UNIVERSIDADNACIONALDEINGENIERA FACULTADDEINGENIERACIVIL DEPARTAMENTOACADMICODEHIDRULICAE HIDROLOGA

MECNICADEFLUIDOS (HH 223K)

4b-Bernoulli.pptx

ECUACINDEBERNOULLI(1)
Las fuerzas que actuan sobre un elemento de fluido:

ECUACINDEBERNOULLI(2)
Como la aceleracion es:

para un flujo permanente, la segunda componente se anula. Del grfico, podemos afirmar que:

Reemplazando: EC.EULER

ECUACINDEBERNOULLI(3)
Despejando y ordenando:

y se concluye que:

Es decir:

Esta es la ECUACION DE BERNOULLI

ECUACINDEBERNOULLI(5)

La ecuacin puede escribirse tambien como:

CONCEPTOSCLAVE
Altura(carga)piezomtrica

Altura(carga)total

Presinesttica(presinPdelacargadepresin) Presindeestancamiento

The Bernoulli Equation (unit of L)

Atanytwopointsonastreamline:

P1/ +V12/2g+z1 =P2/ +V22/2g+z2

1 2

A Simple Bernoulli Example

V2

=air

Determine the difference in pressure between points 1 and 2 Assume a coordinate system fixed to the bike (from this system, the bicycle is stationary, and the world moves past it). Therefore, the air is moving at the speed of the bicycle. Thus, V2 = Velocity of the Biker Hint: Point 1 is called a stagnation point, because the air particle along that streamline, when it hits the bikers face, has a zero velocity (see next slide)

StagnationPoints

Onanybodyinaflowingfluid,thereisastagnationpoint.Somefluidflows overandsomeunderthebody.Thedividingline(thestagnationstreamline) terminatesatthestagnationpoint.TheVelocitydecreasesasthefluid approachesthestagnationpoint.Thepressureatthestagnationpointis thepressureobtainedwhenaflowingfluidisdeceleratedtozerospeedbya frictionlessprocess

Apply Bernoulli from 1 to 2

V2

=air

Point 1 = Point 2
P1/air + V12/2g + z1 = P2/air + V22/2g + z2

Knowing the z1 = z2 and that V1= 0, we can simplify the equation P1/air = P2/air + V22/2g P1 P2 = ( V22/2g ) air

Bernoulli Example Problem: Free Jets

WhatistheFlowRateatpoint2?Whatisthevelocityatpoint3?
GivensandAssumptions:Becausethetankis solarge,weassumeV1 =0(Volout <<<Voltank)Thetankis P1 andP2 andP3=0 openatbothends,thusP1 =P2 =P3 =atm

Part1:
1 H2O

ApplyBernoulliseqn betweenpoints1and2 P1/H2O +V12/2g +h=P2/H20 +V22/2g +0 simplifiesto h=V22/2g solvingforVV = (2gh)

A2

2 3

Q=VAorQ=A2(2gh)

Bernoulli Example Problem: Free Jets

Part2:FindV3?
ApplyBernoulliseqfrompt1topt3 P1/H2O +V12/2g+h=P3/H20 +V32/2g H Simplifyto h+H=V32/2g
1 H2O

SolvingforV V3 = (2g(h+H))

A2

2 3

Z=0

TheContinuityEquation
Whydoesahosewithanozzleshootwaterfurther? ConservationofMass:Inaconfined system,allofthemassthatentersthesystem,mustalsoexitthesystematthe sametime. Flowrate=Q=AreaxVelocity

1A1V1(massinflowrate)=2A2V2(massoutflowrate)
Ifthefluidatbothpointsisthe same,thenthedensitydropsout, andyougetthecontinuity equation:A1V1 =A2V2 ThereforeIfA2 <A1 thenV2 > V1
Q2 =A2V2 Q1 =A1V1

V1 >
A1
A2V2 >

A1V1 =A2V2

Thus,waterexitinganozzlehasa highervelocity

TheEnergyLineandtheHydraulicGradeLine
LookingattheBernoulliequationagain: P/ +V2/2g +z=constantonastreamlineThisconstant iscalledthetotalhead(energy),H Becauseenergyisassumedtobeconserved,atanypointalongthe streamline,thetotalheadisalwaysconstant EachtermintheBernoulliequationisatypeofhead. P/ =PressureHead V2/2g =VelocityHead Z=elevationhead ThesethreeheadssummedequalsH=totalenergy

Nextwewilllookatthisgraphically

TheEnergyLineandtheHydraulicGradeLine
Measuresthe staticpressure Pitot measures thetotalhead 1:StaticPressureTap Measuresthesumofthe elevationheadandthe pressureHead. 2:Pitot Tube MeasurestheTotalHead EL :EnergyLine
P/ Q

1
V2/2g

2
EL HGL

TotalHeadalongasystem HGL :HydraulicGradeline Sumoftheelevationandthe pressureheadsalonga system

TheEnergyLineandtheHydraulicGradeLine
Understandingthegraphicalapproachof EnergyLineandtheHydraulicGradelineis keytounderstandingwhatforcesare supplyingtheenergythatwaterholds.
EL HGL V2/2g

Point1: Majorityofenergystored inthewaterisinthe PressureHead Point2:

V2/2g

2
P/ Q

P/

Majorityofenergystored inthewaterisinthe elevationhead Ifthetubewas symmetrical,thenthe velocitywouldbe constant,andtheHGL wouldbelevel

1
Z

Problema
Porunatuberahorizontalde20mmdedimetrocirculaun fluidoconunavelocidadde3m/s.Enseguidaeltuboseestreche aundimetrode10mm.Sielfluidoesaguacalcularladiferencia dealturasentredostubosverticalescolocadosinmediatamente antesydespusdelestrechamiento.

TUBODEPITOT
Mide la presion total.

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