45th IEP Convention 12

UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION AND POWER GENERATION; THE OPERATIONAL ASPECTS

MUHAMMAD ISMAIL BOHAR, MUHAMMAD IMRAN JARRAL, AMEER BUX BURDI, ABDUL QAYYUM, MUHAMMAD SHAMIM BHATTI, MUHAMMAD SHABBIR

ABSTRACT
Pakistan energy policy is going to rely on indigenous energy resources of Thar Coal estimated 175 billion tons. Economically viable and environmentally acceptable alternative sources of energy must be attempted to overcome the shortfall of energy in Pakistan. In this concept UCG is the best solution to be known as renewable energy source and environment friendly technology that can be used for the production of electric power, chemical feed stock, hydrogen, and fertilizers to contribute in great extent in the countrys economy. Undergrou nd coal gasification is the technology to convert the coal in-situ into the synthesis gas by partially combusting it underground in the presence of water and a limited amount of air or oxygen. The gas is produced and extracted through wells drilled down into the coal seam, by injecting air to combust the coal in-situ and to produce the Syn gas to the surface for utilization. The process adopted to link the pair of drilled wells is known as Reverse Combustion Linking that comprises on enhanced permeability created through reverse combustion. This manuscript will describe the underground coal gasification process and the potential uses of UCG Syn gas.

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1. INTRODUCTION
According to the World Energy Statistics 2011, published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), Pakistans per capita electricity consumption is one -sixth of the world average. World average per capita electricity consumption is 2,730 kilowatt hours (KWh) compared to Pakistans per capita electricity consumption of 451 KWh. Fortunately, Pakistan has a very inexpensive source to get energy through coal. Coal is economically viable and a long-term solution to balance the demand and supply chain of electricity in the country, which has the fifth largest coal deposits in the world. According to last estimates made in 2011, coal deposits in the country are up to 185 billion tons. The largest deposits are in Thar Desert, which about 850 trillion cubic feet is spanning over 10,000 square kilometers, surprisingly more than the oil reserves in Saudi Arabia having a collective quantity of approximately 375 billion barrels. At present, 40.6% of worlds electricity is being generated from coal and it is the single largest contributor to world electricity generation. By looking at the electricity generation mix of the countries that are blessed with coal, it is evident that coal is the largest contributor. Countries like Poland, South Africa, China, India, Australia, Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Germany, USA, UK, Turkey, Ukraine and Japan are generating 96%, 88%, 78%, 78%, 77%, 72%, 69.9%, 52.5%, 52%, 37%, 31.3%, 27.5% and 22.9% of electricity from coal respectively. In comparison, Pakistan generates only 2.27% of electricity through coal. Among the fuels used in thermal power plants, oil is at the top with the share of more than 50 percent (Table- 1.1). Whereas Pakistan meets more than 80 percent of its oil demand through imports. There was a shortage of more than 5000 MW of electricity in the summer season of 2011. These figures keep on changing not only because of changes in peak demand (seasonal variation) but more so because of variation in supply given the availability of furnace oil (Afia, 2012).

1.1. What is Underground coal gasification? Underground coal gasification is a process which has the potential to turn coal
resources into useful gas products without open pit mining. This stems from the fact that the no reactor is needed, since the underground system serves this purpose, and that un-mined coal is far cheaper than mined coal. UCG is commercially proven on several sites in the former Soviet Union. The basic concept of underground coal gasification is a relatively simple one; boreholes are drilled into the coal seam. The coal is prepared by various methods to enhance the seam's permeability. The coal in the seam is then ignited and air or oxygen is injected into one or more of the boreholes. The oxygen provides fuel for gasification and combustion. The gases thus formed are forced through the coal seam and drawn off through one or more of the production boreholes, to be cleaned and, possibly upgraded for use (Boyd). 2

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1.2. History
UCG was first conceived as early as 1868 by Sir William Siemens in Germany and independently by Russian Chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1888. In 1928 the Russians began actively planning the first UCG tests leading to a commercial operation in Lisichansk in 1932. Soviet UCG operations expanded to other coal fields but lost its momentum in the 1960s when large reserves of oil and natural gas were found. Only the Angren plant in Uzbekistan is still in operation; feeding a power generation plant. This UCG operation still relies on 1950s technology. The western European countries, the UK and the US all carried out UCG testing between 1944 and 1959 but discontinued it when additional oil and gas reserves were found. The 1970s Arab oil embargo heightened the concern for domestic reliable energy sources and prompted renewed interest in UCG, both in the US and Europe with at least 30 field tests being conducted. Many of the publicly funded US field tests were well documented, long running and successful. None of these numerous tests resulted in uncontrolled burning of the coal after shutdown. Interest in UCG again waned due to a long period of cheap oil and gas prices in the 1990s. The predicted exponential demand for energy from China and other developing countries in the next 10 years has again renewed an interest in UCG since it can supply liquid and gaseous fuels at prices closest to present day prices. According to UCG association currently more than 30 countries are performing UCG activities, as shown in the Figure-1.1.

1.3 Thar Coal and UCG

In Tharparkar there are some areas which are potentially suitable for underground coal gasification because it is more difficult to mine coal here due to the coal seam depth variations, thickness variations, loose formation, aquifers, and moisture content. Thats why w e did not say that mining is not possible but comparison to UCG it is costly and risky. Our first Experiment show the indication of the success of UCG but still we are working to make it more stable, continuous, efficient and controlled process for the maximum recovery of coal energy through maximum rate of quality gas production. The Thar coalfield with a resource potential of 175 billion tons of coal covers an area of over 9,000 sq km in the Thar Desert in Tharparkar district, in southeastern part of Sind. The investigated area is covered by stable sand dunes and there are no rock exposures (Geological Survey of Pakistan).

1.3.1. Chemical Composition of Thar Coal

The overall weighted chemical composition of the Thar Coal is shown in the Table-1.3 (Geological Survey of Pakistan):

1.3.2. Coal Reserves of Block V

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Block-V has coal resources of 1382.55 Million Tons, confined to the Bara Formation of Paleocene age. The cumulative coal thickness varies between 16.74 to 30.88 meters within the Block.

2. OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF UCG 2.1. Geological & Hydrological studies

Geological studies were performed by the detailed study of Litho logs and coring data of the wells. The position of aquifer is also of great importance in the UCG, In UCG Grid area of Block V both the major Aquifers are above the Coal seams that were sealed by cementing around the CS casing (8 Dia).

2.1.1. Coring Data (UCG Project)

Litho log and Core log of well A-7 in which first Ignition experiment was carried out on 11 december 2011.

2.1.2. Groundwater & Hydrology

Water is an essential component of underground coal gasification process and thus its presence within coal seam or near to seam is very much important. The neighboring rocks should be saline formations and our Thar deposit coal seams are the same. This will eliminate the chances of using this water for drinking if at all it is contaminated. Average calculations show that half ton of water required for gasification of one ton of coal. The water resources of the Thar Coal field can be divided in two categories 2.1.2.1 2.1.2.2 Shallow water aquifer; used for domestic use in Local communities Deep water aquifer: Highly Brackish range

2.2. Characteristics of Thar Coal Field Block-V 2.2.1. Coal Seam Thickness in Thar Block-V
Coal seam thickness varies in this block; here we selected a cumulative coal seam thickness of 5 meter for the test burn.

2.2.2. Properties of Coal for UCG

In general, lignite, sub-bituminous and low-rank high volatile bituminous coals are preferable.UCG may work better on lower ranks coals because they tend to shrink upon heating, enhancing the permeability and connectivity between the injection and production wells (Jennings, 1976).

2.2.3. Depth of Coal Seam Selected For UCG Test Burn at Thar Block-V
Coal in Block-5 is present at different depths; keeping in view the world experience we selected the coal seam at the depth of 137 meter for the test burn.

2.2.4. Properties of Coal in Thar Block-V

a) Density of Coal is 1250 kg / m
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b) Porosity of Coal is 5 m c) Permeability of Coal 2-3 D Table- and Table- show the proximate and ultimate analysis of Thar Coal Block-V

2.3. Process of Underground coal gasification

Underground Coal Gasification operation looks very simple but actually this is complex process because it involves handling a natural reactor underground with minimum option of variable parameters.

2.3.1. Well Preparation

Diameter of casing in well is selected by calculating the air injection rate, Gas production rate and their velocities in pipes. For test burn at UCG Thar Block-V 8 inch diameter carbon steel pipes of schedule 40 were used in experimental wells. Position of the pipe is at 1.5 to 2 feet above the bottom line of coal seam, as we now that fire moves upwards so that we can burn all the coal seam between the paired wells. Cementation of area between drilled hole and outside of casing is very important to stop the seepage of water in coal cavity and escape of pressure in other formations. To avoid flooding in coal seam cavity and water flushing from production well, cementation must ensure the complete sealing of aquifer. At UCG Thar Block-V, for High Pressure Air, 2 inch pipe of schedule 80 and for Low Pressure Air 24 inch (schedule 20), 14 inch (Schedule 40) and 4 inch (Schedule 40) pipes were used. Butterfly and Ball Valves were selected for handling and operation of Air/Syngas. Well A-7 and A-8 were selected for experimental study.

2.3.2. Installation of Dewatering System

Considering the excessive water influx due to highly permeability of the coal seam, the installation of dewatering system is mandatory for UCG Grid. The position of dewatering wells was aligned according to the depth of coal seam in order to pump out the coal seam excessive water.

2.3.3. Pre-Ignition Arrangements

The drying of coal seam is being done by using high pressure air, which increases the coal seam natural permeability and causes the formation of pneumatic link due to shrinking property of the coal after drying. High pressure air injection was started on 02 December 2011 and it continued up to 11 December 2011. During this period Pneumatic link was established between well A-7 and the nearest well A-8 which was indicated by the out coming air from well A-8, so in a week our air linking completed and sufficient flow of injected air was observed at the linked well.

2.3.4. Ignition of Coal Seam

After establishment of Pneumatic Link and coal seam drying, now coal seam was ready to ignite, Different methods can be used to ignite the coal seam but we developed two methods i.e. Electric Heaters method and Red Hot Coke method. By using Electric Heaters and Red Hot Coke methods coal seam at Well A-7 was ignited successfully at UCG Thar Coal Project on 11 December 2011.

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Within 24 hours of ignition pressure drop was observed in well A-7 and the success of ignition was confirmed after analysis of output gas coming from paired well A-8 by using portable gas analyzer.

2.3.5. Well Pairing (Forward & Reverse Combustion Linking)

There are many techniques for well linking like hydraulic fracturing, electrical linking ,combustion linking (i.e. forward or reverse combustion linking) and directional drilling(drilling along coal bed at specified angle). These methods are used to enhance the natural permeability of coal seam in order to obtain a highly permeable pathway that serves as reactor in underground gasification of coal (Arinenkov & Markman).

2.3.6. Reverse Combustion Linking (RCL)

Kotowski & Gunn suggested that RCL is a Carbonization process whereby the permeability is enhanced by pyrolyzing the coal tars and volatile matters in the coal. Krants & Gunn suggested that reverse combustion linking propagate via small diameter channels because of the inherent instability of the reverse combustion process, that is RCL in porous media such as shrinking coal (Lignite) is unstable because the advance movement of the combustion front involves the penetration of a high permeability region (carbonized Coal) into a low permeability region(virgin coal). When the well is linked with adjacent well by the indication of gas flow towards it, the injection of HP Air is reversed, that involves the former production well to be used as HP air injection well while former injection well is taken as Syngas production well. The production well pressure is to be maintained proportional to the hydrostatic pressure water influx within the coal seam, which will keep the channel path dry to speed up the linking process.

2.3.7. Forward and Reverse Combustion linking at during test burn at Thar coal block-V
After ignition in well A-7, high pressure air injection into well A-7 was continued up to 19 December 2011 so that the fire can propagate spherically into the coal seam at the bottom part of the well A-7 and also for this purpose to sustain the fire in coal seam after the stoppage of high pressure air into well A-7. Reverse Combustion process at UCG Thar Coal Project was started on 19 December 2011 by switching high pressure air from Well A-7 to well A-8. Now high pressure air injection into well A-8 was started (23 barg) and it was percolated through coal bed by using coal permeability that approached the fire front established at the bottom of well A-7 to initiate the link. As the fire front moved towards injection well, the restriction between air injection well and fire front decreases which cause to decrease the pressure in air injection well. As we know that the fire front movement was slow so the pressure decreasing rate was also slow.

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In reverse combustion process fire front continuously moved towards air, consuming coal and formed highly permeable link approx. diameter 2.5 to 3.5 meter between injection and production well. During reverse combustion process high pressure air injection rate from 300 Nm /hr to 500 Nm /hr was used. At UCG Thar Coal Project, first Reverse combustion link which was initiated on 19 December 2011 was completed on 02 March 2012 successfully; link completion was indicated by the sudden drop of pressure in injection well (pressure drop from 6 barg to 0.0 barg). RCL was completed during test burn of UCG Thar Coal Project within 74 days with average linking rate of 0.34 meters /day (1.12 feet/day) (UCG Thar Coal Project).
3 3

2.3.7.1. RCL has the following advantages

i) ii) iii) During RCL ignition front remain directed towards the air injection well Low consumption of coal during linking A narrow and smooth cavity growth

2.3.8. Gasification
The gasification is the major gas producing step in underground coal gasification and its success depends on the channel cross sectional area, produced during linking of well pairs. As large is the area of gasification channel, gasification shall support optimum resource recovery. The operating pressure during gasification was kept approximately equal to hydrostatic pressure and kept adjusting w.r.t. final gas quality (specially heating value and its moisture content).

2.3.9. The importance of Water Influx for Syn Gas heating value
Krantz et al & camp et al suggested that the water influx is proportional to the area of the roof of the combustion cavity; so, it can be concluded that as soon as the cavity size will increase the water influx will be also increased i.e. rate of water influx is proportional to exposure time of roof Area, So for the constant product quality it is necessary to increase the Air injection rate in smooth and gradual manner. Water intrusion into Gasification cavity participates in gasification reactions of reduction zone, which is the main indicator of increase in heating value of the product gas. While the water intrusion into the channel of reverse combustion linking will create cooling effects of the product gas, that will reduce the Channel propagation speed. Water influx in to underground gasification channel is required for coal gas production (CO+H 2). There are three important zones in the gasification reactor. First oxidation zone which gives off energy for reduction zone. In the reduction following reactions occur, CO + H2O C CO+ H2 2CO CO2 + H2

CO2 + CO CO

+ H2O + 3 H2

CH4 + H2O

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Therefore if the moisture in the gas increases it means that combustion energy produced in oxidation zone is consumed in vaporizing excess water. For this reason water influx was controlled by maintaining pressure of gasification reactor. The hydrogen component of the gas is produced in reduction zone of Gasifier; the water comes from aquifer that first gets converted into steam and further decomposes in to Hydrogen. The monitoring of gas composition and moisture content clearly indicates the stability of the process in terms of gas heating value and energy utilization mechanism by underground reactor. If the reactor accepts water influx at constant rate, then energy produced during oxidation is successfully utilized in reduction (mainly endothermic reactions) which finally produces Syngas of uniform composition (Boyd).

2.3.10. Chemical Reaction during Gasification (Krantz & Gunn) 2.3.11. Gasification of Coal Seam at Thar Block-V:
Gasification process was started when reverse combustion linkage was established and sudden pressure drop was observed at the injection well then shifted the air flow from high pressure to low pressure. The air injection was also adjusted accordingly with gas composition and amount of moisture present in the final product and overall process condition. At UCG Thar coal project different air flow rates were injected into gasification reactor ranging from 500 Nm /hr to 3300 Nm /hr to optimize the heating value of Syn gas. The Composition of Syn Gas achieved during test burn at UCG Thar Coal project is shown in the table.
3 3

2.4. Purification of Raw Syngas

The UCG Syn Gas comes out of the production well at a flow rate of 20,000 Nm /hr at 2 bar (absolute) pressure and 300 C temperature (max). The raw product gas may contain some quantity of dust (100-200 ppm by weight). Total hydrocarbon (20gm/Nm ) Tar (1gm/ Nm ), CH4 (1-2%), and contain 0.4 kg water content/ kg of gas at 2 bar (a) and 300C). The particle size is expected to be in the range of 5-10 microns the composition of raw Syn gas is shown in table 3.4, these contaminants, sulfur and moisture if not removed may badly affect the generator operation resulting in frequent maintenance and loss of capacity especially at ambient temperature approaching the dew points of moisture and hydrocarbons the gas therefore needs to be cleaned, desulphurized and dehydrated to a product gas at temperature less than 40C, containing HS (50 mg/Nm), NH (20 mg/Nm), tar contents (50mg/Nm), impurity grain size (5m), impurity content (30 mg/Nm) and moisture content (100 mg/Nm) the purified Syn gas composition is shown in table-3.5
3 3 o 3

2.5. Power Generation

Syngas from underground coal gasification process can be utilized in many ways like town gas, synthesis of different synthetic fuels, chemical feed stock for different industries and power generation either by IGCC or as a direct generator fuel. 8

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2.5.1. Power Calculations for Direct Generator Fuel (8)

By using the syngas after purification as direct generator fuel, we can produce electricity as per following calculations. Total Estimated Coal b/w A-7 and A-8 Resource recovery Coal Consumed = 3570 ton = 70% = 3570 x 0.70 = 2499 ton Cumulative coal Seam thickness Heating Value of Thar Coal Block-V Density of Coal Gas yield of 1 kg of coal Total Gas produced 1kg coal or 3 Nm of Syn Gas produce
3

= 4.57m =3207 kcal/kg = 1250 kg / m = 3 Nm

3 3 3

= 7497000 Nm = 1 kW

2.5.2. Cost Estimation for UCG

At UCG Thar Block-V, expected cost for power generation is Rs. 4-5/KWh for 100MW power plant.

2.6. HSE and Economical Advantages OF UCG (Zieleniewski & Brent, 2008)
By removing the need to mine coal in the conventional manner, UCG can be seen to have environmental benefits. Broadly, the benefits have been listed as: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) Lower fugitive dust, noise and visual impact on the Surface Lower water consumption Low Labor Cost No Risk of Human life Reduced methane emissions No spoil handling and disposal at mine sites No coal washing and fines disposal at mine sites No ash handling and disposal at power stations No coal stocking and transportation Smaller surface footprints at power stations No mine water recovery and significant surface hazard liabilities on abandonment.

3. CONCLUSION
The discovery of Thar Coal deposits is the greatest blessing of almighty Allah for Pakistan. But the main issue is its exploitation and utilization for the prosperity of Pakistan. Underground Coal Gasification is the latest technology that is known to be the most environment friendly technology to produce the electricity and chemical feed stock through coal. So it can be concluded that UCG is the best option to utilize the coal to produce electricity without disturbing the environment. This 9

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is the technology that can bring the economic revolution to the Pakistan through indigenous resources.

4. FUTURE RESEARCH PLAN

1. Carbon dioxide Capture and Sequestration 2. Gas to Liquid petroleum products by FT Synthesis method 3. Syngas to Chemical feed stock synthesis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Dr. Muhammad Shabbir Managing Director UCG Thar Coal Project for providing technical guidance, resources and moral support for this R & D assignment. We are also grateful to Dr. Muhammad Saleem Director/Site In-charge UCG Thar coal Project for providing us technical advice, support and review of the article.

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5. REFERENCES
An Overview of Underground Coal Gasification, A comparison of Modeling Study with Field Test Data; William B. Krantz, Robert D. Gunn. Afia Malik Power Crisis in Pakistan: A Crisis in Governance? PIDE Monograph Series Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2012. Arinenkov, D.M. and Markman, L.M.. Underground Gasification of Coal by KnizhnoeIzdatel STVO, Stalino-donbass, Authors: D.M. Arinenkov and L.M. Markman. Boyd, R Michael. Method For In Situ Coal Gasification Operations, R.F.D. 2,

Box102,Hw30:Dennis D. Fischer , 1606 Barratt St; Alan E Humphry, 1717. Geological Survey of Pakistan (www.gsp.com.pk), Coal & Energy Development Department Govt. of Sindh. Ghani, M. O. (2009) Pakistans Energy Sector Needs Long-term Sustainable Policy. Business and Finance Review, February 23. Khadse AN, Qayyumi M, Mahajani S, Aghalayam P. Reactor model for underground coal gasification channel. Int J Reactor Eng 2006;4:A37. Krantz, William B., Gunn, Robert D. An Overview of Underground Coal Gasification, a comparison of Modeling Study with Field Test Data; Siddiqui, R., et al. (2011) The Cost of Unserved Energy: Evidence from Selected Industrial Cities of Pakistan. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad. (PIDE Working Papers, 2011:75). UCG Project, Thar Block-V Coring Data, Islamkot, Dist: Mithi Sindh. UCG Thar Coal Project Block-V 1st Test Burn Experimental data. Zieleniewski, M., Brent, A.C., 2008. Evaluation of the cost and achievable benefits of extending technologies for uneconomical coal resources in South Africa: the case of underground coal gasification.Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 19.

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Fig 1. Map showing UCG Activities worldwide

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Fig 1.2. Map of Thar Coal Fields and Blocks

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Fig 1.3. Drilled Hole Location for Block-V Thar Coal field Pakistan. (6)

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Fig 2.1. Litho Log A7 Well

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Fig 2.2. Coring Box of Well A-7

Fig 2.3. Well head assembly

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Fig 2.4. Underground Coal Gasification Process Reactor (7)

Fig 2.5. Sequence of Events in UCG Process Employing Reverse Combustion Linking (9)

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Fig 2.6. Chemical reaction Zone

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Table 1.1. Electricity Generation (Thermal) by Fuel (GWh) 2000-01 Coal % of Total Oil % of Total Gas % of Total Total 241 0.5 26904 55 21780 44.5 48925 2006-07 136 0.21 26449 41.59 37006 58.19 63591 2007-08 136 0.21 29928 45.56 35624 54.23 65688 2008-09 113 0.17 25513 39.41 39108 60.41 64734 2009-10 139 0.20 35641 52.09 32647 47.71 68427 2010-11 131 0.20 35847 55.07 29118 44.73 65.096

Source: Pakistan Energy Year book (Various Years)(2) Note: Oil includes Furnace oil and Diesel oil

Table 1.2. Fuel Mix in GENCOs

Gas Furnace oil H.S.D Coal GENCOs KESC
Generation

Cost
(Rs./kwh)

Generation

Cost
(Rs./kwh)

Generation

Cost
(Rs./kwh)

Generation

Cost
(Rs./kwh) (Rs./kwh) (Rs./kwh)

Year 200001 200607 200708 200809 200910 201011

(GWh)

(GWh)

(GWh)

(GWh)

11711

1.64

4824

2.62

65

9.51

240

0.61

13368

2.68

8093

5.32

15.08

136

1.61

3.66

3.80

12474

2.56

7816

8.11

18.05

136

2.03

4.66

4.49

11120

2.63

8240

9.19

48

13.51

113

2.12

5.97

4.53

9968

3.86

9324

11.28

185

16.11

116

2.48

7.48

4.67

7129

4.32

6859

13.56

35

18.40

88

2.78

8.84

6.48

Source: PEPCO(2008) and NEPRA (2010)(3)

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Table 1.3. Properties of Thar Coal

Moisture Ash Volatile matter Fixed carbon Sulphur Heating Value

36.82 % 18.92 % 38.24 % 28.22 % 1.2% 21.9 MJ / Kg 0r 3921 K cal / Kg

The type of coal

Lignite-B

Table 2.1. Proximate Analysis of Coal Test Moisture Content Fixed Carbon Volatile Matters(AR) Volatile Matters(DAF) Sulfur Ash(AR) Heating Value (AR) Heating Value (DAF) Results 46.77 % 23.54 % 23.42 % 59.91 % 1.16 % 6.27 % 5774 Btu/lb (3207Kcal/kg) 12313 Btu/lb ( 6840 Kcal/kg)

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Table 2.2. Syn Gas Composition during RCL of Test Burn (8) CO % 1.03 1.12 1.20 1.04 0.96 0.94 0.90 0.88 0.84 CH4 % 0.82 0.91 1.09 0.91 0.61 0.82 0.80 0.84 0.97 H2 % 3.53 3.95 4.64 4.61 4.20 4.18 3.88 4.02 4.24 N2 % 74.07 73.50 71.44 72.49 73.56 73.31 73.88 73.52 72.55 CO2 % 14.78 14.91 15.25 16.05 15.30 15.61 15.16 15.55 15.67 CnHm % 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.13 O2 % 5.67 5.56 6.22 4.72 5.09 5.06 5.29 5.01 5.57 HV Kcal/Nm3 204 227 268 238 217 220 208 217 235

Table 2.3. Scheme of the processes involved in UCG Temperature more than 900C Oxidation Zone Temperature - 550C) Reduction Zone C + H2O CO + H2 H = +118.5 KJ/mol C + O2 C + O2 CO + O2 Coal + O2 CO + H2O CO2 CO CO2 + C 2CO H = + 159.9 KJ/mol CO + H2O CO +3H2 CO2 + H2 CH4 + H2O H = - 42.3 KJ/mol H = - 206 KJ/mol (900C Temperature (550 - 200C) Drying & Pyrolysis Zone Coal CH4 + H2O CO + CO2 H2 + C Hydrocarbons

H = - 406 KJ/mol H = - 123.1KJ/mol CO2 CO2 +

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Table 2.4. Theoretical Composition of Syngas Heating Syngas Composition H2 O2 N2 CH4 CO CO2 Value (kcal/Nm3) By Air (%) By 60% O2 Mixed Air 16 30 0.2 0 58 30 3.5 4 5 15 17.5 21 945 1710

Table 2.4. Syn Gas Composition during Gasification process of Test Burn (8) CO % 8.55 8.72 9.04 9.31 9.74 9.82 9.42 9.18 7.11 6.78 5.47 CH4 % 2.79 2.92 3.20 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.13 3.11 4.48 5.59 3.93 H2 % 10.00 10.13 10.61 10.91 11.38 10.42 11.29 11.90 11.70 15.43 14.45 N2 % 61.50 61.00 59.30 58.58 57.10 57.20 57.87 58.02 57.55 49.77 54.14 CO2 % 16.94 17.06 17.56 17.72 18.31 18.15 18.06 18.16 19.47 22.16 21.83 CnHm % 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.22 0.27 0.27 O2 % 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.01 HV Kcal/Nm3 785 802 851 877 900 894 870 863 926 1119 907

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Table 2.5. The raw Syngas composition as follow at 2 bars and 300C Syn gas Components H CO CO N HS HO Total Hydrocarbon Tar CH (15-20%) (10-15%) (20-25%) (40-60%) (1%) (0.4 kg of water/kg of Syngas) (<20 mg/Nm) (<1 mg/Nm) (1-2%) Composition

Table 2.6. Product gas specification after purification Syn Gas Components Particulate content Moisture content Tar Content HS NH Impurity Grain size Impurity contents Product gas temperature H CO CO CH Composition 50 mg/Nm 50 mg/Nm 50 mg/Nm 50 mg/Nm 20 mg/Nm 5m 30 mg/Nm <40C (15-20%) (10-15%) (20-25%) (1-2%)

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