Introduction - Determination of Plasma Position 1) Multipole Moments Method

2
Outline:
• Introduction
• Determination of Plasma Position
1) Multipole Moments Method
2) Flux Loop Method
3) Analytical Method
• Determination of Poloidal Beta
1) Magnetic Probe Method
2) Diamagnetic Loop Method
• Results
4
5
6
Introduction:
MHD Equilibrium
 The goal of MHD equilibrium theory is the discovery
of magnetic geometries that confine and isolate hot
plasmas from material walls.
 We focuses on the problem of discovering geometries
with high equilibrium and stability.
 Why equilibrium is needed?
Fusion ignition condition:
 Ti  -3

12
p  p L n E   m s
Q  v 
Equilibrium: One Dimensional
Configurations:
 The  Pinch: The only nonzero component of B is in
the z direction.
 The Z Pinch: The only nonzero component of B is in

the  direction.
Equilibrium: One Dimensional
Configurations:
 The General Screw Pinch: both components of the
magnetic field are nonzero.
 The attention of these configurations is the obtaining

of the radial pressure balance.
 But the main problem of all them is the particles losses
from devices ends.
Equilibrium: Two Dimensional
Configurations:
 In order to reducing the ends losses, Tokamak and
Reversed Field Pinch were proposed.
 Tokamak: Two dimensional axisymmetric
configuration, which both components of the
magnetic fields nonzero:
 But what is the problem?
Main problems is the
Radial Pressure Balance
Toroidal Force Balance
Tokamak Equilibrium:
 In Ohmically Heated Tokamaks as IR-T1, Radial
Pressure Balance is achieved by Poloidal Field.
 But, What is a Solution of Second Problem or Toroidal
Force Balance?
1. Conducting Shell
 2. Appropriate Vertical Field
• in order to determining the appropriate vertical field,
it is needed to determination of accurate plasma
position.
IR-T1 Tokamak Equilibrium
 IR-T1 is a small, air core, low Beta, and large aspect
ratio tokamak with a circular cross section.
 Main parameters of the IR-T1 tokamak:
Parameters Value
Major Radius 45 cm
Minor Radius 12.5 cm
Toroidal Field 0.7-1.0 T
Plasma Current 20-40 kA
Discharge Time 35 ms
Electron Density 0.7-1.5 10 cm-3

 1) Multipole Moments Method for Measurement of
Plasma Position:
An m-th multipole moment, Ym , in cylindrical
coordinates in term of total plasma current is given by
[1,3]:
Ym   J  f m dS 
1
0 I p  [ f m B  ( x  R )g m Bn ] dl
where f and g are two weighting factors.

 In a large aspect-ratio tokamak, plasma position can be
obtained from the first moment Y1
R 
1
0 I p
 (  B
   Bn ]) dl
1 1 2  
   B    Bn  dl 
R0 2  
 The tangential and normal components of the
magnetic field along a circular contour are:
0 I p  
B  1   n cos n   n sin n 
2 rm  n 
0 I p
Bn 
2 rm
 
n
n sin n   n cos n 
 Then:
RMultipole  Rcos  Rsin 
rm  rm rm  rm 
  1  2   (  1   2 ) ,
2  2 R0 4 R0  2 R0 
where 2 2
1 
0 I p  B  d , 1 
0 I p  Bn d ,
4 4
2  2    d , 2   Bn  d .
2
B
 0 I p rm  0 I p rm
 For a small displacement in a circular plasma we have:
rm rm2
RMultipole  1   1   
2 4 R0
 rm 1   1 
rm     
 4 R0 2  2 
 Plasma column displacement can be determined using
a modified Rogowski and Saddle coils.
 Design of the Modified Rogowski and Saddle Coils:
(a). The high order cosine coil has the following
number of turns: rm
ncos (  )   cos 
4 R0
(b). The saddle sine coil is of width: d s sin(  )  sin 
 For cosine coil, induced voltage is:
dB
Vi ( t )  n0 rm A cos  d
dt
 For saddle coil, induced voltage is:
dBn
Vi ( t )  N rm d 0  sin  d
dt
 Dependence of induced voltages to cos and sin 
leading to simplifying relation for plasma
displacement.
 Experimental Work:
VO ,cos ( t )  n0 rm A k1  B cos  d ,
VO ,sin ( t )  N rm d0 k2  Bn sin  d
Rmultipole 
rm
VO ,R ( t )  VO ,L ( t )
0 I p n0 k A

rm
VO ,up ( t )  VO ,down( t ) 
rm2
0 I p N k  d 0 4 R0
 Multipole Moments
Results, and Comparing
With Analytical Method
 2) Flux Loop Method:
In the quasi-cylindrical coordinates for the poloidal
magnetic flux we have:
 8 Rm 
 r ,    0 Rm I p  2  ln 
 r 
0 I p  r  1  a2 
ln      1  2  r cos
2  a  2  r 
 The relationship between poloidal magnetic flux and
plasma displacement is:
a
s  
Rm  0 I p cos 0
   po   pi
where
 po   o  Bmo S o ,  pi   i  Bmi S i
Design parameters of the poloidal flux loops and
magnetic probes
Parameters Magnetic Probes Flux Loops
3
R (Ohm) 33
6
1mH
L (Inductance) 1.5mH
2mH
n (Turns) 500 1
11, 31
S (Sensitivity) 0.7mV/G
mV/G
f (Frequency 3kHz
22kHz
Response) 3kHz
0.26
Effective nA 0.022
1.17
d (Wire
0.1mm 1mm
Diameter)
(Coil Average 290mm
3mm
Radius) 610mm
 Schematic diagram of the two flux loops which
installed on outer surface of IR-T1 tokamak.
 Flux Loop Results:
 3) Analytical Method: The Grad-Shafranov equation is
a two-dimensional, nonlinear, elliptic partial
differential equation obtained from the reduction of
the ideal MHD equations:
2 dp dF
   0 R
*
F ,
where d d
 1  F
B    eˆ   eˆ  ,
R R
 1 dF  1
0 J    eˆ   * eˆ 
R d R
 In the IR-T1 tokamak which is the ohmically heated
tokamak, the Grad-Shafranov equation is solved by
formally expanding as follows [2,4]:
 ( r , )   0 ( r )   1 ( r ) cos   ...
dp 2 ( 0 )
p( )  p 2 ( 0 )   1 cos   ...
d 0
F ( )  RB  R0 [ B0  B 2 ( 0 )  ...]
 In the first order solution or toroidal force balance
approximation, if plasma were surrounded by a
perfectly conducting shell located at r=b, then we
have:
 1 ( r )  B 1 ( r ) 
x  
dx 2 dp 2 ( y )
b
  2  0 y  yB 1 ( y ) dy
2
2
r xB 1 ( x ) 0 dy 
 If there are external coils to produce vertical magnetic
field, the boundary condition on the flux function is
modified so that we have:  ( b, )  const   v ( b, )
 Therefore the full toroidal correction to is:
 1 ( total )   1T r  cos  
 bR0 Bv 
[  1( r )    B 1 ( r )] cos 
 B 1 ( b ) 
 The shift of the plasma column center from the

geometrical center of vacuum chamber is given by:
 1T ( a )  1( a )  1( a ) bBv
RAnalytical     Rv    ,
 0 ( a )  0 ( a )  0 ( a ) B 1( b )
 Therefore analytical expression for plasma
displacement is:
b2  li  1 a2 b bBv
RAnalytical  (  p  )( 1  2 )  ln   ,
2 R0  2 b a  B 1 ( b )
where
li a  R0
 p   1  ln  (  B    Bn  ) ,
2 b 0 I 0
 3
 B   B (   0 )  B (    ), Bn   Bn (   )  Bn (   )
2 2
 Experimental Results and Comparative Between
Them:
 Magnetic Flux Surfaces
and Displacement of
Plasma Column Center
in IR-T1 tokamak:
 Experimental Results and
Comparative Between
Them:
 Horizontal Displacement
obtained by the Analytical
and Multipole Moments
Methods along with the
plasma current.
Determination of Poloidal Beta
 Measurements of the poloidal beta and internal
inductance are essential for tokamak optimized
operation. Very of plasma information can be deduced
from these two parameters, such as the plasma energy,
plasma confinement time, plasma toroidal current
profile, and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
instabilities.
 1. Magnetic Probe Method for Measurement of
Poloidal Beta :
 Distribution of magnetic fields is also can be written in
the first order of the inverse aspect ratio as follows:
0 I p 0 I p
B   
2 b 4 R0
 a  1  a 2  2 R0  s 
ln  1    1   2  1   cos  ,
 b  2  b 2
 b 
0 I p
B   
 also: 4 R0
 a  1  a 2  2 R0  s 
ln    1   2  1   sin 
 b  2  b 2
 b 
 where: 1  1 
a  R0
 p  li / 2  1  ln  (  B    B  ).
b 0 I p
and were a is the plasma radius, b is the chamber radius,
R0 is the major radius, and Ip is the plasma current.
 The internal inductance of the plasma per unit length
normalized to 0 / 4 will obtain from the conservation
of zeroth order magnetic energy:
Li / 2 R0
li   2 2
2
 
B 2
r d 3
V
 0 / 4  0 I p R0 Plasma
 For typical profile of the poloidal field which

correspond to flat current density profile (usually
accurate for low beta tokamak), as:
 r
 J  J 0  B  B a a
r a
 ,
J  0  B  B a
  a a r b
r
0 I p
were Ba  .
2 a
Then first approximate value for Internal inductance

can be easily obtained: 1 a
li   2 ln
2 b
 This value for internal inductance can be verified for
the well-known Bennett current density profiles, as:
 Ip a2
J  r a
 
 r 2  a2 
2
,
J  0 a r b

 therefore, poloidal magnetic field profile can be
obtained:  0 I p  r 
 B   r 2  a2  r a
 2  
 ,
 B  0 I p a r b
  4 r
 then second approximate value for internal inductance
can be obtained: 1  4b 
li   ln  1.
2 a 
 Therefore two approximate values for poloidal Beta
can be obtained:
3 a  R0
 p   2 ln  (  B    B  ),
4 b 0 I p
and
5 a   R0
 p   0.723  ln   (  B    B  ) ,
4 b  0 I p
 were:
 B   B (   0 )  B (    ) ,
 3
 B   B (   )  B (   ).
2 2
 Results:
 2. Diamagnetic Loop Method for Measurement of
Poloidal Beta:
Diamagnetic loop measures the toroidal diamagnetic
flux for the purpose of measurement of the poloidal
beta and thermal energy of the plasma. The toroidal
flux that produced by the plasma is related to the total
perpendicular thermal energy of the plasma. This
diamagnetic flux is usually measured with the
diamagnetic loop. It is usually a single wire which
circling the plasma column either inside or outside of
the plasma vacuum chamber.
 Relation between the diamagnetic flux and the
poloidal beta derived from simplified equilibrium
relation [5]: 2
0 I p
 D   total   vacuum  1   p 
8 B 0
or
8 B 0
p  1  D
0 I 2
p
 were:
 vacuum  T   O  V   E
Design Diamagnetic
Magnetic Probe
Parameters Loop
R (Resistivity) 33 100
L (Inductance) 1.5mH 20mH
n (Turns) 500 170
S (Sensitivity) 0.7mV/G 0.5V/G
f (Frequency
22kHz 5kHz
Response)
Effective 0.022 16
d (Wire
0.1mm 0.2mm
Diameter)
(Coil Average
3mm 175mm
Radius)
 Positionsof the diamagnetic loop with its
compensation coil on the outer surface of the IR-T1
tokamak chamber.
 Results:
 Other parameters which determined with
Diamagnetic Loop:
 Other parameters
 which determined
 with Diamagnetic Loop:
 Other parameters
 which determined
 with Diamagnetic Loop:
References:
 [1] Determination of Plasma Displacement using Multipole Moments
Method and Comparing with Analytical One, accepted in PoP, 2009.
 [2] Theoretical and Experimental Approach in Poloidal Beta and
Internal Inductance Measurement on IR-T1 Tokamak, J Fusion Energ,
April 2009.
 [3] M. Emami, M. Ghoranneviss, R. Tarkeshian, Fusion Eng. Des. 83,
2008.
 [4] MHD activity at low q(a) in Iran Tokamak 1 (IR-T1), Nucl. Fusion 43,
2003.
 [5] Design and Fabrication of a Movable Langmuir Probe for Plasma
Edge Parameters Measurement in the IR-T1 Tokamak, J Fusion Energ,
January 2009.
o [6] I.P. Shkarofsky, Evaluation of multipole over the current density in a
tokamak with magnetic probes, Phys. Fluids 25 (1) (1982) 89-96
o [7] V. S. Mukhovatov and V. D. Shafranov: Nucl. Fusion 11 (1971) 605.
o [8] L.E. Zakharov, V.D. Shafranov, Equilibrium of a toroidal plasma with
noncircular cross section, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 18 (2) (1973) 151-156.
o [9] J. P. Freidberg, Ideal MHD (Clarendon, Oxford, 1987).
o [10] J. Wesson, Tokamaks, Clarendon, Oxford, 1997, pp. 105–131.
51
Global warming + end of oil and gas. Fusion (Inertial and Magnetic, Hybrid ?….)
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52
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Introduction - Determination of Plasma Position 1) Multipole Moments Method

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2

 The Z Pinch: The only nonzero component of B is in

 The attention of these configurations is the obtaining

Plasma Current 20-40 kA

Electron Density 0.7-1.5 10 cm-3

where f and g are two weighting factors.

 The shift of the plasma column center from the

 For typical profile of the poloidal field which

Then first approximate value for Internal inductance

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