ENGO 431

AYMAN HABIB

ENGO 431 Sample Questions: Chapters 1-4 Chapter 1: Introduction to Photogrammetry 1. What is the core conceptual difference between the traditional and contemporary definitions of photogrammetry as discussed in the course notes? 2. What is the objective of photogrammetry? List some of its fields of application. 3. What is the difference photogrammetry? between metric photogrammetry and interpretative

4. What are the basic differences between an image and a map? 5. Can you reconstruct object space from a single photograph? Illustrate your answer using simple sketches. 6. What is the advantage of constructing object space from block adjustment as opposed to stereo-processing? 7. What are the main differences between analogue and digital imagery? Discuss topics like advantages, media, coordinate systems, sources of imagery, hardware etc. 8. What are the requirements for 3-D viewing of 2-D imagery? 9. What are the different techniques for stereo 3-D viewing? What are the requirements for each method? 10. List the necessary tools required to carry out photogrammetric activities. 11. How is orthogonal projection different from perspective projection? Use sketches to illustrate your answer. 12. What are the general components of a camera? How are these components different for metric and amateur cameras? 13. What is the typical dimension of the portion of the negative within the focal plane of an aerial mapping camera? 14. What is the typical overlap and side-lap between images within a block? What is the motivation behind repeated coverage of the same area on the ground? 15. What is meant by digital photogrammetry? What are the ultimate objectives and main difficulties addressed by digital photogrammetric research? 16. What are the main problems complicating the automatic identification of conjugate points in overlapping images? Chapter 2: Electro-Magnetic Radiation 17. List the major wavebands of the EM radiation. Which one is used in photogrammetry?

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ENGO 431

AYMAN HABIB

18. In a tabular form, briefly define and list the units of measurements for the following EM radiation terms: radiant energy, radiant flux, radiant flux density, irradiance, existence, spectral existence. 19. We can deal with the EM radiation either as a stream of particles or a wave form. Comment on the benefits of using either of these forms. 20. For the EM radiation, the relationship between the speed, frequency, and wavelength is given by: c = * f. This relation implies that a radiation with wavelength = 1 travels twice as fast as a radiation with wavelength = 0.5 1. Do you agree? Why? 21. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the energy carried by the radiation. Support this statement by quoting an example of such radiation. 22. What is meant by a Blackbody? What are the factors that affect its conversion of absorbed heat into radiant energy? Give an example of a blackbody under certain conditions. 23. Explain briefly the background and use of Weins law. 24. What is the basic difference between active and passive sensors? Give two examples of such systems used in remote sensing applications. What type of EM radiation each system (in your examples) uses? 25. What are the main uses of Radio waves in remote sensing? 26. What do the acronyms AM and FM stand for? Briefly state the basic differences and characteristics of the involved EM wavebands in these techniques. 27. In microwave ovens, you can see the light inside the heating compartment through the mesh on the door. Why cant the microwave radiation escape through the same mesh? 28. Explain why active microwave systems are more suited for high resolution remote sensing when compared to passive microwave systems. 29. What are the advantages of Radar remote sensing systems? 30. List some application of an infrared passive sensor. 31. What is the EM radiation used in LiDAR systems? Are they active or passive systems? 32. Satellite remote sensing systems avoid detecting and recording wavelengths in the Ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. Why? What about Gamma rays? 33. Tabulate the advantages and disadvantages of the systems using the following parts of the EMR: visible, infrared, and microwave (passive & active). Chapter 3: Basic Optics 34. Reducing the effect of aberrations and diffraction as well as improving the depth of field and depth of focus of the imaging system have conflicting requirements. Do you agree with this statement? Why? 35. Why is it important to reduce the aberration and distortion effects? 36. What is the function of each of the major camera components? 2 of 4

ENGO 431

AYMAN HABIB

37. What is the conceptual difference between physical and geometric optics? 38. Explain the issues addressed by the law of reflection. 39. Explain the issues addressed by the law of refraction. 40. What is the significance of the critical angle? 41. Compute the critical angle for a light ray given the following indices of refraction: glass = 1.550 and air = 1.000. Clearly state any assumptions used in your formulation. 42. A light ray enters glass, whose refractive index is 1.535, from air, whose refractive index is 1.0005, at an angle of 48o 27'. What is the angle of refraction? 43. Define the following terms: Nodal points, focal points, and focal length. 44. What is the paraxial region and why is it of interest to us? 45. Classify the manifestations and the causes of various lens aberrations. 46. What are the differences between aberrations and distortions? 47. What are the causes of radial lens distortion? List two of its characteristics. Use sketches to illustrate your answer. 48. What causes de-centering lens distortion? Sketch a representative example of such distortion. 49. Define the resolving power of an imaging system. List the factors that affect it. 50. What is meant by the depth of field and depth of focus? What are the factors that affect both of them? How can they be improved for a given camera? 51. What property does Snells law measure? Why is it important in photogrammetry? 52. An aerial camera makes an exposure at a shutter speed of 1/1,000 sec. If the aircraft speed is 500 miles per hour, how far will the aircraft travel during the exposure? 53. Although IMC (Image Motion Compensation) can enhance image detail, some image blurring could exist. Why? 54. An aerial camera with IMC is used to acquire photography at a flying height of 5200 m above ground. The focal length is 153.15 mm. The aircraft is flying at 325 km/hr and an exposure time of 1/250 second is used. How far across the focal plane must film travel during the exposure in order to obtain an image with no image motion blurring? Chapter 4: Film Development 55. What are the basic differences between negative, inverse, and positive films? 56. What are the parts and the function of each part of a B/W photographic film? Use a sketch to explain your answer. 57. What are the main differences between negative and diapositive B/W films? 58. Explain with sketches the steps for developing a B/W negative film. 59. Explain the steps for developing a B/W inverse film.

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ENGO 431 60. What do we mean by primary colors?

AYMAN HABIB

61. What are the results of mixing only two of the primary colors? List all arrangements. 62. To filter out the blue color, what is the color of the used filter? Red color? Green color? 63. Explain with sketches the steps for developing a color negative film. 64. Explain with sketches the steps for developing a color inverse film. 65. List the sensitometric properties of the emulsion used in films. Explain each property. 66. Using an illustrative sketch, explain how the gradation of an emulsion is calculated. In a tabular form, list the different emulsion gradations and their properties. 67. What is meant by the following terms; Resolving power and Dynamic range? 68. What are the factors that affect the resolving power of analogue cameras? Digital cameras? 69. What is the major difference between digital and analogue cameras? List two advantages of each camera over the other. 70. Compare the resolving power and dynamic range of analogue and digital cameras used in aerial photogrammetry. 71. How are the images formed in line cameras? What is the major advantage of such sensor? 72. Although amateur digital frame cameras can have superior dynamic range and comparable geometric resolution to that of analogue metric cameras, still they are not considered suitable for photogrammetric applications. Explain the reasons behind this statement. 73. What is the dynamic range of an 8 bits/pixel B/W digital camera? 74. What is the dynamic range of a 24 bits/pixel color digital camera? 75. What is meant by the geometric resolution of an imaging system? 76. What is meant by the radiometric resolution of an imaging system? 77. What is meant by the spectral resolution of an imaging system? 78. What is the expected shape of an object space straight line in the image space of a frame camera? Why? 79. What is the expected shape of an object space straight line in the image space of a line camera? Why? 80. What are the alternative methodologies for stereo-coverage in line cameras?

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