Fundamental Waveguide

Theory
UCF
Types of Waveguides
1. TEM and quasi-TEM waveguides
2. Metallic waveguides (TE and TM modes)
3. Dielectric waveguides (TE, TM, TEM or
hybrid modes)
UCF
TEM and Quasi-TEM Waveguides
TEM:
Quasi TEM:
Coaxial
Strip Line
Rectangular Coaxial
r
c
r
c
r
c
Microstrip Line Slot Line
Coplanar Line
UCF
Metallic Waveguides
Rectangular waveguide
Circular waveguide
UCF
Dielectric Waveguides
Ridge waveguide
1 r
c
2 r
c
Fiber
Planar dielectric
waveguide
c
r
1 r
c
2 r
c
UCF
Modes in Waveguides (1)
Modes: certain field patterns that can
propagate independently
TEM mode: Transverse Electromagnetic
mode. All the fields are in the cross
section or there are no E
z
and H
z
components
UCF
Modes in Waveguides (2)
TE modes: transverse electric modes
Electric fields are in the cross section (or
no E
z
component).
Only H
z
component in the longitudinal
direction. Also called H modes
TM modes: transverse magnetic modes
Magnetic fields are in the cross section (or
no H
z
component).
Only E
z
component in the longitudinal
direction. Also called E modes
UCF
Conditions for the Existence of
TEM Modes
At least two perfect electric conductors
Dielectric distribution in the cross
section is homogeneous
Note: TEM line can have higher order
TE and TM modes
Yes
Yes
No
No
UCF
Quasi-TEM Line
Some planar waveguide structure with
inhomogeneous dielectric distribution.
, But ,
0 =
z
E
0 =
z
H
t z
E E <<
t z
H H <<
r
c
r
c
Microstrip Line Slot Line
Coplanar Line
r
c
UCF
Basic Waveguide Theory (1)
z z t
E a E E + =
z z t
H a H H + =
Equivalent
Generalized
Fourier Transform
) ( ) , ( z V y x
m
m
tm t
= e E
) ( ) , ( z I y x
m
m
tm t
= h H
with
UCF
Basic Waveguide Theory (2)
) (
) (
0
z I Z jk
dz
z dV
m m zm
m
=
) (
) (
0
z V Y jk
dz
z dI
m m zm
m
=
m
m
Y
Z
0
0
1
= isthecharacteristicimpedanceofthem
th
mode
zm
k
isthepropagationconstantofthem
th
mode
UCF
Basic Waveguide Theory (3)
z jk
m
z jk
m m
zm zm
e B e A z V + =

) (
Forward
Wave
Backward
Wave
eff zm
zm
eff
k k
k
k
c c
2
0
2
2
0
) ( = =
EffectiveRelativeDielectricConstantofthem
th
mode
Themodewiththelargestiscalledthedominantmode.
eff
c
UCF
TEM Mode (1)


z y x
z y x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V a a a
V + V =
z t
Let
Maxwells Equations

= V
= V
= V
= V
0
0
t
t
t t
t t
j
j
H
E
E H
H E
ec
e

= V
= V
= V
= V
0
0
H
E
E H
H E
ec
e
j
j
0 =
z
E
0 =
z
H
TEM mode
UCF
TEM Mode (2)
0 ) ( = V = V + V
t t t t z t
j E H E e
=
c
c
t t z
j
z
H E a e ) (
t
t
z
j
z
H
E
a e =
c
c
) (
0 ) ( = V = V + V
t t t t z t
j H E H ec
=
c
c
t t z
j
z
E H a ec ) (
t
t
z
j
z
E
H
a ec =
c
c
) (
0
0
= V
= V
t t
t t
H
E
UCF
TEM Mode (3)
From
The fields in the cross-section are similar to
2-D electrostatic & 2-D magnetostatic fields
for TEM mode even if actual operating
frequency can be very high.
0
0
0
0
= V
= V
= V
= V
t t
t t
t t
t t
H
H
E
E
UCF
TEM Mode (4)
u V =
t t
E
}
=
2
1
12
l E d V
Forvoltage
}
= l H d I
Forcurrent
0
2
= u V
t
Laplace Equation
Let
UCF
TEM Mode (5)
) (
1
) (
z j
j
z
t
z t t
t
z
c
c
= =
c
c

E
a H H
E
a
e
e
) ( =
c
c

t
t
z
j
z
E
H
a ec
t
t
z z
j
z z j
E
E
a a ec
e
=
(

c
c

c
c
) (
1
t
t
z z
z
E
E
a a c e
2
2
2
) ( =
c
c

t z z
t t
z z
z z
E a a
E E
a a c e
2
2
2
2
2
) ( ) ( =
c
c

c
c

0 ) (
2
2
=
c
c

z
t
z z
E
a a
0
2
2
2
= +
c
c

t
t
k
z
E
E
c e
2 2
= k
0
2
2
2
= +
c
c
t
t
k
z
H
H
where
where
Likewise
UCF
TEM Mode (6)
z jk
t t
z
e y x

= ) , ( e E
z jk
t t
z
e y x

= ) , ( h H
z
jk
z
=
c
c

0
2
2
2
= +
c
c
t
t
k
z
E
E
0 ) (
2
2
=
t z
k k e
0 =
t
e
2
2

z
k k =
0
2
2
2
= =
z c
k k k
2 2 2
y x c
k k k + =
For +z direction propagation mode, we have
Since
For TEM mode
From
Or:
where
UCF
TEM Mode (7)
For +z direction propagating TEM mode: jkz
e y x

= ) , ( e E
jkz
e y x

= ) , ( h H
V
t
V = e
0
2
= V V
t
) (
1

z j
t
z t
c
c
=
E
a H
e
From:
q e
e a
h E a H

= =
z
z
j
jk

wave impedance of the media
inside the TEM waveguide
c
e
q = =
k
jk
z
=
c
c
UCF
TE, TM and Hybrid Modes (1)
From

= V
= V
= V
= V
0
0
H
E
E H
H E
ec
e
j
j

= + V
= + V
0
0
2 2
2 2
H H
E E
k
k
For z component:

= + V
= + V
0
0
2 2
2 2
z c z t
z c z t
H k H
E k E
since
2 2 2 2
2
2
,
z c z
k k k k
z
= =
c
c

= + V
= + V
0
0
2 2
2 2
z z
z z
H k H
E k E
or
UCF
TE, TM and Hybrid Modes (2)
From H E e j = V

=
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

= +
c
c

z
x
y
y
z
x z
x y z
z
H j
y
E
x
E
H j
x
E
E jk
H j E jk
y
E
e
e
e
E H ec j = V

=
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

= +
c
c
z
x
y
y
z
x z
x y z
z
E j
y
H
x
H
E j
x
H
H jk
E j H jk
y
H
ec
ec
ec
For a mode propagating in +z direction:
z
jk
z
=
c
c
UCF
TE, TM and Hybrid Modes (3)
y
H
k
jk
x
E
k
j
H
x
H
k
jk
y
E
k
j
H
x
H
k
j
y
E
k
jk
E
y
H
k
j
x
E
k
jk
E
z
c
z z
c
y
z
c
z z
c
x
z
c
z
c
z
y
z
c
z
c
z
x
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
ec
ec
e
e
Or
z t
c
z
z t z
c
z t z
c
z t
c
z
H
k
jk
E
k
j
H
k
j
E
k
jk
V

+ V

=
V + V

=
2 2
2 2
a H
a E
t
t
ec
e
UCF
Auxiliary Potential Approach
y
F k
x
A
H
x
F k
y
A
H
x
F
y
A k
E
y
F
x
A k
E
z z z
y
z z z
x
z z z
y
z z z
x
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c

c
c
=
ec
ec
c ec
c ec
1
1
1
1
Actually:
0 , 0
2 2 2 2
= + V = + V
z c z t z c z t
F k F A k A
z
c
z z
c
z
F
k
j H A
k
j E
ec ec
2 2
, = =
In Balaniss book:
Balaniss | is my k .
UCF
TE Modes (1)
0
0
1
1
2 2
2
= + V
=
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
z c z t
z
c
z
z
z z
y
z z
x
z
y
z
x
F k F
A
k
j H
E
y
F k
H
x
F k
H
x
F
E
y
F
E
ec
ec
ec
c
c
0
0
2 2
2
2
2
2
= + V
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
z c z t
z
z
c
z
y
z
c
z
x
z
c
y
z
c
x
H k H
E
y
H
k
jk
H
x
H
k
jk
H
x
H
k
j
E
y
H
k
j
E
e
e
z t
c
z
z
z
z t z
c
H
k
jk
k
H
k
j
V

=
=
V =
2
2

t
t
t
H
H a
a E
e
e
UCF
TE Modes (2)
y
h
k
jk
h
x
h
k
jk
h
x
h
k
j
e
y
h
k
j
e
h k h
z
c
z
y
z
c
z
x
z
c
y
z
c
x
z c z t
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
= + V
2
2
2
2
2 2
0
e
e
t t t
t
h a h a e
h
= =
V

=
z TE z
z
z t
c
z
Z
k
h
k
jk
e
2
z jk
z
e y x

= ) , ( e E
z jk
z
e y x

= ) , ( h H
For a mode propagating
in +z direction:
z
TE
k
Z
e
=
characteristic impedance
of TE modes
+Boundary Conditions
UCF
TM Modes (1)
0
0
1
1
2 2
2
= + V
=
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
z c z t
z
c
z
z
z
y
z
x
z z
y
z z
x
A k A
A
k
j E
H
x
A
H
y
A
H
y
A k
E
x
A k
E
ec

ec
ec
0
0
2 2
2
2
2
2
= + V
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
z c z t
z
z
c
y
z
c
x
z
c
z
y
z
c
z
x
E k E
H
x
E
k
j
H
y
E
k
j
H
y
E
k
jk
E
x
E
k
jk
E
ec
ec
t
t
t
E a
a H
E
=
V

=
V

=
z
z
z t z
c
z t
c
z
k
E
k
j
E
k
jk
ec
ec

2
2
UCF
TM Modes (2)
z jk
z
e y x

= ) , ( e E
z jk
z
e y x

= ) , ( h H
For a mode propagating
in +z direction:
x
e
k
j
h
y
e
k
j
h
y
e
k
jk
e
x
e
k
jk
e
e k e
z
c
y
z
c
x
z
c
z
y
z
c
z
x
z c z t
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
= + V
2
2
2
2
2 2
0
ec
ec
t t t
t
E a E a h
e
= =
V

=
z
TM
z
z
z t
c
z
Z k
e
k
jk
1
2
ec
ec
z
TM
k
Z =
characteristic impedance
of TM modes
+Boundary Conditions
UCF
Hybrid Modes
z jk
z
e y x

= ) , ( e E
z jk
z
e y x

= ) , ( h H
For a mode propagating
in +z direction:
y
h
k
jk
x
e
k
j
h
x
h
k
jk
y
e
k
j
h
x
h
k
j
y
e
k
jk
e
y
h
k
j
x
e
k
jk
e
z
c
z z
c
y
z
c
z z
c
x
z
c
z
c
z
y
z
c
z
c
z
x
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
ec
ec
e
e
z t
c
z
z t z
c
z t z
c
z t
c
z
h
k
jk
e
k
j
h
k
j
e
k
jk
V

+ V

=
V + V

=
2 2
2 2
a h
a e
t
t
ec
e

= + V
= + V
0
0
2 2
2 2
z c z t
z c z t
h k h
e k e
+Boundary Conditions
UCF
Phase Velocity and Group Velocity (1)
For a single frequency:
z jk
z
e

) cos( z k t
z
e
Phase velocity: the velocity of constant phase plane (et-k
z
z=const)
z
p
k
v
e
=
UCF
Phase Velocity and Group Velocity (2)
Waveguide
z jk
z
Ae

| |
t j
e t f
t t f
0
) ( Re
) cos( ) (
0
e
e
=
) (t s
) (
0
e e F
| | ) ( ) ( e F t f = F
z jk
z
Ae F S

= ) ( ) (
0
e e e
}
}
}
+

+

=
=
(

=
m
m
z
m
m
d e AF
d e S
d e S t s
z k t j
t j
t j
e e
e e
e
e e
e e
e
e
e e e
t
e e
t
e e
t
0
0
0
0
] ) ( Re[
2
1

] ) ( Re[
2
1

) ( Re
2
1
) (
) (
0
m
e
m
e
) (e F
e
UCF
Phase Velocity and Group Velocity (3)
}
+

=
m
m
z
d e AF t s
z k t j
e e
e e
e
e e e
t
0
0
] ) ( Re[
2
1
) (
) (
0
Expand
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
0 0
0 0
0
0
e e
e
e
e e
e
e e
e e
e e
+ ~
+ + =
=
=
d
dk
k
d
dk
k k
z
z
z
z z

Let
0
0
0 0
'
) (
e e
e
e
=
=
=
d
dk
k
k k
z
z
z z
) ( ) (
0
'
0 0
e e e + =
z z z
k k k
UCF
Phase Velocity and Group Velocity (4)
| |
| |
| |
) cos( ) (
) ( Re
] ) ( Re[
2

] ) ( Re[
2
1
) (
0 0
'
0
) ( '
0
) (
) (
0
0 0
'
0 0 0
0
0
0
'
0 0
z k t z k t Af
e z k t f A
dp e p F e
A
d e e AF t s
z z
z k t j
z
p z k t j z k t j
z k k j t j
z
m
m
z z
m
m
z z
=
=
=
=

+
}
}
e
t
e e e
t
e
e
e
e
e e
e e
e e e
Information with group velocity
Carrier with phase velocity
0
1
'
1
) (
0
0 0
e e
e
e
=
= =
=
d
dk
k
v
k k
z
z
g
z z
0
0
z
p
k
v
e
=
0
e e = p
UCF
) cos( ) (
0 0
'
0
z k t z k t f
z z
e
Phase Velocity and Group Velocity (5)
z t
UCF
Cutoff Frequency in
Metallic Waveguide
0
2 2 2
= =
c z
k k k
c
k
Find cutoff frequency
c t
c
c
f k 2 =
z jk
z
e

For
When
, 0
2
<
z
k the mode is an evanescent mode.
c t 2
c
c
k
f =
From
is cutoff wavenumber.
c,
cutoff frequency
UCF
Degenerate Modes
If two or more modes have the same eigenvalue
(propagation constant kz) but different
eigenvectors (field patterns), they are called
degenerate modes.