Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Masakazu Shimooka, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656
E-mail: shimooka@cfdl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Makoto Iida, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656
E-mail: iida@cfdl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Chuichi Arakawa, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656
E-mail: arakawa@cfdl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
2
Near field:
Direct noise simulation
By compressible LES z
Ueff x 50deg
0.98R
R
Ueff 0deg
3
low frequency fluctuations can be considered to be filtered
out before reaching the outer boundary. It must also be noted
3.2 Simulation results: flow field
that numerical dissipation with the third-order upwind Computations in Grid1 using LES were performed and the
scheme is high in the outer regions due to the coarse grid. effects of winglets have been investigated by comparing
Acoustic waves will be dissipated. 50deg with 0deg in detail.
Fig.5 shows the contours of the spanwise velocity
y components w at y/c = 0.7 which is located at the center of
the blade chord length. The left region to the blade is suction
U∞ (c) side, while the right one is pressure side. The region colored
black (w > 0) is where the flow goes to the outside of the
z blade, while the region colored white (w < 0) is where the
x flow goes to the inside of the blade. In both 0deg and 50deg,
(a) there can be seen the flow is drifting up from the pressure
side to the suction side at the very tip. Especially at the
suction side, the region colored white is smaller for 50deg
than for 0deg. This means that a winglet prohibits tip vortices
(b) from drifting up to the suction side of the blade and reduces
downwash effects. As for at the pressure side, the region
colored black is larger for 50deg than for 0deg. This means
Rotation axis that a winglet can spread the wake in spanwise direction.
ζ
η
ξ
y
z
Grid1 x
765 x 193 x 2209 Direct noise simulation
ζ
η
ξ
Grid2 z
383 x 97 x 553 x
Fig.5 Spanwise velocity components contours
Fig.4 Grid spacing of airfoil section (top: 50deg, bottom: 0deg)
(top: Grid1 , bottom: Grid2)
4
Fig.6 shows the pressure contours near the trailing edge at 2.0
1.8
y/c = 1.0. As for 50deg, there can be seen smaller but more 1.6
1.4
complex structure of tip vortices. A winglet diffuses tip 1.2
1.0
vortices and causes large-scale structure of vortices into
small scale.
Fig.7 shows the vorticity magnitude contours at the near
wake of the tip region with vorticity magnitude iso-surfaces
(|ω| = 4.0). Each contoured section corresponds to y/c = 1.0,
1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0. As for 50deg, there can be seen the
y z
reduction of the strength of tip vortices at any section, and the
tip vortices dissipate nearer the wall than for 0deg. Winglets
can be said to weaken tip vortices.
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
y z
5
losing torque as compared with 0deg. This would be Finally, the overall aerodynamic performance is
improved by smoother connection between the main blade investigated. Power coefficient CP and thrust coefficient CT
and winglet. As for the flap momentum, reduction of the flap are calculated. As for 50deg, CP = 0.310, and CT = 0.610,
momentum is identified at the winglet region for 50deg, while as for 0deg, CP = 0.305, and CT = 0.602. Both CP and
while increase can be found in the region of the main blade CT are found to be slightly higher for 50deg than for 0deg.
near the winglet.
Fig.10 shows time- averaged pressure distribution on the z/c = 36.5
suction side in the tip region. There can be seen differences in
the pressure distribution between 0deg and 50deg. Regarding
50deg, sharper suction peak and more sufficient recovery of
the pressure can be identified at the leading edge and the
trailing edge respectively. Fig.11 shows the pressure
coefficient at the center of the winglet, z/c = 36.5, where the
most remarkable difference in the rotational torque is found.
In Fig.11, larger and sharper suction peak at the leading edge
and more sufficient recovery of the pressure is identified for
50deg than for 0deg. As for 50deg, at the suction side of the
winglet, the spanwise flow is reduced as investigated in Fig.5,
and this leads to more 2-dimentional flow in streamwise
direction, and enables to obtain higher rotational torque.
-5
0deg
0.01 50deg
-4
-3
0deg
Cp
50deg -2
0
30 32 34 36 38 -1
Spanwise position (z/c)
Fig.8 Rotational torque distribution 0
6
pressure fluctuations is 4.0×10-5 s meaning a frequency
resolution of 12.5 kHz.
As shown in Fig.12, the pressure fluctuations are taken at
the two points, Point A and Point B, which are located
slightly downstream of the blade trailing edge, i.e., 50 grid
points away from the blade surface. Point A is where the tip
vortices are exactly developed, while Point B is in the region
of the main blade near the winglet. At Point A, 50deg shows
increase in sound pressure level for frequency especially
above 4 kHz. This is attributed to the small-scale structure of
tip vortices caused by the winglet as investigated in Fig.6. On
the other hand, at Point B, 50deg and 0deg are the same
order in sound pressure level. Smaller but more complex
structure of tip vortices caused by a winglet can be thought to
emit strong noise especially in high frequency. (dB)
180
SPL (dB), ref: 2×10-5 Pa
50deg
160
140
120
Point A
Point A 0deg
100
1000 5000 10000
Frequency (Hz)
180
50deg
SPL (dB), ref: 2×10-5 Pa
160
(dB)
140
7
are highly concentrated in the tip region, while, as for 0deg,
the sound sources are more equally distributed. This means
that smaller scale structure of the tip vortices caused by a
winglet can be strong noise sources in high frequency, but
will dissipate nearer the sound sources.
design tools.
In this paper, as the first step of the DES, the flow around
0.72
rotating NREL PhaseⅥ wind turbine blade is simulated.
Simulation results are compared with experimental data by
NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory). As one of
Grid1 at z/c=30 the simulation results, Fig.17 shows the pressure coefficient
0.71
Grid2 at z/c=30 at each blade spanwise position, r/R = 0.30, 0.47, 0.63, 0.80,
Grid1 at z/c=20 0.95 in case of U∞ = 7.0 m/s. The simulation results show
Grid2 at z/c=20
Grid1 at z/c=10 good agreement with experimental data. In this wind speed,
Grid2 at z/c=10 the flow is mostly attached to the blade, but there can be seen
0.7
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 separation bubbles and transition at the middle of the blade
y/c chord length especially in the tip region. In this simulation,
Fig.15 Pressure distribution around the wall the total number of the grid points is 1 million considered as
at each spanwise point (z/c = 10, 20, 30) computationally light cost. As the future work, the other
cases of wind speed will be simulated and also the effect of
grid refinement will be investigated.
8
numerical dissipation related to computational grid resolution
6 6
r/R=0.30 calc. r/R=0.47 calc.
exp.
is significant for predicting aerodynamic performances. Thus,
exp.
4 4 DES (Detached-Eddy Simulation) has been implemented
instead of LES. In this paper, initial results of simulation of
-Cp
-Cp
2 2
the flow around rotating NREL Phase Ⅵ blade were
0 0 introduced. In the future, several cases of wind speed will be
-2 -2
simulated and grid refinement will be implemented in the
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
y/chord y/chord DES, focused on application of CFD to the blade design
6 6 tools.
r/R=0.63 calc. r/R=0.80 calc.
exp. exp.
4 4
Acknowledgements
-Cp
-Cp
2 2
0 0
The Earth Simulator Center is gratefully acknowledged for
-2
0 0.5 1
-2
0 0.5 1 providing the computational resources for this work. We
y/chord y/chord
would like to thank Dr. Masami Suzuki, who contributed
6
r/R=0.95 calc. many valuable comments and suggestions throughout this
4 work.
-Cp
0
References
-2
0 0.5 1
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