EC 1291 SUBJECT NAME: ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

UNIT I AMPLITUDE MODULATION: TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION

1. Define Amplitude M dul!ti n. It is the process by which the amplitude of the carrier wave is changed inaccordance with the instantaneous value of the message signal. 2. Define Unde" m dul!ti n. In this case the modulation index m<1, (i.e)Vm<Vc. he envelope of !" signal does not reach the #ero amplitude axis. $ence the message signal is fully preserved in the envelope of the !" wave. his is %nown as under modulation. #. Define m dul!ti n inde$ f " AM It is defined as the ratio of the maximum modulating voltage to the maximum carrier voltage. It is also called as &'epth of modulation(. m ) Vm * Vc %. &'!t i( t'e "el!ti n )et*een t t!l p *e" !nd +!""ie" p *e", +t ) +c (1 , m- *-) +t . otal power +c . /arrier power m ."odulation index -. A %..& +!""ie" i( m dul!ted t ! dept' f /0. C!l+ul!te t'e t t!l p *e" in t'e m dul!ted *!1e, 0olution. +c ) 122 3 m ) 2.45 +t)6 2t 3 2+ 4 1 5 m262 7 +t ) 122 (1 , 2.45-*-) +t)51-.5 3

8. &'!t i( t'e "el!ti n )et*een t t!l p *e" !nd +!""ie" p *e", It)Ic (1,m-*-) 7 /. T'e !ntenn! +u""ent f !n AM t"!n(mitte" i( 9A *'en nl: +!""ie" i( (ent. It in+"e!(e( t 9.9#A *'en t'e +!""ie" i( m dul!ted ): ! (in;le (ine *!1e. <ind t'e pe"+ent!;e m dul!ti n. 8iven. Ic )9! It)9.:;! m)2.9 It)Ic (1,m-*-) 7 9.:;)9(1,m-*-) 7 m)2.421 9. &'!t i( t'e )!nd*idt' f AM, <andwidth )-fm 9. D"!* t'e f"e=uen+: (pe+t"um f DSB

1.. C mp!"e AM *it' DSB>SC !nd SSB>SC. !" signal '0< 0/ 00< 0/ <andwidth)-fm <andwidth)-fm <andwidth)fm "ore power is +ower re=uired +ower re=uired re=uired for is less than is less than transmission that of !". !" @'0<A0/ /ontains >0< ?0< carrier /ontains >0<

UNIT II ANGLE MODULATION: TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION 11. Define f"e=uen+: m dul!ti n. Bre=uency modulation is defined as the process by which the fre=uency of the carrier wave is changed in accordance with the instantaneous value of the message signals. 12. Define m dul!ti n inde$ f " <M.
"odulation index is defined as the ratio of maximum fre=uency deviation to the modulating fre=uency. 1#. &"ite t'e m!t'em!ti+!l e$p"e((i n f " <M. V)Vc sin (wc t , mf sin wm t) 1%. Define C!"( n?( "ule. !ccording to /arson(s rule, the bandwidth is e=ual to twice the sum of the maximum fre=uency deviation and the modulating fre=uency.

1-. &'!t i( t'e effe+t f in+"e!(in; m dul!ti n inde$ in <M, In B", the total transmitted power always remains constant. <ut with increased depth of modulation, the re=uired bandwidth is increased. 18. @ * d : u ;et <M u(in; 2M (:(tem, he fre=uencyAmodulated wave can be obtained from +" system. his is done by integrating the modulating signals before applying it to the phase modulators. 1/. Diffe"enti!te )et*een n!"" * )!nd !nd *ide )!nd <M (i;n!l.

19. &': i( <M (upe"i " t

AM in pe"f "m!n+e,

i). In !" system the bandwidth is finite. <ut B" system has infinite number of sidebands in addition to a single carrier. ii). In B" system all the transmitted power is useful whereas in !" most of the transmitted power is used by the carrier. iii). Coise is very less in B", hence there is an increase in the signal to noise ratio.

19. &'!t i( ASB,

V0< is vestigial side band. V0< modulation is derived by filtering '0<A0/ !" or !" with carrier signals in such a fashion that one sideband is almost passed completely while only a trace of other side band is added.

2.. &'!t !"e (:n+'" n u( dete+t "(,

he synchronous or coherent detector uses exact carrier synchroni#ation for retrieving the message signal from the modulated signal. hese detectors are mainly used for detecting '0<A0/ or 00<A0/ signals because of their complicated nature

UNIT III DIGITAL TRANSMISSION AND DATA COMMUNICATION 21.St!te (!mplin; t'e "em.

 If a finite energy signal g(t) contains no fre=uencies higher than 3 hert# ,it is completely determined by specifying its coordinates at a se=uence of points spread 1*-3 seconds apart. If a finite energy signal g(t) contains no fre=uencies higher than 3 hert#, it may be completely recovered from its coordinates at a se=uence of points spread 1*-3 seconds apart .

22.&'!t i( !li!(in;, &'!t i( t'e effe+t !li!(in;,

he phenomenon of a highAfre=uency in the spectrum of the original signal g(t) seemingly ta%ing on the identity of a lower fre=uency in the spectrum of the sampled signal g(t) is called aliasing or fold over. he effect of aliasing as the output of the reconstruction filter depends on both the amplitude and phase component of the original spectrum 8 (f), ma%ing an exact analysis of the output difficult resulting in distortion.

2#. Define =u!ntiBin; p" +e((.

he conversion of analog sample of the signal in to digital form is called =uanti#ing process. 8raphically the =uanti#ing process means that a straight line representing the relation between the input and the output of a linear analog system.

2%. &'!t !"e t'e t* p" +e((,

f ld effe+t(

f =u!ntiBin;

1. he pea%AtoApea% range of input sample values subdivided into a finite set of decision levels or decision thresholds -. he output is assigned a discrete value selected from a finite set of representation levels are reconstruction values that are aligned with the treads of the staircase.

2-. Define =u!ntiB!ti n e"" ", 28.&'!t i( n:=ui(t "!te,

Duanti#ation is the value of which e=uals the difference between the output and input values of =uanti#er.

he minimum sampling rate of -3 sample per second for a signal bandwidth of3 hert# is called the ny=uist rate.

2/.&'!t i( 2AM,
+!" is the pulse amplitude modulation. In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitude of a carrier consisting of a periodic train of rectangular pulses is varied in proportion to sample values of a message signal.

29.&'!t i( (in;le t ne !nd multi t ne m dul!ti n,

If modulation is performed for a message signal with more than one fre=uency component then the modulation is called multi tone modulation. If modulation is performed for a message signal with one fre=uency component then the modulation is called single tone modulation.

29. Define dem dul!ti n.

'emodulation or detection is the process by which modulating voltage is recovered from the modulated signal. It is the reverse process of modulation.

#.. &'!t !"e t'e de;"ee(

f m dul!ti n,

>nder modulation. m<1 /ritical modulation m)1 Ever modulation mF1 #1.Define in(t!nt!ne u( p'!(e de1i!ti n he instantaneous phase deviation is the instantaneous change in phase of the carrier at a given instant of time and it indicates how much the phase of the carrier is changing with respect to the reference phase. instantaneous phase deviation ) (t) #2.&'!t i( ! limite", ! limiter a circuit that produces a constant amplitude output for all input signals above a prescribed minimum input level called the threshold ,=uieting or capture level. ##. @ * *ill : u )t!in 2M dem dul!t " f" m <M dem dul!t ",

+" demodulator is obtained from B" demodulator by placing an integrator followed by B" modulator. #%. @ * *ill : u )t!in 2M m dul!t " f" m <M m dul!t ", +" modulator is obtained from B" modulator by placing an differentiator followed by an B" modulator #-. @ * *ill : u )t!in <M dem dul!t " f" m 2M dem dul!t ", B" demodulator is obtained from +" demodulator by placing a differentiator after the +" modulator. #8. @ * *ill : u )t!in <M m dul!t " f" m 2M m dul!t " B" modulator is obtained from +" modulator by placing an integrator followed by a +" modulator #/. Define pe"+ent m dul!ti n f " !n;le m dul!ti n he percent modulation for angle modulation is the ratio of fre=uency deviation actually produced to the maximum fre=uency deviation allowed in percent form. percent modulation ) f (actual)* f(max) #9. Define +!""ie" (*in;. he pea% to pea% fre=uency deviation (-f) is called carrier swing. #9. Define !n;le m dul!ti n !ngle modulation is defined as the process by which the fre=uency or phase of the carrier wave is changed in accordance with the instantaneous value of the message signals. %.. Define f"e=uen+: de1i!ti n. Bre=uency deviation is the change in fre=uency that occurs in the carrier when it is acted on by a modulating signal fre=uency. he fre=uency deviation is typically given as the pea% fre=uency shift in $ert# (f). %1. &'!t d : u me!n ): + mp!ndin;, Define + mp!nde". he signal is compressed at the transmitter and expanded at the receiver. his is called as companding. he combination of a compressor and expander is called a compander.

%2. D"!* t'e )l +C di!;"!m t'e t:pe( f + mp!ndin;, Bl +C di!;"!m:

f + mp!nde", Menti n

Input /ompressor uniform =uanti#er expander o*p signal ransmitter receiver ypes of companding. 1. G law companding -. ! law companding

%#. &'!t i( !n e:e p!tte"n, Hye +attern is used to study the effect of intersymbol interference. %%. &'!t i( t'e *idt' f t'e e:e, It defines the time interval over which the received waveform can be sampled without error from intersymbol interference. %-. &'!t i( (en(iti1it: f !n e:e, he sensitivity of the system to timing error is determined by the rate of closure of the eye as the sampling time is varied. %8. &'!t i( Inte" (:m) l inte"fe"en+e, he transmitted signal will undergo dispersion and gets broadened during its transmission through the channel. 0o they happen to collide or overlap with the adIacent symbols in the transmission. his overlapping is called Inter 0ymbol Interference. %/. @ * e:e p!tte"n i( )t!ined, he eye pattern is obtained by applying the received wave to the vertical deflection plates of an oscilloscope and to apply a saw tooth wave at the transmitted symbol rate to the hori#ontal deflection plate.

%9. &'!t d : u me!n )it "!te !nd )!ud "!te, he rate at which data (bits) are transmitted is called bit rate. hat is number of bits transmitted per second. >nit is bps(bits per second). he rate at which signal elements(pulses) are transmitted is called baudrate(modulation rate). his means number of signal elements(pulses) transmitted persecond. >nit is bauds. UNIT IV DIGITAL COMMUNICATION %9. &'!t d : u me!n ): ASD, !0J(!mplitude 0hift Jeying) is a modulation techni=ue which converts digital data to analog signal. In !0J, the two binary values(2,1) are represented by two different amplitudes of the carrier signal.0(t) ) !cos-ft binary 1 2 binary 2 -.. &'!t d : u me!n ): <SD, B0J (Bre=uency 0hift Jeying) also a modulation techni=ue which converts digital data to analog signal. In B0J, the two binary values are represented by two different fre=uencies near the carrier fre=uency. 0(t) ) !cos-f1t binary 1 !cos-f-t binary 2 -1. Diffe"enti!te Bin!": 2SD !nd E2SD. <inary +0J 1. wo different phases are used to represent two binary values. -. Hach signal element represents only one bit. 1. D+0J our different phases are used to

represent two binary values. -. Hach signal element represents two bits. -2.&'!t i( )!nd*idt' effi+ien+:, he ratio of data rate to transmission bandwidth is referred as bandwidthefficiency. It is denoted as K<K. <andwidth efficiency ) K * < 3here, K L data rate < L bandwidth -#. <ind t'e )!nd*idt' f " ! %>2SD (i;n!l t"!n(mittin; !t 2... )p(. ransmission is halfA duplex mode. 8iven, data rate K ) -222 bps. Bor 1A+0J baud rate ) K*- ) 1222 bauds. Bor +0J signal bandwidth is e=ual to baud rate. herefore, bandwidth ) 1222 $# -%. &'!t i( t'e B!nd*idt' effi+ien+: f " E2SD f " ! )it e"" " "!te f 1.>/ n ! +'!nnel *it' !n SNF f 12 dB, Birst find for +0J. 8iven 0*C as 1- d< and Hb*C2 value for +0J at error rate 12A4 is 11.- d<, 0o 11.- ) 1- L (K*<)d< (K*<)d< ) 2.9 d< K*< ) 1.In D+0J we can represent - bits in single signal element. 0o Bor D+0J K*< ) - M 1.) -.1 --. Diffe"enti!te Di;itiBe" !nd m dul!t ". 'igiti#er converts analog data to digital data. his process is called digiti#ation.

 "odulator converts analog * digital data to analog signal. his process is called modulation -8. Define Eu!ntiB!ti n n i(e. he difference between original signal and Duanti#ed signal is called Duanti#ation noise*error. e ) m(t) L m=(t) -/. C mp!"e Eu!ntiB!ti n !nd S!mplin; pe"!ti n(. Duant#ation is a process by which an analog signal is divided into number of levels on amplitude. 0ampling is a process by which an analog signal is divided into se=uence of samples (pulses) on regular interval of time. -9. Li(t t'e e"" "( in delt! m dul!ti n. 1. Duanti#ing noise L 3hen the analog waveform is changing very slowly, there will be Duanti#ing noise. -. 0lope overloads noise L 3hen the analog waveform is changing very rapidly, there will be 0lope overload noise. -9. &'!t d : u me!n ): DC + mp nent,
If a signal includes a component of #ero fre=uency, that component is called '/('irect /urrent) component or constant component.3ith no '/ component, a signal

has an average amplitude of #ero. 3ith a '/ component, a signal has non#ero average amplitude. 8.. &'!t i( 2CM, +/" (+ulse /ode "odulation) is a process used to convert analog signal to digital data. In +/", the analog signal is first sampled then =uanti#ed then each sample is replaced with n bits binary data.

81. &'!t d : u me!n ): n nline!" en+ din; in 2CM (:(tem, Conlinear encoding is a techni=ue used to increase the performance of +/" system. In Conlinear encoding the Duanti#ation levels are not e=ually spaced. hat is greater number of Duanti#ation levels for signals of low amplitude, and smaller number of Duanti#ation levels for signals of high amplitude. UNIT V SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 82. Define p(eud >n i(e 42N7 (e=uen+e. ! pseudoAnoise se=uence is defined as a coded se=uence of 1s and Es with certain autocorrelation properties. It is used in spread 0pectrum communications.It is periodic in that a se=uence of 1s and 2s repeats itself exactly with a %nown period. 82. &'!t d e( t'e te"m +!t!(t" p'i+ +:+li+ + de "ep"e(ent , &222( is not a state of the shift register se=uence in +C se=uence generator, since this results in a catastrophic cyclic code i.e once the 222 state is entered, the shift register se=uence cannot leave this state. 8#. Define ! "!nd m )in!": (e=uen+e. ! random binary se=uence is a se=uence in which the presence of a binary symbol 1 or 2 is e=ually probable. 8%. St!te t'e )!l!n+e p" pe"t: f "!nd m )in!": (e=uen+e.

In each period of a maximum length se=uence, the number of 1s is always one more than the number of 2s. his property is called the balance property. 8-. Menti n !) ut t'e "un p" pe"t:. !mong the runs of 1s and 2s in each period of a maximum length se=uence, one half the runs of each %ind are of length one, one fourth are of length two, one eighth are of length three, and so or as long as these function represent meaningful numbers of runs. his property is called the run property. 88. Gi1e t'e + ""el!ti n p" pe"t: f "!nd m )in!": (e=uen+e. he autocorrelation function of a maximum length se=uence is periodic and binary valued. his property is called the correlation property. 8/. Menti n t'e (i;nifi+!n+e f (p"e!d (pe+t"um m dul!ti n. !n important attribute of spreadAspectrum modulation is that it can provide protection against externally generated interfering (Iamming) signals with finite power. he Iamming signal may consist of a fairly powerful broadband noise or multitone waveform that is directed at the receiver for the purpose of disrupting communications. +rotection against Iamming waveforms is provided by purposely ma%ing the information bearing signal occupy a bandwidth far in excess of minimum bandwidth necessary to transmit it. 89. &'!t i( +!lled p" +e((in; ;!in, +rocessing 8ain (+8) is defined as the ratio of the bandwidth of spread message signal to the bandwidth of unspreaded data signal ie).+rocessing 8ain ) <3 (spreaded signal)

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA <3 (>nspreaded signal) 89. &'!t i( +!lled G!mmin; effe+t, In the fre=uency band of the interest, somebody else transmits the signals intentionally since these signals the in the fre=uency band of transmission, they interface the re=uired signal. $ence it becomes difficult to detect the re=uired signals. his is called Iamming effect. /.. &'!t i( Anti G!mmin;, 3ith the help of spread spectrum method, the transmitted signals are spread over the mid fre=uency band. $ence these signals appear as noise. hen it becomes difficult for the Iammers to send Iamming signals. his is called antiIamming. /1. &'!t !"e t'e t'"ee + de( u(ed f " t'e !nti G!mmin; !ppli+!ti n, 1. 8olay code (-1, 1-) -. Hxpurgated 8olay (-1, 11) ;. "aximum length shift register code. /2. &'!t i( +!lled f"e=uen+: ' p (p"e!d (pe+t"um, In fre=uency hop spread spectrum, the fre=uency of the carrier hops randomly from one fre=uency to another fre=uency. /#. &'!t i( (l * f"e=uen+: ' ppin;, If the symbol rate of "B0J is an integer multiple of hop rate (multiple symbols per hop) then it is called slow fre=uency hopping /%. &'!t i( f!(t f"e=uen+: ' ppin;, If the hop rate is an integer multiple of symbol rate (multiple hops per symbol) then it is called fast fre=uency hopping.

/-. &'!t !"e t'e t* fun+ti n f f!(t f"e=uen+: ' ppin;, 1. 0pread Nammer over the entire measure of the spectrum of xed signal. -. Ketuning the Namming signal over the fre=uency band of xed signal. /8. &'!t !"e t'e fe!tu"e( f + de Di1i(i n multiple A++e((e(, 1. It does not re=uire external synchroni#ation networ%s. -. /'"! offers gradual degradation in performance when the no. of users is increased <ut it is easy to add new user to the system. ;. If offers an external interference reIection capability. //.. &'!t i( +!lled multip!t' Inte"fe"en+e, he interference caused by the interfacing of the signal form the indirect path with the signal of direct path is called multipath interference. /9. &'!t i( t'e !d1!nt!;e f ! (p"e!d (pe+t"um te+'ni=ue, he main advantage of spread spectrum techni=ue is its ability to reIect interference whether it be the unintentional interference of another user simultaneously attempting to transmit through the channel (or) the intentional interference of a hostile transmitter to Iam the transmission. /9. &'!t i( +!lled f"e=uen+: ' p (p"e!d (pe+t"um,

In fre=uency hop spread spectrum, the fre=uency of the carrier hops randomly from one fre=uency to another fre=uency. 9.. &'!t i( (l * f"e=uen+: ' ppin;, If the symbol rate of "B0J is an integer multiple of hop rate (multiple symbols per hop) then it is called slow fre=uency hopping. 91. &'!t i( !li!(in;, he phenomenon of a highAfre=uency in the spectrum of the original signal seemingly ta%ing on the identity of a lower fre=uency in the spectrum of the sampled signal is called aliasing or foldover. 92. &'!t i( me!nt ): 2CM, +ulse code modulation (+/") is a method of signal coding in which the message signal is sampled, the amplitude of each sample is rounded off to the nearest one of a finite set of discrete levels and encoded so that both time and amplitude are represented in discrete form.. his allows the message to be transmitted by means of a digital waveform. 9#. Define =u!ntiBin; p" +e((. he conversion of analog sample of the signal into digital form is called =uanti#ing process. 9%. Define delt! m dul!ti n. 'elta modulation is the oneAbit version of differential pulse code modulation. 9-. Define !d!pti1e delt! m dul!ti n. he performance of a delta modulator can be improved significantly by ma%ing the step si#e of the modulator assume a timeA varying form. In particular, during a steep segment of the input signal the step si#e is increased. /onversely, when the input signal

is varying slowly, the step is reduced , In this way, the step si#e is adapting to the level of the signal. he resulting method is called adaptive delta modulation (!'").