Organizational behavior

1.1Organisational Structure and Culture: Organizational structure is basically the hierarchical division according to levels within an organization. It may be flat or high depending on the size of the organization. Organizational culture on the other hand is the sum total of an organizations philosophy, expectations, experiences which is often expressed through its interactions with the outside world .Organizational culture rests on the attitudes, beliefs, principles as well as the written and unwritten rules which have been developed through time. There may be different types of organizational structure Tall, Flat or matrix. The tall structure is one with many different hierarchical levels. These types of structures are complex and are generally slow to respond to market changes. The flat structure is one where the middle level of management is almost absent facilitating direct contact between the top level and base level employees. On the other hand matrix type of structure involves managing via multiple reporting line .This helps in management of cross business group functions and so on. 1.2Organizational culture and performance The management of Human resources within the organizations has been a big concern both for HR managers as well as the organizational policy makers. On order to have a satisfied,

motivated, stress free performing workforce the organization must strive for consistency in its structure, system, people as well as on the . Cultures within an organization has positive and negative impact on all aspects such as job satisfaction and employee motivation through the daily proceedings. It is found that structure, leadership, managerial practices and the decision processes positively impacts on the employee motivation. On the other hand excess

centralization, no role in decision-making, little or no opportunity for growth, and high degree of specialization tends to effect employee motivation negatively. For a decent amount of

satisfaction what is necessary is adequate amount of training , decentralization, kind of an open encouraging culture, less rigid structure, participative management, autonomy in work welfare opportunity for personal growth and development, promotion and recognition, supervisory support, employee empowerment, interesting challenging work , good communication, goal

congruence, warmth with variety have positive impact on job satisfaction. Formal communication, lack of information, lack of professional help, job difficulty, lack of adequate organizational policy and administration, lack of supervisory support are few things which negatively effects on the employees and has harmful consequences on the performances.

1.3Memo to Managing Director To, The Managing director, Personality traits of different kinds may positively or negatively influence workplace behavior. It has been often noticed that people who tend to overtly aggressive may not be very suitable for a work place environment. There are different types of personality types for example extrovert and introvert. If a team consists of 5 Members of which 2 are introvert in nature it may hamper team performance. Similarly if all extroverts are put in a team that may lead to a lot of difference of opinions and delay of project. So it is very important to group people in accordance to their type of personality. Emotional stability is also required in the personality of employees. If employees tend to get hysteric then it is not suitable in the work place environment.

2.1 Application

Date: Name of the person you are writing to: Mr. John smith Address (create an address) Dear Sir, There are different types of leadership that may prove to be effective in organizations depending upon the nature of the organization and the situation. There are different types of leadership styles that may be used. One of them is autocratic form of leadership. In autocratic leadership managers have total control of decisions; they take their own decisions and do not consult

anyone from his team or subordinates. Another type of leadership that is very popular is laissez faire style. This is a kind of delegate leadership style, here the group members are free to make their own decisions .However various researches have suggested that this form of leadership results in the least amount of productivity. There are different management theories like scientific management, classical theory of management which shapes up the culture and structure of the organization. The scientific management theory was put forward by Taylor and is one of the most popular theories which is followed by many organizations. Yours sincerely

3.1 Leadership Style In autocratic style of leadership the management has the final say and the employees do not have any say in the decision making process .In Consultancy A where this is being followed along with downsizing of employees is tremendously negatively affecting the morale of all the

employees. The employees who are still with the organization tend to be insecure and they look for viable opportunities elsewhere. Moreover the performance of the employees in the given situation is bound to be very low. In consultancy B where the organization is large and the organization is using laissez faire style ,where employees are delegated responsibilities and they may make their own decisions. In this kind of leadership it has been seen that the performance is affected and low. This is the very reason why they have to recruit more people to sustain the organization which again is large. Productivity of employees here are not up to the mark which may be a major concern. 3.2Maslows theory and Herzbergs theory Maslows Hierarchy of needs and Herzbergs two factor theory happens to be two off the most popular of all motivational theories. Of these two theories Herzbergs theory is more inclined to job satisfaction. He was of the opinion that the various factors and parameters of any job can be broadly classified into two distinct categories. One being the motivational factor whiles the other being hygiene factors. Things such as company policy, supervision or working conditions and

salary fall under hygiene factors, the absence of which may lead to dissatisfaction in the job. On the contrary factors such as the work itself, recognition, achievements are termed as motivational factors which provides with long term satisfactions, where as the hygiene factors provide with short term satisfaction. Maslows theory of needs tells us how people in general try to satisfy their needs in context to their work. He opined that there was a generalist pattern that of needs people follow hierarchically to quench their need thirst. The idea that the theory conveys is that managers should supply or provide with the necessary opportunities as a person tends to advance within an organization ,to the mutual benefit of both the employee and the employer.

3.3Theory X and theory Y In his theory X and theory Y Mc gregor has put forward two opposite ideas of management and leadership styles. Mc Gregor Was of the opinion be given by theory Y rather than theory X. Theory X is authoritarian style of management where the management of employees is very strict since the theory assumes that people have an inherent tendency to dislike work and will try to avoid it at the least possible opportunity. So in order to bring them in line with the organizational objectives it is extremely necessary to control, direct and threaten them of punishment .It also states people have little sense of responsibility and are mostly ambitionless but they seek security above and al everything, Contrary to theory, X is theory Y that suggests, the management should aim at the overall development of an employees key skills and potential and channelize them properly. The theory thus argues that work is as natural as play and rest. People are not lazy and shall themselves strive for the organizational goals even if not prodded continuously. People use their imaginative creativity and genius to solve organizational problems in accordance with their potential. that the managers may use any one of

them based on the need of the situation and the nature of employees, however better results will

4.1Group and team: When three or more people tend to interact towards achievement of a mutual goal and exercise individual differences or agreements, they are said to constitute a group. A team is formed of a group of people who have coordinated their actions over a considerable period of time in order to accomplish an unified goal. A group doesn't necessarily constitute a team because a team requires a coordinated effort. A team is a more specialized in that it includes common resources and collective effort. Characteristics of a group are interdependence, interaction, synergy, common goals, shared norms, and cohesiveness. A group may also be informal, such as 3-12 people that are in a meeting to discuss any form of business problem. Teams

are structured more formally and are sometimes assigned. Teams have a purpose, specific goals, and assigned duties. Teams need to have different members with special roles in order to help achieve a common goal. On the other hand, groups are often comprised of people with similar abilities and goals and may not have participating members with different skill sets. Groups come together more casually and will typically have less structured meetings than teams. A successful business needs both groups and teams in order to function effectively. Groups may come together to solve less complex issues in meetings, while teams will be structured and formed in order to solve more difficult issues that take a longer time to solve. 4.2 Team Performance One of the most important factors that contribute to team performance is cohesiveness. Cohesiveness helps to build on the commitment and willingness to achieve results from the team members. It also helps participation among the team members and helps to solve any and all team conflicts that are likely to happen while working in at team. Another very important factor that affects team performance is communications. A team must develop effective communication techniques among them to work in a coordinated manner. Communications may be in the form o E- mails, intranet present in office or weekly meetings. Communications is vital to solve the project related problems and issues. Effective team performance may be severely affected by team members who are not sincere enough and perform poorly. It is necessary for the team leader here to intervene and clearly

explain to him the deliverables that are expected out of him. If there is some sort of technical problem or knowledge gap it may easily be resolved by a senior team member with necessary experience to do so. Often teams may underperform due to poor leadership skills exhibited by the team leader. The team leader plays a pivotal role for the success of the team .If he is incompetent then chances are the entire team will suffer no matter what.

4.3Impact of technology: Technology has made it possible to unite teams across distances, assemble them to produce results which previously could not be dreamt off. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages that technology brings with it. With the help of technology business communications have become easier, faster and cheaper. It has helped teams to use advanced softwares to assist on their projects to give much more accurate and better results. One disadvantage is that teams are getting more techno logy oriented so if ever technology fails then the entire project may get hampered. Security and loss of potential information may be regarded as another threat or disadvantage. However nowadays technology has also facilitated in creation of virtual teams and organizations .In virtual teams it is not necessary for the team members to know each other or work with each other physically. They do so using various forums over the internet, video conferencing. They may even work with the help of mails and spreadsheets, dissolving the age old concept of a physical workplace. This also helps businesses in saving considerable amount of capital expenditure. Virtual teams are thus a latest addition which is being extensively used these days. It improves performances of the team too.

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