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BERNOULLIS THEOREM INTRODUCTION The venture is a device for measurin the dischar e a!on a "i"e# The f!uid f!

o$in in the "i"e is !ed throu h a contraction section to a throat% $hich has a sma!!er cross&sectiona! area than that in the "i"e% so that the ve!ocit' of the f!uid throu h the throat is hi her than that in the "i"e# The increase of ve!ocit' is accom"anied (' a fa!! in "ressure% the ma nitude of $hich de"ends on the rate of f!o$# B' measurin the "ressure dro"% the dischar e ma' (e ca!cu!ated# Be'ond the throat the f!uid is dece!erated in a "i"e of s!o$!' diver in section% the "ressure increasin as the ve!ocit' fa!!s# Theor' of )enturi Meter Consider the f!o$ of an incom"ressi(!e f!uid throu h the conver ent&diver ent "i"e sho$ in fi #*# The cross&sectiona! area at the u"stream section * is + *% at the throat section , is +,% and at an' other ar(itrar' section n is +n# -ei.ometer tu(es at these sections re ister h*% h,% and hn as sho$n#

+ssumin that there is no !oss of ener ' a!on the hori.onta! "i"e% and that the ve!ocit' and "ei.ometer heads are constant across each of the sections considered% then Bernou!!is theorem sates that

In $hich u*% u, and un are the ve!ocities of f!o$ throu h section *% , and n# the e/uation of continuit' is

In $hich 0 denoted the vo!ume&f!o$ or dischar e rate# Su(stitutin in e/uation 1*2 for u* from e/uation 1,2

+nd so!vin thus e/uation for u, !eads to

In "ractice% there is some !oss of ener ' (et$een section * and ,% and the ve!ocit' is not a(so!ute!' constant across either of these conditions# +s a resu!ts% measured va!ues of 0 usua!!' fa!! a !itt!e short of those ca!cu!ated from e/uation 132 and it is customar' to a!!o$ for this discre"anc' (' $ritin #

In $hich cd is 4no$n as the f!o$ coefficient of the )enturi meter% $hich ma' (e esta(!ished (' e5"eriment# Its va!ues varies s!i ht!' from one meter to another% and even for a iven meter it ma' var' s!i ht $ith dischar e% usua!!' !ies $ithin the ran e 6#7,& 6#77# The idea! "ressure distri(ution a!on the conver ent&diver ent "i"e ma' (e seen from Bernou!!is e/uation to (e iven ('

8or the "ur"ose of ca!cu!ation and of com"arison of e5"erimenta! resu!ts $ith ca!cu!ation% it is convenient to e5"ress 1hn&h*2 as afraction of the ve!ocit' head at the throat of the meter% i#e#

Su(stitutin on the ri ht hand side area rations in "!ace of ve!ocit' ratios from the e/uation of continuit' 1,2% the idea! "ressure (ecome

OB9ECTI)E *# To determine the variation of f!o$ coefficient% Cd $ith 0 throu h the )enturi meter# ,# To ma4e com"arison (et$een the measured and idea! "ressure distri(ution a!on the )enturi meter# +--+R+TUS )enturi meter a""aratus# 8!o$ measurement tan4# Sto" $atch#

-ROCEDURE *2 O"en the contro! and su""!' va!ve to a!!o$ the $ater f!o$ for a fe$ seconds to c!ear air "oc4ets from the su""!' s'stem# ,2 C!ose the va!ve radua!!'% so that the meter is su(:ected to increase "ressure% $hich $i!! cause $ater to "ass u" the "ei.ometer tu(e# 32 ;hen the $ater !eve!s have risen to a convenient hei ht% c!ose the (ench va!ve# <2 O"en the contro! va!ve successive!' to a!!o$ the $ater f!o$% record the $ater !eve! in "ei.ometer tu(es a!on the )enturi meter# =2 Measure the f!o$ rate (' co!!ectin the vo!ume of $ater in the $ei htin tan4 and time# >2 Re"eats ste"s < and = for a different $ater !eve!#

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