PART

UNTI T BRITISH LAW vs. US LAW

law' legislation The main soruces of British law are coflrmon law' Scotland and Northern *4, rnor" ,e"entty' European Community distinct from those Ireland have their own telU system and iawcourts, and Wales. in England -e habeas *;3;ttrlfil Oistirr"tirre ancient British law is that of
a

fairtrial.

Police can bY a court'

This is also Part of the US

who put the case and call the evidt defence. The defendant normally ht ed pe

A trial in a criminal

law
and
be found 'not guiltY'' he ----rir":ory, ^^- must so that the Court is sure of it, otherwise

ur" eventual decision in the crown Court as or 'not guilty',- is normally to whether the defendarrilt u.toAf' 'guilty' the list of local people fr,om ,.,*. at rariclom composed of tZ peoiif
who

.It"

whohavearighttovotedecisioniscalledaverdict. rosecution or the defence in The lawyers who courts a normally solicitors, while in
the

sters. In Scotland a banister is known as called because they have been 'called to

kind

tried in a special juvenile court' a is held separately from the other

courts- Sudden

or suspicious deaths are invesngated

in a

special

ofcrimes'

(MordAdvoncedlearner's

EncyclopedicDictionary)

column

I. Match the words i1 1olum1'A Romani; B and tn"" *i-Ju tr'eir

;;;it;Gts

in with their definitionsc: column in

r1l-"*onugt'ttJ-:l:l,J is brought in a
Lo?"""i "rtrn'
in the highrqllgenl

rview bY fG-judicial of the decision of

a

I"f.io.'"9"rt
a

ITJP.osecution

lowql tr&unat' =:d *ho uduises clienB on lu*y-"r uP legal *""; of law, drawscases for PrPaie,s 'efc', and who maY iit"o"tt' 19941 ad in cqltam

iJ".-""'

5. defendant

e. the

four private unincorporated societies in London (Lincoln's

q. drept comun

Inn, hrner Temple, Middle TemPle, Gray's Inn) that function as a law

school and have tlre exclusive

privilege of cailing candidates to

F
fl Il

6. the defence

f. a document under seal, issued in the name of the Crown or a

court, commanding the Person to whom it is addressed to do or reftain ftom doing some sPecified

r. clddiri londoneze aparlin5nd la patru societifi

juridice

g. a public official resPonsible for the investigation of violent

8. barrister

or susDicious deaths. n- tne insiurtion and conduct

of

t. medic legist
$l procuror

legal prooeedings against a person

insdrcinat cu
cefcetarea

penali a
deceselor

t
I

10.Inns of Court
I

i. the body of law based on judicial decisions and custirm, as distinct from stafirte law i. att tttose who belong to the
k. a writ ordering a Person to be brought before a court or judge, especially so that the court maY ascertain whether his detention

l.

coroner

IIl

l. the defettdant and his

legal

t!
!

IT

lh

in the box II. Complete the followinS sentengg using the words once: tltan more used be in different expressions- Each word will

2. tlas thejury reached a -" "' "'"? 3. The client has decided not to "'

l.

There was

enough

' to prove hrm

guilty'

10. He

is now forced to

stand

for trying to get round the

asainst him.

to-k""p on the right

"q.rir""r"nrc has been done for You as an examPle:

a aoueai vinovifia cuiva l- a staUiti un verdict

the English IIL Extract from the sentences in exercise II' the first one i;; th. fottowittg Romanian expressions;
ish equn'alenrs

ve sb zutln

3.acomiteoinliacFune 4.afiactionatin 5. a inciica

t de a fa"e un recurs/apel interogatoriu (la un unm 7. tE-supus
9. a

fi in curs de -iudecare
c49-l9gal4

,t

10. a actiona Pe
10

]I II I

I I I I

fV. Choose the correct version, looking the new words up in the Glosarry:
A person who steals money placed in his care' b) an arsonist i) - embezzler d) apoacher a) a foiger' 2. ................ means catching game birds, animals or fish without permission on somebody else's property' c) trespassing d) poaching b) steiing ll n"rt"g by force' 3. A penon who enten a building illegally' especially
1.

in orderto steal.
a)

aburglar

b) arobber

c)

ahooligan

d) avandal

pockets' 4, A person who steals money, etc from other people's especially in crowded Places d) a robber b) a plckpocket c) a shoplifter ;t;thr"i

5. The judge has

vears'imDrisonment.
u) an

Pronounced

of

ten

d) a conviction accusatiott b) a punishment c) a sentence 6. The correct spelling for the English equivalent of the Romanian word - delaPidator - is

uj-mf"t"t.. "j""

b)

embezler

c) embezzler

d) embezller
and

7. He has been released from Prison not behave satisfactorily, he will be sent back'

ifhe

does

pioU",."

b)

on'remrssron

c) into

custody

d) on testing

8.Therewasnoneedforatial,becartsetheclientdecidedto

a) serve his

sentence

and forgive the attackerb) appear 11

court

c) drop all the charges

d) commute his sentence

of a 9. .............-- means money pard by or for a person accused go to is allowed he if * .."o.ity that he will ietum roi nis trial ".ime, free until then.
a)

d) Fine c) Barl Probation b) Bribe is a lawyer who prepares-legal documents' 10. A .,....... matters and speaks forthem in lower courts' advises clients on legal -prosecutor d) barrister c) judge b) ."fi"m

"l

l1

r! II
rI

il

l. A

person who takes people hostage for a ransom is called a b) bandit c) kidnapper d) rapist

a)

12.The correct spelling for the English equivalent of the Romanian word - omor prin prudenyd - is' manslauther a) menslaughter b) manslother c) manslaughter d) '--....: the 13. After ten hours, the Jury fiodly reached its prisoner was guilty. - b) verdict c) Point d) conclusion a) sentence

hijacker

is said to oatn, coocetiiog u -Grial matier-in a judicial proceeding commit d) treason c) PerjurY b) a) slander is someone who testifies, especially tn a 15. A ........ court of lawto events or frcts within his own knowledge-' d) friend b) spectator c) witress ;t;;;td

14.Apersonwhowillfrrllygivesafalsestatementwhileunder

bribery

V.

Provide the Romanian translation

Romaniqn

for the

following

English words, using the GlossarY: Enslish terms

eqqvg@ll!-

l. aforger
2- an arsonist 3. an embezder 4. apoacher 5. a burslar 6. a robber 7. a hooliean
E. a vandal

I
2.
3

4
5

9.

athief

10. a pickpocket I l. a shoplifter 12. ahijacker 13. a bandit 14. a kidnapper 15. a rapist 16. a smuggler

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

ll

t2.

l3 l4
15 16.

t2

fl

I I I
f
I

the use of VI. Choose the correct version, payng attention to English tenses:
Judge been taken ill.
a)

l.

Williams
b)

""'
c) is

today as ludge Thomson has

d) Presided

I I I I r| rl
I I I I I

presides

will

judge 2. Before taking uP his duty, each

b) is

Preside

presiding

-.'-.. an oaft to
d) has taken on the murder

respect his resPonsabilities'

ul-rlt".
case.

taking
b) were d) Lave

c) took

3. The members of the

a) is

jury """' now

deliberating

deliberating

c) are

deliberating

-Jeen in the trial? 4. ..........--.-. to represent yourself d) Will you be going are You c) g"i"^g a) Wifi Vou b) Are Vl" One of the robbers ""--'-"""' 5. Look- outl c) was shooting d) is going to shoot it th";;; Ui *ili.n"oot u)
my will' 6.1 ..............'--'.-... my solicitortornotrow; I am-changing see would d) c) see ul u- ..ti"g Ui*U ."" I wrll let you know' 7. As soon as I .....-...-"" from my lawyer'
a)

deliberating

wilih;;

b)

heard

c)

will

have

heard

d) hear

8. You cannot enter this room' The witness cross-examined right this moment'

[I.i!G
u)

lnu.rtigut".

- b)"is 9. The coroner 10. My client

c)

will

be

d) has being

"""' the case right now'. investigate bj is. investigatf9 -,

- -"]-Int d) has been invesfigattng

will

make an appeal when the verdict

c) has

"" ""
13

pronounced.

Ii *iliu"

b)

was

been

d) is being

t
T

expressions in column A with their Glossary: equivalent Romanian translations in column B, usingthe

VII. Match the English

to serve a sentence
2. to be released on 3. to be taken into

:aexecutaosentrn
a. a comuta o

b. cu domiciliu c. a fi eliberat

to commute a senlencg 6. to be released on bail

5.

f. a renunta latoatq

7. to take an oath

10. to brine to court

.a

fi

pus ?n libertate

su!

in the left column with their has been done for corresponding grammatical term; the first one

MII. Match the verbal

tenses

you as an examPle:

3. was advisi

c. Present Tense Si
e.

4.hadbeen exami

Future Tense Confinyett! f . Past Tense Contin4e4t . Past Perfect Continuous

will have been 10. will be analYsi

9.

Future Perfect Contirruous

ll.
l4

convicts

I I

t t

I I I I
lX. Put the verbs in brackets into the corresponding verbal
tense indicated in italics:

l. I ...
2.

.-(see) my solicitor tomorrow' (Present

you (noi

Tense

tatl t" me about your problems? (Present Tense SimPIe) (decide) to deliberaing for hou's, the jury nte, :. Pe'f""t) (Present guilty' not .^ declare the defeniant " - t" take this case if You consider
t
Perfect) rto mY office and .. ' " ' " ' (ask) for il I would helP him but he
)ast Tense SimPle)
Soon (realize) that somebodJ :" ""." "'"'.!watch) me ilsistently' and Continuous (Past Tense leave' to after t iJ*ii"l

What Why ..

Continuous)

-..-you (think) about? (Present Tense Contrnuous)

t t
I

front of the cinemawhen

Past Tense SimPle) 7. Judge Moony --.. ..'

il;t""

(Pre'sent Tense Conti\trJtre ttt*t*""k'"un

in this court of law for more (retire) 1fr",tnt Periect Contimrous) He "' '

"' "-

(qresr^de)

story public,ntil he the suspect' incriminate to :vidence

t
T
10

g.ttt.t for five

tt)

/
o

Years when theY

nnnu

i, p', !F"##;j)' : #:'

Perfect) -B;'th;

.'. ..
Si

time

(anive) at the airpg-rt' his plane (Present Tense 0-""J1 for more ihan half an hour'

you

"

I
T

11. When

to pursue a igmduate) I was very determrned then I since But Simpte'1. career in the f"* E.ia. (Past Tense (decide)to andI " "' " "" ..... (reconsider)my options Perfect) . . tum politician- (Present ' iiJv (iareis) her appeal to the High Court of 12. ^- She to appear . .,. . (b. J^1." in i,'nrion wiren ihe ^sumrnoned) Simple) Tense Past (Pasl Perfect, in the local court-

mPle, Future P e rfe ct)

I .--'..

15

t
T

t
t

UNIT 2 FORMS OF PIJNISHMENT

I
I

II II f f f

have to serve lhe sentence rmless he or she commits other offences during the period. Fines are awarded in about eight cases out of ten. 'Prob-ation'-involves the offender leading a normal life but under the

tr

II II

when 'bound over'.

(Oxfo r d Adv anc e d Le arn
e

r's Ency c lo p e di c Di

cnona

ry)

I'Statewhetherthefol|owingsentencesaretrueorfalseand
correct the false ones:
impris onment wi

I
F F

ll normallY

a Year's imPrisonment will

normally be released aiter eight montls'

l. A person sentenced

to three years

will normally leave pnson after

lr ft ft

s.

.tife slntence, for murder can last for 20 years or more. ---+ prisoner sentenced to O. fne High Court of Justice decides when a life should be released. -

granted Parole very often' --+

i.

t7

I I
I

---:

cases 7. Fines are awarded in about six 8. 'Probation' involves tflilptoUutton

outof ten' --tiving widr the officer Y.ttl,b ofil"a"t ou"r the period ofirme estimated.initidlt-:: service that can be imposed for communitv 9. 40 and 240 hours' ---

hH:;;;ffi;
varybetween

10.

i;;;;",

--) be comPleted within one Year'

ortn"-""tu"i

to of hours' the community service has

column A with the halfcomplete and logical sentences' sentences in column B to make

IL Match the half-sentences in

A at p.i."ners will iTeu"ost

gIlH,rure

B
be

ffi. - rnill
;-:. tf

leave prison after two'

2, A person on Parore
IO remaru
-

wllr ua
a

ilooingo"puiapnysicalwork'
*p;sonment or other
punishment slems inappropriate'

'

-- r^-, ^L

3. A convict sentencd to
^-r- i*--ionn-ent will

ne ot sne will be liable for 4. Pnsoners that are gullty or i-. the punishment imPosed in the serious crimes will remain " ' first place.
5. A prisoner sentencecl to tnree
Ygiils

6. The less severe rorrns

are'

vr

il- *ith a probation officer over theperiodof@

sentoncg.

ur

..---i^L-arf

7. CommunitY servrce rnvotves

8. TyPtcal exemples communiw servrce are the tnual

9. One of
tO.

s-. G;ffenAA maY simPlY get iwav with a vqlb4!rygl4l!g--il. .. normatty ue ,eleased after
eight months.

we can mentron-'.

legal obligation,
keep the Peace.

under a -. to place a person such as one to

fot a trivial offence'

Parole condrtrons
are

I If

abused.... l8

i-on-patolefor the rest of their lives. -i. to PaY a fine at a hu't t " second -- offence.

fl fl

I I

12. Couts have the power to allow a convicted person to go

free- ...

l. ... is
behaviour.

drunk and disorderly

or

13.

If a person on parole is m.
.

a fine, probation,

convictd for the same offence,

14. To 'bind over'means

community service.

fl fl

n. ... painting an elderly person's house or building a playground

for children. o. ... the offender is liable to be
recaiieci to prison.

15. If the offender fails to 'keeP the Deace'. he orshe wiii ...

t
I

III. Choose the correct meaning of the following expressions selected from your text:
1. 'To be eligible for a remission' means: a) to deserve to be punished for a remission. b) to be unworthy or unfit for a remission. c) to have the right or proper qualification for a remission-

rl

2.'To

a) to be legally obliged or responsible for something and be

punished accordinglY.

be liable for punishment' means:

lr|

b) to be suspected of an offence and be punished for it. c) to deserve a form of punishment. 3. 'To observe acondition' (in the context of its use) means: a) to listen to a condition but not to respect it' b) to notice a condition carefullY. c) to legally respect an official law-

ff II

4.'To carry out a crime'

means:

lI

a) to bring to completion, to accomplish a cnme. b) to be acquitted for a crime. c) to serve a sentence for committing a crime.

I
I

5. 'To bind somebody over'means: a) to make sb. take an oath that he will respect the lawb) warn sb. that he will apear in court again if he breaks the law. c) to punish sb. for breaking the law.
19

II

f
f

T
l!

IV, Match the following words and expressions with their

Romanian translation: crime 2. offender
3. 4. 5. 6.

l.

a. condamnat

b. oedeapsi cu suspendare

remission oarole

c.

delicl infractiune

orobation officer

d. incendiere premeditati e. reducere de pedeaPsi" gratiere

life sentence 7. communitv service

f. munciin interesul comunitatii g. ofi1er de polilie insircinat cu supftIveeherea unei persoane eliberate conditionat
h- condamnare pe r. contravement

8. convict 9. arson 10. suspended sentence

viati

i.

el

iberare conditiona6

V. Complete the following derivational pattern noun -verb noun, paying attention to the first example. Then translate the noun in the third column:
Noun l. orison
2.
a J

Verb
rmDnson emDower

Noun imprisonment

enforce
discourase disensase

4
5

6
7
8

disfisure
displace enact

9
10

enlist
rmDur

VI. Select from the box below the legal terms that belong to the class of FELONY (in that belong to the class minori). These two leg known to have imposed and Wales until 1967.
20

I I I I

armed robbery shoplifting arson manslaughter high treason

libl

afiempted murder

butglary kidnapping rap bigamy petty larccny terrorism

randlarcenv indecentexposure treason
FELONY armed robbery

pickpocketing adultery embezzlement prostitution

sxtrortion/blackmail

I f I I I I
T

bribery smuggling poaching trespassing forgery

fraud

perjury hijacki

MISDEMEANOUR

shopliftine

VII. Choose the correct versionr looking the new words up in

the Glosarry:
he/she is 1. Any witness shall take an oath that truth. notring but the tmth and whole truth, the give the shall be about to d) statement c) b) testimony a) confession

the

I I I

verdict

2.

privacy, or preseryes of another with no right or permission. d) burgle c) break in a) trespass b) forge

To

means

to go or intrude on the

property,

3. .................. is defined as giving or promising to give a public . nam,nt vr rut 4 wr I uPr intentiOn tO inflUenCe the v quv "^1..o "';rh official in the discharge of his or her official duty. d) Pelury a) Forgery b) L-arceny c) Briberl'
ornrethinn vr i iLi.ii iji Sviiivuirrrb ^$ ^tr^;-l

2l

I
I

t
T T

4. ..................... is the false making or altering of any document that either has legal significance or is commonly relied upon in
business transactions. a) Deceit b) Smuggling

c)

Comrption d) Forgery

5. Since the defendant did not have a criminal record, he got away with a small a) ransom b) punishment c) frne d) ticket
a)

penalty

6. Many civilized countries have long abolished the death

b)

punishment

c)

conviction

d) sentence

7. A threat of attack to anotherperson, followed by actual attack which need amount only to touching with hostile intent is called a) rape

b) assault and

battery

c)

threat

d) vandalism

8. The defendant was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was ......-.--.. a) absolved b) acquitted c) forgiven d)pardoned

9. The judge recommended more humane forms of punishment

forjuvenile
a)

convicts

b) villains

c)

sinners

d) delinquents

10. The police have to their own hands. a) press b) break

the law, not to take

c) force d) enforce

it into

Viii.
LHe
a) was

Choose the correct versiori, payirig aiiention to the use

a solicitor for more than a year now. c) has been d) is

of English tenses: b) had

been

2.

We

..... for the verdict for almost two hours!

There must be something wrong. a) are waiting b) were waiting c) 3.

a) has

waited be

d) have been waiting

She been

b) was

released on bail last week. c) will d) had been

a)Have..reached
22

b) Has ...

d) Did.... reach

reached

c) Had

reached

t
I I
T

t
T

5- The leader of the gang ...-..

just

acquitted by the court

...

ofjustice. a) has...been b) hari...been c) was...been d) is

hard evidence against him. b) had found c) has a) found
7.

6. He was placed under investigation only after they ..............

found

d) finded

a)

t
T

expected b) was expecting c) had expected d) has expected 8. As soon as the juty ...........-...... the verdict, the case was

His sentence was by farmore svere than everybody

dismissed.
a) had pronounced b) pronounced c) has pronounced d) pronounces

9. EveryMy wondered why

before,
a) hasn't

he

caught red-handed

been

b)

wasn't

c) hadn't

been d) wouldn't be

t
T

10. The members of the ju.y ................. for houn when they finally reached a verdict.
a) were

deliberating

b) deliberated c) have been deliberating d) had been deliberating

ll.
long time.
a)

She told me that

she

.. filing for divorce for a

considered
12.I

b) had been considering c) would consider d) has been considering

t t
T

...........

in a court of law since my parents filed for

c) won't be d) nadn.t Deen

a divorce.

a)

wasr't

b) haven'i been

13. As soon as the search warrant allowed to look for the documents.
a) has been

they will be

issued b) will be issued c) was issued d) had been issued

.. to the slightest 14. ................ his criminal record detail? being checked b) Has a) Was _ checked c) FIas _ been checked d) Would been checked under invesrigation long before the 15. The suspect police found inefutable evidence. a) was placed b) has been placed c) had been placed d) will be placed
z.)

t t
I
:

T]NTT 3

THE ETIROPEAN COI]RT OF JUSTICE _ COMPOSITION AITD STRUCTURE

The reprezentatives of the member states did not bv mmmon accord agree on the seat of the Court until 1992, when ihey were empowered to do so by Article 216 EEC. As a resull they took the decision that the court of Justice should remain in Luxembturg. This rooting of the court in Luxembourg is one factor in helping ti give the Court a strong esprit de corps.

The Court
advocates-general,

of

Justice consisB of fifteen judges and nine who are appointed by common accord of the a renewable term of six years.
s a person has to either possess

disadvantage of the rotation systm is that no matter how outstalding it is impossible for him or her to be reappolntea at ttre end of six years. An odd number ofjudges is maintained in order to allow the full court to sit and to reach a majority decision- All decisions of the court are. signed by all tJre judges whetler they were rn the minority or the majority, so it is impossible to know whether the decision was reached by a bare majority or by unanimity.

pointnent to the highest judicial countries or be iurisconsults of recognized competence- Although in strict law the judges and advocates-general could be of any nationality, ln pnrctiie each member sfilte will nominate one of its own nationats as a judge, and th9 five largest states - France, Germany, Italy, Spain arra tne"u.titea Kingdorn - will each nominate an advbcate-g.n"*t. The remaining advocates-general are appointed by the smaller member states in accordance with a system of rotation- Belgium had an advocate-general from 1988 to 1994, Denmark from-1991 to 1997, Greece from 1994 to 2000 and Ireland from 1995 to 2000. A

the person is,

21

IT

The Council has the power, acting unanimously on a request from the Court to increase the number of judges and advocates-general. In the past the size of the Court was expanded upon the accession of new member stats, but not on other occasions, to help it cope with extra business. The Court initially started with seven judges, expanded to nine in 1973 (accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom), to eleven in l98l (accession of Greece), to thirteen in 1986 (accession of Spain and Porhrgal) and to fifteen in 1995 (accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden). The Court has coped with the increase in its workload in part by increasing the number of cases that it handles in a chamber rather than by a plenary session. The EEC Treaf always allowed the Court to form chambers consisting of three or five judges, but originally insisted that cases brought before the Court by a member state or by a community instiurtion must be heard in plenary session. The Court now has four chamben of three judges and two chambers of seven judges. Each chamber has a president who is elected annually, and it seems that by convention the presidencies of the chambers rotate around all the judges apart from the President of
the Court.

(Adapted ftom EC Isw. The Essenfial Guide to the Icgal Workings of the Europesn Community,by Stephen Weatherill&Paul Beaumont)

I. Fill in the gaps with the missing words from the text:

L Luxembourg is the seat of the actual 2. T\e members of the European Court of Justice are appointed by the ............. 3................ .... has the right to nominate one of its own
nationals as ajudge.

4. Five advocates-general are appointed by .. --.. ..................., while the other four are appointed by ........... is that a member of the Court 5. The disadvantage of ............

of Justice cannot be reappointed at the end of six years. 6. How do we know whether a decision of the Court of Justice was
reached by a

..........

. or by unanimity?

7. The Council has the Dower

to increase the number of .... ..

25

8- The

right of the court to form chambers was granted by the

..-.... of three judges and
.._-.. accordinq

9. The actual Court consists of of ...........,.......... of seven judges.

10. The president of a chamber is
a rotation system_

elected

to

have been done for you as examples:

_tr Ask questions

for the following answers; the first two

Answer: ln 1992 Question: when did the reprezentatives of the member stotes agree on the seat ofthe Court? I does the Court

of

l. Answer: Sixyears.
Question:
2. Answer: France, Germany, Italy, Sparn and the United Kingdom.

Question:
3. Answer: From 1988

ta 1994.

Question:
4. Answer: Denmark

Question:

5. Answer: In order to allow the firll court to sit and to reach a majority decision.
Question:
6. Answer:

All

the judges.

Question:
7. Answer: Upon the accession of new member states.

Question:

II
T

I f

ltt
IT

8.

Answer: Seven.
Question:

9. Answer:

Austria Finland and Sweden

Question:
10.

Answer Six chambers ofjudges.

Question:

t; t:

III. Translate the following sentences into Romanian, paying attention to the words in italics:

l.

t f t
:

n
2.

Ihis rooting of the Court in Luxembourg is one factor in helping to give the Court a strong esprit de corps.

To be appointed to one of these offices a person has to either for rypointnent to the highest judicial offices in his or her respective countries or be jurisconsults
possess the qualifications required

of recognized competence.

3. A

disadvantage of the rotation system is that no matter how outstanding the person is, it is impossible for him or her to be
reappointed at the end ofsix years.

n
; :

4.

A11 decisions of tJre Court are signed by ull the judges whether they were in the minority or the majority, so it is impossible to know whether the decision was reached by a bare majority or by unanimity.

21

t il t
T

5.

mcre-asing the number

3: fr*

than by a plenary session_

has coped with the increase in its workload in part by of cases that it handles in a charnGi"utrr",

IV. Find the

expressions extracted from the text above

synonymous terms

(right column) for the ' column):

flelt
b. irrespective
d. except

result 3. in strict law

2. as a

L by common accord a. accorOing I

to

of

with I S. reeardless of h. consequenfly 5. no mafier how I i UV convention 6. apart from I i. Uv common agreement
4. in accoridance 7. on request

| ". oo demand e. I therefore

for

f. by rule

sentences:

the fotowing expressions and their equivarent Romanian translations and then use them to comprete the gapped
Read
l. to
be

v'

apportea to an omcel

l-afinumitintr-o
1__4j io Sedinta a se intnrni 4. a convoca o intrun-i reisedi n 5. a cita o penoana sd se preZnte
la tribunal

5. to convene a 6. to run for

personEfoEE

apoVan omceE

6. a-gi depune candidatu.ajentru7. a candida pentruTartarnent

7. to stand for ParGnent = 8. to dissolve Parliarnent: 9. to hear a case/a witness = 10. to dismisr a case:

8. a dizo]va Parlamentrrt 9. a auciia un cazlun martor 10. a declara un caz inchii

t I t r t t t t t t t t
: : : :

t t t
3.
4.

;;;r";;*tJlloJffi",

are -... .... ...-....... bv the

ft9 manager o! F" @mpany has ..........-..... an urgent meeting with the shareholders. 5. James was ............... chairman by a majority of 25 voters. 6. The Court is now ................ in plenary session. 7. I do not think that his qualifications recommend him to
Parliament.

8. This case is far too important to be ............... in a chamber. 9. Who has the authority to ............... Parliament? 10. The Court ............... the case due to lack of hard evidence.

the Glosarry:

VI. Choose the correct version, looking the new words up in

l. She will recent robbery. a) give b)

recent fire. a)

soon perform

trial for the part she played in the

c)

make 2. Detsctives are said to be ..........

b)

d) stand into the causes of the

looking
3. The

investigating c) checking d) searching

the law into her own hands by killing
c)

victim
b)

her attacker a)

took

seized pity

grabbed remorse grounds

d) put

4. Ted Bundy was a

a)

penance
5. His

for his crimes.

b)

hardened criminal who showed no

c)

d) reproach

sentence has been commuted

b)

to six

a)

bases

... of failing health.

months on the

causes

c)

d) reasons

6. He was convicted to 10 years of prison and ...... .......... of his propertya) confiscated b) denied c) removed d) deprived
29

7-

If

the disPute' You can't resolve

b)

it will

have

to be

settled

by............---------.'

;i;il;; rt;;

court

c) election

d) referee

8.

All his friends

-_

but no one could thought he was guilty,

c) Point Police c)

' u1e"l"e
rarJ

d) prove

9. As the rezult of a

on the disco,
d) entry

twentY

teenagers were arrested' u) a)

invasion

intrusion

work' h. tt;b h;urs of communitY c) record b) fiie" a) case

a 10. As he didn't have

criminal

the judge sentenced

d) dossier

paying attention to the VII- Choose the correct version'

of English
1.

use

., Cour! he By the tme you reach the

b) will have

tenses:

"""'-""" """"""'

released

l|n'fr]o*"
*^,ifar t
a)

been

c) has

been

d) was

the waitrng a) had been

fo'the 2. 'while the people .-.--..-.-...-'..."::" dJfendant aboutthe weafher' ''

verdict' the judge

d) watt d) following

fffi*tt*e
I am

c) were

waiting

3. Right now I think

followed 4- He """"'
b)

ul

u"#?tri":*"J
c)

"""""'-':""""'
u""n

"l home when he was down a street near his

rouo*"d

me up! ' Come and pick

:iTtrf#

hado*"*111i1 t):1Y*' to kill him while they were 5. One of the kidnappers
waswarking

drivtng away'

a)threatensb)threteanedc)isthreateningd)hadthrethened an appeal? 6. How long ago ""'-'you """":' made ao c) '- rnutt d) were '" n; ir"Je' a) did -.- made ffi
30

cnmrnal-

. .7-.I

saw you yesterday, while you ...................

ftat

famous

or law.
a)

a)weredefending b)defended c)hadbeendefending d)defending the court ., 8. The witnesses were still being heard when I

left

b)

leaved

c) was

leaving
..

d) had left

9. She told me that

she

time.
a)

filing for divorce for a long

considered

b) hadbeen considering c) would consider d) has been considering

will cross-examine b) would crossrxamine c) will be crossrxamining d) are cross-exarnining

a)

10. This time tomorrow

they

the wihess.

pnson.
a)

ll.

By the end of this year he

......,_..,..

ten vears in

will be spending b) wiil spend c) will have spent d) has spent l2.We knew that the defendant to do such a thiqg. a) will never b able b) are never abre c) wourd never bE able
d) can never
a) would

1,3,

b voted

They said that the new constitution ,.-.,........_......,-_ soon, b) \,nin be voted c) wourd vote al irlot"a

14, By this time next year, a) would have served b) wil have

he

served c) will

15. The criminal .....

evidence against him.
a) would be brought

*il" .;ti, ,"*-g to trial if there is enough

be brought

.. his

prison sentence.

b)

will have been brought c) will

d) u'as brought

3l

UNIT 4 INSTITUTIONS OF THE COMMT]hIITY

Section 4 - The Court of Justice

Article l7O A Member State which considers that another Member State has failed to fulfil an obligation under this Treaty may bring the matter
before the Court of Justice. Before a Member State brings an action again$ another Member Stae for an alleged infringement of an obligation underthis Tredy, it shall bring the matter before the Commission. The Commission shall deliver a reasoned opinion after each of the States concemed has been given the oppornrnity to srbmit its own case and its observations on the other party's case both orally and in writing. If the Commission has not delivered m opinion within three months of the date on which the matter was brought before iq the absence of zuch opinion sball not prevent the matter from being brought before the Court of Justice.

Article 171 l. tf the Court of Justice finds that a Member State has failed to fulfil an obligation under this Treaty, the State shall be required to take the necessary measures to comply with the judgement ofttre Court of Justice. 2. If the Commission considers that the Member State concemed has not taken such measures it shdl, after giving that State the opportunlty to submit its observations, issues a reasoned opinion specifuing the points on which &e Member State
concemed has not complied with the judgement of the Court

lf
-)z

of Justice. the Member State concemed fails to take the necessary measues

to comply with the Court's judgement wrthin fte time-limit laid

r
I
:

tf

t
IT

This procedure shall be without prejudice to

(B Ia crrs

Aticle

lZ0.

tone's EC In

grs Ia fi on,

Editsd.by Niger G. Foster)

lt
t;
n

I- Match the new expressions (from the text above) in corumn A with their Romanian equivalents in column B:

t
;

obligation:

l. to fulfil an oblisation: 2. to brine a matter before 3, to brine an action asainst sb. 4. an alleged infringement ofan

a. a nu prejudicia b. aimpiedica/a nu permite c. 4 prevedea/stabililspecifi ca d. aindeplini o obliga$ie

e. a impune o platd forfetari sau o amendd f. a se conforma,/a respecta g. a supune o problemi atentiei h. a transmite o opinG-ntemeiati l. a mtenta un proces cuiva l. a supune un caz spre exaninare k. o prezupusa incalcare/violare a

5. to deliver a reasoned opinion =

I
It

1!. to comply with: 10. to lay (laid. laid) down I l. to rmpose a lump sum or a

6. to be given the oooorfunitu 7. to submit a case to E. to prevent smth. from * v-ins

: :

genalty payment: 12.ta be without preiudice to

unei oblisatii

l.a

se da 5ansa

ll

phrases; the first one has been done for you:

Example:

II. complete the following

sentences with rogicar and correct

I
il

immediatelv.

If he refuses rcfulf I his obligation, he .. If he refuses to fulfl his obligation, he will have to be fired
J-)

I I
il

l I think that you this matter before tilCil;ii;#;. 2. If my neighbour

.... before bringing I shall

bring an action against him. 3. The infringement of copy-right 4. After hearing his reasoned opinion, we... ... 5. All I need is to be given the opportunity to . . . . . .
6.

What

ln

order to

submit this case to your commission? 7. T};le new legislation prevented him from
8. You have the second clause in our contract.

to

to compy with

9. According

to article 170, laid down by the ...

without any prejudice to

10. Which is tre heaviest penalty that ... 11. Make sure that you respect the law,

III. Form collocations (regular combinations of words) by filling in the following collocational grids; check the correctness of collocations using a legal dictionary:

: i"fre",tiune, violare, i:rcilcare (a rrnei convenlii) violation (of) : violare, abuz, incilcare, contravenire (la o regul6) infringement of : infracfiune, violare, abua incilcare, reproducere iliciti to break (the law) : a incilca (legea), a nu respecta
breach (oD cofirirgt copy-riglrt
breach

auty

(thc) lrust sb's Pronuse nerc nrTv2c.v

of

vlolaUon of infrineement of to break (a/an)

the Iaw human
patents

confidence sb's

protocol

highway
cods breach

rights

librty

of

violation of
infrineernent of to break (a/an)

l+

IV. Choose from the collocations in exercise III. the English equivalents for the following Romanian expressions and then use them in your own sentences:
incdlcarea ordinii publice : violarea secretului : reproducere iliciti a dreptului de reproducere iliciti de brwete -abuz de incredere

auror:

V.

the Glosarry:

Choose the correct version, looking the new words up in

l.
a)

The woman sining in the

b)

witness

commit perjury.

will

certainly

box

stand

c)

seat coroner
c)

d) bench

2. A..........,..-

\dll be appointed to investigate the violent and

d)judge
d) heavy-set
. stealing money from the cash-box.

suspicious death ofthe teenagera) prosecutor b) doctor c)

3. He was a)

red-handed
I

caught
b)

heavy-handed

light-fingered

4. You can't have buqgled the house alone, so who was your

;i;t

b)

accomplice c) assistant d) associate

5. Wilkinson is alleged to have a number of serious cnmes. a) done b) made c) committed d) discharged

6. 'I objed YourHonour, harassing a) b) intimidating

7

the lawyeris ................. the witress!' c) offending d) leading c)

a)

death

. The man jumped out of the window and committed

b)

homicide

murder

.. .. .. ..

. ..

d) suicide

8. The police said there \'r'as no sign though the house had been burgled. a) broken b) bunt c) forced

of a

.......... entry even

d) smashed
35

house arrest forhis own safety' placed d) within under c) b) i" a) on guilty or not guilty? 10. Is the defendant going to c) aPPeal d) aPPear a) plead b) play
9. He was

a)

charged b) fined c) ordered d) penalized 12. As it was her first offence, the judge gave her a """""""'

I L Mr. Johnson was ...-.-...'.'-. fifty pounds for drinking and driving'

sentence. a)

kind

b)

lenient
neglect
condition

c)

severe refuse date

d)tolerant
speak to

13.

.............-.

to say anything unless I an allowed to

c) c) d) resist

my lawyer.

u)'a.oy'
a)

b) b)

force

14. The new harassrnent law comes

into

d) power

"""""""'

on September 15'

to 15. He was charged ....'......-.. assault and batbery and taken orison. d) in c) on b) with it or

Vi. Choose the eorrect version, pflylng attention to the use of

Modal Verbs:

Judges nsver take bribe from the defendants' d) wrll c) can a) should b) must tried to get into 2. The window is broken; the intruder
l.
their bedroom. ftuu" b) should ui

"-

have

c) would

have

d) must have

3. He was innocent! They

b)

have taken him into

d) can't

custody!

uirlo,ira"'t
ai

mustn't couldn't

c)

needn't

4. He ..........,..... have committed the crime! He was immobilized in bed atthattime!

mustn't

wouldn't 5. t am sorry you didn't ask for help; I

b)
c)

d) shouldn't

" introduced
d) was able to

you to my lawYer;tcall- iurr" b) must

36

have

c) could

have

6. The legislation says that the

from legal proceedings.
a) shall be b) wiff b

judges be

..... immune
d) must be

c) should

7- A judge legal conditions. a) can be deprive b) must

of his office if he no longer fulfils the

deprive c) may be deprived d) may been deprived

bewiftoutprejudiceto Article
c) must d) can
17O.

a)

8. This p-""tot" b) shall will

submitted the case to a higher-court! The 9. You verdict was in your favour! a) couldn'thave b) mustn'thave c) needn'thave d) may not
10-

Any

lt[emberState

comply wilhthe judgements ofthe

c)

European Court of Justice. b) must a) shall

will

d) have to

VII. Th nein fuoctions ef Modd Verbs hevc been indiceted

in the box below.Identifu each function illustrated in the following
sentnces: prsnt /pasf

impossibility permission obligation absencs of obligation necessity prc*ribition logtcalassumption(afFrrrative) logical assumption (negative) advice criticism requests offers
Exanple: Ihe Court of Justice shall hove iurisdiction in any dispute between Member States. -* regulations

ability inability possibility

rcmote possibility

t.
3.

T"
I

parties to the proceedings may appeal to the Court of Justice.

2. He couldn't testify against an innocent man. ---'

need

to find a very good lawyer to get me out of prison. ---

4. He

couldn't have been convicted to capital punishment; he was justapickpocket.

37

5. 6.

The Home secretary must have advised the Queen on that

it' 'l z. -an you ten me what pape$ I have to fill in -u Urng mm A. Vou-snouf6 - 1o trial before he commig more criminal
acts. --+

He should have asked for legal aid when he needed

important matter.

'--->

9. Shall I assisyouin$isrndsr? 10. We should ali vote for or against this new provision'

--

tt.

12. He

May Ibe excused now ?' might have tried to bribe the judge, but I doubt it'

-'

pardes nae to respect the binding agreements of this tl. n-otn contract. ---+ _ broken her promise to give henelf in' 14. She can't o.flave
15

rest his . The you"g, lawyet was able to come up with a new idea to

ro.

ortne jury don't have to recess for deliberation if ffimlm-oers the verdict is obvious. -' -17. You mustn't smoke in hospitals and airpors'

38

TINTT 5

DAILY TELEGRAPH

I.

headline for esch of them:

Read the f{rllowing texts and choose the corresponding

",Iff*Jffi,H:ffi:l-,Iffo
Life stntence for double rapist
Pc faces

jail for sex assaults

million from 84 mainlv elderlv to feed his gambling naUt *as

Note:

IOU

crown court :_ a court of crimfuxar jr:risdiction holding sessions in 9Y* ttt-"gtout Fnglard and Wales at which circuit judgls hear and
determine

owes the srm of money stated

(abbr of

owe 1nu) = sigrred paper aclnowledgng that one

cases

card to lure women into his car so he could sexually assault them was wamed yesterrday that he faced prison. Amir Butt, 24, of Watford, offered a lift home to women who had been drinking and become separated from their friends. He was

found guilty on two charges of sexual assault at Luton Crown Court

and

will be sentenced atalatsr dats.

Note: Pc - abbr of police constable (policeman)

st after service in the Gulf war yesterday. told was personality, a court his changed -Lee Walker, 32, of W)'thenshawe, Manchester, was jailed for life at Minshull Street Crown Court after pleading guilty to rape . He was sentencd to five years for a second case of rape-

e after a row over doing the

ould
se

a life
deed"

22. onthe eve of St Valentine's Day, in HullHe dumped her body 100 miles away before making tearful television appeals forherto getin touchHull Crown Court heard that Dyson slashed his wrists and wrote "sorry" in blood on his cell wall three days agoPassing sentsnce, Judge Tom Cracknell told Dyson: -'You executed a well thoughtout plan without pity, except self pity, without remorse." The judge said the television appeal was 'breathtaking and nauseating hypocrisy", adding: 'You led her family to think there might be some hope when there was none." Miss Nelson's body was found after 39 days. ("The Daily Telegraph", Wednesday, November 9,2005)

II. Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F); when ihe sentences are false, correct them as in the following
example:
Example: I-ee Wqlkerwqs sentenced to 12 years

Correction: Lee Walker was sentenced ofrape.

40

to

five years

for

two

of rape- F -cases for a second case

2-

l. Amir tr"| Dson

investors.

women in his car. 3. Graham Price stole f,15 million from g4 main.ly elderly pnvate

was given a life sentence for a double rape. _ Butt was a 24-yearold policeman who se*u'Jly-assaulted

4.I-ee Walker was a former soldier fighting in the Gulf war. 5. Paul Dso" corrmitted suicide i" p"""q after he *o "orr-"i"t"a. 6.Iihen brought before justice, Grabarr price rejected all theft
charges.

7.

old. 9. Paul Dyson killed his fiancee on christmas Eve, by stabbing her to death. 10- Graham Price had no connection whatsoever with the Halifo<
bank.

Iate to catch the bus. 8. Paul Dlrson's fiancee was called Joanne Nelson and was 22 yeards

Amir Butt offered a lift home to women who left their office too

tom cgcknell congrt'ldod Dyson on his well thoueht-out plan ofmurdering his fiancee in cold 5looa. 15- Graham Price became a bank robber because he needed money for
14. Judge

his fiancee's

surgery._

III. Pair-work: Take turns in answering your colleague's questions by scanning the texts for information:* l. Who was Graham Price
2. What and what was he charged with?

jail sentence did Graham

Price receive?

3. What did Graham Price need the s[olen monev for?

41

4. How old was

Amir Butt and what did he do?

5. What was

Amir Butt found guilty ofl

6. How did l,ee Walker plead when he stood trial?

7. What sentence did Lee Walker receive?

8. How did Paul Dyson dispose

ofhis fiancee's body?

9. How did Paul Dyson die?

10. When was Miss Nelson's body found?

Remember the Passive Voice

passive

IV. Read the chart below to see how the active to

transformation works for the main verbal tenses:
\.ERBAL T'ENSES
ACTIVE VOICE
charge hesent Tense Simple Present Tense Continuous ls/are exaflumnq sentenced Past Tense Simple wadwere interrogating Past Tense Conturuous hasftr,ave found Present Perfect
Past Perfect

PASSrvE VOICE
amlis/are charged iVare beine examined

Future Tense Simple Future Perfect

Conditional
Perfect Conditional Gerund

Lone Infinitive
Perfect lnfrnitive 42

was/were sentencd waslwere beins interrogated haVhave been found had been released had released wilVshall be included include wilVshall wilVshall have admitted wilVsball have been admitted would be reiected would reiect would have been arrested would have arrested being Dractised DTacbSmP to be convicted to convict to have been committed committed to have

v- Put the verbs in brackets into the

tense indicated:

passive voice

of the

Example: A value added t@c (VAT) rate of 2J Wr cent (apply - Past Tense Simple) to wine in Belgium. ! u-alue added tE (vAT) rate of 25 per cent was appried to wine in
Belgium.

l. This case ...

Belgium.

(decide

present perfect) against

2.The notion of
3.

protection

...

(illushate

charge that ... .... (catch - present Tense Simpte) by 12 is unlawfrrl. 4. The matter .....-. fudge - past Tense Simpl,e) in the light

Tense Simple) in the next paragraph.

Future

Article

ofArticle

95.

5- The rcpa)ment to an exporter of a sum exceeding the intemal duty 6.

Taxing exports
practice.

at a lower nte than dom-estic products - (consider _ present perfect) a discriminatory already
... (discuss _

7.The terms ofthe coltract.....

Past Perfecf) before the two parties signed it.

8. The main witnesses in the murder case ......... still ... .. (hear - Past Tense Continous) by the judge when the politician made a press release. 9. The two diplomats ..... now ... ....... (escort _ present
Te ns

e C ontinous) to the American Embassy

10.

Six bomb attacks seem

...

(report _ perfect (issue

ll.A new warning

12. More funds

Infinitive) in London forthe last l0 hours.

Simple) forthe refugees to leave the camp immediately.

Future I'ense

...

to the Ministry of Justice

budget law.

if

.... (allocate - perfect Conditiona[) the govemment had voted the new

+J

Passive voice; the underrined direct objects subjects ofthe passive sentences:
Example: This Article
to

u''-!!ange the fotowing

sentences

from Active voice into

wil

Lecome the

compensations by this Article.

The holder qf -inteilec-ntgr-properr.v iehts is enfutred to fnarciar

ons f nancia I co mpens ati.entilles

l.

They all considered that the cou't of First Instance had used Article 86 improperly. They all considered that Article g6

2-

court will take measures to reconcile the incompatibilitv national properry rights with the pursuit of economic d;ilioo. Measures.

\\e

by.....,

of

Smith Drug Pharmaceuficals had patented a drug called Negram under British law. A drus called l\resram ....... under British law by .. . ...

4.

The Commission rejected this Article on the grounds of unj ustifi

ftis,&tiglg

ed discrimination.

5' The memben of the Jury wire stilr deriberating upon trt"
ofreasonable doubt. Ttre matter of reasonable doubt

by......

,r"*,

by ... ...

...-.. still

.lt

10.

if
eye wrtness

they had
one

...... if at least

vII'

use of Passive Voice:

choose the correct version by

palng attention to the

I Many houses in this area ... into by burglars. a) have been being broken b) have been broken uo

...

i;

b".o broken

d) have being broken

2. A photofit picnue ofthe wanted man a) had been issued b) was issuing c) was

..,........
the case

lasc week.

iszued d) has been issued

by

3. After the

verdict

the judge. a) had been pronounce4 was dismissed b) will be pronounced, will be dismissed c) will have been pronounced has been dismissed d) has being pronounce4 will be disrnissed

5. He to 100 hours of community work only because he was at his first offence. a) have been sentenced b) was sentenced c) will be sentenced d) had being sentenced 6.

..........

Before

...

... with pelury in a divorce case. a) been accused, was .,... charged b) being accuse, has ..... been charged c) being accused, had.... been charged d) being accused, wErs .... been charsed

...... of breach of trust, the lawyer

..

...

..... also

45

7. Choose the correct passive form of the following active sentenc: The Commission has just appointed the new heident of the European Court of Justice. a) The new President of the European Court of Justice had just been appointed by the Comrnission. b) The new President has just been appointed by the European Court of Justice.

c)

d)

The Commission has just been appointed to vote the new President ofthe European Court ofJusticeThe new President of the European Court of Justice has just been appointed by the Commission.

8. Choose the correct passive form of the following active sentencs: The memben of the Europeon Parlisment were still debating the issue of competition lmt at that poinl a) The issue of competition law was still debated at that point by the

b)

members of the European Parliament.

c)
d)

The issue of competition law was still debating at that point the members of the European Parliament. The issue of competition law was still being debated at that pornt by the members of the European Parliament. The members of the European Parliament were still being debated by the issue of competition law.

9. Choose the correct English translation for the following Romanian passive sentence: Nu ya ajuns incii la nici o concluzie cu privire lo noua lege a adoplieL a) No conclusion hasn't yet been reached regarding the new adopnon

b) d)

Iaw.

c)

No conclusion

has yet been reached regarding the new adoption lau.. No conclusion was reached yet regarding the new adoption lavr'. Yet, no conclusion is reached regarding the new adoption law.

10. Choose the correct equivalent sentence for the followrng: People say that Mn Johnson had business diffrcuhies in the pasL Diffrculties are said to have been h,ad by Mr. Johnson in the past. Mr. Johnson is said to having had business difficulties in the past. I^L-^^- rs :- bdru l:ctr^.,|i^l- +L^ ^\ \rI^^:l +^ vt 1!rr. JrJlulsulr !u L^,,^ ll4vg L^l lrd r L,,-:-^^^ uuslrlgss utrlruuttigs tII ulg -^* IJaJl. It is said that Mr. Johnson has had business difficulties in the past.

a) b) d)

4r)

UNTT 6

DAILY TELEGRAPH

Iraqi Jailed Over British Aid Worher IGIling

I I
I
I
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I

An Iraqi man h,as ben sentenced to life in prison in connection with the murder of Margaret flassan, the British aid worker abducted a1d killed in Iraq r-2004. Mustafr salman was charged with aiding and
abetting the kidnappers. Two other defendants in the-case were freed.

""i''ffi

to it. Four months later Iraqi and found Mrs Flassan's purse

Today's sentence is the first handed down in connection with the More than

ed since the

47

5.

Her ftmily has implored Foreign Secretaries Jack Straw and Margaret Beckett, as well as the Foreign Office, to question the suspects about the location of Mrs Hassan's remains. "They have refused this request even though this is the only way that Margaret's remains will be found and we can bring her home to be buried with the dignity she deserves.", tley said.
6.

Yesterday her ftmily said that, during her captivity, the kidnappers made four calls to her Iraqi husband Tahseen in Baghdad, demanding to spak to a mernber of the British Embassy. But the British told him they would not speak to the hostage-takers.The Foreign Office confirmed drat Mrs F{assan's husband was called ftom her phone by someone claiming to be holding her, but said they had been unable to confirm the claims.
7.

Deidre, Geraldine, Kath4.n and Michael Fitzsimons said in a statement released yesterday: "We blieve that the refusal by the British Govemment to opn a dialogue with the kidnappers cost our
sister her
8.

life."

During her kidnap, in which video recordings of her pleading for her life were released, officials were keen to distance her from the British Government and emphasise her charity work in Iraq. "Our strategy w;rs one of 'personalisation and localisation', minimising the links between Mrs Hassan and the (.IK", a Foreign Office spokesman said. 'We understand her family having criticisms of the Govemment approach and we remain in regular contact with them." ("The Daily Telegraph", Monday, June 5,2006)

48

I
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I. Choose from A to H the sentence that best summarises each paragraph (1-8) of the article above and insert them in the boxes preceUing each paragraph. The first one has been done for you:
A. Justice at work - th first senterrce against an Iraqi hostage-taker B. The British Embassy refuses any cornmmicationwith Iraqi hostage-takers. C. Life in prison for the abetter of Margaret Hassan's kidnappers D. The British Governrnent's stratery of assuming political distance E. Finding evidence againstMustafa Salman F Iraqi citizen kitled due to her British nationelity? G. Margaret Hassan's family blame the British Governrnent for her death H. The British authorities fail to comfort the

I t
;

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I

II. For questions 1-5, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the test; sometimes more than one option may be valid: l. Why did Mustafa Salman keep Margaret Hassan's pune and
documents in his house? A. He wanted to ask

B. The pune contain C. Margaret Hassan

his care. D. Mustafa's associates threatened to

nded to sell' Placed under

kill him if he didn't take them.

t I I
T

2.

Why was Margaret Hassan allowed to appear in a video? A. i{er appeals might have determined the British forces to withdmw from Iraq. B. The hostage-takers wanted to offer a proof of life to her family C. The hostage-takers wanted to negociate a ftInsom with the British
Govemment.

D. That was the last chance she had to save her life.
3.

Why did A. They

B They
British Embassy.

the

t
;

C. They wanted Margaret's family to put some pressure on the British Govemment. D. They wanted to put Margaret's future execution down to the
British Govemment.
49

T
),1

)l
Dl

4. Why did the British Govemment refuse

to open a dialogue with the

kidnappers?

A. The British Govemment no longer considered Margaret Hassan a British cifizen. B. The British Govemment didn't want to give in to an Iraqi technique of political manipulationC. The British Government chose to distance itself from any acts of
Iraqi terrorism.

D. Opening a dialogue with the kidnappen

military forces from lraq-

meant withdrawing

5. Margaret's family criticisms of the British Government approach

were directed at ...

A. the British Govemment refusal to pay the ransom requested by

the kidnappers.

B. the British Government strategy of minimising the links between Mrs Flassan and the UK. C. the British Govemment refusal to open a dialogue with the kidnappen. D. the British Government refusal to withdraw the military forces from Iraq.

III. Match the tinking words/phrases in column A with their corresponding parts in column B:

l. According to the latest a.

2. Due to the hard
statistics,...
evidence found in his house. ... 3. Up to a point, the kidnaPPen seemed interested in ...

more measures will be in convicting terrorists. taken b. to open dialogues with the kidnappers of their citizens.

c. ... more than 200 foreigners

oflraqis have been ktd"apped and over 40 killed since the US-led invasion in 2003. there should be some d. hidden political agenda rslated to his/her kidnapping.
and thousands

4. As a
50

general rule,

the

Government is not suPPosed

fact thd Margaret's appeals could have been her last'

S.

Oeqitete

e. ,.. Mustafa Salman could

taken into police custodY.

be

6. To put

it briefly,

f.

the British

Cmvemment

didn't take any military or political

am inclined to believe that fromnow on. ...

7.
obtain what they wante4 consequenfiY'
&

g--Tut a terrorist
h-.
lssues.

achon.

waY of

negociating military and politicd establishing a contact with

Ee[tttags{.kers didn't

the British Embassy.

Margaret was another Iraqi terrorisrn. of vitctim hn<taoe-fakins is nolhinq ,.. j. executed the useless they . tO. fnat is to say, if a citizen of a certain nationality is kidn4Ped' hostage.

g.

tt is my firm belief that i.

IV. Choose the correct preposition: I Terrorists resort --- -- violence as a political we4pon' d) into c) on b)to a) at Paris. 2. The uirknown foreigner carried ... . a bombing in tre centre of c) round d) on b) in a) out 3. How should Governments deal ---.-. terrorist aitacks?
a)

on

b)

without

c)

with

d) about

citizen had been suspected :: " many offences before' 4. The Iraqi -U; d) of c) a) about

l"

with
.'--

5. Who was held responsible

a)
a)
Z-

for

b) b)

of

c)
c) c)

about
.

the joumalist's death?

d) on

6. The home-made bomb may have been destined ..... the recruits.

to

fne palestinian blew himself

for in

at

a)

out

b)

uP

-. .

in a crowded bus' d) against

an important religious celebration'

. d) uPon

8. The terrorist attack coincided c) b) to a)

*ffi

on

..-

d) into

5l

9. The attack, attributed ... -.. a new terrorist group, had many casualties. a) b) c) d) up to

with

on

to

10. How can the govemment prevent jouma.lists their lives? a) for b) to c) against d) from
1

......

endangering

1.

a)

of

I am sure that this is one of the exceptions ... . -. the rule. b) to c) from d) with
procedures

12.\\e Ministry of Defence has laid ..... shict

kind of situation.
a)

for this

on b) down c) up d) out 13. Quito from this problem, can such tests predict future holds in store for us? a) aside b) apart c) away d) out
14.

what the

I generally agree

..- . you,

but I strongly object ... .. your behaving

so rudely.

a) to,

to

b) with,

to

c) to,

at

d) with,

witr

15. He pleaded gurlt_y

..... manslaughter after tfying to escape from

c) against d) for

police custody.
a)

of

b)

to

16. The lorry belonged ..-. an ex-convictthat rented land on Smiths Farm, in Northolt, west l,ondon. c) of d) in a) with b) to 17. Both men were meant to be ...
..

.. surveillence at the time of the

d) below

killing.
a)

on

b)

above

c)

under within

18. Another person at the scene said that children were

hostages taken by the gunmen. a) between b) among c)

.......

the

d) inside

19. This prisoner is not ..... our jurisdiction. We have district authorities. a) above b) below c) under d) on
20. He draws evidence for his claim ..... Court history. d) with a) b) out c)

to call

the

from

of

within

52

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ll

UNIT 7 CONF'II{EMENT IIOME

Anested and charged with ytssession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute,-William, a 3}-year-old man with a history of

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53

wears 24 hours a daY.

A Supervision Tool Home confinement is a tool that helps U'S' probation and r, defendants and pretrial services , home confinemsnt bffenders in the c condition of either is not a sentnc

il
;

post-sentence to ensurB that defendants appear in court' In home confinement is used as a Pu

used
re:

cases'

#
use

it

the su

for the home confinement Prograr

der. Previous failures on

icipate are considerations as well' is a crucial component of the home

presents, third-PartY risk l-ence in the household),

sure particiPants are adhe onan.t ounced, face -to-face from the monitoring center'

th-t leq'al terms I. Make sure you understand the meaning 9f in column B: definitions their in column .l uv -"iJlii"g-lrr"- with
1. probation

ffierson

w'ho has been arrested and charged with a federal cnme *ttlt" ttt or she awarts trial; a pretrial servtces

officer supervises the person in the commuruty until he or she returns to court'

ffilelivingtogedreq
3. supervised release

ot'ner especially in a hospital, prison or some

--.me penaty hid down in a law for @especiallyof

suspcqt corrt-ravention of i'rs pruvr stons'
a

"i-tingtnaJ'

5. detention

e. Instead ofsending m individual to prison, the court releases the permn to fre commrmity and orders him or her to complete a period of

zupervision monitored by a U.S. probation officer and to abide by certain conditions.

6. sanction

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I

7. inmate

f. Aterm of supervision served afteraperson is released from prison; it does not replace a portion ofthe serlence of imprisonment but is in addition to the time spent in prison. g. The release of a prisoner before his sentnce has expired, on the condition that he is ofeood behaviour.

II. Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F); when the sentences are false, correct tlem: 1. Community Service is a special condition imposed by the court tha requires an individual to work - without pay - for a civic or nonprofi t organization. 2. When a parolee is releasd to the community, he or she is no longer placed under the supervision of a U.S. probation officer.
3. During the probation perio4 an individual is zupervised by a probation officer. 4. A supervised releaso rcplaces a certain portion of ths sentence of 5. In post-sentence Gtses, home confinement is s@n as more punitive than imprisonment. 5. A porson who violates dre conditiocns of his/her srpenzision may be sanctioned to home confinement. 7 . All catngories of offenders are allowed to participate in the home confinement progEm. 8. Home confinement may include the use of electronic monitoring
equipment.

imprisonment._

9. The only cases when a person placed under home confinement is allowed to leave home are work and medical appointnents10.

The judges determine

confinement progmm.

if

offenders are eligible for the home

55

-_

III. From the verbs in column A, derive the corresponding nouns (column B) and adjectives (column c), using the suffixes
grven:

c
Verts
l. to punish
2. 3. 4. 5.
6-

-ment. -al. +r nunishment otrnistrcr

Nouns: -ance, -ion,

Adjectives: +d, -ing, -able. -ive

rnr

nished- ounishable. ounishin g

to confine

to sentence
to release to corrPlete

to monitor

7. to possess 8. to select 9. to attend

10. to approve 11. to defend

12. 13. 14. 15.

to to to to

srpervise restrict
require

consider

IV. Use the words given in capitals at the end of lines to form a word that fits in the .pa." in the same line; there is an example on tAe first line:
Electronh Monitoring
cases, U.S. probadon and pretrial services offrcers ilmost placed

use electronic monitoring in zupewising persons under home confinement The individual wears a tamprresistanl ... .... on the ankle or wrist 24 hours a day' sigrral that is The trarsmitter emits a radio to the home connected unit detected by a ............/dialer phone. Wilen the trarsmitter comes within range of the ^receiver/dialer monitoring center to indicate that the prson is in range, or at home' The person

MONTTOR

TRANSN{IT FREQUENT RECEIVE

CONSIDER

unit, that unit calls a

150 feet

be must stay vrthin receiver/dialer and the The transmitter in range. . .. . unit work together to detect and report the times the person enters ard exits his or her home.

of the receiving unit to

56

V. Choose the correct plural form of the following nouns to complete tfie sentence:
a)

l. We need a negotiafor to talk to the ... hostages-takers b) hostage-takers

c) hostags-takers

......- have beenissuedthisweek2. Many a) search warants b) searches warrants c) searchs warrants
3. a)

The

will
b)

'.re

laws-breakers

lows-breaken

punished sooner or later. c) law-breaken

4. The numberof a) holds-ups

5. a)

......

in ourcity has been doubled &is year.

b) hold-ups c) helds-ups

womandiplomats b) womendiplomats c) womansdiplomats ... -, your claims will soon be solved-" 6. 'My beloved a) fellow*itizens b) fellows-citizens c) ftlows+itizens
7.

Two

..... have been accused of perjury'

... have been charged with indecent exposure' a) sisters-in-laws b) sister-in-law c) sisters-in-law
8. a) analysis

My

These the
fte daily

are the result

ofhard work.
c) analises c) criterias

b) analyses

9. Which are

.......

used in this classification?

a) criterions
10. Which are a) activityes

b) criteria b) activfis

-..

...... ofaprisoner?
c) activities

VI. Combine the words from column A with words from

column B to form compound nouns and collocations:

trid
criminal netit first
death

offender
lines health

liftins
matters
estem

commumw

)t

mntal

suide
member

shio courts
exemDt

nrobation

slaushter

citizen
tax
shop

lury wor* officer

penaltv
state

self
man

Example:

l. trial
2.

courts

58