CS1112 Lecture 15

Previous Lecture:

Who Can Fill the Order?

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2-d array examples Working with images

Todays Lecture:

Yes No Yes

Inv

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Announcements:

Discussion this week in the UP B7 computer lab Prelim 1 to be returned at end of lecture. Unclaimed papers (and those on which student didnt indicate the lecture time) can be picked up during consulting hours (Su-R 5-10p) at ACCEL Green Rm (Carpenter Hall) starting at 5pm today
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PO

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Wanted: A True/False Function i Inv PO DO is true if factory i can fill the order. DO is false if factory i cannot fill the order.
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Example: Check inventory of factory 2

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iCanDo

DO

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PO

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Initialization
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Still True
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Inv

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DO

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DO

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PO

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DO = DO && ( Inv(2,1) >= PO(1) )

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without any if statements; checking inv(2,1)>=PO(1) Lecture 14 - 'history term':: is it true first bit of boolean expression before?

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No Longer True
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Encapsulate
function DO = iCanDo(i,Inv,PO) % DO is true if factory i can fill % the purchase order. Otherwise, false nProd = length(PO); DO = 1; for j = 1:nProd DO = DO && ( Inv(i,j) >= PO(j) ); end
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Inv

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DO

PO

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DO = DO && ( Inv(2,4) >= PO(4) )

DO for product 4: TRUE && FALSE = FALSE DO for product 5: FALSE && TRUE = FALSELecture 14
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Encapsulate
function DO = iCanDo(i,Inv,PO) % DO is true if factory i can fill % the purchase order. Otherwise, false nProd = length(PO); j = 1; while j<=nProd && Inv(i,j)>=PO(j) j = j+1; DO should be true when end A j < nProd DO = _________; B j == nProd C j > nProd
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Back To Finding the Cheapest

iBest = 0; minBill = inf; for i=1:nFact iBill = iCost(i,C,PO); if iBill < minBill % Found an Improvement iBest = i; minBill = iBill; end end

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Back To Finding the Cheapest

iBest = 0; minBill = inf; for i=1:nFact if iCanDo(i,Inv,PO) iBill = iCost(i,C,PO); if iBill < minBill % Found an Improvement iBest = i; minBill = iBill; end end end See Cheapest.m
for alternative implementation
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A picture as a matrix
1458-by-2084
0 = black 255 = white these are integer values type: uint8 (there are 2^8 power)

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CS1112 Lecture 15

Images can be encoded in different ways

Lets put a picture in a frame

Common formats include

JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group GIF: Graphics Interchange Format

Data are compressed We will work with jpeg files:

Things to do:
1.

imread: read a .jpg file and convert it to a normal numeric array that we can work with imwrite: write an array into a .jpg file (compressed data)

2. 3.

4.

Read bwduck.jpg from memory and convert it into an array Show the original picture Assign a gray value (frame color) to the edge pixels Show the manipulated picture
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Reading a jpeg file and displaying the image % Read jpg image and convert to % an array P P = imread(bwduck.jpg'); % Show the data in array P as % an image imshow(P)

% Frame a grayscale picture P= imread(bwduck.jpg); imshow(P) % Change the frame color width= 50; frameColor= 200; % light gray [nr,nc]= size(P); for r= 1:nr for c= 1:nc % At pixel (r,c)

end end imshow(P)

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% Frame a grayscale picture P= imread(bwduck.jpg); imshow(P) % Change the frame color width= 50; frameColor= 200; % light gray [nr,nc]= size(P); for r= 1:nr for c= 1:nc % At pixel (r,c) if r<=width || r>nr-width || ... c<=width || c>nc-width P(r,c)= frameColor; Things to consider end 1. What is the type of the end values in P? end 2. Can we be more efficient? imshow(P)

Accessing a submatrix

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M refers to the whole matrix M(3,5) refers to one component of M M(2:3,3:5) refers to a submatrix of M

row indices column indices

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Grayness: a value in [0..255]

0 = black 255 = white These are integer values Type: uint8

A color picture is made up of RGB matrices 3-d array

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E.g., color image data is stored in a 3-d array A:

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Example: Mirror Image

Reading and writing jpg files % Read jpg image and convert to % a 3D array A A = imread('LawSchool.jpg');

LawSchool.jpg
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LawSchoolMirror.jpg

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Read LawSchool.jpg from memory and convert it into an array. Manipulate the Array. Convert the array to a jpg file and write it to memory.
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% Write 3D array B to memory as % a jpg image imwrite(B,'LawSchoolMirror.jpg')

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A 3-d array as 3 matrices

[nr, nc, np] = size(A) % dimensions of 3-d array A
#rows #columns #layers (pages)
2-d array

%Store mirror image of A in array B [nr,nc,np]= size(A); for r= 1:nr for c= 1:nc for p= 1:np B(r,c,p)= A(r,nc-c+1,p); end end end
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A(1:nr,1:nc,1) M1= A(:,:,1) M2= A(:,:,2) M3= A(:,:,3)

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[nr,nc,np]= size(A); for r= 1:nr for c= 1:nc for p= 1:np B(r,c,p)= A(r,nc-c+1,p); end end [nr,nc,np]= size(A); end for p= 1:np for r= 1:nr Both fragments for c= 1:nc create a mirror B(r,c,p)= A(r,nc-c+1,p); image of A . end A true end false B end
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% Make mirror image of A - the whole thing A= imread(LawSchool.jpg); [nr,nc,np]= size(A); B= zeros(nr,nc,np); B= uint8(B); % Type for image color values for r= 1:nr for c= 1:nc for p= 1:np B(r,c,p)= A(r,nc-c+1,p); end end end imshow(B) % Show 3-d array data as an image imwrite(B,LawSchoolMirror.jpg)
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Vectorized code simplifies things Work with a whole column at a time

A B

Consider a single matrix (just one layer) [nr,nc,np] = size(A); for c= 1:nc all rows,c all rows ,nc+1-c B(: ) = A(:

);

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Column c in B is column nc-c+1 in A

end

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Vectorized code to create a mirror image A = imread(LawSchool.jpg) [nr,nc,np] = size(A); for c= 1:nc B(:,c,1) = A(:,nc+1-c,1) B(:,c,2) = A(:,nc+1-c,2) B(:,c,3) = A(:,nc+1-c,3) end imwrite(B,'LawSchoolMirror.jpg')
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Even more compact vectorized code to create a mirror image

for c= 1:nc B(:,c,1) = A(:,nc+1-c,1) B(:,c,2) = A(:,nc+1-c,2) B(:,c,3) = A(:,nc+1-c,3) end

B = A(:,nc:-1:1,:)
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Example: color black and white

Averaging the RGB values to get a gray value

R G B
.3R+.59G+.11B

Can average the three color values to get one gray value.

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Averaging the RGB values to get a gray value

R G B for i= 1:m for j= 1:n M(i,j)= .3*R(i,j) + .59*G(i,j) + .11*B(i,j) end end scalar operation
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Averaging the RGB values to get a gray value

R

.3R+.59G+.11B

G B

.3R+.59G+.11B

M= .3*R + .59*G + .11*B

vectorized operation

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Here are 2 ways to calculate the average. Are gray value matrices g and h the same given image data A?
for r= 1:nr for c= 1:nc g(r,c)= A(r,c,1)/3 + A(r,c,2)/3 + ... A(r,c,3)/3; h(r,c)= ... ( A(r,c,1)+A(r,c,2)+A(r,c,3) )/3; end end

showToGrayscale.m

Matlab has a built-in function to convert from color to grayscale, resulting in a 2-d array: B = rgb2gray(A)

A: yes

B: no

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