Transformers and Magnetic Circuits

TRANSFORMERS AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
Gyan Ranjan Biswal Gyan Ranjan Biswal
PhD, IIT Roorkee
A i t t P f Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
School of Engineering
Shiv Nadar University, Noida y,
1
Magnetic Fields and Circuits
A current i through a coil produces a
magnetic flux, f, in webers, Wb.
BA =
A
d =

B A i
B = magnetic flux density in Wb/m
2
.
B H
H = magnetic field intensity in A/m.
= B H
m= magnetic permeability
Hl Ni =
Ampere's Law:
d i =
H l i
reluctance
2
Ni = F
Magnetomotive force = F R
3
Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 3
rd
edition by Allan R. Hambley, Pearson publication, 2005
4
rd
Right-Hand Rule
5
rd
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux, f, in webers, Wb.
i
i
Current entering
"dots" produce
fluxes that add
1
v
2
v
2
i
1
i
2
N
1
N
fluxes that add.
11
flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 1 =
12
12
p y
21
fl i il 2 d d b i il 2
22
1 11 12
total flux in coil 1 = = +
6
2 21 22
total flux in coil 2 = = +
Faraday's Law
2
i
1
i
1
v
2
v
2
N
1
N
i
N =
Total flux linking coil 1:
1 1 1
N =
Faraday's Law: induced voltage in coil 1 is
Total flux linking coil 1:
1 1
1 1
( )
d d
v t N

= = Faraday s Law: induced voltage in coil 1 is
Sign of induced voltage v
1
is such that the current i through
1 1
( ) v t N
dt dt
an external resistor would be opposite to the current i
1
that produces the flux f
1
.
7
Example of Lenz's law
Symbol L of inductance from Lenz
Mutual Inductance
2
i
1
i
1
v
2
v
2
N
1
N
F d ' L
1 11 12
1 1 1 1
( )
d d d
v t N N N
dt dt dt

= = +
Faraday's Law
1 2
( )
di di
t L L +
In linear range, flux is proportional to current
1 2
1 11 12
( ) v t L L
dt dt
= +
8
self-inductance mutual inductance
Mutual Inductance
2
i
1
i
1
v
2
v
2
N
1
N
1 2
1 11 12
( )
di di
v t L L
d d
= +
1 11 12
( )
dt dt
1 2
2 21 22
( )
di di
v t L L
dt dt
= +
1 2
1 1
( )
di di
v t L M
dt dt
= +
dt dt
Linear media
1 2
2 2
( )
di di
v t M L
dt dt
= +
12 21
L L M = =
dt dt
L L =
L L = Let
9
2 22
L L =
1 11
L L = Let
Ideal Transformer - Voltage
1 1
( )
d
v t N
dt
=
2
i
1
i
The input AC voltage, v
1
,
produces a flux
1
v
2
v
2
N
1
N
f
1
1
1
( ) v t dt
N
=

This changing flux through
2 2
( )
d
v t N
dt
=
This changing flux through
coil 2 induces a voltage, v
2
across coil 2
d
N N
N
1 1 1
2 2 2
v N N
dt
d
v N N
dt
= =
2
2 1
1
N
v v
N
=
10
dt
Ideal Transformer - Current
Ni F
Magnetomotive force, mmf
2
i
1
i
Ni = F
1
v
2
v
2
N
1
N
f
The total mmf applied to core is
1 1 2 2
N i N i = = F R
For ideal transformer, the reluctance R is zero.
1
2 1
N
i i = 1 1 2 2
N i N i =
2 1
2
N
11
Ideal Transformer - Impedance
2
V
v
2
i
1
i
N N
Load impedance
2
2
L
=
V
Z
I
1
v
2
v
2
N
1
N
1
1 2
2
N
N
= V V
Input impedance
2
N
2
N
= I I
1
i
=
V
Z
I
2
1
i L
N
N

=

Z Z
1 2
1
N
= I I
1
I
2
N

Z
2
L
i
n
=
Z
Z
2
1
N
n
N
=
Turns ratio
12
Ideal Transformer - Power
P i
v
2
i
1
i
N N
P vi =
1
v
2
v
2
N
1
N
Power delivered to primary Power delivered to load
1 1 1
P v i =
2 2 2
P v i =
1
2 1
2
N
i i
N
=
2
2 1
1
N
v v
N
=
2 2 2 1 1 1
P v i v i P = = =
2
1
Power delivered to an ideal transformer by the source
i t f d t th l d
13
is transferred to the load.
Application:
L.V.D.T.
Li V i bl Diff ti l T f Linear Variable Differential Transformer
Position transducer
14
LVDT's are often used on clutch actuation
and for monitoring brake disc wear
LVDT's are also used for LVDT s are also used for
sensors in an automotive
active suspension system p y
15
Voltages Induced in Field-Cutting Conductors
Blu e =
16
rd
Voltages Induced in Field-Cutting Conductors
17
rd
18
rd
Magnetic Field Around a Long Straight Wire
I
H B

= =
r
2
19
rd
20
rd
Flux Density in a Toroidal Core
NI
R
NI
B
2
=
R 2
21
rd
22
rd
23
rd
24
rd
25
rd
Magnetization Circuits with Air-gap
w
l
c
i
c
l
g
N
g
d
c c
c
c
A
l
=
g g
g
g
A
l
=
g c
Ni
+
=
c c
g g
g c
g g c c
l H l H Ni + =
) ( fringing Neglecting wd A A
g c
= =
26
Fringing
w
l
c
i
N
With large air-gaps, flux tends to leak outside the air gap. This is
called fringing which increases the effective flux area. One way to called fringing which increases the effective flux area. One way to
approximate this increase is:
n n gn g n g n
d w A l d d l w w = + = + = ; ;
27
n n gn g n g n
d w A l d d l w w + + ; ;
Fringing
Fringing is approximately counted by adding the length of the gap to Fringing is approximately counted by adding the length of the gap to
the depth and width in computing effective gap area.
28
rd
29
rd
A Magnetic Circuit with Reluctances in Series and Parallel
30
rd
31
rd
A Magnetic Circuit using Dot-conversion
32
rd
33
rd
34
rd
Energy Considerations
dB H
W
W
B
v

= =
Al
v

0
35
rd
Core Loss
Power loss due to hysteresis is proportional to frequency, assuming constant
peak flux.
36
rd
Core Loss
37
rd
Magnetization Curves
B
knee
saturation
B
B
Linear
knee
Linear
H H H H
Magnetization curve Magnetization curve g
(linear) (Ideal)
g
(non-linear) (Actual)
(see also Fig. 1.6 in the text)
38
Magnetization Curves
One can linearize magnetic circuits by including air-gaps
However that would cause a large increase in ampere-turn
requirements requirements.
Ex: Transformers dont have air-gaps. They have very little
magnetizing current (5% of full load)
I d ti t h i Th h l ti i Induction motors have air-gaps. They have large magnetizing
current (30-50%)
Question: why induction motors have air gap and
transformers dont?
39
40
rd
41
rd
42
rd
REAL TRANSFORMERS
43
rd
REAL TRANSFORMERS
44
rd
REAL TRANSFORMERS
Regulation and Efficiency
V V
% 100 regulation percent
load
load load - no
=
V
V V
load
l l d
P P
% 100 1 % 100 efficiency power
in
loss
in
load
= =
P
P
P
P
45
rd
REAL TRANSFORMERS
46
rd
Thank You Thank You
47

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