Daniel Cutbirth Andrea Butzler Lutana Griffin Randy Gum

How does physical activity play a role in student learning??? What do you know about physical activity in the school system?
How does a healthy body stimulate the mind?

Students need increased physical activity in the day. How can teachers incorporate physical activity into daily lessons.
Design a physical program that can be applied in your classroom.

Both describe student experiences as they grapple a question or problem, engage in a systematic procedure to solve the problem, and then communicate their findings.
Learning can be hands-on or through research and application.

Can take place in a single lesson or over the course of several days or even weeks. Can be adapted to fit all content areas.
Technology is becoming a major component.

Student-centered, teacher-guided.
Direct instruction only as needed. Inquiry-Based Learning, the lesson plan mirrors the scientific method Problem-Based learning the stages are similar less rigid.

STEPS IN THE INQUIRY MODEL

STEPS IN PBL

Identify the question Make hypotheses

Identify the problem Represent the problem Select a strategy Carry out the strategy

Gather data
Assess hypotheses

Generalize Analysis of the inquiry process

Evaluate the results

 Linked to district or state curriculum.

Know how students will discover their answers.

hands-on
research (electronic or library)

Teacher should conduct preliminary research.

Open or Closed Inquiry

Closed teacher provided question, materials,

Guided or Unguided Inquiry

information, etc. Open students can choose the topic and find their own materials.
Guided inquiry - teacher has a set agenda and questions

prepared throughout the stages. Students are not encouraged to ask their own questions. Unguided inquiry teacher encourages students to formulate their own questions and this may lead to groups going in different directions.

Utilize prior knowledge. Hypothesis or solution ideas may begin to form. We may verbalize the term hypothesis different depending on the content area and ability level. Predict Communication Arts make a guess before 2nd grade Typically, theres a discussion that takes place. Students are usually asked to write a rationale for the hypothesis.
Integrate into writing (make a journal entry, write a

letter, draw a picture, etc.)

Research and/or experimentation. Procedures can be teacher provided or open to student creation. Technology (computers, internet, digital cameras, video cameras). Direct instruction may take place on skills needed other than objective skills (lab, technical, etc).

In one class period or over course of several days or weeks. If data should be recorded in a specific way, this should be modeled.

Analyzing Data

Higher levels of Blooms cognitive taxonomy Think and/or talk about information. Look for patterns and relationships.

Using written reports, PowerPoint presentations, charts or tables, etc. Depending on objective, teacher may choose method of communicating results.

Using written reports, PowerPoint presentations, charts or tables, etc. Depending on objective, teacher may choose method of communicating results.

can be guided or unguided by the teacher. can be open or closed by design. create self-directed learners. can lead to dead-ends.
Valuable experiences of discovering what did not

work, or that you asked the wrong question, or went about it the wrong way.

Collaboration Communication Problem-Solving Goal-Setting Leadership Decision Making Independent Learning

eMINTS (Multimedia Interactive Networked Technologies)

FOSS (Full Option Science System)

PEAR (Program in Education, Afterschool & Resiliency)

Science / Math Experiment Kits

WHERE HAVE YOU SEEN PBL IMPLEMENTED?

John Dewey believed that educators needed to

incorporate the interests of the child into the curriculum making the child the center of the school. When teachers allow their students to choose their own projects and create learning opportunities based on their interest and strengths, they are allowing learners to apply multiple intelligences in completing a project.

 Dewey felt that when the learner

had a problem that they had to solve, then they would use their problem-solving skills and critical thinking to figure it out. Therefore the activity is learned in a more meaningful way.

In PBL conflict emerges and students determine what they would need to know in order to resolve the conflict

In Deweys words

to make an "indeterminate situation determinate."

Sociocultural Theory

Vygotskys work related to observing and working with competent people in the culture contributed to the model

Students learn by doing alongside an expert.

Observation allows for questioning.

Hands-on learning is supervised by experts.

Problem solving approaches Inquiry learning Project based learning Case study methodology Case-Based Models May be authentic or written Helps students visualize and grasp problem Involves analysis and synthesis Usually real life problems

(Wheeler, 2011)

learning in a PBL format may initially reduce levels of learning , but may foster, over periods up to several years, increased retention of knowledge traditional competence measures; some preliminary evidence suggests that PBL curricula may enhance both transfer of concepts to new problems & integration of basic science concepts into clinical problems; PBL enhances intrinsic interest in the subject matter; and PBL appears to enhance self-directed learning skills (metacognition), and this enhancement may be maintained

(Norman & Schmidt)

Research shows

A meta-analysis of 20 years of PBL evaluation studies was conducted by Albanese and Mitchell (1993), and also by Vernon and Blake (1993), and concluded that a problem-based approach to instruction was equal to traditional approaches in terms of conventional tests of knowledge (i.e., scores on medical board examinations), and that students who studied using PBL exhibited better clinical problem-solving skills.
(Savery, 2006)

Cacamese et al. (2007) found almost half of PBL clinical clerkship students received honors, and over three fourths received high grades.

According to Hamdy et al. (2006), clerkship GPAs and Deans letter rankings of medical school students have relatively small correlations (0.28 and 0.22, respectively) with supervisor ratings during residency.

This study compared the effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) and traditional instructional approaches in high-school students macroeconomics
(Mergendoller et al.)

For PBL students, the average pretest posttest change was +1.48 (SD = 2.52); Traditional was +.82 (SD = 2.81).
This difference was statistically significant, t = 1.94, p = .05, and equivalent to an effect size of .59 for PBL and effect size of .29 in the traditional approach.
(Mergendoller et al.)

PBL was found to be a more effective instructional approach for teaching macroeconomics than traditional lecturediscussion (p = .05).
(Mergendoller et al.)

Additional analyses provided evidence

PBL was more effective than traditional instruction with students of average verbal ability and below, students who were more interested in learning economics, and students who were most and least confident in their ability to solve problems.
(Mergendoller et al.)

In each case, ranking for the low tertile students effect size difference favored the learning of the PBL students by approximately .40
A small but not insignificant difference, equivalent to a raw score difference of 6 7%, or the distance between a D+ and a (Mergendoller et al.) solid C.

A model for students' reactions

Gian Mario Besana, CBMS Issues in Mathematics Education

PBL with PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS & GEOMETRY

FRUSTRATION then ANGER then EPIPHANY then EMPOWERMENT

When asked which strategy would require them to think deeper, the majority of the students selected PBL.
The most common student responses where that it required more work and forced students to think through the problem, it required more in-depth thinking to answer questions beyond yes or no.

Can you remember the key components of PBL?

Lessons begin with a problem or question

Students are responsible for investigating the

problems (students learn by doing) Teachers are facilitators only Students develop the ability to investigate problems on their own.
(Wheeler, 2011)

Problem Based Learning

Inquiry has always been a part of education. PBL was present Plato- required students to think, retrieve information for themselves. Plato- also encouraged his students to search for new ideas and debate them in a scholarly environment. It predates Socrates and his methods of leading students to self- knowledge through aggressive questioning.

Deweys reform of education system led to the first inquiry based-learning methods in the United States. Dewey advocated child-centered learning based on real world experiences. Dewey talked about PBL when he talked about engagement. Dewey had it right on the abstract level

It began in the 1950s in the medical education field The emphasis was due to the failing of current educational practices to equip students with clinical problem-solving and life long learning skills. PBL was officially adopted as a pedagogical approach in 1968 at McMaster University, a Canada medical school. At the same time other Universities around the world begun developing their own PBL curriculum. Michigan State Univ., Meastrieht Univ. in the Netherlands, and New Castle Univ. in Australia

These schools were developing PBL curricula because of unsatisfactory clinical performances. It resulted from an emphasis on memorization of fragmented biomedical knowledge in traditional health science education.

I the 1980s PBL begun to spread throughout the United States over 50 medical schools had converted to PBL. The demand for change in independent learning , problem-solving, and reduced lecture hours. PBL fit the bill for the needed change

Until recently the PBL approach has flourished mainly in medical and professional schools. Slowly the general science and humanities have began to take the approach to PBL. 1990s It began to spread into the K-12 curricula. PBL has diffused into many professional practices:

For example: Law, Economics, Architecture, Mechanical,

Agricultural, and Civil Engineering.

The entire MBA program at Ohio University has been designated as an integrated curriculum using the PBL approach.

PBL does not have to have a store of transferrable techniques or methods like:
Group Learning

Jig Saw
Think-Pair-Share

Opinions may vary whether PBL should be used for an entire course or just part of it. All will agree in favor of course long continuity.

 Do you think it would or would not

work for an entire course?

Would it work for your grade level?