, odnese, odnesl
vat < odpo odpoinout si
< odpojovat odpojit

t < odpout odpustit odpus! pas.: odputn
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< odpovdat odpovdt, odpov, odpovdl, < odpovdat 0 < odpovdat 0

ovat < odstra odstranit emu za koho / za co
odpovz!
answer conform to, agree with sth. be responsible for
remove, delete pas.: odsouzen condemn, sentence carry away (ba car ) confine, demarcate taste, degust restrict, constrain apologize fall ill repeat sunbathe operate
< odsuzovat odsoudit

ovat < ohrani ohraniit
< odvet odvzt, odveze, odvezl < ochutnvat ochutnat < omezovat omezit
se < omlouvat omluvit se 0 < onemocn t
< opakovat zopakovat

se < opalovat oplit se
< operovat 0
se < oprat opt se, ope se, opel se
lean copy leave, abandon 1: correct; 2: repair organize
< opisovat opsat, ope, opsal

t < opout opustit opus! pas.: oputn
< opravovat opravit < organizovat zorganizovat

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< oslavovat oslavit < oslovovat oslovit

ovat < ospravedl ospravedlnit ovat < oet oetit
celebrate address, speak to justify nurse, tend open control, master inluence, affect mark, indicate announce 1: reverberate; 2: make o.s. heard
< otvrat otevt, oteve, otevel < ovldat ovldnout

ovat < ovliv ovlivnit ovat < ozna oznait
< oznamovat oznmit

se < ozvat ozvat se, ozve se, ozval se
< padat spadnout

0 < pad lat
fall down falsify, forge commit stink
< pchat spchat < pchnout 0 < plit split

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burn
(si) < pamatovat (zapamatovat si)
remember
< parkovat zaparkovat < paovat propaovat < ptrat 0

it < pat 0 stovat <p vypstovat po kom/po em komu / k emu
park (a car) smuggle search for belong to sb. / to sth.
cultivate, grow engage in, go in for
< p0stovat < pskat psknout = zapskat

pije, pil < pt, (transit.) vypije, vypil; pas.: vypit < (intransit.)vypt, napt se, napije se, napil se ple, plakal < plakat, (zaplakat, zaple, zaplakal)
whistle drink
cry, weep plan pay be valid, hold good
< plnovat naplnovat < platit zaplatit < platit 0

plave, plaval < plavat, (zaplavat si, zaplave si, zaplaval si) se, plete se, pletl se < plst splst se, splete se, spletl se si, plete si, pletl si < plst splst si, splete si, spletl si co (A) s m (I) pas.: placen pas.: zaplacen
swim make a mistake confuse sth. with sth. fulfil float; sail
< plnit splnit
pl! spl!
pluje, plul < plout, 0
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< pltvat 0 < podvat podat

ovat < podce podcenit
waste sth.
tat < po spotat = vypotat
count, calculate hand, pass underestimate sign suspect
< podepisovat podepsat, podepe, podepsal; podepi! < podezrat 0 < podnikat 0
se < podobat 0 komu/emu = podezvat
< podnikat podniknout
undertake, take (an action) carry business resemble
< podotkat podotknout < podporovat (podpoit)

t < podvd podvst, podvede, podvedl
point out support deceive, cheat move sth.
< pohybovat pohnout

se < pohybovat pohnout se
move o em doubt sth.
< pochybovat 0 < pokldat poloit < pokldat 0 < pokouet 0

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ovat < poji pojistit pas.: pojitn
insure lay, put down
koho (A) za koho (A)
consider sb for, consider sb to be tempt
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se < pokouet pokusit se ovat < pokra 0 v em
try, attempt continue, go on doing sth.
< polykat polknout < pomhat pomoct, pome, pomohl; pomoz! < poret porazit
et < porou poruit komu/emu
swallow help sb./sth. describe defeat order, command compare break, infringe arrange send provide, render listen obey posp si!) hurry sweat, perspire meet need
< popisovat popsat, pope, popsal; popi! pas.: popsn

pas.: poraen
< porovnvat porovnat < poruovat poruit

dat < po uspodat
< poslat poslat, pole, poslal < poskytovat poskytnout < poslouchat (poslechnout si) < poslouchat poslechnout < pospchat (pospit si
se < potit zapotit se
< potkvat potkat

ebovat < pot 0
< potvrzovat potvrdit potvr!

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pas.: potvrzen
confirm, acknowledge
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ovat < pou pouit t < pout pustit pus!
instruct let go, release use, apply consider sb./sth. for
< pouvat pout, pouije, pouil; pouij! < povaovat 0

koho/co(A) za koho/co (A
< povdat povdt, pov povd, povdl; povz! < povzbuzovat povzbudit pas. povzbuzen < pozdravovat 0 < poznamenvat poznamenat < poznvat poznat < pozorovat (zpozorovat) < pracovat 0 < pramenit 0
, pere, pral < prt vyprat, vypere, vypral se, pere se, pral se < prt poprat se, popere se, popral se koho (A) od koho (G)
talk, tell, narate encourage give ones regards to
remark recognize
observe, notice
watch
work spring, rise, issue
launder fight,, scuffle, clash proceed
< probhat probhnout < probouzet probudit < prodvat prodat < prodluovat prodlouit
(si) < prohlet prohldnout (si) (se) (se) pas.: probuzen
wake sell prolonge, extend examine, inspect; sightsee
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< prohrvat prohrt, prohraje, prohrl < projednvat projednat < projevovat projevit < promjet prominout
promi!
lose (battle, match) discuss, treat display, demostrate, show excuse let on hire, let on lease persecute
< pronajmat pronajmout, pronajme, pronajal ; pas.: pronajat < pronsledovat 0 < prosit poprosit < protestovat 0
t < provd provst, provede, provedl; pas.: proveden
beg, ask protest
carry out, pursue provoke, incite conduct, practice ( carry on)
< provokovat (vyprovokovat) < provozovat 0 < prozrazovat prozradit prozra! < provat prot, proije, proil
pr, prelo < pret, 0 t, peje, pl <p popt, popeje, popl komu (D) co (A) pas.: prozrazen
reveal, disclose experience, live through rain wish sb. sth. wish, desire
< p0t si, peje si, pl si

eceovat <p pecenit edlvat <p pedlat edjdt <p pedjet, pedjede, pedjel ; pedje!
overestimate, overrate do again, re-make overtake (car)
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edplcet <p pedplatit
pas.: pedplacen
subscribe suppose
< p0edpokldat
edpovdat <p pedpovdt, pedpov, pedpovdl edstavovat <p pedstavit edstavovat si <p pedstavit si
forecast, foretell, predict introduce, present imagine pretend, simulate
< p0edstrat
edvdt <p pedvst, pedvede, pedvedl
show, demonstrate, perform foresee, anticipate
< p0edvdat
ehnt <p pehnat, peene, pehnal ehodnocovat <p pehodnotit pas.: pehodnocen ehrvat <p pehrt, pehraje, pehrl echzet <p pejt, pejde, peel
exaggerate re-value replay cross, go over obstruct, be in the way 1: ranslate; 2: reload surprise overcome, overpower persuade think, ponder, contemplate
< p0eket
ekldat <p peloit ekvapovat <p pekvapit emhat <p pemoct, peme, pemohl; pas.: pemoen emlouvat <p pemluvit
< p0emlet
episovat <p pepsat, pepe, pepsat
re-write
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eruovat <p peruit eskakovat <p peskoit estvat <p pestat, pestane, pestal ; pesta! estupovat <p pestoupit ; pestup! esvdovat <p pesvdit evlkat (se) <p pevlknout (se) evldat <p pevldnout evracet <p pevrtit pas. pevrcen ; pas.: pevleen + infinitive
interrupt jump over, skip stop cease, change (train) convince change ones clothes prevail turn over, reverse change ones shoes approach register, log in come (walking) pas.: pijat accept arrive, come (car, train ) command, order cover
arrive (airplane)
ezouvat (se) <p pezout (se), pezuje (se), pezul (se) ibliovat se <p piblit se = blit se
ihlaovat se <p pihlsit se pas.pihlen ichzet <p pijt, pijde, piel ijmat <p pijmout, pijme, pijal; ijdt <p pijet, pijede, pijel ikazovat <p pikzat, pike, pikzal ; pika! ikrvat <p pikrt, pikryje, pikryl iltat <p pilett inet <p pinst, pinese, pinesl ipomnat komu co <p pipomenout, pipomene, pipomnl; pipome!
bring remind sb. of sth.
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ipojovat <p pipojit ipravovat <p pipravit irovnvat <p pirovnat koho/co ke komu/k emu
connect prepare compare sb./sth. with sb./sth.
ispvat <p pispt, pispje, pispl istvat <p pistt, pistane, pistl istupovat <p pistoupit itahovat <p pithnout iznvat <p piznat izpsobovat <p pizpsobit pe, psal; pi! < pst, napsat, nape, napsal; napi! se, pt se, ptal se < ptt zeptat se koho (G) na koho/na co
contribute land (aircraft), disembark step nearer; proceed attract confess, admit, concede adapt write ask, inquire publish
< publikovat 0
jovat <p pjit; pj! jovat si = vypjovat si <p pjit si = vypjit si lit <p rozplit sobit <p zpsobit
lend borrow bisect, half cause, bring along operate, work
< p0sobit
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< radit poradit

se < radit poradit se se < radovat (zaradovat se) ovat) < (zra zranit = ranit
komu s km o em
advise, councel consult rejoice hurt, wound react recite, declaim report register reorganize corrode, get rusty
give birth
< reagovat (zareagovat) < recitovat zarecitovat < referovat (poreferovat) < registrovat zaregistrovat < reorganizovat zreorganizovat
t < rezav zrezavt
< rodit porodit

se < rodit narodit se pas.: narozen
be born straighten; adjust compare break, smash get angry, lose temper hand out divide
< rovnat srovnat < srovnvat srovnat < rozbjet rozbt, rozbije, rozbil
ilovat se < roz rozlit se
< rozdvat rozdat

lovat < rozd rozdlit
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< rozebrat rozebrat, rozebere, rozebral

se < rozednvat rozednt se, rozedn se, rozednlo se
analyse, take into parts dawn distinguish scatter, disarray decide, determine disperse, go asunder start moving (vehicle) command distinguish fall apart, decay switch on light broaden, proliferate understand develop grow disturb, interfere cancel, abolish
< rozeznvat rozeznat < rozhazovat rozhzet

(se) < rozhodovat rozhodnout (se) se < rozchzet rozejt se, rozejdou se, rozeli se t se < rozjd rozjet se
< rozkazovat rozkzat, rozke, rozkzal < rozliovat rozliit

covat < rozsv rozsvtit ovat < rozi rozit t < rozum (porozumt) = rozeznvat = rozeznat se < rozpadat rozpadnout se pas.: rozsvcen
< rozvjet rozvinout

st, roste, rostl = vyrstat <r vyrst, vyroste, vyrostl = < ruit vyruit vyruovat
< ruit zruit < ruit 0

(rdio)
jam (radio)
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adit < seadit range, line up rage
< dit 0
eit < vyeit ezat, ee, ezal < (znout)
solve cut, saw operate, manage, drive (a car)
< dit 0
i! pas.: zen
kat < ct, ekne, ekl
; pas.: een
say, tell
< sahat shnout < szet zasadit

(se) < szet vsadit (se)
reach, touch, grasp plant make a bet, gamble pick up collect
< sbrat sebrat, sebere, sebral < sbrat 0

tat < sse st, sete, seetl lovat < sd sdlit si < sedat sednout si t < sed 0
add (together, up) inform, communicate sit down sit
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< selhvat selhat, sele, selhal

azovat < se seadit = adit pas.: seazen
fail range, line up set together, compile descend meet acquaint hunt for, search lay hand on, find conform, agree sum up gather, assemble gather, meet hide approve, endorse become strong, amplify sow pas.: sjednocen unite, unify jump make up, compose
< sestavovat sestavit < sestupovat sestoupit

se < setkvat setkat se (se) < seznamovat seznmit (se) t < shn sehnat, seene, sehnal se < shodovat shodnout se
< shrnovat shrnout

ovat (se) < shroma shromdit (se) se < schzet sejt se, sejdou se, seli se
< schovvat schovat < schvalovat schvlit < slit zeslit

= zesilovat seje, sel < st, zast, zaseje, zasel
< sjednocovat sjednotit < skldat sloit

se < skldat 0
ske, skkal < skkat, skoit
z eho
consist of
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< sklzet sklidit < slbnout zeslbnout < sladit osladit < slavit oslavit < sledovat 0 < slibovat slbit < slouit (poslouit)
ovat < slu slouit
pas.: sklizen
reap, harvest hide grow weak, fade sweeten accord, coordinate celebrate observe, persue
< skrvat skrt, skryje, skryl

pas.: slazen pas.: oslazen
ovat) < (sla sladit pas.: sladn = oslavovat
komu (D) co (A)
promise sb. sth. serve fuse, combine
< sluet 0 < slyet (uslyet)
Ta koile (N) ti (D) slu.
suit(a dress) The shirt suits you.
hear laugh at
se, smje se, sml se ; smj se! komu/emu < smt zasmt se, zasmje se, zasml se ; zasmj se! = mazat, mae, mazal ; ma! < smazvat smazat, smae, smazal; sma! t < sm 0
erase, delete may snow
< snit < sndat nasndat se

sn, snil < snt, 0
have breakfast dream, fantasize
< sniovat snit

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lower, cut down
< solit osolit < soudit 0 < souhlasit 0 < sousedit 0

it < sout 0 s km/s m eovat (se) < soust soustedit (se)
salt judge agree neighbour upon
concentrate compete
< souviset 0 < spalovat split
s km / s m = plit
hang together, interrelate
burn (transitive) sleep specialize in
sp, spal < spt, (vyspat se, vysp se, vyspal se) se < specializovat 0 chat = < sp (pospit si) 0 < spiknout se na co
pospchat
hurry conspire repay connect, link together be satisfied na koho/na co rely on coperate
proti komu pas.: splacen
< splcet splatit < spojovat spojit

se) < (spokojovat spokojit se (se) < spolhat spolehnout (se)
< spolupracovat 0
it < spo uspoit ebovvat < spot spotebovat
save (money) consume
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< spravovat spravit < spravovat 0

se < sret srazit se
repair, mend administer, manage
1: knock togehter; 2: shrink compare To sta. suffice Thats enough. download o koho/ o co Nestarej se o to. take care of worry Dont worry about it.
< srovnvat srovnat

it < sta 0
< stahovat sthnout

se < starat postarat se se < starat 0
se < stvat stt se, stane se, stalo se se km/m < stvat stt se, stane se, stal se t < stav postavit
intrans. Co se stalo? Stal se uitelem.
happen become build
What happened? He became a teacher.
< stvkovat 0
hovat se < st pesthovat se ovat si < st (postovat si) na koho/ na co
be on strikes
move house, migrate complain of prosecute
< sthat 0 < (sthat) stihnout

stele, stlal < stlt, ustlat, ustele, ustlal se < stmvat setmt se
catch up with (a bus) make the bed get dark uprise, mount
< stoupat stoupnout

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< strkat strit

dat < st vystdat hat < st osthat let < st stelit
shove, stick, shoulder alternate cut with scissors shot, fire study
< studovat 0
t se < styd (zastydt se) se < stkat 0 se < stskat 0 s km Stsk se mi (D) po tob (L).
be shy, feel ashamed be in touch with sb. miss I miss you.
< suit usuit

it < sva nasvait se
dry have a snack witness, bear evidence shine
< sv0dit < svtit 0

se < svlkat svlknout se sype, sypal < sypat, nasypat, nasype, nasypal
take off cltohes, strip strew
< eptat zaeptat

it < et 0 it < et uetit = naetit m (penze)
whisper economize
save (money)
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it (se) < rozit (se) ije, il < t, ut, uije, uil
widen, spread sew harm train, school step, tread climb bark
< kodit ukodit < kolit (vykolit)

lapu, lapal < lapat, lpnout
< plhat vyplhat

kat < t tknout = zatkat
< tahat 0 < thnout 0 < tancovat (zatancovat si) < tankovat natankovat
tee, tekl < tct, 0 pas.: taen
pull, draw (iterative) pull, draw
dance tank, fill flow, stream, run
< telefonovat zatelefonovat

it < tpot it it se < t0 it < tvyt it na koho/co
komu
phone, ring up sb. delight look forward to sb./sth. extract, exploit
< tisknout stisknout

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squeeze
< tisknout vytisknout < tla0it

it < tlumo (petlumoit) it (se) = < to otoit (se)
(knihy, noviny)
print, press push
interpret otet (se) turn round, rotatet long for sb./sth. spend (time)
< touit (zatouit) < trvit strvit < trvit otrvit < trefit 0 < trestat potrestat < trhat (utrhnout)
si < troufat troufnout si t < trp 0 =
po kom/po em
otravovat
poison; trouble, bother hit the target
punish tear, pick dare, venture m suffer from last , take time
< trvat 0
st (se), tese (se), tsl (se) < tzat st (se), zatese (se), zatsl (se) pytit se < tzat pytit se
shake, shiver twinkle, glitter suspect, anticipate
< tuit (vytuit)

it < tvo utvoit = vytvoit = stvoit
create assert, affirm
< tvrdit (potvrdit) < tykat 0

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komu
address sb. as ty
43
se koho/eho < tkat 0
concern
< trat utrat

ukat < zaukat
torment, maltreat
= uknout
tap
< ubrat ubrat, ubere, ubral < ubliovat ublit

astnit se = < zastnit se it <u nauit it se <u nauit se komu zastovat se eho
take away, reduce harm sb. participate teach learn indicate assure uka! show; point save, deposit calm, tranquilize tidy up facilitate
< udvat udat

ovat < uji ujistit pas.: ujitn
< ukazovat ukzat, uke, ukzal < ukldat uloit

ovat < uklid uklidnit
< uklzet uklidit

ovat < uleh ulehit
pas.: uklizen
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t < um 0
know how to do sth.
< umrat umt, ume, umel = zemt, zeme, zemel < unavovat unavit
ovat < upozor upozornit (se) < uret urazit (se) ovat < ur urit pas.: uraen
die tire, make weary warn, alert offend determine, fix fall asleep realize, implement smile facilitate run away, fly from wipe attack
< usnat usnout, usne, usnul

ovat < uskute uskutenit se < usmvat usmt se, umje se, usml se ovat < usnad usnadnit
< utkat utct, utee, utekl < utrat utt, ute, utel
it < to zatoit
< utrcet utratit < uvaovat (uvit)
pas.: utracen pas.: uveden
spend introduce; mention deliberate, cogitate be aware of convalesce, recover acknowledge, recognize
t < uvd uvst, uvede, uvedl
domovat si < uv uvdomit si se < uzdravovat uzdravit se
< uznvat uznat

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< uvat ut, uije, uil
= pouvat = pout, pouije, pouil
use
< vadit 0
komu
obstruct, interfere
< vhat (zavhat) < varovat 0

it < va uvait , ve, vzal < vzat (pivzat, pive, pivzal) koho (A) ped km/ped m (I)
hesitate warn sb. against sb./sth.
cook bind
< vit zvit < vit 0

si < vit 0
(both transitive and intransitive) (transitive only)
weigh (transitive) weigh (intransitive)
koho/eho
respect, esteem
se < vdvat vdt se, vd se, vdala se
get married (female) breathe in have a supper know dedicate attend to, go in for
< vdechovat vdechnout

eet < ve naveeet se
< v0dt, vm v v vd, vdl < v0novat < v0novat se

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komu co (komu)/emu
46
it <v (uvit) vede, vedl < vst, 0 et <v povsit trat <v vyvtrat znit <v uvznit veze, vezl < vzt, 0
komu/emu pas.: veden
believe lead
pas.: poven
hang (transitive) air, ventilate imprison
pas.: vezen
carry (car, train)
< vchzet vejt, vejde, veel

0 < vejt se, vejde se, veel se t < vid (uvidt)
enter get in, hold see hang (intransitive)
< viset 0 < vtat pivtat

zit < vt zvtzit = uvtat
welcome win put in, insert govern, rule
< vkldat vloit

, vldne, vldl < vldnout 0 (se) < vlvat vlt (se), vlije, vlil
pour in, flow to penetrate, brek into perceive lead, conduct (iterative)
< vnikat vniknout < vnmat 0 < vodit 0 < volat zavolat
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call
< volit zvolit

t < von (zavont)
elect smell good cary (means of travel) (iterative)
< vozit 0 < vracet vrtit vra!

se < vracet vrtit se pas.: vrcen
give back, return oome back, return
< vradit zavradit < vstupovat vstoupit

si < vmat vimnout si
pas.: zavradn vsta! kam koho/eho
murder rise, get up enter (place) join ( organization) notice choose, pick out
< vstvat vstt, vstane, vstal
< vybrat vybrat, vybere, vybral

tat < vy vyst, vyte, vyetl
komu (D) co (A)
reproach sb. for sth. give out; publish breathe out earn, make profit
< vydvat vydat < vydechovat vydechnout

lvat < vyd vydlat
< vyhazovat vyhodit < vyhlaovat vyhlsit

se < vyhbat vyhnout se
pas.: vyhozen pas.: vyhlen
throw out proclaim, declare win avoid sb./ sth., get out of the way go out; appear
< vyhrvat vyhrt, vyhraje, vyhrl

komu / emu
< vychzet vyjt, vyjde, vyel

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< vychovvat vychovat

ovat < vyjad vyjdit
bring up, foster express negotiate komu address sb. as vy
< vyjednvat vyjednat < vykat 0 < vykldat vyloit < vykrdat vykrst, vykrade, vykradl
ovat < vym vymnit = mnit
1: unload; 2: explain rob, pick (ex)change die out make false excuse think out invent leave out, omit excel switch off pas.: vyplacen pay out, pay off be worth while fill in = vypravovat = pjovat si = pjit si narrate, tell
< vymrat vymt, vyme, vymel

se < vymlouvat vymluvit se
< vymlet vymyslet < vynalzat vynalzt, vynalezne, vynalezl pas.: vynalezen < vynechvat vynechat < vynikat vyniknout < vypnat vypnout < vyplcet vyplatit
se < vyplcet vyplatit se ovat < vypl vyplnit t < vyprv 0
jovat si < vyp vypjit si
borrow
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t < vyrb vyrobit izovat < vy vydit izovat < vy vydit pas.: vyzen komu (D) co (A)
produce settle, clear deliver a message send out broadcast
< vyslat vyslat < vyslat 0 < vyslovovat vyslovit < vystupovat vystoupit
tlovat < vysv vysvtlit et < vyt vytoit ovat < vyu 0 komu (D) co (A)
pronounce get out; appear explain turn out, dial teach, give lessons
< vyuvat vyut, vyuije, vyuil < vyvet vyvzt, vyveze, vyvezl < vyvjet vyvinout
ovat se < vyzna 0 se) < (vyznvat vyznat se m
make use of, utilize export develop be characterized by
v em
be acquainted with sth. challenge, call wake up give up educate
< vyzvat vyzvat, vyzve, vyzval

(se) < vzbouzet vzbudit (se) = probouzet (se) = probudit (se) se < vzdvat vzdt se, vzd se, vzdal se lvat < vzd vzdlat
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< vzkazovat vzkzat, vzke, vzkzal < vznikat vzniknout < vzpomnat vzpomenout, vzpomenu, vzpomnl/vzpomenul
stat < vzr vzrst, vzroste, vzrostl
let know by message originate, rise recollect grow uo, increase
< zabjet zabt, zabije, zabil

ovat < zabra zabrnit se < zabvat 0 m komu (D) v em (L)
kill prevent sb. from doing sth. deal with
nat < za zat, zane, zaal
start, begin open, launch include bend, turn preserve save, rescue pas.: zajat capture, take sb. prisoner
< zahajovat zahjit < zahrnovat zahrnout < zahbat zahnout, zahne, zahnul < zachovvat zachovat
ovat < zachra zachrnit zachra!
< zajmat zajmout, zajme, zajal

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< zajmat 0
se < zajmat 0 ovat < zaji zajistit
To (N) m (A) zajm. o co
concern, interest Its interesting for me. be interested in
ensure prohibit, ban found, establish water matter
< zakazovat zakzat, zake, zakzal < zakldat zaloit < zalvat zalt, zalije, zalil < zleet 0
na em ovat (se) < zam zamit (se) stnvat < zam zamstnat na co
concentrate on employ sweep lock become extinct set fire, ignite fight, combat
< zametat zamst, zamete, zametl < zamykat zamknout < zanikat zaniknout < zapalovat zaplit < zpasit 0 < zapnat zapnout < zaprat zapt, zape, zapel < zapisovat zapsat, zape, zapsal < zaplavovat zaplavit < zapomnat zapomenout, zapomnl/zapomenul
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pas.: zamen/zamknut
switch on deny write down, log inundate forget
ovat < zaru zaruit izovat < za zadit pas.: zazen
guarantee settle, arrange interfere, intervene supply stop, halt substitute, deputize turn off arrest pas.: zaveden introduce, establish envy
< zasahovat zashnout < zsobovat zsobit

(se) < zastavovat zastavit (se)
< zastupovat zastoupit

et < zat zatoit
< zatkat zatknout

t < zavd zavst, zavede, zavedl t < zvid 0 komu
< zavrat zavt, zave, zavel < zviset 0

na em se < zbavovat zbavit se
pas.: zaven
close depend on
koho/eho
get rid of remain, rest seem
< zbvat zbt, zbude, zbyl

se, zd se, zdl se < zdt 0 (se) < zdokonalovat zdokonalit (se)
improve greet, salute raise price delay
< zdravit pozdravit < zdraovat zdrait

(se) < zdrovat zdret (se)
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razovat < zd zdraznit
stress, emphasize strengthen, amplify, tone up weaken, tone down switch off light worsen gain, acquire, profit simplify find out disappoint investigate, inquire attempt, try examine shorten improve be angry get angry vlak, pednku o kom/ o em miss (train, lecture ) mention sb/sth mean, signify know
< zesilovat zeslit < zeslabovat zeslbnout < zhasnat zhasnout

(se) < zhorovat zhorit (se)
< zskvat zskat < zjednoduovat zjednoduit

ovat < zji zjistit pas.: zjitn
< (zklamvat) zklamat, zklame, zklamal < zkoumat prozkoumat < zkouet zkusit < zkouet vyzkouet < zkracovat zkrtit pas.: zkrcen < zlepovat zlepit
se < zlobit rozzlobit se
< (zmekvat) zmekat

ovat se < zmi zmnit se
< znamenat 0
, zn, znal < znt 0
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iovat < zne zneistit
pas.: zneitn
pollute misuse, abuse sound otzky answer (questions) be responsible for sb./sth.
< zneuvat zneut, zneuije, zneuil

zn, znl < znt, zaznt, zazn, zaznl
< zodpovdat zodpovdt, zodpov, zodpovdl < zodpovdat 0 < zpvat zazpvat < zpomalovat zpomalit
edkovvat < zprost zprostedkovat sobovat < zp zpsobit = psobit za koho/za co (se) < zouvat zout (se), zuje (se), zul (se)
take off ones shoes sing slow dow mediate cause, bring along speed up make more difficult
< zrychlovat zrychlit

ovat < zt ztit
< ztrcet ztratit
pas.: ztracen s km/s m zsta!
lose identify with sb./sth. stay invite deliberate lift, heave publish
ovat (se) < ztoto ztotonit (se) stvat <z zstat, zstane, zstal , zve, zval < zvt pozvat, pozve, pozval
< zvaovat zvit < zvedat zvednout

ejovat < zve zveejnit
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< zvonit zazvonit

si < zvykat zvyknout si na koho/na co
ring get accustomed to sb./sth. heighten, raise
< zvyovat zvit
< dat podat < alovat zaalovat < rlit 0 < ebrat 0
se < enit oenit se s km = obalovvat = obalovat na koho (A)
request sue, complain be jealous of sb. beg
get married (male) joke live, be alive chew
< ertovat (zaertovat si)

, ije, il < t0
< vkat 0
*****
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CZECH VERB ASPECT Karel Tahal Keywords: verb aspect, imperfective, perfective, monoaspective verbs, aspect and tense, prefixation, motion verbs, semantic characteristics, telic, atelic, lexical dependence, context dependence, duration, completion, recurrence, temporal clauses, English continuous forms * The linguistic term VERB ASPECT is often used even in other languages to indicate various characteristics of actions and states (e.g. the English opposition of simple vs. continuous). In spite of certain similarities, such distinctions cannot be confused with the category of aspect in Czech (and in other Slavonic languages). Verb aspect in Czech means distinguishing the opposition IMPERFECTIVE vs. PERFECTIVE. Unlike the other grammatical categories of Czech verbs, aspect is an inherent property of a verb as a lexical unit. Every Czech verb (with marginal exceptions of bi-aspectual verbs) is either imperfective or perfective not only in a particular speech act, but even on the lexical level. This fact is reflected in the indiscriminate use of the terminology NEDOKONAV VID vs. DOKONAV VID (IMPERFECTIVE ASPECT vs. PERFECTIVE ASPECT) as well as NEDOKONAV SLOVESO vs. DOKONAV SLOVESO (IMPERFECTIVE VERB vs. PERFECTIVE VERB). Mostly, there are two Czech verbs with identical lexical meaning. One of them is called NEDOKONAV SLOVESO (= IMPERFECTIVE VERB), DOKONAV SLOVESO (= PERFECTIVE VERB). the other one The two verbs constitute an aspect pair (in Czech VIDOV DVOJICE), e.g.: (imperfective) pst to write ( perfective) napsat
The category of aspect is closely interrelated with the category of tense. The intrinsic temporal characteristics are illustrated in the following survey.
MINUL AS INFINITIVE NEDOKONAV (= IMPERFECTIVE) PTOMN AS BUDOUC AS
(past tense) psal napsal
(present tense) (future tense) pe 0 bude pst nape
pst napsat
(=
DOKONAV PERFECTIVE)
Comment on the chart: The perfective verb (= dokonav sloveso) has no present tense. Its present form refers to futurity. The auxiliary budu, bude, bude can never be connected with the infinitive of any perfective verb. For topical present (i.e. states and events that refer to the point now) the only possible form is the imperfective verb (= nedokonav sloveso). (See also chapter 16 in A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE.) ***
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FORMAL CHARACTERISTICS Most Czech verbs come in aspect pairs, i.e. two lexical items corresponding to one verb in other (non-Slavonic) languages, e.g.
< < < < < < < <
dvat dt kupovat koupit pekldat peloit
imperf. perf. imperf. perf. imperf. perf.
} give } buy } translate
Some verbs only occur as monoaspective imperfective (imperfectiva tantum), without any perfective counterpart, e.g. bydlet 0 hledat 0 cestovat 0 imperf. imperf. imperf. live (= reside) look for travel
Few verbs only occur as monoaspective perfective (perfectiva tantum), without any imperfective counterpart, e.g. 0 onemocnt 0 obdret perf. perf. fall ill obtain
Bi-aspectual verbs (obouvidov slovesa), i.e. those functioning as both imperfective and perfective, e.g. vnovat aktivovat emigrovat imperf.+ perf. imperf.+ perf. imperf.+ perf. dedicate activate emigrate
are rather unstable and, moreover, those that are borrowed from other languages sometimes form a new perfective verb, not entirely embodied in the aspectual system, e.g. aktivovat (zaktivovat), = activate, emigrovat (vyemigrovat) = emigrate. (In our compendium, bi-aspectual verbs are treated as monoaspective imperfective.) *
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Complete aspect pairs are characteristic for most Czech verbs. The two verbs may differ in root vowels or consonants, e.g. kupovatkoupit = buy, nahrazovatnahradit = replace, pekldatpeloit = translate. Rarely, the two verbs are suppletive, i.e. there is no morphonological similarity between the roots, e.g. brtvzt = take. A very frequent formal relation is the prefixation of perfective verbs, e.g. dlatudlat = make, do, stpest = read, platitzaplatit = pay. Remark on prefixation: A prefix is not always a marker of perfective aspect. Apart from perfectivization, prefixes are used for word formation, i.e. lexical modification of both imperfective and perfective verbs, e.g. pechzetpejt = cross, pivatpit = sew on , odvazovatodvzat = unbind, vhazovat-vhodit = throw in, vyvovat-vyvsit = hang out, etc. (See chapter 69 in A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE.) In this connection, it may be useful to review the elementary aspectual situation of motion verbs: (See chapters 17 and 68 in A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE.) The unprefixed verbs of motion are monoaspective imperfective (= imperfectiva tantum). They do not indicate any direction of the movement. There is, however, a specific distinction that can be explained -in as simplified way- as particular vs. usual (sometimes known as iterative). This concerns especially the following verbs: p a r t i c u l a r infin. jt 0 jet 0 nst 0 vzt 0 vst 0 lett 0 bet 0 o c c a s i o n future pjde pojede ponese poveze povede polet go, walk go (car, train ) carry, bear transport (by car) lead fly run usually (iterative) (regular conjugations) chodit 0 jezdit 0 nosit 0 vozit 0 vodit 0 ltat 0 bhat 0
present past jde jede nese veze vede let b el jel nesl vezl vedl letl
bel pob
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The meaning of approaching, leaving, crossing, entering, etc. is expressed by means of the prefixes pi-, od-, pe-, v- and others. The prefixed verbs come in regular aspect pairs, i.e.
< < < < < < <
pichzet pijt pijdt pijet pinet pinst pivet pivzt pivdt pivst piltat pilett pibhat pibhnout
come arrive bring
< odchzet odejt

t < odjd odjet
go away, leave depart carry away
etc.
< odnet odnst < odvet odvzt

t < odvd odvst
< odltat odlett < odbhat odbhnout
Even other verbs can be modified by prefixes in a similar way. (See chapter 69 in A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE.) * Using a prefix as a means of perfectivization can bring about some problems in arranging the aspect pairs. Sometimes, the perfective verb can be formed by more prefixes, e.g. filmovat shoot a film zfilmovat = nafilmovat
< <
malovat paint namalovat = vymalovat often used in different collocations, e.g. namalovat obraz = paint a picture, vymalovat pokoj = paint a room. Sometimes, the prefix may form a secondary imperfective verb, which results in two imperfective synonyms, e.g.
< <
rst = vyrstat vyrst blit se = pibliovat se piblit se ***
grow approach
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SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS It should be kept in mind that language units, categories and constructions are mediated through human cognition. Semantic relations are sometimes fairly simple, sometimes more intricate. Thus, e.g. the grammatical category of number is essentially constructed on the distinction one vs. more than one, in spite of various specific discrepancies in a particular language. The category of verb tense is based on the general perception present past future, even if more elaborate systems of grammatical tenses exist in many languages. The category of verb aspect is an abstraction of a higher degree, lacking any unambigous foundation on the extralinguistic level. There are no straightforward relations between the language category of aspect and the extralinguistic phenomena, nor is there any one-to-one correspondence between Czech and other (non-Slavonic) languages. A native Czech speaker uses the aspect intuitively, often not being able to tell whether the verb is imperfective or perfective. The aspect choice in a speech act is made subconsciously, in accordance with the speakers personal view. Sometimes, more interpretations of an utterance are possible, depending on the overall situation. The imperfective aspect (= nedokonav vid) views the process as ongoing, progressing. The perfective aspect (= dokonav vid) views the process as complex, without duration. Compare the following examples: imperfective (nedokonav): perfective (dokonav): imperfective (nedokonav): Co jsi dlal vera? What did you do yesterday? What were you doing yesterday? (i.e.: How did you spend your time?) What did you do yesterday? (i.e.: What did you accomplish?) I wrote a paper yesterday. I was writing a paper yesterday. i.e.: (only the activities are mentioned, not the result) I wrote a paper yesterday. (i.e.: the paper is finished)
Co ji udlal vera?
Vera jsem psal jeden lnek.
perfective (dokonav):
Vera jsem napsal jeden lnek.
Analogically, in the future: imperfective (nedokonav): Ztra budu pst ten lnek. I will write the paper tomorrow. I will be writing the paper tomorrow. (i.e.: information about my intended actvities, about the way I am going to spend the time) I will write the paper tomorrow. (i.e.: I intend to write the whole paper.) *
perfective (dokonav):
Ztra napu ten lnek.
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Aspectual oppositions can be observed in the past tense (dlal udlal), future tense (bude dlat udl), infinitive (dlat udlat), imperative (dlej udlej), passive participle (dln udln), passive adjective (dlan udlan), verbal noun (dln udln), transgressive (dlaje udlav). Due to the defective conjugational pattern of perfective verbs, the distinctions cannot be applied to the topical present (aktuln ptomnost), i.e. events happening at the moment of speech. The grammatical category of aspect is firmly rooted in vocabulary. The aspectual distinctions exist even in the lexical entry. A verb is either imperfective or perfective in all its grammatical forms (with the exception of somewhat marginal bi-aspectual verbs). Aspect cannot be confused with the purely lexical clustering of verbs as ingressive, terminative, durative, etc., usually known under the German name of Aktionsart (in Czech zpsob slovesnho dje). Even such verbs are inevitably imperfective or perfective, i.e perceived as either ongonig or complex, usually occurring in complete aspect pairs, e.g. rozbhat se start running rozbhnout se
< <
dodlvat finish doing dodlat where the ingressive stage of running and the terminative stage of doing can be expressed by both the imperfective and the perfective verb. * In principle, the two members of an aspect pair convey identical lexical meaning. Sometimes, however, one of them is slightly different. E.g. in the aspect pair vidt see (uvidt) the perfective form uvidt expresses the idea of catching sight of.
< < <
In the aspect pair vhat hesitate (zavhat) the perfective form zavhat refers to a momentary act of hesitation. The perfective verb in the pair plavat swim (zaplavat si) can usually be felt as bearing a connotation of pleasant experience of swimming. The lexical meaning of such perfective verbs is confined to certain specific features, and in speech acts they occurs less frequently than the corresponding imperfective verbs. (Our compendium places such perfective verbs in brackets, not discussing the reasons.) ***
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Telic - atelic Various aspectual shades are influenced by lexical semantics of a particular verb. An important part is played by telicity which is an inherent feature of the lexical meaning of a verb, not necessarily manifested overtly, and depending also on the context. Telic verbs (sometimes called conclusive verbs) express processes that tend towards a goal. E.g. the event of writing a letter can be interpreted as a chain of minor actions, with an implicit beginning, followed by different stages of writing, tending towards the completion of having written the letter. As examples of such verbs, we can mention pst opravovat pijdt repair arrive napsat write opravit pijet and many others.
<
<
<
We can imagine a person repairing a car and then being either successful or unsuccessful. The perfective verb in Petr opravil to auto indicates a successful action, i.e. Peter repaired / has repaired the car. (= The car is in order now.) The imperfective verb in Petr opravoval to auto is focused on the persons activities, without saying anything about the result. The English continuous form P. was repairing the car may be more suitable here. If not only the information about the persons activities is relevant, but subsequently even the information about the result, it can be expressed explicitly, as either a podailo se mu to = and he succeeded, or ale nepodailo se mu to = but he did not succeed. The wording Petr opravoval to auto, ale neopravil ho, in spite of its stylistic clumsiness, expresses explicitly the distinction between incompleted and completed activities. The perfective verb in Vlak pijel views the arrival of the train as a completed event, i.e. The train arrived, in the sense of reaching a destination. The imperfective verb in Vlak pijdl views the arrival of the train as an ongoing process, not mentioning the conslusion. There may follow the statement A pak se stalo to netst, which indicates the incompletion of the process, i.e. the train has not successfully reached the station. The train was arriving. And then the accident happened. The notion of tending towards a goal, achieving a conclusion may have different connotations, connected with the lexical semantics of a particular verb. The interplay of the grammatical meaning of aspect and the lexical-semantic telicity of a particular verb can sometimes affect the meaning of the members of an aspect pair in such a degree that the question of two lexical units may be posed. The verbs opalovat seoplit se, for example, are treated as members of one aspect pair, and yet, the imperfective refers to the process of sunbathing, while the perfective indicates the result or consequence, i.e. getting sun-tanned. Contrasting the two verbs in one sentence sounds quite normal, e.g. Opalovala se dva dny, ale jet se neoplila She was sunbathing for two days, but she has not got tanned yet. Similarly, the aspect pair dohadovat sedohodnout se in the sentence Dlouho se dohadovali, ale na niem se nedohodli They were bargaining for a long time, but they did not achieve any agreement. The same applies to the aspect pair brnit se defend, resist ubrnit se resist successfully, and some others.
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Atelic verbs (sometimes called non-conclusive verbs), in virtue of their lexical meaning, refer to processes not tending towards any goal. In Czech, some of them lack the perfective form, i.e. they are monoaspective imperfective (= imperfectiva tantum), e.g.
< doufat 0 < zvonit zazvonit
hope
< obdivovat 0
usmvat se < usmt se
admire
se < jmenovat 0
be called
Many atelic verbs, however, do come in pairs, e.g. ring smile ukazovat < ukzat show
With such verbs, the perfective and the imperfective cannot be contrasted like with the telic verbs. It would be nonsense to say *Zvonek zvonil, ale nezazvonil. The imperfective verb zvonit leaves no doubt about the action of ringing having taken place as a whole, in the same way as the perfective verb zazvonit. Similarly, it is impossible to say *Usmvala se, ale neusmla se, *Ukazoval mi fotku, ale neukzal mi ji. The actions of ringing, smiling, showing do not aim at achieving any conclusion. The question readily occurs about the aspectual difference of atelic verbs. The answer can be illustrated by the following examples: Zvonek zvonil. Zvonek zazvonil. Ona se usmvala. Ona se usmla. Ukazoval mi fotku. Ukzal mi fotku.
The imperfective aspect views events as having longer duration, while the perfective aspect views events without a connotation of any temporal dimension. This distinction does not reflect real duration of events. It is a subjective impression. The distinction telic : atelic is not an unchallenged criterion. The wording tending towards a goal, achieving a conclusion can be misleading with some verbs. For instance, if we are looking for something, the desirable goal is undoubtedly the finding. It is possible to say He has been looking for a job, but he has not found any. = Hledal prci, ale dnou nenael. Yet, this is not only the matter of aspect, but the two verbs differ essentially in their lexical meaning. The aspect pairs should be presented like this:
< <
hledat 0 nachzet najt
look for, search
find
The perfective verb najt clearly indicates the desired goal. The imperfective verb nachzet, however, cannot be interpreted as any action tending towards finding. The two members of the aspect pair refer to atelic events. Even the imperfective verb implies finding, but it has a strong connotation of recurrence, repeated process.
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The connotation of recurrence prevails also in the imperfective forms of some other verbs, e.g.:
< <
and others.
potkvat potkat ztrcet ztratit
meet lose ***
The importance of context The mentioned examples have shown that the grammatical category of aspect is influenced by the lexical meaning of a particular verb. Apart from being lexical-dependent, aspect is even context-dependent. The lexical dependence of the verb aspect is inherently rooted in the language system. The context dependence is manifested in speech acts. The aspect choice by the speaker and its impact on the listener are determined by the interplay of general aspectual semantics, lexical semantics of a particular verb, and various circumstances of the context and situation. Verbal aspect potentially contains more components. Some of them may be highligted and others suppressed in a speech act. It is not unusual for an utterance to be perceived in various ways. E.g. the imperfective verb in the sentence Vysvtloval mi to can be interpreted as (a) laying stress on the duration of the process of explaining (b) the mentioned persons efforts of explaining it to me (probably with negative result) (c) the repeated events of explaining (the result being irrelevant) The components are not mutually exclusive, all of them may be included, in accordance with the overall situation of a speech act. If the listener lacks sufficient background knowledge of the circumstances, the speakers intention can sometimes be misinterpreted, and subsequent explicit explanation may be needed. The perfective verb in the sentence Vysvtlil mi to can be interpreted as (a) global view of the act of explanation, with any duration irrelevant (b) successful result (c) singularity of the event of explanation which, however, can be multiplied by explicit lexical data, e.g. Vysvtlil mi to tikrt. Again, the components are not mutually exclusive, all of them may be included. *
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The following paragraphs try to display some of the factors that can modify the interpretation of aspectual oppositions. The verbs in the sentences (1-a) Dlala kvu (1-b) Udlala kvu make an aspect pair with identical lexical meaning, the difference being aspectual, both in the sense of ongoing vs. complete and some duration vs. zero duration. In the sentences (2-a) Dlala zkouku (2-b) Udlala zkouku the connotation of ongoing vs. complete in combination with the syntactic object zkouka (exam) is so strong that a crucial semantic difference is felt. The (a) sentence refers to taking an exam, while the (b) sentence reports passing the exam. In a real dialogue, it is probable that the response to the announcement Dlala zkouku would be followed by the question A udlala ji? The aspectual contradiction in the complex sentence Dlala zkouku, ale neudlala ji (= She took the exam, but she did not pass) is -linguistically- not illogical. (A similar aspectual contraposition *Dlala kvu, ale neudlala ji would sound strange.) In the examples (3-a) Uil m nminu (3-b) Nauil m nminu (3-c) Uil nminu the (a) sentence mentions him as a person who gave me German language lessons, without indicating whether I can or cannot speak German; the (b) sentence implies my knowledge of German; the (c) sentence presents him as a German language teacher. An important part may be played by the singularity or plurality of a syntactic object. Compare the following sentences: (4-a) Prodval auto. (4-b) Prodal auto. (4-c) Prodval auta. (4-d) Prodal auta. In connection with the singular object, the (a) sentence expresses the ongoing process of selling the car, whereas the (b) sentence refers to the total completed process, implying that the person in question is no longer the owner of the mentioned car. The (d) sentence differs from (b) in the plurality of the cars. The (c) sentence suggests either the same interpretation as the (a) sentence, differing only in the plurality of the objects of selling, or it may be understood as the expression of a series of repeated events. Apart from the connotations of ongoing, and therefore not mentioning the completion, another semantic component of the imperfective aspect is included, that of recurrence. Without any further context, the interpretation may be both He sold his cars one after another, and Selling cars were his habitual activities, e.g. in a car shop.
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The notion of recurrence, as opposed to single events, often makes a component part of the aspectual opposition, e.g. (5-a) Potkval jsem ho na ndra. (I used to meet him at the station.) (5-b) Potkal jsem ho na ndra. (I met him at the station.) This can also be illustrated in the future tense, e.g. (6-a) J vm budu podvat ty knihy. (i.e. passing the books one by one) (6-b) J vm podm ty knihy. (i.e. passing the books as a complex event) as well as in connection with modal verbs, e.g. (7-a) Musm se dvat do slovnku. (7-b) Musm se podvat do slovnku. or in the imperative, e.g. (8-a) Zavrejte dvee. (8-b) Zavete dvee. The opposition recurrent events : single event is one of potential aspectual meanings that can go hand in hand with the oppositions progressing : completed and longer : shorter timespan. In a speech act, some of these connotations may be felt as prevailing, in conformity with the lexical meaning of a particular verb and with the overall context. *** Remarks on present tense: The perfective aspect is unable to refer to topical present, i.e. events happening at the moment of speech. In certain situations, however, even a perfective verb can refer to repeated events, especially when accompanied by frequency adverbials, e.g. (9) Nkdy udlm takovou chybu. I sometimes make such a mistake. They are always late. (10) Oni vdycky pijdou pozd. The perfective verb is also used for expressing timeless ability or capacity, e.g. (11) Tohle petu bez brl. I can read this without eye-glasses. (12) Pelo to? Are you able to translate it? Remarks on completion: In certain contexts, even the imperfective aspect of telic verbs may express an event viewed as completed. It carries identical information as the perfective aspect, and moreover evokes a feeling of vividness. E.g.: (13-a) To jsem psal j. (13-b) To jsem napsal j. (14-a) Kdo vm to kal? (14-b) Kdo vm to ekl? It was me who wrote it. -Who told you that? --
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(15-a) Bral sis lky? (15-b) Vzal sis lky? (16-a) Vera jsem vstval v sedm. (16-b) Vera jsem vstal v sedm. *** Aspect in temporal clauses
Have you taken your medicine? -I got up at seven yesterday. --
The choice of imperfective or perfective plays a prominent part in complex sentences, where the aspectual distinctions strongly influence the perception of temporal relations as either simultaneous or subsequent as illustrated in the following examples. imperfective imperfective imperfective perfective perfective imperfective perfective perfective Kdy jsem psal ten lnek, When (while) I was writing the paper, poslouchal jsem rdio. I was listening to the radio. i.e.: two simultaneous events Kdy jsem psal ten lnek, When (while) I was writing the paper, nkdo otevel okno. somebody opened the window. i.e.: writing is a background for the shorter action of opening Kdy jsem napsal ten lnek, When I had written the paper, pekldal jsem ho do anglitiny. I was translating it into English. i.e.: the first action finished, I was doing sth. else Kdy jsem napsal ten lnek, When I had written the paper, peloil jsem ho do anglitiny. I translated it into English. i.e.: having accomplished one action, I accomplished even the other one;
The same examples could analogically be transferred into the future with an important difference concerning the conjunction: Instead of kdy, the future uses the conjunction a, e.g.: When (while) I write the paper, imperfective A budu pst ten lnek, imperfective budu poslouchat rdio. I will be listening to the radio. perfective perfective A napu ten lnek, pelom ho do anglitiny. When (after) I have written the paper, I will translate it into English.
(See also chapter 16 in A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE.) The extrinsic temporal interpretation of the above mentioned examples may be explained as the result of intrinsic temporal qualities of aspectual distinctions, especially the inability of the imperfective verb to express topical present, and the complex view of the perfective verb. ***
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Remarks on duration The aspect distinction is often interpreted as the inability of a perfective verb to express the duration of an event, and the impossibility to be combined with the question jak dlouho how long. Essentially, this is correct with some amendments. It is not unusual to find sentences like Postavili ten dm za pl roku. They built the house within six months. Peetl jsem celou knihu bhem dvou dn. I read the whole book in the course of 2 days. Zem se oto kolem sv osy za 24 hodin. The Earth turns round its axis in 24 hours. Such constructions are enabled by the particular expressions that specifically refer to the time span or frequency of completed events (mostly the prepositions za, bhem, v prbhu ). Neither here is it possible to ask *Jak dlouho postavili ten dm? etc. The question should be Za jak dlouho postavili ten dm? (within what time period). The time specification in connection with the perfective verb does not express the view of duration, but the total time recquired for completing the event. Compare the following sentences: Stavli ten dm dva roky. impossible * Postavili ten dm dva roky. Postavili ten dm za dva roky. imperf. + duration * perf. + duration perf. + total time
Even more conspicuous is a restricted number of perfective verbs that can express duration without any special aids. We can mention the verbs ekat pokat = wait, zstvat zstat = stay, nechvat nechat = leave, and a marginal group of a few monoaspective perfective verbs with the prefix po-, e.g. posedt, postt, pohovoit. Examples (all of them containing perfective verbs): Pokal jsem asi pl hodiny a pak jsem el dom. Zstaneme v Praze dva dny. Nechala si tu knihu doma vc ne ti msce. Chvli jsme posedli a pohovoili. These few verbs go so far that they do enable the explicit use of the question jak dlouho = how long. Neither these verbs, however, could be connected with the temporal conjunction zatmco = while or kdy = when. It is impossible to say *Zatmco jsem pokal, , *Zatmco jsme tam zstali, . Instead of reasoning about zero duration, a modified wording would be more appropriate: A perfective verb cannot refer to events that express background for other events happening simultaneously. This seems to be the essential semantic feature of all perfective verbs, no matter whether the different events are expressed explicitly, as in our earlier mentioned sets of temporal sentences, or whether this concept is an implicit notion in the heads of the language users. It should be stressed again that aspect is a highly abstract language category. The Czech name for aspect is VID, which suggests its relation to the verb VIDT (= see, view). ***
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ENGLISH CONTINUOUS FORMS AND CZECH ASPECT Certain comparisons of Czech aspect to the English verb opposition continuous : simple can be made. Similarities are obvious in examples like Nkdo otvral dvee. Nkdo otevel dvee. Ukazovala na m. Ukzala na m. Somebody was opening the door. Somebody opened the door. She was pointing at me. She pointed at me.
The English continuous forms can only have their Czech counterparts in the imperfective aspect (= nedokonav vid). The continuous reference to temporary processes is incompatible with the complex view of the Czech perfective verb. The Czech perfective aspect can only correspond to the English simple form. Its complex view is incompatible with the temporary reference of the continuous form. The equivalence, however, is not unambiguous. The Czech imperfective aspect may correspond to the English simple form, and vice versa, e.g. Ukazovala na m. Kdo ji doprovzel? Mutual relations are illustrated in this diagram: NEDOKONAV DOKONAV Examples: (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d) Pekldala to do nminy. Dvali se na ns. Pechzel ulici. Budeme ekat dole. Peloila to do nminy. Podvali se na ns. Peel ulici. Pokme dole. She was translating it into German. They were looking at us. He was crossing the street. Well be waiting downstairs. She translated it into German. They looked at us. He crossed the street. Well wait downstairs. CONTINUOUS SIMPLE She pointed at me. Who accompanied her?
Mutual comparison between Czech aspect and the English oppositon simple : continuous can be best made in the past tense. No comparison is possible on the level of topical present, due to the defective pattern of the Czech perfective verb. Expressing futurity may be complicated by using periphrastic constructions both in Czech and in English, often accompanied by various kinds of modality.
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The English opposition simple : continuous is a purely grammatical category. It is a binary opposition, with the continuous as the marked member. It occurs in the present tense (does : is doing), present perfect (has done : has been doing), past (did : was doing), past perfect (had done : had been doing), future (will do : will be doing), future perfect (will have done : will have been doing). The distinction can also be observed in the passive voice (is done : is being done ; was done : was being done , etc.) The opposition does not exist in non-finite verb forms, i.e. gerund (doing), active participle (doing), passive participle (done). All the verb forms, both finite and non-finite, belong to the same lexical unit. An English verb as a lexical unit is aspectullay indifferent. The opposition simple : continuous is the matter of grammatical forms of one verb. The Czech aspect is inseparably connected with a particular verb as a lexical unit. Every Czech verb (with the marginal exception of bi-aspectual verbs) in all its forms is inevitably either imperfective or perfective. The aspectual distinctions exist both in finite and in non-finite forms, i.e. infinitive (dlat udlat, prodvat prodat, zavrat zavt), imperative (dlej udlej, prodvej prodej, zavrej zavi), passive participle (dln udln, prodvn prodn, zavrn zaven), as well as passive adjective (dlan udlan, prodvan prodan, zavran zaven). (Bi-aspectual verbs, e.g. vnovat, demonstrovat, rezignovat, are rather unstable and limited in number. In a speech act, even they function as either imperfective or perfective.) The Czech verb bears the aspectual distinction even on the lexical level. In this sense, Czech aspect is a lexico-grammatical category. The lexical dependence of the grammatical aspect should not be confused with the purely lexical semantic clustering of verbs, such as ingressive, terminative, durative, momentary, etc. Even such verbs are either imperfective or perfective. A foreign learner of English has to get acquainted with the way how to construct continuous verb forms. A foreign learner of Czech has to memorize two lexical items, i.e. the members of an aspect pair, and to learn their conjugation patterns. Even in case of monoaspectual verbs, it is necessary to know whether the verb is imperfective or perfective. *** *********************
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Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

Introductory information by FACTUM CZ, s.r.o.

ASPECT PAIRS OF CZECH VERBS

FACTUM CZ, s.r.o., 2011

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

SUPPLEMENT Karel Tahal

Czech Verb Aspect

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

ASPECT PAIRS OF CZECH VERBS

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

< otvrat otevt < < <

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

vidt slyet mluvit dlat potebovat odmtnout prominout

-me -te -aj

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

edstavovat si <p pedstavit si

understand sb./sth. ask sb.about sb./sth.

koho (G) na koho/co (A)

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

update analyze argue articulate

< balit zabalit < barvit nabarvit

pack, wrap colour fear, be afraid of sb/sth

< b0hat < b0et

< blikat bliknout

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

se = pibliovat se < blit piblit se

approach stray, lose ones way lighten fight, struggle

< bloudit zabloudit

< bojovat 0 < bolet 0

ache I have a headache.

pas.: brouen pas.: nabrouen

apply the breaks build, construct live (= reside) be

, jsem, jsi, je, jsme, jste, jsou; byl; bu! < bt 0

< cestovat 0 < ctit (poctit = uctit)

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

< citovat (ocitovat) < couvat couvnout

quote, cite back (= move backwards) exercise, practise

< darovat 0 < da0it se

present (= donate) He is well off.

< dvat dt, d, dal < dvat dt, d, dal

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

inherit thank sb. for sth. do, make divide demonstrate

< demonstrovat 0 < diskutovat (prodiskutovat)

discuss happen, occur

look at sb./sth. marvel, be surprised at conquer 1: add ; 2: supply

keep, follow (promise, law)

< dohlet dohldnout < dokazovat dokzat, doke, dokzal

< dopadat dopadnout

1: fall down, 2: go off

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

< dopravovat dopravit

< dostvat dostat, dostane, dostal

< doufat 0 < dovet dovzt, doveze, dovezl; pas.: dovezen

import get to know allow, permit hold breathe, respire

< dovolovat dovolit

< dchat (dchnout)

< emigrovat 0 < existovat 0

Karel Tahal: Aspect pairs of Czech verbs

shoot a film finance

blow function, operate

< gratulovat pogratulovat

< hdat uhodnout

< hasit uhasit < hzet hodit