German Timeline German History 1919-1945 Key Pacts, Acts, Laws and Statistics 1918, November Republic.

c. Germany became a republic after the Kaiser voluntarily exiled to Holland. Social discontent following the proposal of a constitutional monarchy from the October Reform forced the chancellor, Prince Max, to hand over power to Friedrich Ebert to create a coalition left-wing government. 1918, November Ebert-Groener Agreement. The Supreme Army Command agreed to co-operate with the new coalition government in return for their promise of authority within Army officers and the opposition to revolutionary socialism. 1919, August Weimar Constitution. The constitution was signed by Friedrich Ebert. Article 48 entitled the President to emergency decrees. Established Parliamentary Representation, allowing splinter parties to gain seats. Traditional institutes, i.e. the judiciary system, were allowed to continue. 1919, June The Treaty of Versailles. Accepted by the coalition government. Germany lost lots of territory, including the Saar which was rich in coal. Accepted reparations of 6.6 billion set in 1921. Accepted article 231, war guilt. Accepted the disarmament to 100,000 men. 1922, April Rapallo Pact. Germany and the USSR secured economic and military co-operation. In return for military training, Germany would gain economic aid. 1923, September Passive Resistance Stopped. Stresemann called off Passive Resistance and resumed reparation payments. 1923, December Currency Reform. The Rentenmark was introduced to deal with hyper-inflation. 1924, April The Dawes Plan. The Dawes Committee was formed and reviewed Germanys economic situation, conclusively setting payment plans for Germanys reparations. 1925, October Locarno Pact. Mutual agreement between Germany, France and Belgium concerning boundries. Demilitarisation of the Rhineland was agreed to become permanent. Arbitration treaties agreed to settle future disputes peacefully. 1926, April The Treaty of Berlin. Germany and the USSR furthered military and economic alliances by assuring their friendship, but not alliance. 1928, August Kellogg-Briand Pact. Nations committed to demilitarisation, this included Germany. 1929 Young Plan. Germany accepted reparation payments until 1988. 1925-1929 German Golden Years. Exports grew by 40 per cent. Culture flourished. 1930, December Brnings Economic Policy. Presidential decree created huge public spending cuts, criticised by the Nazi Party and allowed their power to rise. 1933, March Enabling Act. Full powers were diverted to the cabinet. The Nazi Party had managed to dismantle the Weimar government and its constitution within two months of being in power. 1933, March Minister of Economics. Schacht becomes minister of Economics and leads the nation into growth of employment, reducing unemployment by 2.1 million within one year. 1933, May Creation of the German Labour Front. All Trade Unions were united under the DAF, effectively banning strikes. 1933, July Opposition Illegal. The Nazi Party became the only legal party after all political parties are dismantled. 1933, July The Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring. Compulsory sterilisation pf those with hereditary conditions, such as, Schizophrenia. 1933-1934 Gleichschaltung. Co-ordination of Germany under Adolf Hitler, which resulted in his absolute power. 1934 Concordat Signed. Educational control was taken away from the Lnder and centralised. 1934, April The Night of the Long Knives. Hitler was persuaded by the Conservatives, Army, Gring and Himmler to oust Rhm and the SA, who threatened a Second Revolution. 1934, August Chancellor to Fhrer. Hindenburg died and Hitler combined the post of chancellor and president to make him Fhrer. Army make an oath of loyalty to him. 1935, September Nuremburg Race Laws. Removed Jewish citizenship to Germany. 1936, October Four-Year Plan. Under Gring, the nation is plunged into a war-time economy to prepare it for its eventual European invasion. Military spending had almost tripled by the start of the war. 1938, November Kristallnacht. Extermination of Jews all over Germany. 1939, August Nazi-Soviet Pact. Germany and the USSR agree on carving up Poland. 1939, December War Economy Decree. Vast programmes of war production, including submarines and aircraft. 1941, December Rationalisation Decree. An intended reform of the economy to eliminate the waste of labour and materials. 1942, January Wannsee Conference. The Final Solution is decided upon and Jews are systematically murdered in concentration camp gas chambers.

German Timeline

Weimar Germany History Timeline 1918, November 1918, November German Republic declared. Weimar socialist coalition government was created. Government signs Armistice. World War One ended, resulting in 2.5 million dead Germans, the Stab in the back myth was created by German nationalists who believed that the new government committed treason. 1919, January Sparticist Uprising Suppressed. Communist group was resisted by the Weimar government using right-wing group, the Freikorps and the Army. 1919, February Ebert became President. Elected assembly met in Weimar, Ebert became President from 1919-1925. 1919, June Germany accept the Treaty of Versailles. Forced by the Allies to accept the terms. 1920, March Kapp Putsch Suppressed. Right-wing attempt to overthrow Weimar government is suppressed by national strike, Army refused to co-operate with the government. 1920, June Extremist Parties Gain Votes. Due to proportional representation and the authoritarian atmosphere of Germany, extreme right and left-wing parties gained votes and seats in the Reichstag. 1921, April Reparations Set. Germany set 6.6 billion worth of reparations to the Allies for war damage. 1922, April Rapallo Pact. Germany signs Rapallo Pact with the USSR, securing economic and military aid. 1923, January French invade the Ruhr. In co-operation with Belgium, France invaded the Ruhr to secure the continuation of reparation payments from Germany, Passive resistance is activated. 1923, January Hyper-Inflation. Germany experienced inflation which greatly decreased the value to the mark. Often blamed upon France and Belgiums demands for payments causing the German government to produce more money. 1923, August Stresemann became Chancellor. International support gained through his co-operative and pragmatic foreign policy. 1923, November Mnich Putsch. Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party attempts to seize power in Mnich, the Putsch fails due to lack of co-operation between other right-wing groups, extremist movements slowed down. 1923, November Rentenmark Introduced. Stresemann introduced the Rentenmark, short-term solution to hyper-inflation and spurred economic recovery in Germany. 1924, February Hitler Imprisoned. Sentenced to five years in prison, however, he was released in December 1924. Court case gained publicity, in which he was portrayed to be a patriot. 1924, April Dawes Plan. The Dawes Committee was formed and reviewed Germanys economic situation, conclusively setting payment plans for Germanys reparations. 1925, April Hindenburg elected as President. With Ebert dead in February 1925, the German public elected General Hindenburg as President. 1925, October Locarno Pact signed. Germany, France and Belgium agreed on western borders strengthening relations between the three nations. 1925-1926 Economic recovery continues. The Golden Years, economic boom and sense of harmony within Germany with the blossoming of culture and industry. 1926, September Germany joins the League of Nations. Germany became integrated into Europe and regained trust. 1927, July Major Unemployment Insurance Law. Establishment of social reform, furthering Weimars socialist approach. 1928, May Moderate Parties gain votes. Support for extremist parties fell to its lowest and moderate democratic parties gained high election results. 1928, June Mllers Grand Coalition. Socialist leader united the Social Democrats (SPD), Centre Party (ZP), German Democratic Party (DDP) and the Germans People Party (DVP). This was to fall apart after the Great Depression. 1928, October Rhr Industrial Dispute. General strikes took place, stalling German production in the Ruhr. 1929, June Young Plan. Germany accepted reparation payments until 1988. 1929, October Wall Street Crash. Led to mass unemployment within Germany and economic crisis. 1929, October Stresemann dies. Government starts to collapse without Stresemanns Foreign policy support. 1930, March Socialist government collapsed. No government after the economic collapse was able to regain parliamentary Support, Conservative Authoritarian government reliant on the Presidential powers comes into power. 1930, March Heinrich Brning became Chancellor. Relied on President to pass policies, rather than the Reichstag. 1930, September Nazi Party gain support. Germany become more inclined to vote National Socialist to resolve economic issues. 1931, July Reparation payments suspended. Allies stop reparation payments to ease economic burden for Germany. 1932, February Unemployment peaks. Economic crisis caused unemployment to peak at six million. 1932, April Presidential elections. Hindenburg beat Hitler in the Presidential elections, showing German loyalty to democracy. 1932, May New Chancellorship. Brning replaced by Papen who created the Cabinet of Barons, Intrigue began. 1932, July Reparations suspended indefinitely.

1932, July 1932, November 1932, December 1933, January

German Timeline Nazi Party vote rises. The party gained thirty-seven per cent of the vote. Nazi Party vote falls. The party lost five per cent of the vote. General Schleicher became Chancellor. Plans to minimise threat from Hitler through the Back Door method. Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor. Led to Hitlers grasp to power through Hindenburgs death in 1934. Nazi Germany History Timeline

1919

German Workers Party Formed. One of seventy right-wing splinter groups created by Anton Drexler and Karl Harrer. 1919 Adolf Hitler joins the DAP. Whilst working for the government in an attempt to snuff out communist parties, he became aware of the DAP and joined the radically right-wing group. 1920 National Socialist German Workers Party. The party was renamed forming the NSDAP or, The Nazi Party. 1920 25 Point Programme. The party produced a small manifesto outlining its objectives, including the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles and the radical segregation of Germans and other nationalities or races, including Jews. 1921 Hitler becomes leader. Manoeuvring his way through the party, he ousted Anton Drexlers power and became leader of the party himself. 1921 The SA is formed. The NSDAPs paramilitary wing was formed; Hitler produced the Brown shirt design. 1923 Mnich Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler attempted to ally with other right-wing groups to overthrow the Weimar government. These groups backed-out at the last moment and Hitler was arrested. 1924 Hitler imprisoned. Court case gained large popularity in which Hitler was shown in a good light. The conservative judiciary system sentenced him to five years. 1924 Mein Kampf written. Hitler outlined his views and intentions for the NSDAP and was released in December. 1925-1928 The Nazi Party is organised. Hitler became undisputed Fhrer, the party is organised into Gaue ran by Gauleiters. The party focuses on organisational structure, recruitment, fundraising and campaigning. 1925-1928 Nazi Party techniques. Propaganda was the primary source of support in the early years by attacking the Treaty of Versailles, Weimar corruption, Bolshevism and Judaism. Hitler also made powerful speeches. 1928, June Reichstag Election. Nazi Party only gain twelve seats through proportional representation. 1929 Wall Street Crash. Allowed the Nazi Party to blame the Weimar government for the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan. 1929 Wider appeal. The Nazi Party expanded its support toward the middle-classes. 1930, September Reichstag Election. Nazi Party gain 107 seats through its appeal to lower and middle-classes. Brning elected as Chancellor. 1930, September Weimar Democracy dies. After the collapse of the Mller Grand Coalition, conservative chancellors reliant on the Presidential powers became the new system. 1932, May Brning forced to resign. Although stopping reparations, he depended on Presidential protection. Papen appointed Chancellor. Replaced Brning and created a Cabinet of Barons. 1932, July Papen called a State of Emergency. Nazi violence from the SA ended. 1932, November Papen dismissed. Unpopular due to unelected power, 1932, December Schleicher appointed Chancellor. Continued Presidential emergency decrees to run country like Brning and Papen and oversaw the political intrigue which allowed Adolf Hitler to claim chancellorship. 1933, January Political Intrigue. The power of the Nazi Party after the Reichstag elections was undoubtful. The conservative cabinet wanted Nazis in the cabinet, but with positions of limited power, however, Hitler was not accepting this role. Therefore, Hitler was placed into position of Chancellor and Papen as vice-Chancellor. 1933, March Reichstag Election. Nazi terror was used and 69 people died under the violence of the SA and SS who were permitted to do so after Schleichers admission into chancellorship. Under the violence the Nazi Party gained 43.9% of the vote. 1933, March Enabling Act. Full powers were diverted to the cabinet. The Nazi Party had managed to dismantle the Weimar government and its constitution within two months of being in power. 1933, May Book Burning. Another act of which constituted Nazi ideology of censorship. 1933-1934 Implementation of Gleichschaltung. Co-ordination of Germany into the Nazification of all branches of society. Parties were made illegal by July. Trade unions were amalgamated into the DAF. 1934, January Centralisation was complete. Regional parliaments were dissolved and the country was controlled via the cabinet. 1934, June Night of the Long Knives. The Nazi Party extinguished any opposition with co-operation between government and SS. The SA called for a second revolution benefitting the working-classes. Hitler decided to back the conservatives and Army by ousting the SA. This assured the Armys d edication to their Fhrer. 1934, August From Chancellor to Fhrer. Hitler claimed post of President, coupled with Chancellor, he became the Fhrer of Germany. 1935, March Remilitarisation. Hitler proclaims that Germany is beginning to rearm going against the Treaty of Versailles, however, the Allies do nothing due to economical problems. 1935, September The Nuremburg Racial Laws. Jews were no longer entitled to German citizenship.

1936, March 1936 September 1937, November 1938 1938, March

German Timeline Rhineland Occuptation. French elections prevent France from stopping Germany remilitarising the Rhineland. Four-Year Plan. Hjalmar Schacht was forced to activate a war-time economy that focused on rearming. Unlike Schachts prior intentions of a deficit balanced economy. Schacht Resigned. Hermann Gring becomes Economics dictator. Big Business. Salary boosts, showing the Nazi Partys commitment to big business and the necessity for them. Anschluss. Under Hitlers reformed Army, Austria is annexed by Germany.

1938, August Nazi-Soviet Pact. Hitler and Stalin agree on terms to carve Poland up between the two nations. 1938, September Mnich Conference. Hitler gains the Sudetenland over threats made, appeasement is seen to have brought peace to Europe. 1938, November Kristallnacht. Large attack on Jews throughout Germany. 1939, March Germany invades Czechoslovakia. European nations wait for further actions taken by Germany. 1939, September Germany invades Poland. Using the technique of Blitzkrieg, Germany storm through Poland, provoking World War Two to begin on the third of September. 1939, September Hitler Youth becomes compulsory. German youth are subjected to forced membership to the Hitler Youth. 1940 Germany conquer the majority of Europe. Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France are conquered, the United Kingdom fear Nazi invasion. 1941, June Germany invade USSR. Volksgemeinschaft is in effect, however, the extermination of the Jewish race is slow. 1942, January Wannsee Conference. Full war-time economy is established. The Final Solution of the Jewish Question is decided upon. 1943, January Stalingrad Defeat. German forces are pushed back and the war turns against Germany, the economy starts to falter. 1944, November Edelweiss Pirates executed. As resistance to Nazi attempts to indoctrinate the youth of Germany, rebels are executed. Members of these splinter groups were not members of the compulsory Hitler Youth. 1945, May Nazi Germany are defeated. Germany surrender after Adolf Hitler commits suicide.