Interaction Between Humans and the EnvironmentDemography and disease Migration, Patterns of settlement echnology Development and Interaction

of Cultures-Belief systems 8.1 !cience and technology, arts and architecture. State-building, Expansion, and Conflict-Political structures and forms of governance, e"pansion. Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems-#gricultural and pastoral production, rade, $a%or systems. Development and Transformation of Social Structures &ender roles and relations, 'amily and (inship, )acial and ethnic constructions !ocial and economic classes

Big Picture/Preview

he #ra%ian Peninsula %efore Muhammad

Muhammad Mecca

he 'ormation of the *mma

+ ,-- ./ 0 #ra% chieftains su%sidi1ed %y !asanids to protect from invasion, same with By1antines on 2ordanian frontier3 southern ara%s isolated islam formed + mostly farmers/sailors 3 support dense population of 4emen 3 inlets 5s.coast6 0 fishing + /mpty 7uarter 0 sea of sand, isolated !. regions from #ra%ian interior, caused them to (now more a%out #frica, 8ndia, and Persian &ulf, with the e"ception of nomads traveling on camels, %rought manufactured goods from Mesop. and Med. - 9omad dominance of caravan trade 0 %oosted %y camel saddles : rise of #ra% dominated caravan cities, ara% pastoralists : suppliers of animal power + ,-- ./ 0 wheeled vehicles replaced %y pac( camels and don(eys + #ra%s who accompanied caravans to By1antine and !asanid adopted .hristianity, interior deserts, !emitic polytheism 5nat. forces, celestial %odies6 adopted these + Mecca 0 %arren mtn valley %etween 4emen and !yria, 7uraysh settled here and %egan to control trade, gained prosperity, too far away from By1antine !yria, !asanid 8ra;, and /thiopian controlled 4emen for them to attac( + .u%ical shrine 5<a=%a6 0 holy wells, idols made Mecca a pilgrimage site +Born in >?- 5Mecca6, ,1-meditating, @9ight of Power and /"cellenceA angel &a%riel spo(e to him, shared revelations with close friends and family, %elieved he was hearing the words of #llah, revelations continued until his death in ,BC + #ra%s %elieved in unseen spirits, Dinns 5desert spirits6, demonic shaitans3 people thought to %e possessed %y Dinns had contact with spirit world3 Muhammed %egan to recite revelations in pu%lic, he was %elieved to %e inspire %y a spirit + Muslims made su%mission 58slam6 to &od 0 revelations called people to su%mit to &od and accept Muhammad as the last of his messengers + hought that 2ews and .hristians were negligent in preserving &od=s word + #ppealed to people placing wealth over (inships in social relations, social reform in the verses, critici1e pride in money and neglecting o%ligations to poor/powerless + Mecca leaders feared Muhammad=s power, persecuted followers3 fled Mecca in ,CCagricultural community of Medina, hijra%eginning of Muslim calendar + Meccan migrants and Medinans formed a single umma, community defined solely %y 8slam, 2ewish (inship groups retained own faith, Muslims changed direction of prayer toward <a=%a, Eouse of &od + 'resh revelationsfight against Mecca, war sapped Mecca=s strength, convinced Meccans that &od favored Muhammad, surrendered in ,B+ Medina : %ustling city state depended on %elief of one god, e"pelled/eliminated 2ews, spread word of &od to humanity + #%u Ba(r, father of #isha, succeeded the after his death 5(halifa6 - #%u continued Muhammad=s practices 5'ive Pillars6 + Muslim armies fought to confirm authority of caliphate + Quran/)ecitation 0 ,>-, all of revelations, unaltera%le word of &od + rou%le choosing a caliphate, civil war in 8slam, assassination of third caliph *thman in ,>,3 .hose #li, defeated Muhammad=s companions and #isha in Battle of the .amel ,>,3 soon (illed %y one of his own supporters + Muawiya, governor of !yria, chose 4a1id, instated the Umayyad Caliphate + Eusayn=s death after a ,8- revolt transformed !hi=ism into a religious sect + hose who supported first B caliphs were called @People of radition and .ommunityA 0 !unnis3 #li=s followers that loathed ar%itration 0 <hariDite sects