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1. Affectivity: Intrinsic personality factors. 2. Affective domain of a second language. 3. Ernest Hilgard: Purely cognitive theories of learning will be rejected unless a role is assigned to affectivity (1963, p.267).
Willingness to Communicate
13. Willingness to communicate: Predisposition to communicate; e.g. staying away from communicating when the choice is given. 14. Unwillingness: Shyness. 15. Affecting factors: Self-confidence.
Inhibition
16. Sets of defenses built to protect the ego: concept of oneself. a. Newborn: There is not concept of its own self. b. Childhood: There is a concept being created. A system of values is being created. c. Adolescence: The teenager builds defenses to protect a fragile ego (values system, concept of oneself self-esteem). d. Adulthood: The process of building defenses is continued. 17. Language Ego: The very personal and egoistic nature of second language acquisition. a. An adaptive ego enables learners to lower the inhibitions that may impede success.
Experiments:
Goal Less inhibition from students. Goal Less inhibition from students. Experiment Students were given some alcohol. Experiment Students were hypnotized by chemical relaxant. Results Their pronunciation improved Results Non-significant results
Notes: Empathy and inhibition are closely linked. Notes: Pronunciation is a poor indicator of overall language competence. 18. Language teaching: Elaborating contexts in which students take risks.
Risk Taking
19. Risk Taking: Students need to be willing of taking risks and being wrong. 20. Fear of risk taking: a. In the classroom: Bad grades, failing exams, punishments, embarrassment, bad attitude from others. b. Outside classroom: Looking ridiculous, not being able to communicate, loss of identity. 21. Teachers role: To stimulate self-confidence by acclimating students to target language world.
Anxiety
22. Anxiety: The subjective feeling of tension, apprehension, nervousness; uneasiness. a. Trait Anxiety: The global level of anxiety. It is the predisposition to be anxious about many things. b. State Anxiety: To be anxious to some particular event or act. c. Teachers role: To determine if a students anxiety is global or specific. 23. Language Anxiety: a. Communication apprehension, arising from learners inability to adequately express mature thoughts and ideas. b. Fear of negative social evaluation, arising from a learners need to make a positive social impression on others. c. Test anxiety or apprehension over academic evaluation. 24. Language Anxiety: Negative effect on language learning process. 25. Debilitative Anxiety: Harmful anxiety. 26. Tension: Neutral anxiety. 27. Facilitative Anxiety: Helpful anxiety. Just enough tension to get the job done. Closely related to competitiveness (motivation). 28. Linguistic Deficit Coding Hypothesis (LCDH): First language deficits (language codes) Foreign language-learning difficulties. 29. Anxiety: Fear to negative evaluation; lower ability than others.
Empathy
30. Empathy: Put yourself in my shoes!; understanding others personality and feelings 31. Transaction: Is the process of reaching out beyond the self to others. 32. Development and exercising of empathy: a. To know ones own feelings (to know yourself)
b. Identification with another person (to know someone else). 33. Communication and empathy: Language is one of the primary means of empathizing, and communication requires a sophisticated degree of empathy in order to communicate effectively. It is required to transcend own ego boundaries. a. Oral communication: Immediate feedback from the hearer. b. Written communication: A cognitive empathy is required from the writer.
Extroversion
34. Extroversion: An extent in which a person needs an ego enhancement; to receive affirmation from others. 35. Extroverts: They need other people to feel good. They are not necessarily loudmouthed and talkative. They act in an extroverted manner in order to protect ego: High defensive barriers and high ego boundaries (low empathy). 36. Introversion. An extent in which a person does not need ego enhancement. 37. Introvert: They can have inner strength of character that extroverts do not have (high empathy).