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1.

Concept of translation
Oxford eng dictionary: 1 the act or an instance of translating. a written or spoken rendering of the meaning of a word or text in another language. 2 a written or spoken expression of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language.

Trans vs Interpreting consecutive, simultaneous.

Developments:

2. Strategies
Form (style) vs sense (meaning). Speed dating, might not exist in a different culture, that should not stop them being expressed in some way in the target language (TL). Jakobson goes on to claim that only poetry by definition is untranslatable since in verse the form of words contributes to the construction of the meaning of the text. Such statements express a classical dichotomy in translation between sense/content on the one hand and form/style on the other. Literal vs Free Literal translation is used when dealing with technical language or texts with historical significance like The Bible. Free translation, on the other hand, is applied to literary texts and books, to deal with problematic items from the SL. Translationeese (def, how to deal with,) term to characterize the language of translation, often very artificial and rich in lexical calques. Results from using words without considering the context and proper synonyms. Same lexical structure, different semantic content. Awareness of foreign culture. Interference- results from calquing the SL words. Explicitation- when a concept is explained clearer in the translation than in the original. Domestication- concealing the traces of translation by using only the SL.

Translatability- ability to convey the meaning despite language and cultural differences. Untranslatability- words or concepts may be exclusive to a given culture or register, they cannot be transferred directly to the TL.

Comprehensibility vs Translatability Comprehensibility is lost when sticking too much to the form without considering other factors. There are certain criteria to adopt in order to achieve comprehensibility. Criteria

a) text type b) audience c) purpose


Translation is about finding a solution to a specific problem, sticking too much to any of strategies or methods may cause discrepancies. Trans strategy vs Trans method (Newmark)

3. The unit of translation


1. Sausseres
minimal unit is a sequence of linked signs which should be translated as a whole, semantically.

2. Vinay and Darbelnet


use Sausseres sign (a letter) signifier (word) signified (concept) Vinay and Darbelnet lexicological unit, (several words ) Lexicological unit, unit of trans and unit of thought are equivalent for vin and darb-a group of lexical elements forming single element of thought. (collocation) Unit is not always a single word in different cultures.

3. Hallidays
units: morpheme, word, group, clause, sentence Clause level is responsible for meaning in communicative context

4. Baker levels of eq
Word Collocation Grammar Thematic and information structure, cohesion and pragmatics

4. Translation shifts
John Catford opposite to formal correspondence in trans.. 2 aspects of language linguistic system language, all uses of language besides from parole. Parole: Communiccative process linguistic and rhetorical norms mediation between languages and cultures

Catfords formal correspondence- a language item in SL occupies the same place in TL. Comparison and description of language systems, without analyzing language pairs. Shift is when there is no formal correspondent. Vinay and Darbelnet: 1. Direct translation borrowing, calque and literal 2. Oblique trans transposition, modulation equivalence adaptation. 3 levels of lang : Lexicon Grammatical structures Message of higher text elements: sentence paragraph.

5. Analysis of meaning semantics


Nidas types of meaning: referential (denotation) and connotative Lack of direct equivalents: near-synonyms, approximate eqs, culture-specific concepts, polysemy, homonyms (same form different meaning) Semotactic environment (co-text) Disambiguate the senses and chose Semantic categorization superordinate etc Componential analysis notion of binary opposites +/- categorization Semantic space evaluating according to different clines (1-10 good/bad) Conception and perception based words.

6. Dynamic EQ and receptor of message. Nida


Formal correspondence (form bound) Dynamic eq (context bound) connected with comprehensibility, sometimes lost in formal correspondence Form is not important for the meaning. Adjustment translation technique, redundancy, explicitation, gisting, re-ordering sentence, Accounting for the purpose 3 stages of translation nida: 1. Analysis SL message conveyed into kernel form 2. Transfer at the kernel level ST-TT 3. Restructuring adjustment procedures to create text appropriate for TL readers.

7. Textual pragmatics and equivalence


Language oriented eq (koller)- actual correspondence on lang lvl only Parole oriented (Catford)- real time realtions of texts, communicative function Kollers types of eq: 1. 2. 3. 4. Formal equivalence SL and TL words have similar ortographic/phonological feats. Referential/denotative eq- when both words refer to the same real world thing. Connotative equivalence eq at level of similarity of associations(connotations) Text-normative eq linguistic and textual norms of usage of the word.

Pragmatic equivalence similar to Nidas dynamic, when translation aimed to have same effect on respective readers

8. Translation and Relevance (meaning context)


Communication is usually triggered by stimulus, verbal or non-verbal. Aim - enable the hearer to reach the speakers informative intention by the use of signals Focus on mental processes Interferencing cognitive activity important in the act of communication, using language to convey the intended meaning. Context in relevance is different, it refers to socio-cultural norms of appropriateness. Stimulus contextual assumptions interpretation. Cognitive environment set of assumptions surrounding the utterance. Knowledge whether the intended meaning is present. Levy Minimax principle connected with decision-making process, achieving maximal effect for minimal effort by choosing solutions. If preserving certain elements if worth the effort, are they relevant Functionality non ordinar elements of the text has to be motivated (contextual motivatedness). Evaluating the purpose and function. 2 ways of using lang descriptive to illustrate true state of affairs and interpretive to represent someone elses thoughts. Gutt Direct trans guided by faithfulness, interpretive resemblance. Closely tied to original Indirect trans changes made in order to maximize the relevance of text for the new audience. Communicative clues stylistic properties guiding the audience towards intended interpretation.

9. Translation strategies
Roman Jackobson sense/content vs form/style Sense can be translated, form cannot(puns, wordplay, songs and poetry). Translatability extent to which a given a linguistic structure can be express in other languages. Untranslatability property of the text, in which there is no direct equivalent of a words. Ways of translating (Cicero and St Jerome) Literal word-for-word translation Free- adaptation

Translationese - term for the language of translation, ST is similar to TT because of the literal approach Usage of common linguistic phenomena. Interference domestication explicitation. Words bearing visible traces of ST and translation. Visible in backtranslation

Comprehensibility and translatability Accounting for the purpose, audience and text type to successfully trasnalte.

8. Dynamic eq
Dynamic equivalence, on the other hand, refers to reproducing in the TT the impact or reaction that the ST generated amongst readers. The biggest problem of dynamic equivalence regards freedom that the translator has while transferring the meaning, which makes him prone to mistranslation Hatim adds that nida uses adjustment techniques: Adding footnotes Adding or omitting info Altering the material Removing material which may turn out foreign and misinterpreted

9. Text type in trans.


Textuality CohesionCoherenceIntentionalityIntertextualityDynamismInformativityAcceptability-

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