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DRAFT

Lecture Notes in:

Mechanics and Design of REINFORCED CONCRETE

Victor E. Saouma
Dept. of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0428

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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1.1 Mix Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1.1.1 Constituents . . . . . . . . 1.1.1.1.2 Preliminary Considerations 1.1.1.1.3 Mix procedure . . . . . . . 1.1.1.1.4 Mix Design Example . . . 1.1.1.2 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Reinforcing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Design Philosophy, USD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Analysis vs Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Basic Relations and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 ACI Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 FLEXURE 2.1 Uncracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 2-1 Uncracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Basic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Working Stress Method . . . . . . . . . . . E 2-2 Cracked Elastic Section . . . . . . . . . . . E 2-3 Working Stress Design Method; Analysis . . E 2-4 Working Stress Design Method; Design . . 2.3 Cracked Section, Ultimate Strength Design Method 2.3.1 Whitney Stress Block . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Balanced Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Practical Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Minimum Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Beam Sizes, Bar Spacing, Concrete Cover . 2.4.3 Design Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 USD Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 2-5 Ultimate Strength; Review . . . . . . . . . E 2-6 Ultimate Strength; Design I . . . . . . . . . E 2-7 Ultimate Strength; Design II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13 13 13 13 17 17 20 22 26 27 28 28 29 31 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 45 45 46 47

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CONTENTS

5 103 103 105 105 106 107 109

6 SERVICEABILITY 6.1 Control of Cracking . . . . . E 6-1 Crack Width . . . . . 6.2 Deections . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 Short Term Deection 6.2.2 Long Term Deection E 6-2 Deections . . . . . .

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7 APPROXIMATE FRAME ANALYSIS 7.1 Vertical Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Horizontal Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.1 Portal Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E 7-1 Approximate Analysis of a Frame subjected 8 COLUMNS 9 COLUMNS 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1.1 Types of Columns . . . . . . . . . 9.1.2 Possible Arrangement of Bars . . . 9.2 Short Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.1 Concentric Loading . . . . . . . . . 9.2.2 Eccentric Columns . . . . . . . . . 9.2.2.1 Balanced Condition . . . 9.2.2.2 Tension Failure . . . . . . 9.2.2.3 Compression Failure . . . 9.2.3 ACI Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.4 Interaction Diagrams . . . . . . . . 9.2.5 Design Charts . . . . . . . . . . . E 9-1 R/C Column, c known . . . . . . . E 9-2 R/C Column, e known . . . . . . . E 9-3 R/C Column, Using Design Charts 9.2.6 Biaxial Bending . . . . . . . . . . E 9-4 Biaxially Loaded Column . . . . . 9.3 Long Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1 Euler Elastic Buckling . . . . . . . 9.3.2 Eective Length . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.3 Moment Magnication Factor; ACI E 9-5 Long R/C Column . . . . . . . . . E 9-6 Design of Slender Column . . . . . 10 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 10.1.1 Materials . . . . . . . 10.1.2 Prestressing Forces . . 10.1.3 Assumptions . . . . . 10.1.4 Tendon Conguration 10.1.5 Equivalent Load . . . Victor Saouma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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111 . . 111 . . 114 . . 114 Loads116 131

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133 . 133 . 133 . 134 . 134 . 134 . 134 . 135 . 137 . 138 . 139 . 139 . 139 . 139 . 141 . 145 . 146 . 149 . 150 . 150 . 151 . 153 . 155 . 157 159 . 159 . 159 . 162 . 162 . 162 . 162

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

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List of Figures
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 3.1 Schematic Representation of Aggregate Gradation MicroCracks in Concrete under Compression . . . Concrete Stress Strain Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . Modulus of Rupture Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Split Cylinder (Brazilian) Test . . . . . . . . . . . Biaxial Strength of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Dependent Strains in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 23 23 24 24 25 26

Strain Diagram Uncracked Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transformed Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stress Diagram Cracked Elastic Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desired Stress Distribution; WSD Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cracked Section, Limit State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whitney Stress Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bar Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T Beam as Rectangular Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T Beam Strain and Stress Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decomposition of Steel Reinforcement for T Beams . . . . . . . . . . Doubly Reinforced Beams; Strain and Stress Diagrams . . . . . . . . Dierent Possibilities for Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams . . . . Strain Diagram, Doubly Reinforced Beam; is As Yielding? . . . . . . Strain Diagram, Doubly Reinforced Beam; is As Yielding? . . . . . . Summary of Conditions for top and Bottom Steel Yielding . . . . . . Bending of a Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moment-Curvature Relation for a Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bond and Development Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual Bond Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Splitting Along Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bar cuto requirements of the ACI code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard cuto or bend points for bars in approximately equal spans Moment Capacity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Principal Stresses in Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

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9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9

LIST OF FIGURES Possible Bar arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sources of Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load Moment Interaction Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strain and Stress Diagram of a R/C Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Column Interaction Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Failure Surface of a Biaxially Loaded Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load Contour at Plane of Constant Pn , and Nondimensionalized Corresponding Biaxial Bending Interaction Relations in terms of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bilinear Approximation for Load Contour Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns Euler Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Column Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critical lengths of columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eective length Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Alignment Chart (ACI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum Column Eccentricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-M Magnication Interaction Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 . 134 . 135 . 135 . 136 . 140 . 146 plots147 . 148 . 148 . 150 . 151 . 152 . 153 . 154 . 154 . 155

Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete Beam, (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Posttensioned Prestressed Concrete Beam, (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 7 Wire Prestressing Tendon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Alternative Schemes for Prestressing a Rectangular Concrete Beam, (?) . . . . . 163 Determination of Equivalent Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Load-Deection Curve and Corresponding Internal Flexural Stresses for a Typical Prestressed Concrete Flexural Stress Distribution for a Beam with Variable Eccentricity; Maximum Moment Section and Supp Walnut Lane Bridge, Plan View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Walnut Lane Bridge, Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

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List of Tables
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 2.1 2.2 4.1 5.1 7.1 7.2

ASTM Sieve Designations Nominal Sizes Used for Concrete Aggregates . . . . . 15 ASTM C33 Grading Limits for Coarse Concrete Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ASTM C33 Grading Limits for Fine Concrete Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Example of Fineness Modulus Determination for Fine Aggregate . . . . . . . . . 17 Recommended Slumps (inches) for Various Types of Construction . . . . . . . . 18 Recommended Average Total Air Content as % of Dierent Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregates and Approximate Mixing Water Requirements, lb/yd3 of Concrete For Dierent Slumps and Nominal Maxim Relationship Between Water/Cement Ratio and Compressive Strength . . . . . . 19 Volume of Dry-Rodded Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of Concrete for Dierent Fineness Moduli of Creep Coecients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Properties of Reinforcing Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Strength Reduction Factors, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Total areas for various numbers of reinforcing bars (inch2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Minimum Width (inches) according to ACI Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Building Structural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Recommended Minimum Slab and Beam Depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Columns Combined Approximate Vertical and Horizontal Loads . . . . . . . . . 128 Girders Combined Approximate Vertical and Horizontal Loads . . . . . . . . . . 129

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.1.1

Material
Concrete

This section is adapted from Concrete by Mindess and Young, Prentice Hall, 1981 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1.1 Mix Design Constituents

1 Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, and aggregates (usually sand and crushed stone).

Portland cement is a mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials which are calcined in a kiln and then pulverized. When mixed with water, cement hardens through a process called hydration.
2 3

Ideal mixture is one in which: 1. A minimum amount of cement-water paste is used to ll the interstices between the particles of aggregates. 2. A minimum amount of water is provided to complete the chemical reaction with cement. Strictly speaking, a water/cement ratio of about 0.25 is needed to complete this reaction, but then the concrete will have a very low workability.

In such a mixture, about 3/4 of the volume is constituted by the aggregates, and the remaining 1/4 being the cement paste.
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Smaller particles up to 1/4 in. in size are called ne aggregates, and the larger ones being coarse aggregates. Portland Cement has the following ASTM designation I Normal II Moderate sulfate resistant, moderate heat of hydration III High early strength (but releases too much heat)

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1.1 Material mm Coarse Aggregate 3 in. 75 21/2 in. 63 2 in. 50 11/2 in. 37.5 1 in. 25 3/4 in. 19 1/2 in. 12.5 3/8 in. 9.5 Fine Aggregate No. 4 4.75 No. 8 2.36 No. 16 1.18 No. 30 0.60 (600 m) No. 50 300 m No. 100 150 m ASTM Design. Size in. 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.75 0.50 0.375 0.187 0.0937 0.0469 0.0234 0.0124 0.0059

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Table 1.1: ASTM Sieve Designations Nominal Sizes Used for Concrete Aggregates Sieve Size % Passing Each Sieve (Nominal Maximum Size) 11/2 in. 1 in. 3/4 in. 1/2 in. 95-100 100 95-100 100 35-70 90-100 100 25-60 90-100 10-30 20-55 40-70 0-5 0-10 0-10 0-15 0-5 0-5 0-5

11/2 in. 1 in. 3/4 in. 1/2 in. 3/8 in. No. 4 No. 8

Table 1.2: ASTM C33 Grading Limits for Coarse Concrete Aggregates Sieve Size 3/4 in. No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 30 No. 50 No. 100 % Passing 100 95-100 80-100 50-85 25-60 10-30 2-10

Table 1.3: ASTM C33 Grading Limits for Fine Concrete Aggregates Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

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1.1 Material Sieve Size No. No. No. No. No. No. Weight Amount Cumulative Cumulative Retained Retained Amount Amount (g) (wt. %) Retained (%) Passing (%) 4 9 2 2 98 8 46 9 11 89 16 97 19 30 70 30 99 20 50 50 50 120 24 74 26 100 91 18 92 8 = 259 Sample Weight 500 g. Fineness modulus=259/100=2.59

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Table 1.4: Example of Fineness Modulus Determination for Fine Aggregate 1.1.1.1.2 Preliminary Considerations

24

There are two fundamental aspects to mix design to keep in mind:

1. Water/Cement ratio: where the strength is inversely proportional to the water to cement ratio, approximately expressed as: fc = A B 1.5w/c (1.4)

For fc in psi, A is usually taken as 14,000 and B depends on the type of cement, but may be taken to be about 4. It should be noted that w/c controls not only the strength, but also the porosity and hence the durability. 2. Aggregate Grading: In order to minimize the amount of cement paste, we must maximize the volume of aggregates. This can be achieved through proper packing of the granular material. The ideal grading curve (with minimum voids) is closely approximated by the Fuller curve d q (1.5) Pt = D where Pt is the fraction of total solids ner than size d, and D is the maximum particle size, q is generally taken as 1/2, hence the parabolic grading. 1.1.1.1.3 Mix procedure

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Before starting the mix design process, the following material properties should be determined: 1. Sieve analysis of both ne and coarse aggregates 2. Unit weight of the coarse aggregate 3. Bulk specic gravities 4. absorption capacities of the aggregates

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1.1 Material Slump in. 1-2 3-4 6-7 1-2 3-4 6-7
3/8

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Sizes of Aggregates in. 1/2 in. 3/4 in. 1 in. Non-Air-Entrained Concrete 350 335 315 300 385 365 340 325 410 385 360 340 Air-Entrained Concrete 305 295 280 270 340 325 305 295 365 345 325 310

11/2 in. 275 300 315 250 275 290

Table 1.7: Approximate Mixing Water Requirements, lb/yd3 of Concrete For Dierent Slumps and Nominal Maximum Sizes of Aggregates

28 days fc 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000

w/c Ratio by Weight Non-air-entrained Air-entrained 0.41 0.48 0.40 0.57 0.48 0.68 0.59 0.82 0.74

Table 1.8: Relationship Between Water/Cement Ratio and Compressive Strength

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1.1 Material

21

Fine Aggregates: Bulk specic gravity (SSD) = 2.65; absorption capacity = 1.3 %; Total moisture content=5.5%; neness modulus = 2.70

The sieve analyses of both the coarse and ne aggregates fall within the specied limits. With this information, the mix design can proceed: 1. Choice of slump is consistent with Table 1.5. 2. Maximum aggregate size (3/4 in) is governed by reinforcing details. 3. Estimation of mixing water: Because water will be exposed to freeze and thaw, it must be air-entrained. From Table 1.6 the air content recommended for extreme exposure is 6.0%, and from Table 1.7 the water requirement is 280 lb/yd3 4. From Table 1.8, the water to cement ratio estimate is 0.4 5. Cement content, based on steps 4 and 5 is 280/0.4=700 lb/yd3 6. Coarse aggregate content, interpolating from Table 1.9 for the neness modulus of the ne aggregate of 2.70, the volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete is 0.63. Therefore, the coarse aggregate will occupy 0.63 27 = 17.01 ft 3 /yd3 . The OD weight of the coarse aggregate is 17.01 ft3 /yd3 , 100 lbs/ft3 =1,701 lb. The SSD weight is 1,701 1.01=1,718 lb. 7. Fine aggregate content Knowing the weights and specic gravities of the water, cement, and coarse aggregate, and knowing the air volume, we can calculate the volume per yd 3 occupied by the dierent ingredients. Water Cement Coarse Aggregate (SSD) Air 280/62.4 700/(3.15)(62.4) 1,718/(2.70)(62.4) (0.06)(27) = = = = 4.49 3.56 1.62 1.62 19.87 ft3 ft3 ft 3 ft3 ft3

Hence, the ne aggregate must occupy a volume of 27.0 19.87 = 7.13 ft 3 . The required SSD weight of the ne aggregate is 7.13 ft3 (2.65)(62.4)lb/ft3 =1,179 lbs lb. 8. Adjustment for moisture in the aggregate. Since the aggregate will be neither SSD or OD in the eld, it is necessary to adjust the aggregate weights for the amount of water contained in the aggregate. Only surface water need be considered; absorbed water does not become part of the mix water. For the given moisture contents, the adjusted aggregate weights become: Coarse aggregate (wet)=1,718(1.025-0.01) = 1,744 lb/yd 3 of dry coarse Fine aggregate (wet)=1,179(1.055-0.013) = 1,229 lb/yd 3 of dry ne Surface moisture contributed by the coarse aggregate is 2.5-1.0 = 1.5%; by the ne aggregate: 5.5-1.3 = 4.2%; Hence we need to decrease water to 280-1,718(0.015)-1,179(0.042) = 205 lb/yd3 . Thus, the estimated batch weight per yd3 are

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Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

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Chapter 2

FLEXURE
This is probably the longest chapter in the notes, we shall cover in great details exural design/analysis of R/C beams starting with uncracked section to failure conditions.
1

1. Uncracked elastic (uneconomical) 2. cracked elastic (service stage) 3. Ultimate (failure)

2.1

Uncracked Section
c

d As

Figure 2.1: Strain Diagram Uncracked Section Assuming perfect bond between steel and concrete, we have s = c , Fig. 2.1 s = c where n is the modular ratio n =
3

fs fc Es = fs = fc fs = nfc Es Ec Ec

(2.1)

Es Ec

Tensile force in steel Ts = As fs = As nfc Replace steel by an equivalent area of concrete, Fig. 2.2.

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2.2 Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic fct = fs Mc (540, 000) lb.in(25 13.2) in = = 433 psi < 475 psi 4 I (14, 722) in (540, 000)(23 13.2) in Mc = (8) = 2, 876 psi = n I (14, 722)

33 (2.3-h) (2.3-i)

2.2
7

Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic

This is important not only as an acceptable alternative ACI design method, but also for the later evaluation of crack width under service loads.

2.2.1
8

Basic Relations

If fct > fr , fcc < .5fc and fs < fy we will assume that the crack goes all the way to the N.A and we will use the transformed section, Fig. 2.3
(n-1)A S 2
(n-1)A S 2 fc kd d T C kd/3

(1-k/3)d=jd

Figure 2.3: Stress Diagram Cracked Elastic Section To locate N.A, tension force = compressive force (by def. NA) (Note, for linear stress distribution and with Fx = 0; = by bydA = 0, thus b ydA = 0 and ydA = yA = 0, by denition, gives the location of the neutral axis)
9 10

Note, N.A. location depends only on geometry & n

Es Ec

11

Tensile and compressive forces are equal to C = bkd 2 fc & T = As fs and neutral axis is determined by equating the moment of the tension area to the moment of the compression area b(kd) kd 2 = nAs (d kd) 2nd degree equation M As jd
1 bd2 kj 2

(2.4-a) (2.4-b)

M = T jd = As fs jd fs = M = Cjd = where j = (1 k/3). Victor Saouma

bkd bd2 fc jd = kjfc fc = 2 2

(2.4-c)

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

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2.2 Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic Review Start by determining , If < b steel reaches max. allowable value before concrete, and M = As fs jd If > b concrete reaches max. allowable value before steel and M = fc or 1 M = fc jkbd2 = Rbd2 2 where k= 2n + (n)2 n R = where k =
n n+r , def

35

(2.9)

bkd jd 2

(2.10)

(2.11)

Design We dene

1 fc kj 2

(2.12)

solve for bd2 from bd2 = (2.13)

M R assume b and solve for d. Finally we can determine As from As = b bd Summary Review b, d, As M? s = A bd k = 2n + (n)2 n s r=f fc n b = 2r(n +r) < b M = As fs jd 2 > b M = 1 2 fc bkd j Design M b, d, As ? n k = n+ r j =1 k 3 s r=f fc R= 1 2 fc kj n b = 2r(n +r) bd2 = M R As = b bd or As =

(2.14)

17

M fs jd

Example 2-2: Cracked Elastic Section

Victor Saouma

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

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Solution: = fs

2.2 Section Cracked, Stresses Elastic

37

2.35 As = = .0102 bd (10)(23) = 24 ksi 2n + (n)2 n = 2(.0102)8 + (.0102)2 (8)(.0102) = .331

(2.16-a) (2.16-b) (2.16-c) (2.16-d) (2.16-e) (2.16-f) Steel reaches elastic (2.16-g) limit (2.16-h)

fc = (.45)(4, 000) = 1, 800 psi k = k = .889 3 N.A. @ (.331)(23) = 7.61 in n 8 b = = = .014 > 2r(n + r) (2)(13.33)(8 + 13.33) j = 1 M

= As fs jd = (2.35)(24)(.889)(23) = 1, 154 k.in = 96 k.ft

Note, had we used the alternate equation for moment (wrong) we would have overestimated the design moment: M 1 = = fc bkd2 j 2 1 (1.8)(10)(0.33)(0.89)(23)2 = 1, 397 k.in > 1, 154 k.in = 2 (2.17-a) (2.17-b)

If we dene c = fc /1, 800 and s = fs /24, 000, then as the load increases both c and s increase, but at dierent rates, one of them s reaches 1 before the other.

Load

Example 2-4: Working Stress Design Method; Design Design a beam to carry LL = 1.9 k/ft, DL = 1.0 k/ft with fc = 4, 000 psi, fy = 60, 000 psi, L = 32 ft.

Victor Saouma

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

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h d

2.3 Cracked Section, Ultimate Strength Design Method

39

c
c a= 1c

f c
a/2 = c

C= fcb c

C= fab c

As

fs

fs

Actual

Figure 2.5: Cracked Section, Limit State = fav fc a = 1 c = 1 (2.20-b) (2.20-c) (2.21)

Thus

But the location of the resultant forces must be the same, hence 1 = 2
21

(2.22)

From Experiments fc ( psi) 1 = 2 = /1 <4,000 .72 .425 .85 0.85 5,000 .68 .400 .80 0.85 6,000 .64 .375 .75 0.85 7,000 .60 .350 .70 0.86 8,000 .56 .325 .65 0.86

22

Thus we have, (ACI-318 10.2.7.3): 1 = .85 1 = .85 (.05)(fc 4, 000) 1,000 if fc 4, 000 if 4, 000 < fc < 8, 000 (2.23)

23

Failure can occur by either

yielding of steel: s = y ; Progressive crushing of concrete: c = .003; Sudden; (ACI 10.3.2).

Victor Saouma

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

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27 28

2.3 Cracked Section, Ultimate Strength Design Method Also we need to specify a minimum reinforcement ratio min to account for temperature & shrinkage 200 fy (ACI 10.5.1)

41

(2.29)

Note, that need not be as high as 0.75b . If steel is relatively expensive, or deection is of concern, can use lower . As a rule of thumb, if < 0.5b , there is no need to check for deection.

29

2.3.3
30

Review

Given, b, d, As , fc , fy , determine the moment capacity M .

s act = A bd fc 87 b = (.85)1 f y 87+fy

(2.30)

act < b : Failure by yielding and

s y a = .85 Fx = 0 fc b ) M =0 Md = As fy (d a 2

A f

(2.31)

act > b is not allowed by code, in this case we have an extra unknown fs .
31

We now have one more unknown fs , and we will need an additional equation (from strain diagram).
As f s c = .85 fc b1 .003 c = d .003+s Md = As fs (d

Fx = 0 From strain diagram 1 c ) M =0 2

(2.32)

We can solve by iteration, or substitution and solution of a quadratic equation.

2.3.4
32

Design

We consider two cases: I b d and As , unknown; Md known; Since design failure is triggered by fs = fy Fx = 0 a = =
As f y 0.85fc b As bd

a = 0.85y fc Md = A s fy d

a 2

Md = fy 1 .59
R

fy fc

2 bd (2.33-a)

where is specied by the designer; or R = fy 1 .59 Victor Saouma fy fc (2.34)

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

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2.4.2
35

2.4 Practical Design Considerations

43

Beam Sizes, Bar Spacing, Concrete Cover

Beam sizes should be dimensioned as 1. Use whole inches for overall dimensions, except for slabs use
1 2

inch increment.

2. Ideally, the overall depth to width ratio should be between 1.5 to 2.0 (most economical). 3. For T beams, ange thickness should be about 20% of overall depth.
36

Reinforcing bars 1. Minimum spacing between bars, and minimum covers are needed to (a) Prevent Honeycombing of concrete (air pockets) (b) Concrete (usually up to 3/4 in MSA) must pass through the reinforcement (c) Protect reinforcement against corrosion and re 2. Use at least 2 bars for exural reinforcement 3. Use bars #11 or smaller for beams. 4. Use no more than two bar sizes and no more than 2 standard sizes apart (i.e #7 and #9 acceptable; #7 and #8 or #7 and #10 not). 5. Use no more than 5 or 6 bars in one layer. 6. Place longest bars in the layer nearest to face of beam. 7. Clear distance between parallel bars not less that db (to avoid splitting cracks) nor 1 in. (to allow concrete to pass through). 8. Clear distance between longitudinal bars in columns not less that 1.5db or 1.5 in. 9. Minimum cover of 1.5 in. 10. Summaries in Fig. 2.7 and Table 2.1, 2.2.

2.4.3
37

Design Aids

Basic equations developed in this section can be easily graphed.

Review Given b d and known steel ratio and material strength, Mn can be readily obtained from Mn = Rbd2 Design in this case 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Set Md = Rbd2 From tabulated values, select max and min often 0.5b is a good economical choice. Select R from tabulated values of R in terms of fy , fc and . Solve for bd2 . Select b and d to meet requirements. Usually depth is about 2 to 3 times the width. Using tabulated values select the size and number of bars giving preference to larger bar sizes to reduce placement cost (careful about crack width!). 6. Check from tables that the selected beam width will provide room for the bars chosen with adequate cover and spacing. Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

Victor Saouma

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2.5 USD Examples

45

Figure 2.7: Bar Spacing

2.5

USD Examples

Example 2-5: Ultimate Strength; Review Determine the ultimate moment capacity of example 2.1 fc = 4,000 psi; ft = 475 psi; fy = 60,000 psi; As = 2.35 in2
yt 25" 23" As = 2.35 in 10"
2

yb

Solution: As 2.35 = = .0102 bd (10)(23) 4 87 87 f = (.85)(.85) = .0285 > act .851 c fy 87 + fy 60 87 + 60 A s fy (2.35)(60) = = 4.15 in .85fc b (.85)(4)(10) 4.15 a = (2.35)(60) 23 = 2, 950 k.in A s fy d 2 2 Mn = 0.9(2, 950) = 2, 660 k.in

act = b = a = Mn = Md = Note: Victor Saouma

(2.39-a) (2.39-b) (2.39-c) (2.39-d) (2.39-e)

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

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2.5 USD Examples

47

Example 2-7: Ultimate Strength; Design II Design a R/C beam for b = 11.5 in; d = 20 in; fc = 3 ksi; fy = 40 ksi; Md = 1, 600 k.in Solution: Assume a =
d 5

20 5

= 4 in As = Md (1, 600) = 2.47 in2 a = fy (d 2 ) ) (.9)(40)(20 4 2 A s fy (2.47)(40) = = 3.38 in (.85)fc b (.85)(3)(11.5) (2.42)

check assumption,

a= Thus take a = 3.3 in.

(2.43)

As = a = act = b = max =

(1, 600) 2 .3 = 2.42 in ) (.9)(40)(20 32 (2.42)(40) = 3.3 in (.85)(3)(11.5) 2.42 = .011 (11.5)(20) 87 3 = .037 (.85)(.85) 40 87 + 40 .75b = .0278 > act

(2.44-a) (2.44-b) (2.44-c) (2.44-d) (2.44-e)

Example 2-8: Exact Analysis As an Engineer questioning the validity of the ACI equation for the ultimate exural capacity of R/C beams, you determined experimentally the following stress strain curve for concrete: =
fc 2 max

1+ where fc corresponds to max .

max

(2.45)

1. Determine the exact balanced steel ratio for a R/C beam with b = 10, d = 23, f c = 4, 000 psi, fy = 60 ksi, max = 0.003. (a) Determine the equation for the exact stress distribution on the section. (b) Determine the total compressive force C , and its location, in terms of the location of the neutral axis c. Victor Saouma Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete

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Chapter 3

SHEAR
3.1
1

Introduction

Beams are subjected to both exural and shear stresses. Resulting principal stresses (or stress trajectory) are shown in Fig. 3.1.

45

90

Tension trajectories Compression trajectories

45

Figure 3.1: Principal Stresses in Beam

2

Due to exure, vertical exural cracks develop from the bottom bers. As a result of the tensile principal stresses, two types of shear cracks may develop, Fig. 3.2:
Large V Small M Small V Large M Large V Small M

Web Shear Cracks

Flexural Cracks

Flexural Shear Cracks

Flexural Cracks

Figure 3.2: Types of Shear Cracks Web shear cracks: Large V, small M. They initiate in the web & spread up & down at 45 o .

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10

3.2 Shear Strength of Uncracked Section 3. Compute the principal stresses 4. Equate principal tensile stress to the tensile strength Using a semi-analytical approach 1. Assume that fc is directly proportional to steel stress
s fc = f n

77

Mn = As fs jd fs = 2. Shear stress

Mn As jd

Vn bd 3. From Mohrs circle, the tensile principal stress is vn = F 2

f c

Mn = nA s jd s = A bd

fc =

Mn Mn = F1 2 njbd nbd2

(3.1)

(3.2)

vn
f1
R

fc

vn

Figure 3.4: Mohrs Circle for Shear Strength of Uncracked Section fc + 2 fc 2

2 2 + vn

f1 = 4. Set f1 equal to the tensile strength

(3.3)

f1 = f t f 1 Vn bd = = Combining Eq. 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 Vn = bd F 1 Ec 2 Es

C1 Mn Vn d

Vn Vn = ft bd bd

(3.4-a) (3.4-b) (3.4-c)

ft Vn f1 bd ft
f1 bd Vn

ft
F 1 Ec
C1

2 Es

Mn Vn d

2 + F2 C2

1/2

(3.5)

Victor Saouma

Mechanics and Design of Reinforced Concrete