Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF INDUSTRIAL VISIT
AT
WANAKBORI T.P.S.
DATE: 21/10/2013
GUIDEDBY:
SUBMITTED BY:
S.E-I.M.PATEL (TRG)
ANKIT KUMAR
E.E-B.N.JOSHI (TRG)
9th SEMESTER
M.Tech.(DD), EE+EE
Sgvu091123248
PREFACE
The globe is shrinking. The world is taken over by the technicians. A day after day a new
technology arises. A technicians without practical knowledge is zero, dont matter how many
books you have studied. Practical know how is must to be successful. Industrial visit is the
bridge for a student that takes him from the world of theoretical knowledge to that of practical
one.
Industrial visit in a good sector is highly conductive for:1. Development of solid foundation
of knowledge and personality. 2. Confidence building. 3. Pursuit of excellence and discipline. 4.
Enhancement of creativity through motivation and which helps to produce professional and well
trained for the rigorous of the job/society.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Success is the manifestation of motivation inspiration, diligence, perseverance and
innovation for completion any task triumphantly; it required not only help and support of many
but, also constant source of inspiration. The task of executing the project would not have been
possible without the amount of support that is received by E.E, D.E and J.E of the
WANAKBORI THERMAL POWER PLANT. It therefore task of acknowledging the roll that
each one of them played in encouraging us to learn how things work in government sector like
WANAKBORI THERMAL POWER PLANT even more challenging I hope that we will able to
justice to all of them here.
Submitted by:
Arvind Kumar
sgvu091123250
M.Tech. (DD), EE+EE
5th year, 9th sem.
Sec. B (B1)
CONTENT
Overview..06
1 INTRODUCTION...07
1.1Introduction of Wanakbori TPS..07
1.2 E.H.T. Lines from wanakbori TPS.09
1.3 Thermal power station is consisting of mainly five processes..09
1.4 Coal handling plant.10
1.5 Ash handling.11
1.5.1 Bottom Ash system.11
1.5.2 Fly Ash system11
2 MECHANICAL ASPECT...13
2.1Introduction13
2.1.1 Coal and Ash Circuit.13
2.1.2 Air & Gas Circuit..13
2.1.3 Feed water & steam circuit..13
2.1.4 Cooling water circuit.14
2.2 Boiler...14
2..2.1 Classification of boilers.14
3 BOILER PRESSURE PARTS.17
3.1Introduction.17
3.2 Economizer.17
3.3 Boiler drum.18
3.4 Water wall system..16
3.5 Super heater19
3.6 Re-heater.19
4 STEAM TURBINES..20
4.1 Introduction20
4.2 Dematerialized plant.21
5 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR..23
5.1 Introduction23
5.2 Principle of operation23
5.3 Working..24
5.4 Generator...26
5.5 Transformer...27
5.6 Switch yard.28
5.7 Circuit Breaker..29
5.8 Protection29
5.9 Control Room.31
Conclusion.33
OVERVIEW
Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) was established along with the formation of Gujarat
State in the year 1960 under Section 5 of the Electricity (Supply) Act 1948. Starting with a
generation capacity of 315 MW and a consumer base of 1.40 million consumers, GEB today is
the lifeline for over 7.3 million consumers across the State of Gujarat.
During 1970s and 80s, the major thrust was on the supply of electricity in the rural areas.
It was largely due to GEBs unwavering focus on rural electrification that Gujarat became the
first state to achieve the landmark of 100% Electrification of Villages. As per the 1991 Census,
17,940 villages out of a total of 18,028 have been electrified which is close to 100%.
GEB continues to focus on its key objectives of generation, transmission and equitable
distribution of power to achieve an all-round economic growth of the State. Till date it has
installed 1,72,662 (as on 31-03-2003) transformer centers and in the past four decades its per
capita consumption has increased from 48 KWH (In 1960) to 932 KWH (as on 31-03-2003). For
the development of rural areas in the state, GEBs holistic Rural Electrification Programmer
covers electrification of new villages, conversion of villages electrified through Solar system to
conventional method and supplying power to pump sets, paraphrase (Hamlets) and Harijan
Bastis by availing finance mainly from REC., New Delhi and the State Government. GEB stands
committed to build Gujarat as a power hub of the nation.
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Reservoir 60 to 70
Fuel :
A
B
C
D
Diesel Generators:
05 Nos. of Diesel Generators are provided in DG Set House of Wanakbori TPS for Serious
problems like Cascading & Natural Calamities. Any one DG set can be used for any Unit.
[1] Kirloskar makes for emergency buses of Unit # 1 & 4
[2] Kirloskar makes for emergency buses of Unit # 2 & 5
[3] Kirloskar makes for emergency buses of Unit # 3 & 6
[4] Caterpillar make for emergency bus of Unit # 7
[5] Caterpillar makes for emergency bus of Unit # 7
Other Informations:
[1] Height of Chimneys: Stage I & II 150 Mtrs.
Stage III 220 Mtrs.
[2] Height of Cooling Towers -- 112.5 Mtrs
[3] Height of Boiler Structure -- 64 Mtrs.
[4] Daily Average Consumption of LSHS 35 KL
[5] Daily Average Consumption of LDO 04 KL
[6] Daily Consumption of water for Station 1, 60,000 Cubic Meters
[7] Total Length of Conveyor belts 16.1 Kms.
[8] Wagon Tipplers 05 Nos.
58.70km
58.70km
35.77km
65.50km
65.50km
78.50km
27.10km
400 KV Lines
Soja
Dehgam
Asoj
96km
67km
62km
The under mentioned major power-stations are situated in Gujarat and operate in
interconnection with Gujarat Grid.
OWNED BY GSECL:
OWNED BY LICENCEES :
[1]WANAKBORI TPS
[1] SABARMATI [A.E.Co.]
[2] GANDHINAGAR TPS
[2] VATVA [A.E.Co.].
[3]UKAI TPS
[4]DHUVARAN TPS
[5]SIKKA TPS
[6]PANANDHRO TPS
[7]UKAI HYDRO PS
[8]KADANA HYDRO PS
[9]SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO PS
The main purpose of power station is the production of electricity with the highest
efficiency. The efficiency of thermal power station is not highest but from economic point of
view it is suitable for electricity production.
Here, the coal is supplied by the railway to the power plant. This coal is goes for a
crushing. This crushed coal is further pulverized and supplied to boiler
combustion of the coal takes place and it heat the water and produces steam This steam is heated
further and becomes superheat and goes to turbine. Turbine rotates by high temperature and
pressure steam. The generator is coupled with the turbine and produces electricity. The power
plant is based upon Rankine cycle. The four element of power plant are boiler, turbine,
condenser, and feed pump.
electrically charged particles being attracted by around plates. The equipment mainly consists of
precipitation chamber in which the suspended particles are electrified and separated from the fuel
gas. In addition it includes high voltage transformer rectifier unit and rappers and vibrates to
dislodge ash particle from the plates and electrodes and collect them in the ash hopper below.
The entering fuel gate ionized and imparts negative charge to the solid particles. These
are attracted towards the +ve plate which is arounded. Rapping plates mechanism provided to
rape the metal plates at periodic interval for removing the collected ash deposit. There are two
number of precipitator per boiler.
Due to the flow of fly ash is convent from this hoper through this hydro vector due to
vacuum. In this hoper fly ash is mixed with water and is discharged through the transport line by
gravity to the disposal area. This two systems are operated time by time when bottom ash system
is operated at that time fly ash system is closed and vice versa.
Being Coal Based Thermal Power Station Ash dyke availability will be the main concerned.
1.
2.
3.
Ash
generated
per
day
(7x210
Total
area of Land
available
for
Additional land acquired. - 110 Acres.
MW)
-7000
to
ash disposal.-About
8000M.T./day.
600 Acres.
CHAPTER-2
MECHANICAL ASPECT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The general layout of the thermal power plant consists of 4 main. ckts.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Modern thermal power plant using steam as working fluid works basically on the rankine
cycle. Steam is produced in boiler, expanded in prime mover & condensed in condenser and fed
into boiler again. In practice how ever there are numerous modifications and improvement in
cycle so as to affect the heat economy & to increase thermal efficiency of plant.
2.1.1 Coal and Ash circuit:In this circuit, the coal from storage or from crusher house is feet to boiler through belt
conveyor then after the mills in boiler house will makes pulverized fuel required for boiler. Ash
produced as a result of combustion of coal is removed through bottom ash collecting system as
well as fly ash is collected in ESP and bag house collector &, then it is stored and discharged.
2.1.2 Air & Gas Circuit:Air from atmosphere is supplied to combustion chamber of the boiler through the action
of FD and/or ID fans. The air before being supplied to boiler passes through air pre heaters,
where it is heated by flue gases. The dust from air is removed before being supplied to
combustion chamber. The flue gases first passed around the boiler tubes and superheated tubes
in furnace, air pre heaters, through dust collector & then to economizer. Finally they are
exhausted to atmosphere through chimney.
2.1.3 Feed Water & Steam Circuit:The condensate leaving condenser is first heated in closed feed water heater through
extracted stream from lowest pressure extraction point of turbine. This water then passes through
dearater and few more water heater before it goes to boiler through economizer. A small part of
Steam & water (1 to 2 %) is lost in passing through component of system. therefore some feed
Superheated & then it is supplied to p rim em over. The Steam after its expansion in H. P turbine
is taken to reheat in boiler Where it is brought to its original dryness & then being passed
allowed to I. P. & then to L.P. turbine. From L.P. turbine the Steam is condensed in condenser
situated below L.P.
2.1.4 Cooling water Circuit:A large quantity of cooling water is required to condenser the team in condenser & in
maintaining a low pressure in it. The open cycle system of cooling water is used. It is generally
taken from deep Sea & discharged nearby Sea shore. If adequate quantity of cooling water is not
available then closed cycle System has to use.
2.2. BOILER
In simple a boiler may be defined as a closed vessel in which steam is produced from water
by combustion of fuel.
According to American Society of Mechanical Engineers (A.S.M.E.) a steam generating
unit is defined as:
A combination of apparatus for producing, furnishing of recovering heat together with the
apparatus for transferring the heat so made available to the fluid being heated and vaporized.
The steam generated is employed for the following purposes:
i) For generating power in steam engines or steam turbines.
ii) In the textile industries for sizing and bleaching etc. and many other industries like
sugar mills; chemical industries.
iii) For heating the buildings in cold weather and for producing hot water for hot water
supply.
The Primary requirements of steam generators of boilers are:
i) The water must be contained safely.
ii) The steam must be safely delivered in desired condition (as regards its pressure,
temperature, quality and required rate).
2.2.1Classification of boilers:
The boilers may be classified as follows:
1. Horizontal, vertical or inclined
If the axis of the boiler is horizontal, the boiler is called as horizontal, if the axis is
vertical, it is called vertical boiler and if the axis is inclined it is known as inclined boiler.
The parts of a horizontal boiler can be inspected and required easily but it occupies more
space. The vertical boiler occupies less floor area.
2. Fire tube and water tube
In the fire tube boilers, the hot gases are inside the tubes and the water surrounds the
tubes. Examples: Cochran, Lancashire and Locomotive boilers.
In the water tube boilers, the water is inside the tubes and hot gases surround them.
Examples: Babcock and Wilcox, Stirling, Yarrow boiler etc.
3. Eternally fired and internally fired
The boiler is known as externally fired if the fire is outside the shell. Examples: Babcock
and Wilcox boiler, Sterling boiler etc.
In case of internally fired boilers, the furnace is located inside the boiler shell. Examples:
Cochran, Lancashire boilers etc.
4. Stationary and portable
Primarily, the boilers are classified as either stationary (land) or mobile (marine and
locomotive)
Stationary boilers are used for power plant-steam, for central station utility power
plants, for plant process steam etc.
Mobile boilers or portable boilers include locomotive type, and other small units
for temporary use at sites (just as in small coalfield pits).
5. Single tube and multi-tube boilers
The fire tube boilers are classified as single-tube and multi-tube boilers, depending upon
whether the fire tube is one or more than one. The examples of the former type are
Cornish, simple vertical boiler and rests of the boilers are multi-tube boilers.
Essentials of a Good Boiler
A good boiler should possess the following features:
1. The boiler should produce the maximum weight of steam of the required quality at
minimum expenses.
2. Steam production rate should be as per requirements.
3. It should be absolutely reliable.
4. It should occupy minimum space.
5. It should be light in weight.
6. It should be capable of quick starting.
7. There should be an easy access to the various parts of the boiler repairs and inspection.
8. The boiler components should be transportable without difficulty.
9. The installation of the boiler should be simple.
10. The tubes of the boiler should not accumulate soot or water deposits and should be
sufficiently strong to allow for wear and corrosion.
11. The water and gas circuit should be such as to allow minimum fluid velocity (for low
frictional losses).
CHAPTER-3
BOILER PRESSURE PARTS
3.1Introduction:
In a steam generator the parts through which the feed water and steam flows where the
pressure of the system, is much higher then atmospheric pressure, are generally termed as
BOILER PRESSURE PARTS Most of the heat released by the fuel in the Boiler is transferred to
the working fluid (Feed Water/Steam) in these pressure parts. As such these parts form the heat
absorbing/heat recovery surface of the boiler.
The following parts of the Boiler are generally coming under the category of Boiler
Pressure Parts.
1. Economizer
2. Boiler Drum
3. Water Wall System
4. Super heater
5. Re-heater
3.2 Economiser:
REQUIREMENT: Economizer are provided in the boilers to improve the efficiency of the boiler
by extracting the heat from flue gases and add it as either sensible heat alone or sensible heat and
latent heat to the feed water before the water enters the evaporating surface of the boiler.
ADVANTAGES:
Provision of economizer in a boiler brings in two major advantages.
As the economizer recover the heat in flue gas that leaves the boiler and transfer to
working fluid there will be savings in fuel consumption.
As the feed water is preheated in the economizer and enters the boiler tubes at an elevated
temperature (Near to saturation temperature) the heat transfer area required for the
evaporation surface required will be reduced considerably. As such the size of the boiler
also will be reduced.
ECONIMISER TYPES: The economizer, broadly based on whether both sensible and
latent heat are added or only sensible heat is added to the feed water, can be classified as
Steaming Economizer
Non-steaming economizer
3.3Boiler drum:
In a sub-circulation boiler, the drum plays an important functional role. In the erection of a
Power Boiler, the lifting of the boiler drum is the first mile stone activity. The functions of the
drum are.
Separation of saturated steam from the steam-water mixture produced by the evaporating
tubes.
Mixing feed water from economizer and water separated from steam-water mixture, and
re-circulation through the evaporating tubes.
Carrying out blow down for reduction of boiler water salt concentration.
Treatment of boiler water by chemicals.
As the quantity of water contained in the drum below the water level is relatively small
compared to the total steam output, the function of water storage in drum is not
significant.
o A boiler with water walled furnace has many advantages compared to furnace of
any other type.
o The major advantages of water walled furnaces are:
In furnace not only combustion but also heat transfer is taking place simultaneously.
The maintenance work involved in repairing the firebricks (which is otherwise necessary)
is completely eliminated.
Due to heat transfer in the furnace, temperature of the flue gas leaving the furnace is
reduced to the acceptable level of the superheating surfaces.
Higher heat loading in the furnace is possible, as heat is being simultaneously removed
by heat transfer, and hence economy in surfacing.
Providing a Gas tight seal to the combustion chamber to prevent air infiltration.
3.5 Superheaters:
Super heaters are provided in the boiler to raise the steam temperature above the saturation
temperature by absorbing heat from flue gas. Use of superheated steam by a steam turbine brings
in number of advantages.
By increasing the temperature of the steam, the useful energy that can be recovered
economically increases thus the efficiency of the cycle.
Superheating of steam eliminates the condensation of steam during transporting of steam
in pipelines and inside the early stages of turbines which is harmful to the turbine blades
and pipe lines.
Limits the work done by turbine stages to avoid excessive erosion of blades.
For every 38 C of superheat above saturation temperature, the heat gain in station heat
rate is approximately 3%.
3.6Re-heaters:
Development of large capacity steam turbines with more number of stages posed a problem
of retaining the steam within vapour phase till the last stage. It is because even with a larger
steam turbine the inlet steam temperature is kept at 540 C only due to the super heater
limitations. To overcome this problem it becomes necessary to raise the temperature of steam
after part of the energy is extracted from it in the steam turbine. This is called as re heating of
steam which increases the cycle efficiency. This re heating of the steam is done in the boiler,
which supplies super heated steam to the turbine. Itself as the heating surfaces called Re-heaters.
Though the cycle efficiency increases with number of stages of re-heating, it requires
additional equipment and so additional investment, complexity in operation and reduced
availability of such system. This offsets the efficiency gain of the system and hence normally a
single reheat can be economically applied only for capacity above 100 MW and two re-heat for
capacity above 500 MW.
CHAPTER-4
STEAM TURBINES
4.1 Introduction
This steam turbine is a prime-mover in which the potential energy of the steam is
transformed into kinetic energy and latter in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of
rotation of the turbine shaft. The turbine shaft, directly or with the help of a reduction gearing, is
connected with the driven mechanism. Depending on the type of the driven mechanism a steam
turbine may be utilized in most diverse fields of industry, for power generation and for transport.
Transformation of the potential energy of steam into the mechanical energy of rotation on the
shaft is brought about by different means.
1. no loss due to initial condensation of steam.
2. It can utilize high vacuum very advantageously.
Considerable overloads can be carried at the expense of slight reduction in overall efficiency.
Classification of Steam Turbines:
There are several ways in which the turbines may be classified. The most important and
common division being with respect to the action of the steam as:
a) Impulse.
b) Reaction
c) Combination of impulse and reaction
Advantages of Steam Turbine over the Steam Engines:
The following are the principal advantages of steam turbine over steam engines:
3. The thermal efficiency of a steam turbine is much higher than that of a steam engine.
4. The power generation in a steam turbine is at a uniform rate, therefore necessity to use a
flywheel (as in the case of steam engine) is not felt.
5. Much higher speeds and greater range of speed is possible that in case of a steam engine.
6. In large thermal stations where we need higher outputs, the steam turbines prove very
suitable as these can be made in big sizes.
7. With the absence of reciprocating parts (as in steam engine) the balancing problem is
minimized.
8. No internal lubrication is required as there are no rubbing parts in the steam turbines.
9. In a steam turbine there is
Turbine:
Type: Stage I: Three Cylinder, Condensing Tandem Compound Horizontal split, Reheat
Type with Seven Extractions & 30 % HP/LP bypass.
+Ve and Ve ions which are still present in the water. The inlet pressure of the mixed ion bed
container is 2.6 Kg/cm2 and the outlet pressure is 2.4 Kg/cm2.
This water is final deminarlized water which collects in demineralized storage tank
240m3. There are two numbers of DM storage tank in our plant. From this the demenerlized
water is supplied in condensate storage tank (CST). And from that tank the water is supplied to
boiler and other unit.
Power plant generally operated in a closed cycle, it means the working fluid goes on a series
of process, thus changing from once state to another in generating power and final returning to
the initial state. The water from the CST tank is supplied to the condenser and from the
condenser to the hot well. It is then pump in to the system through the heaters, the pump taking
their suction from the hot well and after the water will enter to the L.P.Heater by two control
valves which in turn are operated by the hot well level controller.
From the L.P.Heater the condensate passes to the dearator. It consists of a cylindrical
storage tank upon which is mounted a dearatoring chamber and vent condenser. Dearator reduces
the oxygen contain of the feed water to the value of 0.007 p.p.m and provides the water for the
boiler feed pump at suitable suction head. Under normal condition the dearator tank contains 70
tons of water providing an 11.7 minute supply at maximum continuous rating. Dearator outlet
becomes the suction for boiler feed pump in the common suction header hydrogen and
morpholine dosing is done. The boiler feed pumps are high speed multistage pump. The function
of the boiler feed pump is to delivered feed water from dearator to boiler drum via H.P.Heater
and economizer. There are two number of H.P.Heater are provided. The numbers of the heaters
in the cycle depend upon economic analysis of the system. When the heaters are not in a service
feed water flows through the spring load by pass valves. The feed water from the H.P.Heater is
supplied to the economizer. The function of the economizer is to pre heat the boiler feed water
before it introduce to steam drum, by recovering some of heat of the flue gases leaving the
boiler. The economizer is arranged in between two stages of air heater. The heating surface of
the economizer is 3840 m2. After passing through the economizer feed water enters to the boiler
drum. In our unit boiler drum is made of alloy steel plates and has outside diameter of 1800 mm.
The drum dished ends are provided with man holes and man holes covers. The steam and water
mixture from the water wall is delivered inside the baffle and passes to the cyclones to separate
the steam from the water by imparting a whirling motion to the mixture. The water being
delivered to the inside of baffle, to which large bore down comers are connected. Final
separation is done at the SH separator. The water which are going to down by means of down
comers is again supplied to boiler drum by means of the rising header and riser tube.
CHAPTER-5
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
5.1 Introduction:In thermal power station flue gases of the coal fired boiler contains Ash particles. These
Ash particles are req. to remove from the flue gases before stacking according to environmental
norms. For this purpose special arrangement takes place called precipitations located between
APH oil gas duct& ID fan suction duct. Precipitators are generally of two types:1]Cyclone duct collector: - works on the principle of centrifugal force due to turbulence of flue
due turbulence of flue gas in cyclone chamber. Heavy particles are separated & collected in
collection chamber. This method is used where low precipitation / emission level.
2] Electrostatic precipitator: - This process is based on the principal that neutral particles can be
charged positively or negatively. The particles in gas are in general negatively electrically
charged by a negative corona discharge brought about by a high- tension /low current DC.
The deposition of the Electrons on the particle increases as the square of the voltage
applied between the Electrodes.
5.3 Working:
Works for particles down to 1m Collects 99% of the total mass but only 5% of total
number of particles. Uses about 50,000 Volts
Can also use fabric filters to remove even smaller particles. Works like a filter on a
vacuum cleaner. Removes up to 99.9% of particles. Effective for particles down to 0.1m. A
1000 MW power plant burning 10,000 tons of coal per day can generate 4000 tons per day of
concentrated aqueous waste. Big disposal problem. Account for 10-15% of construction
costs in new power plants. Energy required is 3-7% of plant output
5.4 Generator
A Steam generator generates steam of the desired rate of the desired pressure and
temp. By desired built in its furnace. Steam generator is used in both fossil fuel and nuclear fuel elect .Generating Power Stations. A steam generator used in Steam power plant is a complex
integration of Equipments like furnace, super heater, reheater, boiler or, evaporator, economizer
and airpreheater along with various auxiliaries such as pulverizes burners, fans. Stokers, dust
collector and precipitators, ash-handling equipment and damage or Stock. Apart from
mechanical equipment as electrical equipment such as an exciter connected with generator unit.
Cooling system is also required for proper cooling of generator different parts due to heating.
:-
Industrial Steam generator:Process industries like Sugar, paper, jute and on and institution like hospitals,
commercial and residential building complexes.
3.
Marine Steam Generator:Used in marine ships and ocean liners driven by steam turbines.
5.5 Transformer:
Transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means of which electric power
in one circuit is transformed to electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can
raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current.
In its simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils, which are electrically separated by
magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance as shown in Fig 53. The two coils possess
high mutual inductance. If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an alternating
flux is set up in the laminated core and it produces mutually induced e.m.f. If the second coil
circuit is closed, a current flows in it and so electrical energy is transferred from the first coil to
the second coil. The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the a.c supply mains, is called
primary winding, while the second coil is known as secondary winding.
The necessity of the transformer arises when voltages are required to be changed. For
example, the generated voltage of the alternators will be around 15 KV. It is not economical to
have transmission and distribution systems at this voltage as, for the same power transmitted, the
current will be more when compare to high voltage transmission i.e., as the transmission voltage
increases, for the same power transmitted, the current through the conductor is reduced and
thereby copper losses are reduced. As the current through the conductor is reduced the conductor
diameter can be reduced resulting in saving on the cost of conductor material and on the weight
of the support structures. Thus for stepping up of voltage from the generating voltage to
transmission voltage we need a step up transformer. There are situations where the voltages will
require stepping down also.
The main components of 220 KV switch yard is: Circuit Breakers >A.B.C.B. (Air blast circuit breaker)
Isolator
Bus Bars
Lighting Arrester
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Wave Trapper
Current Transformer
Potential Transformer
Air Compressor
5.7 Circuit Breaker:The Circuit breakers generated generally under over voltage or over current due to any
fault on the line. For operation of circuit beaker the signal is given by relay. The relay sends the
signal to circuit breaker and circuit breaker isolates the faulty section from the line. Generally the
circuit breakers are provided before the equipment for safety. It also put up where bur bars are
sectionalized.
Types of Circuit breaker:o Oil Circuit Breaker
o Air Blast Circuit Breaker
o SF6 Circuit Breaker
o Vacuum Circuit Breaker
A Circuit Breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts, called Electrodes.
Under normal operation, there contacts regain, closed and will not open automatically unless
system becomes faulty. The contacts are moved apart by some mechanism under fault. When the
contacts of circuit breaker are separated under fault conditions, an arc is struck between them.
The current is thus able to continue until the discharge cease.
5.8 Protection:
Generator are the most expansive pieces of equipment ,n the a-c power system, A 210
Mw turbo generator which
auxiliaries costs about 70 Crores rupees; The generator also represent the most complicated unit
& demand extensive protection system comprising a large number of protective relays. The
disconnection of a large generator may overload the rest of the system & cause power oscillator
resulting in an unstable power system. On other hand, failure to clear a fault promptly may cause
extensive damage to the generator. One of the main difficulty with generator protection is that
opening a breaker to isolate the defective generator from system is not enough to prevent further
damage Since generator will continue to supply power its own fault until its field has been
suppressed. It is therefore necessary to remove the Held supply, Shutoff; the steam supply to
prime move, Water supply to boiler and shut off all auxiliaries of generator. Now a days unit
System of generator connection is used, here generator is connected to H.V side of main Step up
transformer & H.V side of unit auxiliary transformer. The H.V side of main transformer is
connected to bus bar Via Switch gear. The H.V side of unit auxiliary transformer feeds the power
to auxiliaries directly concerned with unit. The generator & main transformer from a "unit" and
each unit has a boiler, turbine, Condenser, alternator & other auxiliaries. Major faults &
abnormal conditions case of generator are as under.
1.
2.
3.
Unbalanced loading,
4.
Field failure.
5.
over load.
6.
7.
Loss of Synchronism.
8.
over voltage.
9.
under frequency.
10. Overheating.
Following are employed for generator protection.
1. Differential protection.
2. Inter turn fault protection.
3. Stator earth fault protection,
4. Over current & earth fault protection.
5. Rotor earth fault protection.
6. Negative phase sequence protection.
7. Field failure protection.
8. Over voltage protection.
Circuit breakers
Load and voltage adjustment
Transformer tap changing
Emergency tripping of the turbines etc.
The instruments for indicating the load, voltage, frequency, power factor,
wingding temperature and water levels in the case of hydrostation and so on.
vi) Synchronizing equipments
vii) Voltage regulators
viii) Relays
ix) Integrating meters and other appliances
x) A mimic diagram and suitable indicating equipments to show the open or closed
position of circuit breakers, isolators etc.
The control room location in relation to other sections of the station, important and suitable
position should be obtained. It should be located in the following manner:
i) Should be located near the switch house so that lengths of the multicore cables
are shortened.
ii) Should be located away from noise sources.
iii) From the control room there should be an access to the turbine house.
iv) The location of the control room should be such that is should not be affected of
any fire erupts in the switch house.
The control room should be well arranged as follows:
i) Control room should be clean and comfortable.
ii) Should be ventilated and well lighted.
iii) Should be free from draughts.
iv) There should be no glare.
v) The colors schemes should be soothing to eyes.
vi) The instruments should have clear scales properly calibrated.
vii) All the apparatus and circuits should be labeled so that they are clearly visible.
Control boards. These are of the following three forms:
i) Linear
ii) Horse shoe shaped
iii) Semi-circular.
CONCLUSION
A per our Industrial visit we have conclude that, during the days We are familiar with the
working, operation and maintenance of the wanakbori thermal power plant.
The thermal power plant is the combination of all the small units and it is vastly designed to
get max. Efficiency. Moreover the modern monitoring control and protection devices ensure
reliability and safety to the operator and technicians. The regular maintenance is done in
wanakbori plant which in the end leads to smooth operation of each unit.
And we are very thankful to all those people who help me to get knowledge of power plant.