2013/2014 1

STOICHIOMETRIC
CALCULATIONS
2
Concentration Expression
Basic units to describe the total amount of
chemical species.
Example:


g Na
2
SO
4
= moles x F wt. = moles x 142.04 g/mol
3
Cont
Note:
g/mol is the same as mg/mmol,
g/L the same as mg/ml, and
mol/L the same as mmol/mL.
4
Periodic table
5
Exercises..
Calculate the number of moles in 500 mg
Na
2
WO
4.
(Ans:0.00170 mol)
How many grams are in 0.1 mol of NaOH ?
(Ans:4g)
How many milligrams are in 0.250 mmol
Fe
2
O
3
? (Ans:39.9 mg)


6
2013/2014 2
Molarity
1 mole of substance in 1 L (dm
3
) of a
solution




Millimoles (mmol) = Molarity x mL
Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution (L)
Amount of solute (mol solute)
Volume of solution (ml)/ 10
3
Mass of solute (g) / F wt. (gmol
-1
)
=
7
Examples
1. How many moles of solute are present in 1.5dm
3
of
0.70M sodium hypochlorite?
Ans: 1.05 mol NaClO
2. One saline solution contains 0.90g NaCl in exactly 100ml
of solution. What is the molarity of the solution?
Ans: 0.15 M
3. You have 10.8 g potassium nitrate. How many mL of
solution will make this a 1.4 M solution?
Ans: 76.3 ml
4. How many grams per milliliter of NaCl are contained in a
0.250 M solution?
Ans: 0.0146 g/ml
5. How many grams Na
2
SO
4
should be weighed out to
prepare 500mL of a 0.100 M solution?
Ans: 7.10 g
8
Molality
The number of moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent.
Molality (m) =
Kg of Solvent
mol of solute
1 kg water = 1 L water
mass of solvent only
kg 1
mol 0.25
0.25m =
9
Examples
1. Find the molality of a solution containing
75 g of MgCl
2
in 250 mL of water.
Ans: 3.2 m MgCl
2

2. How many grams of NaCl are required to
make a 1.54m solution using 0.500 kg of
water.
Ans: 45.0 g NaCl
10
9. Normality


*** http://faculty.chemeketa.edu/lemme/CH%20122/handouts/normality.pdf
11
Normality
Is the number of equivalent (eq) per unit volume .
Normality,

Equivalent weight (EW) is defined as the ratio of a chemical species
formula weight (FW) to the number of its equivalents;
Equivalent weight,

An equivalent represents the mass of reacting units (proton or
electron).
Number of equivalent of a substance (eq) from the number of gram
can be calculated by:


Therefore the normality of the solution can be calculated by:



It is an older unit of concentration that is frequently ignored in todays
laboratory
eq
FW
EW =
mL
meq
L
eq
N = =
) / ( ) / ( meq mg wt eq
mg
meq
eq g wt eq
g
eq = =
L
eq g wt eq g
L
eq
N
) / ( /
= =
mL
meq mg wt eq mg
mL
meq
N
) / ( /
= =
12
2013/2014 3
Calculate the equivalent weights and
normality of the following substances :
98.2g/L of KMnO
4
(Mn(VII)) is reduced to
Mn
2+
MnO
4
-
+ 8H
+
+ 5e
-
Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
EW = 158.04 g/mol = 31.608 g/eq
5 eq /mol

Normality = 98.2 g/L = 3.1 N
31.608 g/eq

Example
13
Concentrations of Solutions
For very dilute solutions

Part per million (ppm)
ppm =
volume solution (L)
mass solute (mg)
Part per billion (ppb)


ppb =
volume solution (L)
mass solute (g)
14
Examples
2. What is concentration (in ppm) of K
+
in 0.025 M
K
2
SO
4
solution?
ppm
L
K mg
g
mg
K 1mol
g
SO K mol
K mol
L
SO K mol
1955
1955
1000 10 . 39
1
2 02500 . 0
4 2
4 2
=
=
|
|
.
|


\
|
|
|
.
|


\
|
|
|
.
|


\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
1. How many grams of Zinc are required to prepare
a 125ml solution which the concentration is
1.25 ppb.
Ans: 0.156 g
15
5.1034 g KH
2
PO
4
were dissolved in 250ml solution.
Calculate: (K=39.1, H=1, P=31, O=16)
a) What is the molarity of the solution?
(Ans: 0.15 M)
b) ppm of PO
4
of the solution? (Ans: 14250 ppm)
c) ppm of K of the solution? (Ans: 5865 ppm)
d. ppm of H of the solution? (Ans: 300 ppm)
e) ppm of P of the solution? (Ans: 4650 ppm)

Exercises..
16
1. Weight/Weight Percent (w/w%)
2. Volume/Volume Percent (v/v%)
3. Weight/Volume Percent (w/v%)

These units express concentration as units of solute per 100 units of
sample

A weight/weight percent is defined as:


A volume/volume percent is defined as:


A weight/volume percent is defined as:


Example: A solution in which a solute has a concentration of
23% w/v contains 23g of solute per 100 ml of solution.


100 % / =
solution of grams
solute of grams
w w

100 % / =
solution of volume
solute of volume
v v

100 % / =
solution of volume
solute of grams
v w
17
Example
A sample weighing 1.2304 g contains
0.1012 g iron.

Percentage of iron (w/w) = 0.1012 X 100
1.2304
= 8.22 %

OR

82.2 ppt iron, 82200 ppm iron
18
2013/2014 4
Exercise
A sample weighing 1.3535 g contains
0.4701 g .Calculate the % Fe in the
sample. What is the Fe content in ppt
and ppm?
(Ans:Fe=34.73%; 347. 3 ppt; 3.473 x 10
5

ppm)
19
Exercise
Calculate the molar concentrations of 1.00
ppm solution each of Li
+
and Pb
2+
(Ans :1.44x10
-4
mol/L Li; 4.83X10
-6
mol/L Pb)
A 2.6 g sample of plant tissue was analyzed
and found to contain 3.6 g zinc. What is the
concentration of zinc in the Plant in ppm ? In
ppb?
(Ans:1.4g/g; 1.4x10
3
ng/g)
What weight of Pb(NO
3
)
2
will have to be
dissolved in 1 liter of water to prepare a 100
ppm Pb
2+
solution?
(Ans: 0.137 g)
20
Example
Calculate molar concentration of HNO
3

(63.0g/mol) in a solution: specific gravity of
1.42 and is 70% HNO
3
(w/w).

Tips:
Given 70% (w/w) HNO
3
70g HNO
3
/ 100 g
solution
Need to convert to molarity of HNO
3

Moles HNO
3
per liter solution
Specific Gravity g / mL
21
Solution

g HNO
3
= 1.42 g reag x 10
3
mL reag x 70 g HNO
3

L reag mL reag 1 L reag 100g reag

= 994 g HNO
3

L reagent
Mol HNO
3
= 994 g HNO
3
x 1 mol = 15.8 mol
L reagent L reagent 63 g HNO
3
L

= 16 M
22
Exercise
How many mL of 94.0% (g/100g)
H
2
SO
4
, density 1.831 g/ml, are
required to prepare 1 L of 0.100 M
solution? (FW: H
2
SO
4
= 98.1g/mol)
(Ans: 5.7 mL)

23
Dilution
The desired molarity solutions are often
prepared from concentrated stock
solutions by adding water.
M
1
x

V
1
= M
2
x

V
2

Moles of solute = moles of solute
before dilution after dilution
24
2013/2014 5
Making a
Dilute
Solution
Concentrated
solution
remove
sample
Diluted solution
same number of
moles of solute
in a larger volume
mix
25
Examples
1. How many mililiters of aqueous 2.00 M
MgSO
4
solution must be diluted with H
2
O
to prepare 100 mL of aqueous 0.400 M
MgSO
4
.

M
1
= 2.00 M MgSO
4

M
2
= 0.400 M MgSO
4

V
1
= ??
V
2
= 100 mL

V
1
= 0.400 M X 100 mL = 20 mL MgSO
4
2.00 M
26

28.9 M (0.075L) = 0.100 M (15.0 L)


2.1675 mol HAVE > 1.5 mol NEED
2. You have 75 mL of conc. HF (28.9 M);
you need 15.0 L of 0.100 M HF. Do you
have enough to do the experiment?
Cont
27
Exercise
You wish to prepare a calibration curve
for the spectrophotometric determination
of permanganate.You have a stock 0.100
M solution of KMnO4 and a series of 100
mL volumetric flasks. What volumes of
the stock solution wll you have to pipet
into flasks to prepare standards of 0.001,
0.002, 0.005, 0. 010 M KMnO
4
solutions?
28
Stoichiometric : relationship btwn the no.
of moles of reactants & product as shown
by a balanced equation.

Example :
2NaI + Pb (NO
3
) PbI
2
+ 2NaNO
3


Can calculate the quantity of the reactant
& product, limiting/excess reactants etc.
Definition
30
2013/2014 6
1. Calculate how many moles O
2
are required to
completely react with 3.5g of H
2
?
O
2
+ 2H
2
2 H
2
O



2. Calculate how many grams of ammonia are
produced when you react 2.00g of nitrogen with
excess hydrogen.
N
2
+ 3 H
2
2 NH
3

3.5 g H
2
1 mol H
2
1 mol 0
2

2.0 g H
2
2 mol H
2
= 0.875 mol O
2

Stoichiometric Calculations
= 2.4g
2.00 g N
2
1 mol N
2
2 mol NH
3
17.06g NH
3

28.02 g N
2
1 mol N
2
1 mol NH
3
31
Exercises
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
6H
2
O + 4NO

a) How many moles of H
2
O are produced if 0.176
mol of O
2
are used? (Ans: 0.2112 mol H
2
O)

b) How many grams of H
2
O are produced if 1.9
mol of NH
3
are combined with excess oxygen?
(Ans: 51.4 g H
2
O)

c) How many grams of NO can be made from 120
g of NH
3
? (Ans: 211 g NO)



32
Limiting Reagents
Caution: this stuff is difficult to follow at first.
Be patient.
33
The reactant which runs out first = LIMITING
REACTANT
Once it runs out, the reaction s.

That reactant is said to be in EXCESS (there is too
much).

Limiting Reactant Excess Reactant
Used up in a reaction

Determines the amount
of product
Added to ensure that
the other reactant is
completely used up
Cont
34
Example
2 NH
3
+ 3 CuO ---> N
2
+ 3 Cu + 3 H
2
O
18.1 g 90.4 g
Which reactant is limiting (LR), which is in excess
(ER), and how much N
2
is produced?
Solution:
CuO = (90.4 g /80 gmol
-1
) / 3 = 0.38 mol
NH
3
= (18.1 g /17 gmol
-1
) / 2 = 0.53 mol



CuO = LR
NH
3
= ER
90.4 g CuO 1 mol CuO

1 mol N
2
28 g N
2

80 g CuO 3 mol CuO

1 mol N
2
= 10.55 g N
2

35
90.4 g CuO 1 mol CuO

2 mol NH
3
17 g NH
3

80 g CuO 3 mol CuO

1 mol NH
3
= 12.81 g NH
3
USED
Can we find the amount of excess NH
3
? How??

18.1 g NH
3
12.81 g NH
3
= 5.29 g NH
3
(EXCESS)
Given amount
of excess
reactant
Amount of
excess
reactant
actually used
Note : started with the
limiting reactant! Once you
determine the LR, you
should only start with it!
Cont
36
2013/2014 7
Exercises
79.1 g of zinc react with 0.90 L of 2.5M
HCl to produce hydrogen gas.
a) Write a balanced equation.

b) Identify the limiting and excess
reactants.

c) How many liters of hydrogen are
formed at STP?
(At STP : 1 mol gas = 22.4 dm
3
)

Ans: LR = HCl, ER = Zn
Ans: 25 L H
2
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
37 38
The theoretical yield of a chemical
reaction is the calculated quantity of
product in the reaction.
The actual yield is the amount you
actually get when you carry out the
reaction.
Actual yield will be LESS than the
theoretical yield, for many reasons
can you name some?
Yields of Chemical Reactions

actual yield
Percent yield = 100
theoretical yield
39
Example
When 45.8 g of K
2
CO
3
react with excess
HCl, 46.3 g of KCl are formed. Calculate
the theoretical and % yields of KCl.
K
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2KCl + H
2
O + CO
2

45.8 g
? g
actual: 46.3 g
40
45.8 g
K
2
CO
3

1 mol
K
2
CO
3

138.21 g
K
2
CO
3

= 49.4g
KCl
2 mol
KCl
1 mol
K
2
CO
3

74.55
g KCl
1 mol
KCl
K
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2KCl + H
2
O + CO
2

45.8 g ? g
actual: 46.3 g
Theoretical Yield
Cont
41
Theoretical Yield = 49.4 g KCl
% Yield =
46.3 g
49.4 g
100 = 93.7%
K
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2KCl + H
2
O + CO
2

45.8 g
49.4 g
actual: 46.3 g
Cont
42
2013/2014 8
Exercise
What is the % yield of H
2
O if
138 g H
2
O is produced from 16 g
H
2
and excess O
2
?
[Ans: % yield = 96.7%; 143 g (theoretical value)]

43