A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean

Fernando Lpez-Menchero Dez
pitj eurp iosjo kntij kmtagtis
A tentative syntax of Modern Indoeuropean
Version 1. March 2013
nduktis Sindhueuropjs tidemtis dn ghws mgns iwesi bhbhowe wighowos. Kputlom wenghos ghi egsmn dhn ghews skribht tristimnjosjo wseti, ttom telom stdjosjo dhugtr dn ghwm wr dhomeni keitoi. Bheustjos paukom ad wr tnm esti n ad kmtagtijoi wqqejmenos wilowoi. Pol s swrist aw esti werijosei dn ghuwidji ptwiji. Tosjo enskroibh meinom n new sindhueuropjosjo kmtagtjos pl nowr gn aposkroibhodeiktim esti, ghina spekjm pljest n gnt dite n teni wseti. Ati kiwonim dmomos itijom aw mghnijom protimonom bhocis cjistois kowsmn bhos sm bhodhm. Protimonos so oqoskrd krts rtujd esti, qos penqe sm ghesla tnm pri bhstor. Bhod lterom sesgesmn sindhueuropji ambhi kmtagte ghoretum chlomos, jota kniwos enskroibhos so bhrougis sjti newm jkmonom ordhsmenei awti eti priloghom proti gnnom dikmenei, enpronkt newa dhbhjosawe kslegmona atidemtipropodi n seri. Prwelutijom jekmn stnom dektwijom esti slwotos bhtrodeqste . Pelwijes pr ksks wropropd dew n lts, mnsonti, dikmn tos kem pttis prmms regonts sjtra. Esti weteljjm dn ghwm prmom pritijom, jqodhei ntitjom sedleinom preismd smlibhos gnesjom bhr gjetoi dmtibhos; komsqr teinom awti st nejom awti gnesjom; ghdheinom, loudhweinom senoprekonjokloweinomqe dtiwom. Nper dsqoristom kmmoinim rektum tosmei dkltm , ud edqom an bht. Jotna bholetum wlmes toqe peluwom loism, qoi kbotos peros kosmi stighmenei mnmenjoi onnr. Tdem bhrtjolom epidhdhntes, epi ggantom skndomos omsons. Introduction The reconstruction of Indoeuropean language has always been a big challenge. The main difficulty is the lack of direct written testimony, so that the base for study lies mainly on the vocabulary of its daughther languages. Little attention has been paid until now to its syntactic grammar analysis. This approach is however very important to attain a wider knowledge of the language. The aim of this document is not to present a fully fledged description of the new Indoeuropean syntax, since most of its aspects remain unknown at the present time. We just reconstruct a partial but possible pattern squaring with the current understanding of Late Indoeuropean in accordance with prevailing theories. This pattern is obviously different from the original one which was spoken some five millennia ago. We definitely wish to encourage further research on indoeuropean syntax, so that this temptative document may be useful to raise further issues or even counter the available information, bringing in new or more solid items into our reconstruction process. An evolutive state of the issue has to be accepted in the presentation of the model as whole. Many questions will probably long remain unsolved, as for instance the case governing the absolute clauses. Italic languages have an absolute ablative, whereas Ancient Greek uses mainly the genitive for similar constructions; Sanskrit either the locative or the genitive; Gothic, Lithuanian and Old Church Slavonic the dative. It is for the moment very difficult to determine a common denominator for this, if it ever existed. We would also like to highlight the efforts of many scholars who have successfully contributed to step further in this monumental domain. By just laying a little brick, we ride on giants shoulders.
A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean
Udbholowdheta
Pronunciation guide
c /gu / ch /gu h/ dh /dh/ bh /bh/ gh /gh/ j, w /i /, /u / djo, tjo, kje, bhje /di o/, /ti o/, /ki e/, /bhi e/ dwo, two, kwe, bhwe /du o/, /tu o/, /ku e/, /bhu e/ qa, qe, qi, qo, qu /ku a/, /ku e/, /ku i/, /ku o/, /kwu/ gt, ght, kt /kt/ bt, bht, pt /pt/ ss /ss/ /s/ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Endiks A.-Bhniqestjes 1.-Sentmn pttjesqe Kluwiw Kliw Loktiw Gnesj Dtiw Stnej Dhtlej Pritij 2-Epikeimn Genos Sreidhmos Pttimojos Gwmona Bhwtijom Smostiwom/eksptijom Smodhiwom Permm uperdhiwom Sqijom uperdhiwom 3.-Ridhms 4.-Antinmona (prorok uporokqe) nonmija Widktija iktija Prktija Ridhmeja Anabhrtija 5.-Doljs 6.-nawrmn
Index Parts of the sentence The substantive and cases Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Locative Instrumental Ablative The adjective Gender Number Case variation Grades Positive/ natural Equative Comparative Absolute superlative Relative superlative Numerals Pronouns and determinants Personal Demonstrative Possessive Interrogative Numeral Relative Particles The adverb 49 58 24 39 20 7
7.-Wrmn nonms Prwos Dwteros Tritjos Woqes Qqerj Medhj Ptjomn ksonmis Ambhtow spekjs wrtjm modesomqe Wrtja Enstnt Nroki Kmsqrtom Bhewsont Mdesa Diktijom Prknejom Upotgtijom ptijom ntagtijom Bhrgtjes/ wlntjom Bhutij Stiw Kntij Propdej ntonw Mnghij Wistij Wnskiw
The verb Persons First Second Third Voices Active Middle Passive Impersonal
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General outlook of tenses and moods Tenses Present Aorist Perfect Future Moods Indicative Precative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Usages/ valency Natural Stative/ essive Inceptive/ fientive Progressive Intensive Frequentative Causative Desiderative
Chapter A1: The substantive and the cases
B.-Bhnis 1.-Bhniprptus Sm plobhnis Apgnuj bhnis Pr ktij bhnis Skrgtij bhnis nbhtij bhnis Ndhigsnimobhrgtjes Atikpjobhrgtjes Qrtr nmn /Ptjomnonmn Perm kmtagmona Sm bhondhos 2.-Bhnismbhendhmn Komjougos Wedhmosjtra Delmosjtra Winomosjtra Enbhorosjtra Praiqinasjtra Protiwrtnosjtra Ekswqosjtra Upojougos Kmplsjtra Anbhrsjtra Ambhistnosjtra
Soikowdos Snowdos Mlowdos Antimlowdos Smitiwdos Posmlowdos Updhtiwdos Smosttwdos Wismn wdos Sqrmn wdos Protistoupowdos Koituwdos
The sentence Form of the sentence The simple sentence The negative sentence The interrogative sentence The exclamative sentence The emphatic sentence Uses of the infinitive Uses of the participles Agent/ patient noun The absolute clauses Agreement Sentence combination Coordination Copulative clauses Disyuntive clauses Distributive clauses Illative clauses Causal clauses Adversative clauses Explicative clauses Subordination Completive clauses Relative clauses Circumstancial clauses
The expression of finality The expression of place The expression of temporality The expression of anteriority The expression of simultaneity The expression of posteriority The expression of condition The expression of comparison The expression of cause The expression of effect/ consecution The expression of concession The expression of manner
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3.-Ambhtowos wistolos mdesom, wr tjm esomqe kmseqmenos 4.-Kmseqtis mdesom References
General pattern of moods, tenses and their sequence 227 Sequence of moods nbhors 231 232
A.-Bhniqestjes 1.-Sentmn pttjesqe Kluwiw Qis, qid? Upolghej Marij sncheti Petros bhdhmeni swpeti N smeustrom crjeti Anadkej Swesr mene mmj esti Domos mgn Dlk tod West ghortei bhewti Kluwj Markos Pridoikw Smaurs kideti dnus Ksr mrei bhebhowe westis Rdos molt kwn Gern clns propt Komnopraiseds nmnjeto Glkis s kljetor / krjetr Glkis s kn sjeti / kn sjetor Maq kom wr st esti cen Maq cen gent
Parts of the sentence The substantive and the cases Nominative Who, what? Subject Mary is singing Peter sleeps on the floor The computer is loading now Attribute My sister is nurse The house is big This is sweet The party is in the garden My name is Markos Predicative The river goes down turbid The clothes appeared dry in the morning The dog appeared joyful The old man look tired He was appointed chairman of the board She is reputed (to be) intelligent She is considered (to be) intelligent The girl became a woman The girl became a woman
Kliw Anagruj Susanna, cmje kom-ke O, qoleu, sntrprija Gheuse, Kaison, mrsomns twoi koiluwrjonti Qote wlneswnt (=wlneswents) bhgjesi? Skrgtij Nwidl! Wr paukreddhs (=pau kreddhnt wr)
Vocative Appellative Susana, come here Oh distaff, friend of them who spin Hail, Cesar, those who are going to die salute you Whither are you fleeing, full of wounds? (pro nominative) Exclamative You, ignorant! You, man of little faith (=little trusting man)
Loktiw Qim, qid? Dhnghuqermenj Nwns drk Ekwom ikesi Pridoikw Tewom adwsontm modnei chel Komnoprisedm em nmnjnt Ins n kputins werjont/nmnjont Dhwolnom te kn sej Glkim tewom qeis Regm tewom dhs/ wortes Wtnstij Apo kmtom stwt liteses metrm awonjom Dhochu stighomes Upolghosoikej Rmm eiti Lugttjm nknunti Nebhos skandt Dljakmoqesardij Platnm qelnt ambh
Accusative Whom, what? Of direct object I see some ships Youve got a horse Predicative I want you present at the meeting They appointed him chairman of the board They name(d) them the headless I think you are a fool I consider you (to be) intelligent Ill make you a king Of extension The hotel was separated one hundred meters from the beach We walked during two days Of destination of the subject He goes to Rome They arrive to Paris It went up to the sky Of point of view relating a particle They circulated around the square
Gnesj Qejos/ qesjo? Swljonej: genesbhenstij Gorlos, Marijs sns, twe koiljeti Dghterm lubhj d mosjo-two Potiw Ptros domus Deiwm weqtjes renom nmtom (=orn nmtom) Cows Martinosjo esti Augtros Swnats Mzartjos Aitis slwosjo Doms dhworis ptjeti Apo louksm werjom n mogh peqnjosjo Swgonis qljot Stebhanj, uruwijs widjs cen Ortus Dhls prom (dhlaprom) itij Kms lchosjo Miwijest dhghmenom Pau wdjosjo / snstewos Magjs (msmos) bhrtrom Tritjos rgom Qis maqm Edqid prsmosjo mnenos Aw: Edqod mmsm
Genitive Whose, of what? Of kinship: Family relation Charles, the son of Mary says hello to you I am in love with your mates daughter Possessive The fathers house The things of the gods The sanctuary of the eagles The cow is Martins Author Mozarts sonates Part of a whole The door of the house is open I cannot open the window of the kitchen Peculiar qualiy Stephania, a woman who has wide knowledge Origin The danger of the storm Partitive A lot of money The minority of the people Little wisdom / sense The elder of the brothers The third king /the third of the kings One of the boys Something of (from) the original idea However: Some meat
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Upolghej Pwerm dktewi mendhos Swolj dhghmenom Qrmenj Nmetom bhejos djom kwonom Stimenos Westim webhe kosjo snmonos Aw swedns aqs Mtij Roupjom penkwe eurm (penkwurojom roupjom) Plmn smghslosjo pstrm (=smghslopstri plmn) Wismenj, woinj ghaln ntijwe Glagh upostosjo dusdrwmenos Kmplmn epikimenom Kmwids lawtlm Ghoilos sghosjo Plns winosjo (=Plns/plns woin) Bhwijm qronom Bheugtum bhluwm Wrmns Kelutjos tosjo mmona (=klutim mmona, =klutibhi mmona) Colnm bhibhjai (=bhbheimi colna)
Subjective The childrens interest in learning The peoples goodwill Objective Fear towards the enemies (possibly subjective too: the enemies fear) Hatred towards dogs Of material Weave a cloth of this thread A source of fresh water Of measure A five-euro coin A book of 1000 pages Of cause, fault or mourning A complaint for alleged ill-treatment Complement of adjectives Conscious of the benefits Happy about his victory Full of wine Likely behaviour Fleeing is common among cowards With verbs I remember that trip I am afraid of airplanes
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Dtiw Qismi? ndhnghuqrmenj Dmni dsdhi (ddhi) klwm ati Tmtoprmn toibhos d 18 atnons wetnm Solwa epiwori wedt wra Mndhesj lnsi wosjom adjr tod Newm snewi spondjt dwrotlm Tebhei (prd) strouda Lwtlej lutijwe Wobhj jweti me d peqtewei Swr tmlos dusjeti koiluttei (=swr tmlos lwti kiluttm) Sikmenos Bher ta eks tewe (tebhei) gnni grnos eiti Wismrtewei pbeti Leistjos Trkn tebhei kantum Potiw Meghei trija sonti mrogaldhra Epikeimnkmplmn Skous ek meghei ssttis Leubhtwijom esti tebhei wergom (qrtr)
Dative To whom, for whom? Of indirect object Give the key back to the landlord It is forbidden to sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18 He told the policeman all the truth Of interest - benefactive They have prepared this room for her He promised a new bicycle to his son Ive been struggling for you Of benefit or damage Fibre helps me make digestion Tobacco seriously damages your health Of purpose I explain this for your information He goes for fruits He drinks to forget Of permission I allow you to sing Possessive Ive got three mobile telephones Complement of adjectives These trousers are comfortable to me You have to love your work (agent)
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Qermn sikej Westra mdlonji nijm Sontom noji sesentt Swordiwoidi supjt apdsmonom Amikonemestous Nmotes sonti Barkeinolwi miks mikbhos Epikimns Smeustrom tebhei priloghom Smoldom bhustejei s esti Tltis kmmoinis widubhos (esti) Dhtlom tod ttknbhos bhrgi (esti) Smlis ptrei esti Ja dhdhsi susnstewei prtija senti Wrmns Krdts esmi prostti Doljs Wai n wdrobhos wikobhos! Wai wiknobhos!
Of destination of the object I took the garments to the laundry He sent the letter to his director He threw the deodorant to the dustbin Of friendship and enmity They are enemies of the Barcelona team Friend of his friends With adjectives The computer is available to you Coffee is good to wake up Patience is common to wise people This instrument is useful to carpenters He looks after his father (he is similar to) What you are doing is contrary to good sense With verbs I got angry with my boss With particles Woe to the villages without water! Woe to the losers!
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St nej Qismi? Stnom qodhei qertis ggistoi Permona, bhodis domei Lugttji trebh Pstrei septmi molos esti Ndjotjosjo Dmudhwore sedbhwt Ambhibhwosjo Anawoidos ljoisi strt uponmoisi uponojoisiqe Daitis qom qertis ggistoi Mloi tosmi n menm qota s kluwjt nteronej Ati tritjei ststwe diw Jektrom tod kswekstoi q qosmi emtwijom loudei Ambhstnej Wipodoi amikn s gnses Prmom kmtagmn Anatepli, eks sodt Cdhsmenj M egne supje apdsmonom Ctakrsokos-two en swordikorbhe dhghomst
Locative In what, where? Place where action happens Experiments...better at home I live in Paris There is a mistake on page seven Of proximity He was sitting at the door of his house Of environment The report spread among all the students and teachers Time when action happens At that moment I couldnt remember what her name was. Of interval He rose again on the third day This medicine has to be taken every six hours (every sixth hour) Of circumstance In adversity you will know your friends Absolute clause By a mild weather, he went out Of immersion Dont throw the deodorant into the fire Your cv landed in the dustbin
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Mntij- menesqrmenj Tosmi prokstms ejes Dlmoisi-swo wistrns cnnokom n prtet Wrom bht monjom praiwodei tosmi (=tom ambh praiwodom) Dhabhrotagntij Bhtiwidjei suwids Tjmn plokjoi esti bhlogs (=Tjmn plkjosjo esti bhlogs, tjmn plkjejos esti bhlogs, tjmn plokobhlogs so) Qlitjej Ismi widj pelu strgosjo Dokosjo Ghesr bhistuj s-two, potei, tmonm mene Regs regnpowoqnostins swoji minsterei mn dst Wrmn s Lndhomom mkesji glnmi
Cogitative of mental activity They are vey demanding about this Distracted with (on) his calculations, he did not notice his wifes arrival. The report was right on that prediction (=about that prediction) Of ability and knowledge Expert in physics He is a genius in origami (=He is a genius of origami, he is an origamic genius, he is an origamigenius) Of quality I see a lot of love in him Of recipient Into your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit. The king entrusted the responsibilities of the kingdom to his minister With verbs I stick the map on the wall
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Dhtley Q? Mghtrosjo Thoms peds sprkons klawdt Oms nijt kwonm atqe putlom ghesn Dol pe wergopedom Hannibalis Solwa per leudherot luk plewet Kmopjom/septis Opej ghortom rstis Wismenj Wrst w spordh remetor Mgn prst (=mgnd prstjes) mrijeto edn Qrtros Dhonghos Guttenbhergh werts esti Atiloiqs mormeikis crontor Jtlej Douknom bolk trt Rksmenj Wod dsdhi moi ptlom Stnom mghmoni Sm sqej Dhochei aljai qqei ptr Katt robhjeti
Instrumental With what, through what? Of means Tom closed the drawers with his feet He bore the dog on his shoulder taking the child by the hand Hannibal got his job by fraud Liberty penetrates everything with its light Equipment/arrangment I equip the garden with plants Of cause The match was cancelled because of the rain Of big satiation the glutton dies Of agent Press was invented by Guttenberg The remnants were devoured by ants Of transit place The train passed through the tunnel Of content Give me a glass of water A place with energy Comitative I go for a walk every day with my father He is playing with the cat (and the cat is delighted)
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Pl mns eiti s donsonjom Koits Kttbhi robhjeti Ougt nkt mel s Lubhnij bhewt Swont bhrneti (=swonte bhrneti) Londhoswdh (=lndhosjo swdhum ad) Welt prponti kom Daitispmn pmenei/ nkiw daitis dhabhrotpte Penqe ddoka poleinom mnsbhs Ddoke angleinom seks mnss W tribhs pstros (tris pstros) wergom wijt Anabhondhos Oq kaikos Pretjom Q wnt klsomom solta? Epikimns Stornotepst kmopn domus Potl woin pln (=pln /pln winosjo) Ghlt opnis dheghoms Wrmns Jewesj deiwos mene Sprigj skwnobhis
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She goes to school with her books Manner He is playing with the cat (the cat is however quite embarrassed) She arrived with a strong cold Lovely by nature He excels in music According to the custom of the country They ressemble in their looks Of time or space for accomplishement/ Time necessary for acquiring an ability I learnt Polish in five months He learnt English in six months He developed his work in three pages Relation Blind in one eye Price For how much have you bought the scarf? With adjectives A house equipped with central heating A bottle full of wine A land abundant in gold With verbs I swear by my gods Im fed up with the exams
Pritij Qejes? Proitistnom Douknom Lndhond sptmi ighetoi Weteljd bhewmi Apsttis mgn rsmenes Peritjes-two ddksketi Awr/probhowos/ortus Plmenes send menr aimm tod Primlos qertjos Dntikormos meghei esti amrd kosmd (ap) Drksmostnom Cowns cerjes ghnghntins prd spokjnt Deltis Dele grnm plowd Smodhtis Senjs esti woghnos tewe tosmd Wrdhom nsjes meghmonjs (meghmnterom) Krit esti swsrjos Steimn Leimd qeqrntai dmewes ti Egsmn Wrs eke slwosnstews egjet
Ablative From what? Place of departure The train departs from London at seven I am from Italy. A great distance from the starting point He is learning from your experience Source/origin I copied this idea from an old book Initial moment of an action Ive got a toothache since this morning Place of perspective They watched the cows advancing from the mountain Separation Separate the grain from the chaff Comparison Your car is older than this one A word is mightier than a sword She is different from her sisters Material These houses are made of mud Lack This man lacks common sense
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Epikimns anawrmnsqe Siktopedom newm dhmm komjugnosttwes swebhodhjom Ptrjd porstenos Ptrjd porsd/dew/qeli Weismn Mgnd prstjes (=mgn prst) mrijeto edn Wrmns Apo dhersoi smeughtwes Apo Markd stsoi W Alasklistjes ghimeni stsi Cmons eme n ghrippd wrtewei Mtrs kudheti Domm alkseti wr std
With adjectives and adverds The destination of new employees is independent of their marital status (That which is) far from the homeland Far from the homeland Cause Of big satiation dies the glutton With verbs Refrain from smoking Steer clear of Mark Desist from going to Alaska in winter Take vitamins to ward off flue He hides himself from his mother He will protect the house from rain
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Chapter A2: The adjective
2.-Epikeimn Genos Paulos ekwos (mas.) Paul owis (fem.) Paul domus/domos (fem.) Paulom stdhlom (neu.) Akris donts Akris secris (fem) Akris bhmn (neu) Akri chr (neu.) Swdus bhreugs (mas.) Swdus (swdw) woqs (fem.) Swdu bharsjom (neu.) Juwn wrs (mas.) Jn (jnks) cen (fem.) Juwon weidm (neu.) Piwn wrs (mas.) Pwer (pwerj/a) cen (fem.) Pwer ed Piwon ednom (neu.) Sreidhms Paulos ekwos (sing.) Pauls ekws (plur.) Pauls wejes (plur.) Paula stdhla (plur.) krejes dontes (plur.) krija bhmona/chona (plur.) Sw dewes bhreuges/woqes (plur.) Sw duwa bharsja Jwenes/pwones wrs J nijes/pwerjs cens Jwona widmona Pwerijes eds Pwona edna Pttimojos Juwn wrs jnm spkjeti akr cenm sekr paulei ekwoi Pri pwenos wrosjo bhronti krejes dontes pwona edna swdews bhrcs
The adjective Gender Small horse Small sheep Small house Small stall Sharp tooth Sharp axe Sharp speech Sharp drink Sweet fruit Sweet voice Sweet bread Young man Young woman Young science Fat man Fat woman Fat food Fat meal Numbers Small horse Small horses Small sheep Small stalls Sharp teeth Sharp speeches/drinks Sweet fruits/voices Sweet breads Young men Young women Young sciences Fat foods Fat meals Case variation The young man sees a young woman with a sharp axe on a small horse The fat mans sharp teeth prefer fat meal than sweet fruit
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Gw mona Bhwtijom/dhmenjom Albhos ekwos Paul domus Akris donts Swdus bhreugs Jn cen Piwon ednom Smostiwom/Eksptijom Albhteros ekwos Paulter domus Akrteros donts Swdteros bhreugs Jewsteros bhrtr Smodhiwom Albhjs ekwos owejes Bhrwd mwij domus Bhrw mwij dom Akrijs sekris dentes Swdterom melit bhrugs kosmd Jwijs cen k wrd isosmd Piwijs ednom kod bhrugs Permm uperdhiwom Albhos albhos ekwos lbhistos ekwos Mnwist domus esti kristos donts Swdtmom melit Jwistos wrs Pwistom ednom Sqijom uperdhiwom Albhsmos ekwos ljoism Minwm domus oissm Akrsmos donts sos Swdsmos bhreugs dhghmos Piwsmos nsterm
Grades Natural/Positive White horse Small house Sharp tooth Sweet fruit Young woman Fat meal Equative /Elective A so white horse / The whiter horse Such a small house / The smaller house Such a sharp tooth / The sharper tooth Such a sweet fruit / The sweeter fruit Such a young brother / The younger brother Comparative The horse is whiter than the sheep The house is smaller than the bridge The bridge is smaller than the house The axe is sharper than a tooth Honey is sweeter than this fruit This woman is younger than that man This meal is fatter than the fruit Absolute superlative A very white horse A very white horse The house is very small A very sharp tooth Very sweet honey A very young man / the very young man Very fat meal Relative superlative The whitest horse of all The smallest house of these The sharpest tooth of the mouth The sweetest fruit of the earth The fattest one of us
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Chapter A2: The adjective
Bheungtjes dnomwos Mtr mene mmj esti Pter-so wetws esti Wld ghortei (=ghrtej) esti Pridoikwos ndoikw bheungtis Reudhei keljonti woghnei Anglom ikonti meikm Wetwesns powojt stolons, n newons aw Witrej bheunctis Wetwesns powojt stolons (oljons powojt stolons, qoi wtweses). Nmnkmplmn Stornjs agronjom Stornjgronjom Strnjom agronjom Ekwm kr stus Ekwokr stus kwejos kr stus Kr stuwom ekwos Kr stwekwos Kr stujs ekwos Teuts wistoqojos Teutm wistoqojos Teutawistoqojos Tutjos wistoqojos Nwom katus Nawkatus Nwiks katus
Functions Attributive My mother is nurse / a nurse / the nurse His father is old The party is in the garden (=gardenly) Predicative Especificative function They travel in a red car Theyve got an English friend He cleaned the old tables, but not the new ones Explicative function He cleaned the old tables (he cleaned all the tables, which were old). Noun complement A/the hospital of the centre A/the central hospital A/the central hospital A/the race of horses A/the horse race A/the horse race A horse of races A/the race horse A/the race horse A/the history of the people A/the history of the peoples A/the history of the people(s) A/the popular history A/the fight of ships A/the naumachia A naval fight
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Deiwosjo nterloukjom Deiwm nterloukjom Deiwnterloukjom Diwjm nterloukjom Rmi pori uponejr Rmoporauponejr Rmoporjm uponejr Bhrw uper D naprim Uperdnapribhrw Uperd naprij bhrw Mrejes wentos Mariwentos Mrijos wentos Sjewtewei/sjewtejei bhoungjom Sjbhoungjom Sjwtujom/sjwtijom bhoungjom Bhmn awis *Bhmnwis Petonts awis *Petontawis Pljosa dikmona Ghoilos, -, -om esmi Rdos, -, -om eg Lubhts, - , -m essi Prts, - , -m t Smidhs, - , -m esti Endhms so/ is (id) Tr pn s/ s/ is Kupru/ jru, - i, -i swos(i) Dhabhnu/ - i, -i weje Komseghnu, - i, -i stas Wistrnu, - i, -i juwe Amghesnu, - i, -i stes Wiqr nu, - i, -i tu/ ti/ toi/ eje Bhluwes/ dwoisuwes, (-uwijes,) uwa smos(i) Creughs, -s, -a/ wejes/ n sme Ghisls, ghisns, - s, -/ - ste Kighrs, spudrs, - s, -/ - juwes/ jusm Kr dmns, -s, -/ - sonti/senti dts, kr Rusts, - s, -/ - toi/ ti/ ta/ t/ ejes/ ija
The Gods twilight The Gods twilight The twilight of the God(s) The divine twilight A/the lesson in open air An/the open air lesson An/the open air lesson A/the bridge over the Dnieper A/the bridge over the Dnieper A/the bridge over the Dnieper The wind from the sea The seawind The sea wind A/the machine to sew A/the sew machine A/the sewing machine A talking bird A talking bird A flying bird A flying bird More examples I am happy I am joyful You are in love, fascinated You are pleased, satisfied He/she/ it is cheerful He (it) is enthusiastic She is amused We both are eager We both are surprised You both are concentrated You both are distracted They both are overwhelmed They both are disappointed We are afraid We are sad You are indignated You are stressed They are angry They are furious
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Chapter A3: Numerals
3.-Ridhms
Numerals
ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS COLLECTIVE ORDINAL qotis? qomos, qom, qomod? semtis prwos dwoitjom, dwoinom dwteros troinom tritjos qtwr qtwr tis tos penqtis penqtos (k)s(w)ekstis (k)s(w)ekstos sptm sptmos tis ktotis oktows nwn nwn tis mos dkm dekms tis smdekm semdekms tis dw dekm dwdekmos tis trjesdekm trjesdekmos tis qtwordekm qtwordekmos tis pnqedekm pnqedekmos tis (k)s(w)ksdekm (k)s(w)ksdekmos tis sptrmdekm septrm tis dekmos ktdekm ktdekmos tis nwndekm nwn tis dekmos dwdkm dwdkm totis tmos smdwidkm prwos dwdkm totis tmos trdkm trdkm totis tmos qtwrdkm qtwrdkm totis tmos pnqedkm penqdkm totis tmos (k)s(w)ksdkm (k)s(w)ksdkm totis tos sptmdkm sptmdkm totis tmos ktdkm oktdkm totis tos nwndkm nwndkm totis tmos km km temtis tmtmos dwkm dwikm temtis tmtmos trkm trikm temtis tmtmos qtwrkm qetwrkm temtis tmtm os pnqekm penqekm temtis tmtmos (k)s(w)kskm (k)s(w)ekskm temtis tmtmos sptmkm temtis ctkm temtis nwnkm temtis sm ghslotis tusmn tis septmkm tmtmos octkm tmtmos newnkm tmtmos sm ghslotmos tusmn tos
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 10 000
CARDINAL qotjoi, qotji? sems, smj, sem dwu, dwu, dwu trejes trija tisres qetwores, qtesres, qetwr penqe (k)s(w)eks septm oktu newn dekm smdekm dw dekm trjesdekm qtwordekm pnqedekm (k)s(w)ksdekm septmdekm ktdekm nwndekm dwdkm t sems dwdkm tqe trdkm ta qtwrdkm ta penqdkm ta (k)s(w)ksdkta sptm dkta oktdkm ta nwndkm ta km tom dwikm ts /dwoi km toi trikm ts / trija km t qetwrkm ts /qetwr km t penqekm ts /penqe km t (k)s(w)ekskm ts / (k)s(w)eks km t septmkm ts /septm km t octkm ts /oktu km t newnkm ts /newn km t sm gheslom teusmn
PARTITIVE qows, qow s, qow? preiws dwsws trsws qtwr sws penqsws (k)s(w)eksws septm sws oktosws newn sws dekm sws semdekm sws dwdekm sws trejesdekm sws qetwordekm sws penqedekm sws (k)s(w)eksdekm sws septm dekm sws oktdekm sws newndekm sws dwidkm tsws semdwdkm tsws tridkm tsws qetwrdkm tsws penqedkm tsws (k)s(w)eksdktsws septm dktsws oktdkm tsws newndkm tsws km temsws dwikm temsws trikm temsws qetwrkm temsws penqekm temsws (k)s(w)ekskm temsws septmkm temsws octkm temsws newnkm temsws sm gheslosws teusmn sws
24
A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean 12 354 teusmn dwoi sm ghesla trija kmt qetwores penqdkm taqe km tom sm ghesla tusmn tis dwsk sqe sm ghslotjes trsk s km temtjes pnqedkm totis qtwr tisqe km temtis sm gheslotjom/ km temsk s sm ghslotjes wltjonom prweltjonom dw dekm qis tusmn tos trs dw dekm qis tusmn sws km trs km tmtmos qtwr tos temsws penqdkm penqekm tmos temsws qtwr sws km tom sm ghesltmos kmtemn qis sm gheslosws/ km temsws sm gheslm
100 000
1 000 000
weltjom
wltjomos prweltjomos
weltjosws proweltjosws
1 000 000 000 prweltjom
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 10 000
DISTRIBUTIVE (I) qons, - s, -a? preiws dwsns trsns qtwr sns penqsns (k)s(w)eksns septm sns oktosns newn sns dekm sns semdekm sns dwdekm sns trejesdekm sns qetwordekm sns penqedekm sns (k)s(w)eksdekm sns septmdekm sns oktdekm sns newndekm sns dwidkm tsns semdwdkm tsns tridkm tsns qetwrdkm tsns penqedkm tsns (k)s(w)eksdktsns septm dktsns oktdkm tsns newndkm tsns km temsns dwikm temsns trikm temsns qetwrkm temsns penqekm temsns (k)s(w)ekskm temsn s septmkm temsns octkm temsns newnkm temsns sm gheslosns teusmn sns
DISTRIBUTIVE (II) qoks, - s, -? preiws dwsks trsKs qtwr sks penqsks (k)s(w)eksks septm sks oktosks newn sks dekm sks semdekm sks dwdekm sks trejesdekm sks qetwordekm sks penqedekm sks (k)s(w)eksdekm sks septmdekm sks oktdekm sks newndekm sks dwidkm tsks semdwdkm tsks tridkm tsks qetwrdkm tsks penqedkm tsks (k)s(w)eksdktsks septm dktsks oktdkm tsks newndkm tsks km temsks dwikm temsks trikm temsks qetwrkm temsks penqekm temsks (k)s(w)ekskm temsk s septmkm temsks octkm temsks newnkm temsks sm gheslosks teusmn sks
ADJECTIVES MULTIPLICATIVE qopls, - , -m? sm plos dwopls /dwojs tripls /trojs qtwr pls penqepls (k)s(w)ekspls septm pls oktopls newn pls dekm pls semdekm pls dwdekm pls trejesdekm pls qetwordekm pls penqedekm pls (k)s(w)eksdekm pls septrmdekm pls oktdekm pls newndekm pls dwidkm topls semdwidkm topls tridkm topls qetwrdkm topls penqedkm topls (k)s(w)eksdkm topls septmdkm topls oktdkm topls newndkm topls km templs dwikm templs trikm templs qetwrkm templs penqekm templs (k)s(w)ekskm templs septmkm templs octkm templs newnkm templs sm gheslopls teusmn pls
CLASSIFICATIVE (III) qobhujs, - , -m? sm bhujs dwobhujs tribhujs /trojs qtwr bhujs penqebhujs (k)s(w)eksbhujs septm bhujs oktobhujs newn bhujs dekm bhujs semdekm bhujs dwdekm bhujs trejesdekm bhujs qetwordekm bhujs penqedekm bhujs (k)s(w)eksdekm bhujs septrmdekm bhujs oktdekm bhujs newndekm bhujs dwidkm tobhujs semdwidkm tobhujs tridkm tobhujs qetwrdkm tobhujs penqedkm tobhujs (k)s(w)eksdkm tobhuj s septm septmdkm dkm togens tobhujs oktdkm oktdkm togens tobhujs newndkm newndkm togens tobhujs km km temgens tembhujs dwikm dwikm temgens tembhujs trikm trikm temgens tembhujs qetwrkm qetwrkm temgens tembhujs penqekm penqekm temgens tembhujs (k)s(w)ekskm temgen (k)s(w)ekskm tembhuj s s septmkm septmkm temgens tembhujs octkm octkm temgens tembhujs newnkm newnkm temgens tembhujs sm sm gheslogens gheslobhujs teusmn teusmn gens bhujs
CLASSIFICATIVE (I) qogens, - , -m? sm gens dwogens trigens /trojs qtwr gens penqegens (k)s(w)eksgens septm gens oktogens newn gens dekm gens semdekm gens dwdekm gens trejesdekm gens qetwordekm gens penqedekm gens (k)s(w)eksdekm gens septrmdekm gens oktdekm gens newndekm gens dwidkm togens semdwidkm togens tridkm togens qetwrdkm togens penqedkm togens (k)s(w)eksdkm togens
26
A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean 12 354 dw dekm qis tusmn sns trs km temsns penqekm temsns qtwr sns kmtemn qis sm gheslosns/ km temsns sm gheslm weltjosns proweltjosns dw dekm qis tusmn sks trs km temsks penqekm temsks qtwr sks kmtemn qis sm gheslosks/ km temsks sm gheslm weltjosks proweltjosks dw dekm qis tusmn pls trs km templs penqekm templs qtwr pls kmtemn qis sm gheslopls weltjopls proweltjopls dw dekm qis tusmn gens trs km temgens penqekm temgens qtwr gens kmtemn qis sm gheslogens weltjogens proweltjogens dw dekm qis tusmn bhujs trs km tembhujs penqekm tembhujs qtwr bhujs kmtemn qis sm gheslobhujs weltjobhujs proweltjobhujs
100 000
1 000 000 1 000 000 000
27
ITERATIVE (I) qoqis? semli dws trs qturs pnqenqis (k)s(w)ksn qis sptm qis ktonqis nwn qis dkm qis smdekm qis dw dekm qis trjesdekm qis qtwordekm qis pnqedekm qis (k)s(w)ksdekm qis sptrmdekm qis ktdekm qis nwndekm qis dwdkm tonqis smdwidkmton qis trdkmton qis qtwrdkm tonqis pnqedkmton qis (k)s(w)ksdkmton qis sptmdkm tonqis ktdkm tonqis nwndkm tonqis kmtemn qis dwkmtemn qis trkmtemn qis qtwrkmtemn qis pnqekm temn qis (k)s(w)kskmtemn qis sptmkmtemn qis ctkmtemn qis nwnkmtemn qis sm ghslonqis tusmn qis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 10 000
ADVERBS ITERATIVE (II) ITERATIVE (III) CONTINGENTIAL qoqr qonim? qotim? t? semqr prwnim t dwiqr dwonim t triqr trinim t qturqr qtwr t nim penqqr penqnim t (k)s(w)eksqr (k)s(w)eksnim t sptmqr sptm t nim ktoqr ktonim t nwnqr nwn t nim dkmqr dkm t nim smdekmqr smdekm t nim dw dekmqr dw dekm t nim trjesdekmqr trjesdekm t nim qtwordekmqr qtwordekm t nim pnqedekmqr pnqedekm t nim (k)s(w)ksdekmqr t (k)s(w)ksdekm nim sptrmdekmqr sptrmdekm t nim ktdekmqr ktdekm t nim nwndekmqr nwndekm t nim dwdkmtoqr dwdkm t tonim smdwidkmtoqr smdwidkm t tonim trdkmtoqr trdkm t tonim qtwrdkmtoqr qtwrdkm t tonim pnqedkmtoqr pnqedkm t tonim (k)s(w)ksdkmtoqr t (k)s(w)ksdkm tonim sptmdkmtoqr sptmdkm t tonim ktdkmtoqr ktdkm t tonim nwndkmtoqr nwndkm t tonim kmtemqr km t temnim dwkmtemqr dwkm t temnim trkmtemqr trkm t temnim qtwrkmtemqr qtwrkm t temnim pnqekmtemqr pnqekm t temnim (k)s(w)kskmtemqr t (k)s(w)kskm temnim sptmkmtemqr sptmkm t temnim ctkmtemqr ctkm t temnim nwnkmtemqr nwnkm t temnim sm sm ghsloqr t ghslonim tusmnqr tusmn t nim
ITERATIVE (IV) ITERATIVE (V) DISTRIBUTIVE qowr qoqr tis? pis? semwr semqr tis pis dwiwr dwiqr tis pis triwr triqr tis pis qturwr qturqr tis pis penqwr penqqr tis pis (k)s(w)ekswr (k)s(w)eksqr tis pis sptmwr sptmqr tis pis ktowr ktoqr tis pis nwnwr nwnqr tis pis dkmwr dkmqr tis pis smdekmwr smdekmqr tis pis dw dekmwr dw dekmqr tis pis trjesdekmwr trjesdekmqr tis pis qtwordekmwr qtwordekmqr tis pis pnqedekmwr pnqedekmqr tis pis (k)s(w)ksdekmwr tis (k)s(w)ksdekmqr pis sptrmdekmwr sptrmdekmqr tis pis ktdekm ktdekmqr wr tis pis nwndekmwr nwndekmqr tis pis dwdkmtowr dwdkmtoqr tis pis smdwidkm smdwidkmtoqr towr tis pis trdkmtowr trdkmtoqr tis pis qtwrdkmtowr qtwrdkmtoqr tis pis pnqedkmtowr pnqedkmtoqr tis pis (k)s(w)ksdkmtowr tis (k)s(w)ksdkmtoqr pis sptmdkmtowr sptmdkmtoqr tis pis ktdkmtowr ktdkmtoqr tis pis nwndkmtowr nwndkmtoqr tis pis kmtemwr kmtemqr tis pis dwkmtemwr dwkmtemqr tis pis trkmtemwr trkmtemqr tis pis qtwrkmtemwr qtwrkmtemqr tis pis pnqekmtemwr pnqekmtemqr tis pis (k)s(w)kskmtemwr tis (k)s(w)kskmtemqr pis sptmkmtemwr sptmkmtemqr tis pis ctkmtemwr ctkmtemqr tis pis nwnkmtemwr nwnkmtemqr tis pis sm sm ghslowr tis ghsloqr pis tusmnwr tusmnqr tis pis
28
A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean 12 354 tusmn qis dwsqe sm ghslonqis trs kmtemn qis pnqedkm tonqis qtursqe kmtemn qis sm ghslonqis wltjoqis prweltjoqis tusmnqr t dwsqe sm ghsloqr t trs kmtemqr t pnqedkmtoqr t qtwrqr tqe kmtemqr t sm ghslon qis/ kmtemn qis sm ghsloqr t wltjoqr t prweltjoqr t tusmn nim dwsqe sm ghslonim trs km temnim pnqedkm tonim qtwr nimqe km temnim sm ghslon qis/ kmtemn qis sm ghslonim wltjonim prweltjonim tusmnwr tis dwsqe sm ghslowr tis trs kmtemwr tis pnqedkmtowr tis qtwrwr tisqe kmtemwr tis sm ghslon qis/ kmtemn qis sm ghslowr tis wltjowr tis prweltjowr tis tusmnqr pis dwsqe sm ghsloqr pis trs kmtemqr pis pnqedkm toqr pis qtwrqr pisqe kmtemqr pis sm ghslon qis/ kmtemn qis sm ghsloqr pis wltjoqr pis prweltjoqr pis
100 000
1 000 000 1 000 000 000
29
ADVERBS MULTIPLICATIVE qodh? semdh dwidh tridh qturdh penqdh (k)s(w)eksdh sptm dh ktodh nwn dh dkm dh smdekm dh dw dekm dh trjesdekm dh qtwordekm dh pnqedekm dh (k)s(w)ksdekm dh sptrmdekm dh ktdekm dh nwndekm dh dwdkm todh smdwidkm todh trdkm todh qtwrdkm todh pnqedkm todh (k)s(w)ksdkm todh sptmdkm todh ktdkm todh nwndkm todh km temdh dwkm temdh trkm temdh qtwrkm temdh pnqekm temdh (k)s(w)kskm temdh sptmkm temdh ctkm temdh nwnkm temdh sm ghslodh tusmn dh tusmn dh dwsqe sm ghslodh trs km temdh pnqedkm todh qtwr dhqe PARTITIVE qogha? semgha dwigha trigha qturgha penqgha (k)s(w)eksgha sptm gha ktogha nwn gha dkm gha smdekm gha dw dekm gha trjesdekm gha qtwordekm gha pnqedekm gha (k)s(w)ksdekm gha sptrmdekm gha ktdekm gha nwndekm gha dwdkm togha smdwidkm togha trdkm togha qtwrdkm togha pnqedkm togha (k)s(w)ksdkm togha sptmdkm togha ktdkm togha nwndkm togha km temgha dwkm temgha trkm temgha qtwrkm temgha pnqekm temgha (k)s(w)kskm temgha sptmkm temgha ctkm temgha nwnkm temgha sm ghslogha tusmn gha tusmn gha dwsqe sm ghslogha trs km temgha pnqedkm togha qtwr ghaqe SEQUENTIAL qokn s? semkn s dwikn s trikn s qturkn s penqkn s (k)s(w)ekskn s sptmkn s ktokn s nwnkn s dkmkn s smdekmkn s dw dekmkn s trjesdekmkn s qtwordekmkn s pnqedekmkn s (k)s(w)ksdekmkn s sptrmdekmkn s ktdekmkn s nwndekmkn s dwdkmtokn s smdwidkmtokn s trdkmtokn s qtwrdkmtokn s pnqedkmtokn s (k)s(w)ksdkmtokn s sptmdkmtokn s ktdkmtokn s nwndkmtokn s kmtemkn s dwkmtemkn s trkmtemkn s qtwrkmtemkn s pnqekmtemkn s (k)s(w)kskmtemkn s sptmkmtemkn s ctkmtemkn s nwnkmtemkn s sm ghslokn s tusmnkn s tusmnkn s dwsqe sm ghslokn s trs kmtemkn s pnqedkmtokn s qtwrkn sqe
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 10 000 12 354
30
A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean 100 000 1 000 000 1 000 000 000 km temdh sm ghslon qis/ kmtemn qis km temgha sm ghslon qis/ kmtemn qis kmtemkn s sm ghslon qis/ sm sm kmtemn ghslodh ghslogha qis sm ghslokn s wltjodh prweltjodh wltjogha prweltjogha wltjokn s prweltjokn s
31
Grbhtijs ridhms
Cardinal numbers
'1' to'4' '5' to '19' Concordantnumeric Juxtaposednumeric phrase phrase Cardinal number+ Indiferent quantified noun Yes No '5' to'19' Genitival numeric phrase Quantifiednoun + cardinal number No from'20' onwards Genitivalnumeric phrase Indiferent
Type of construction Order of elements
b The numeral isinflected Optionally a10 Case for the cardinal number in Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Indeclinable Indeclinable Indeclinable subject/ objectclauses Case for the quantified noun in subject/ Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Nom./(voc.)/ acc. Genitive Genitive object clauses Case for the cardinal number in oblique Gen./ dat./loc./ abl./ Indeclinable Indeclinable Indeclinable clauses instr. Case for the quantified noun in oblique Gen./ dat./loc./ abl./ Gen./dat./ loc./ abl./ Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./ Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./ instr. instr. instr. clauses instr.
Bht sems wrs welpowosjoi Kmopjom smei dhghmenei kod Dwi wejes nisdoi snchonti Dwi weje nisdoi snchetes Trins eik prokns En penqe wnti bhrwns olnom En bhodesmn wnti penqe bhrwm olnom Kom porseti oktu kr kerns Kom porseti kr kerm oktu Cwqolos newn steighet gwewbhis Dekm s eik bhrtern Bhrtrom dekm eik Pnqedekm s eik swsorn Swserom pnqedekm eik
There was one man in the waiting-room This is the equipment for one person Two birds are singing in their nest Two birds are singing in their nest I have three suitors The project involves five bridges The project involves the upgrading of five bridges He will contribute with eight chickens He will contribute with eight chickens The cowboy walked with nine cows I have ten brothers I have ten brothers I have fifteen sisters I have fifteen sisters
32
Ud dwdkm t dhij lomnm tewe Ud dwdkm totim dhij lomnm tewe Ludhnt penqe dwdkm tqe judhmm mimdhochei. Deiktins dnt penque trdkm tobhosqe judhmobhos Kom km tom ambhirjm bhbherti/ bhbhr nti sulnm latom N gheghjj km tom adkl nm agonts Ops (opss) esmi km tom dhljomnos ambhirjs Dwikm tns epmes adchodhons /dwoi km toi epmes adchodhm Glaghs sm ghesld ludhnt stnm Dw dekm tnomnoses dinologjei koi sonti: ougrnijos, dhechrnijos, taurnijos, wesnijos, bhlnijos, ekwnijos, aidhrnijos, karpnijos, wl qnijos, woinnijos, dhoncnijos, kwentnijos.
I admire your twenty pupils I admire twenty of your pupils Twenty-five soldiers came on Wednesday They gave indications to thirty-five soldiers A hundred tourists (is)/ are taking advantage of the sunny day I dont get bored managing one hundred clients I am busy dealing with a hundred tourists We received two hundred applications The protests came from one thousand places The twelve months of year in the calendar are these: January, February, March, April, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.
33
Ridhmpikimona Krdhesja Prwos wosos n rjeti kr pjobhim-two Tod antjei gisto sm ghslosjo newnkm tmtm nwndkm tm oktwosjo tnosjo Edjw esti prwos karplijosjo dwter sm ghslosjo dekmosjo Ausrom dkmom ikomos kwentnijosjo itija Trejes qtwr ws eksigns/ghstejes kmjugts sonti Trejes qtwr ts eksigns kmjugts sonti Trejes qtwr ws eksignm kmjugts/ kmjugts sonti Trejes qtwr ts eksignm kmjugts/ kmjugts sonti Krenghom moitja penqw kposjo kosjo
Numeral adjectives Ordinal The first dress does not pass with your shoes This happened by the end of the year nineteen ninenety eight Today is first of August of two thousand ten Tomorrow we have tenth of December Partitive Three out of four foreigners are married Three out of four foreigners are married Three quarters of the foreigners are married Three quarters of the foreigners are married I exchanged the ring for a fifth of this land
34
Winmeja kslegtiwortija Wtesi wtesi (=qkosmi wtesi) Diw diw (=qkosmi diw) Dwterei (q qosmi) wtesi Pluplektiwortija Dwsn wtesa Jektrom tod kpsis qrjetor dwdekm skm cl km Smlegtiwortija Sweksn iketi putl (=swekstim iketi putlm) Kaiwopelwijogrbhtija Km tmolm trsnoisu wrbhoisu sonti Ridhmogromogrbhtija Dekm bhnt wnms, newrs, knists, truns, krkontes, chaiss, serqejes morigns joqe dekm dhl rs, kaljs, snors, wjesjs, moiws, jwones mghewes. Dwisn dekm nw kelujont. Qrostija Wghokoi trejes bhnt westrodhnja. Wru trija nijetm westrodhnja. Ksweks bhnt westrodhnja, trija wghokoi qqosmi. Wru trsn nijetm westrodhnja, t.e. wghokom semm qqos.
Distributive Of selective value Each year / year by year Each day/ day by day Every two years Of multiplicative value Two consecutive years This medicine is sold in boxes of twelve pills Collective She has six children (=he has a sextet of children) Cardinal of pluralia tantum There are lots of riots all three outskirts Cardinal of a numeral group There were ten pretty, fresh, youthful, tender, graceful, comely, splendid lasses and ten budding, gorgeous, lusty, sturdy, sappy, young lads. The two groups of ten travelled on a boat. Classificative There were three suitcases on the cart. Two men carried the three suitcases. There were six suitcases, three on each cart. Each of the two men carried three suitcases, i.e. one cart each
35
Ksweks bhnt westrodhnja, trija wghokoi qqosmi, qetworesqe wrs. Dwsnu wru trsn nijnt westrodhnja. Newn bhnt westrodhnja trejesqe wrs. Wrs preiwos trsn (trija) nijt westrodhnja. Apo ptn s oktosnns kowesn t Apo ptes oktosns kowsn to Pluplektija m gtiwortija Dwoplm luwt awoqrojom Wr dhom tod dwoplm iketi usdoikom Triplm ghedt kousnom itiwortija Dwoplm westrodhnjom (=dwbhudhmi westrodhnjom) Dwopl domus (=dwplris domus) Qrostija Komwodhos so dwopls: napads n weknt kptolondhom leiktum, joqe enigns wedr erktum n weknt Aigjom esjo dwogenm: n moght ghostum neqe sweptum Aigjom esjo dwobhujm: neqe ghost neqe lwto
There were six suitcases, three on each cart, and four men. Every two men carried three suitcases. There were nine suitecases and three men. Each man carried three suitcases. They evacuated the passengers eight by eight The passengers were evacuated eight by eight Multiplicative Of augmentative value He paid a double fee This word has a double meaning She received a triple rent Of partitive value A double-bottom suitcase A two-storey house Classificative It (was) a twofold conflict: the invaders did not want to leave the captured ground and the native population did not want to share the water His illness had double consequences: he could neither eat nor sleep His illness had a double origin: he neither ate nor washed himself
36
Ridhmpiwrmona Iter tija Tebhei dkm qis (=dkmqr t) woqa: smeustrom neqom klawde prjsm nedhskrknetim neu. Stleswortija Sm n qid peum; weghtom dwweghtom trija labhm wr dha; trweghtom galmoupologhom labhm; qtwr weghtom solwns peum bhnins, enim pnqeweghtom galmom seghtum moghm. Kswksweghtom (=kswksweghtom jom jwonm medm mdodikm Udbhrowortija Dhghjesi newom prwnim woghnom Dwonim (=dws) epitruns bhrgts esmi cm jonts ludhm),
Numeral adverbs Iterative adverbs Ive told it ten times to you: never close the computer without first saving (your) files. With locative value The first time I did not understand anything; the second time I catched three words; the third time I got the topic of the conversation; the fourth time I understood whole sentences, and the fifth time I was able to hold a conversation. The sixth time I came, I met a young doctor. With contingential value Yesterday I used the new car for the first time For the second time (=twice), the maximum limits have been surpassed. This is the third time (=three times) now I have to clean the kitchen This year this champion has won the competition for the fourth time (=four times) Today I visit this doctor for the fifth time When I came for the sixth time, I met an old doctor. With distributive value She prepared the database in five times (=in five sessions)
mgsomobhruns
N trinim (=trs) peqonjom klewtum skel Wtesi kosmei seghtr so sperstim qtwr nim (qturs) wikt Edjw mdodikm tom pnqenim setjai Ksweksnim cm jonts (=jom ksweksnim ludhm) senom medm mdodikm Winmowortija Dwn kleitrom adst pnqewr tis / pnqeqr pis (=pnqe sstisu)
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Pluplektija Dkm dh lbm qt Ambhimoj bhrgtis Tridh kdr tod leutwijom (=tribhs koitubhis) itija Londhom medn trigha widht (=trija en krora) piseqesja Mlowortija Prwom, gerj (bhudhj) joqe ud sistm. Dwterom dr km lowom, dontn s melk tribhs miwn bhis joqe mreja (prtera) dhidhm ukesa. Tritjom, prmdjom edmi joqe ow Proknsowortija Krts en dhghmn, semkn s prijm prowodhm rdh, dwikn s mldhr rtij werg, trikn s snitjs gousnos joqe qtwrkn s) ejos s (enim ntjokn widjolubhjs awonomos.
Multiplicative He paid ten times for his crime Alternative use This problem can be solved in three ways (=through three manners) Partitive The governor divided the country in three parts (=in three regions) Sequential Of chronological value Firstly, I wake and get up in the morning. Secondly, I wash my face, brush my teeth in three minutes and do my morning exercises. Thirdly, I have a breakfast and get dressed. Of argumentative value She is a reputed person; firsly because of her friendly manners, secondly, because of her excellent artistical work, thirdly, because of her exquisite tastes and fourthly (and finally) because of her philosophical contributions.
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4.-Antinmona (prorok uporokqe) nonmija Widktija antinmona Is, id Def. nom os(i), ac. om/em, dat. esmei, gen. s. esjo, pl. esom, altern. ad im, ismei, ejos, eisom Qismei jmi cotni anbhorma (anabhoriks wertos) Petri prkom qid eitr ambh mnjet, atqe neqid is proti wewqt Trs woida bhloigom, n lubhj aw ejos antjom So, s, tod Komkpotos anwesnta bhtorklutrbhom Ordhsmn tod meghei mnestom prpeti Bhdhjom tosmi wri skel prsnim qm ati medoim Ghoi-ke, ghi-ke, ghod-ke Bh mntos anwesnta bhtorklutrbhom Eme bheitlom ghod-ke enim kldom skdhi ghom-ke Qis domei trbheti ghesi? Ghod-ke chel wesmnorkjom
Pronouns and determinants Personal Demonstrative This, he, she
Referred to something already mentioned (anaphoric value) I asked Peter what he thought about the trip, but he didnt answer anything Ive seen the film three times, but I dont like the end of it This Conceptually present to both speaker and hearer This proposal seems reasonable to me I have to speak to this man before I meet him again This Physically present to both speaker and hearer Take this axe and cut this piece of wood Who lives in this house? I want this cupboard
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Chapter A4: Pronouns and determinants
(E)ko, (e)k, (e)kod Bh mntos komkpotoswe anwesnta oinim bhtorei Porsgaldhrom kod n s bhngetoi Chedhj proti m dwmenei kosmi skribhete dqismei trtini anbhorma (kmtabhoriks wertos) Septm bhtiswenworns sonti koi: m, b, miau, bau, kol, qa, cr
This Physically or conceptually present just to speaker This telephone does not work well Please do not reply to this message
Referred to something which will be explained (cataphoric value) The seven natural musical notes are these: C, D, E, F, G, A, B
Oiso, ois, oisod Bhtores qeli, kltori proqd Pri enke sedlm oism Qori pn t stighesi issd? Eno, en, enod (elno, eln, elnod) Bhtorkltrbhem qeli Enod spekje ceri Knswo wronkim elnm leintum
That, yonder Far from speaker, near to hearer Bring that chair to me Why are you going that way? That, yonder Both from speaker and from hearer far Look at that mountain Try to avoid that dip
Widktijs doljs Ke, ki An Aw Sontom lege ke, plndhi em an kom joqe em aw olje w
Demonstrative particles This This other That, yonder Read this letter, complete this other one and destroy that one
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Q wntera antinmona Edqis, edqid (qis, qid) Esti qis kei an domei? Edqid colnei me bhojjet cwei mene ambh Neqos, neq, neqod Neqos klwm km nnke Primon nwostis ghdn esti neq Edqos, edqod Prd dhljogntjes edq cece daitis N dqosmi plakj smudhmeni Qisqe, qidqe Dsdhi qsmeiqe swijom Dekm senti dmewes, qismiqe qetwora sweptorja Qqos, qq, qqod Wergom ejos qqos gnwe Wergom sewe qqos gnwe Epi dkmeni deiktrom qqei dhtum sklesi Qjespejoi Dwspokna sonti dom qjespeja kpsi Drugholtm glghejes qjespejoisom bhrgns sonti
Quantitative pronouns Someone, anyone, something, anything Is there anyone here at home? Something on the plane caused me to fear for my life Someone, something Someone has found this key The news was received with a certain amount of pleasure Some Some time has elapsed since the babys birth I dont agree with some idea Each (one) Give to each one his share There are ten houses with four bedrooms each one Eacb one Each one knows his work (of his) Each one knows his own work You have to put a stamp on each document
A few, some There are still a few biscuits in the box The tips of some pencils have been broken
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Solwos, solw, solwod Dhochom solwom kei n bhowe Solw tosjo alch ighei Oljoi, olji, olja Oljos tosjo ambhqolos ighei Drewa sjonti olja Neqis, neqid Neqis woide qid ggoisisst PLPF. PREC. Apo neq tod wrutum mghsesi Ninos, nin, ninod Upri qertim elnm dokots bhowt ninos skewonts Eks nin einjom dhwor esti Totjoi, totji, totja Totjoi bhewent wrs jotji cens Ttjbhis sprigj mrotbhis T wntos, t wnt, t wntod Meghei t wntom kob (kobom) esti j wntom wolpsm T wnt ednom (ghosmom) loda werg
All, the whole He hasnt been here in all the day He departed with all his money All, every He departed with all his servants All the trees are dry No one, none, nothing No one knew what had happened You wont be able to open it with anything No There was no teacher supervising that activity It is not possible to go out through any door So/as many There were so many men as women I am fed up with so many stupid things So/as much I am as successful as I had expected (I have so much success as I had expected) I have forgotten the meal because of so much work
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Idmtera antinnoma Enis, enid Anta jjnti nija gntla oknos eploghei tosmei bhtrei Me nijom (dhghomenom) naisuns wsttjes pigjonti Smos, sm, smod Rtjes sonti smi kandostm kom woltewei Troudons wwora smons kdenei tosmi eksleutwiji Ambhu, ambhi, ambhoi/ qterosqid, qter-qid, qterod-qid Ambhu albhu (stes) Qteros-qid albhos (esti) Aljos, alj, aljod Trins jmi de belons, n aw aljom glubheti Epi aljod nkjesi an? (=epi aw nkjesi qid?) Onjos, onj, onjod Dsdhi-moi belom onjom, pls ke N kei stounom, onjosmei plmeni wertwijom lteros, lter, lterod / nteros, nter, nterod lteros wrisdjeti, lteros bhlti nterobhi terp, nterobhi qntj
Indentity pronouns Some (one), a certain (one) Certain signals cast doubt on this optimistic scenario I get annoyed at some peoples irrespectful attitudes Some, certain There are certain reasons to choose this candidate I found some difficulties to solve this problem Both Both are white Both are white (=each one is white) Another (one), more of the previous (one) He has already eaten three apples and now, he is peeling another one Do you need anything else? Another (one), a different one Give me another apple, this one is putrid The information is not here, it has to be found in another book The one, the other (one) If one of them is laughing, the other one is weeping With one of them, I feel pleasure, with the other one, I suffer
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teros, ter, terod m dhrom dnijom, terod qid wisowent (=loiq wiswenta) So gnwe, (te-/ke-) teroi ngnsjonti The same (one) Soms, som , somd Dhworins peltum krtijns mghesi trins som klw Wrstjes senti qtesres somosjo sqel The same (one) Isem, idem Wrs elno isem qom dhjesi woida Douknei kelseti ijo-em (=som) qm bhrtr tewe So-pe, s-pe, tod-pe / S(w)el (e)pe Praiseds so-pe (=swelpe) moi koiluwertum ludht S tesi-pe (=swlpesi) drjeti Qisqis, qidqid Qisqis rgumona peuti ta Wnm qq west essi Qisqomqe, qidqomqe / josqis, jqis, jodqid Pri qimqomqe widjsi kasjom enke Alchom ddmi qismeiqomqe nkjti Tlis, tli Tli gudhjom mene seghom pos esti N tljom woida upelm protimoghtrom Tli chel wesmnorkjom The other, any other Of such kind/quality Such is my joy after the victory I dont know the remedy to such evils I want a wardrobe like this one That is the same man that I saw yesterday He will travel on the same train as your brother Himself, herself, itself The president himself came to salute me She works for helself Any, anyone, anything Anyone understands these argumentations You are pretty with any garment Whoever, whatever Bring whatever hare you may see I give money to whoever needs it You can open three different doors with the same key There are four versions of the same story The blue one is edible, any other one is poisonous (=the rest is poisonous) He knows it, the rest ignore it
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Neqteros, neqter, neqterod Neqteros wra gnwe Neqter mghnijom drtum
None of the two None of the two knows the truth It is impossible to work with any of these two ones
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Prktij antinmona Qis, qid (swebhodhja) Qis bhtoi? Qid wqesi? Qis so bhtoi? (Bhkejom) Qis so lwseti? (Bhkejom) Qos, q, qod (nswebhodhja) Qos ambhqolos cme? Qom somosodm chlesi? Qod tod pjr woqta? (Bhkejom) Qteros, qter, qterod Qterm pljs gnwta cenm? Qterosmi ghseni tebhei wolsnos? Qtmos, qtm, qtmod Qtm regt protweqtis? Qtmom plnim bhidhesi perilm? Qotjoi, qotji, qotja Qotja lgta plmona? Qtjoisu qrnjoisu prnntor skouss ki? Q wntos, q wnt, q wntod Q wntom nkjesi alchom? Q wnt pndesos me krpusjm? Qlis, qli Qli eksi guss estlom? Qlismi pole wssi?
Interrogative pronouns Who, what (independent) Who is speaking? What are you saying? Who is this who is speaking? (Focal) Who is the one who is paying? (Focal) Who, what (dependent) What servant has come? What car do you want? What is this insult you have uttered? (Focal) Which of two Which woman do you know best? In which hand do you have the wound? Which of many / which of all Which one is the right answer? Which expert do you fully trust? How many How many books have you read? In how many shops are these trousers sold? How much How much money do you need? Of how much weight did he/she take the water melon? How, of what type? How was the dish you chose? In what kind of a city do you intend to stay?
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Atibhrtija antinmona Jos, j, jod Kwonm jos bherti bhrtr esti mene (=kwnbhrtr bhrtr mene esti / Kwonm [so] bheronts bhrtr esti mene ) Eme jod welsi S esti klws josjo twntms rkjeti rnms (=Tosjo esti s klws, qos twntms rkjeti rnms) Qos, q(i), qod Wrs qos ekw wghetor jentr esti tewe (=ekwoweghmos wrs jentr esti tewe) Kei esti nemots, qesjo ns sns tewe chnts esti S esti klws qess potis twntms rkjeti rnms Jteros, jter, jterod Plmone dwoi stom skolpei, dsdhi-moi jterod mgsi lubhojta Jem tloqsai joter bheidhmn pljs meghei esti (=jterom pljs bheidh) Jtmos, jtm, jtmod Jtmos prtm mgnom ghedt, drtum strigsti Ersjr jtmoi nagesns (gesmuktns) ljonti
Relative pronouns The one who, the one hat The one who is carrying the dog is my brother Take what you want This is the key of the one who conceals so many secrets (of the one this is the key, who conceals so many secrets) Who, that The man who is being conveyed by a horse is my cousin (=The man riding the horse is my cousin) Here is the enemy, by whose sword your son has been killed This is the key the master of which conceals so many secrets The one of two who/which There are two books on the shelf. Give me the one you liked most Ill talk to the twin which I trust the most.
The one among many who/which The one who wins the big price will stop working Those who scold innocent people are mistaken
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Jotjoi, jotji, jotja Jotjoi bhntoi ersjonti Jewe jotjons nkjnti J wntos, j wnt, j wntod J wntod welsi eme Rimn kod j wntosjo qqmai Jlis, jlid Odsm j lija wiweqt Anbhorm ghda j lismi pikt inuja antinmona Mene tod (=menjom tod)
Those many, so many Those (many) who are speaking are wrong Help those who may need it. That much Take as much as you want This is a list of all I have acquired Of that kind, of that quality I detested the kind of things he used to say I took as reference the kind of things he painted Posessive pronouns This is mine
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5.-Doljs neu apo / ap / aps apteri ad ambh ana (na) anta ant awou d / de d/ do ek / eks / ksteri en / en / ens / endo nteri ekts epi / opi jwn ts (qomdom) kmti kom n dheri n dhi n obhi acc. abl. abl. acc. acc, loc. acc, loc. acc. acc., loc. abl. abl. acc, dat. gen., abl. ekstrd acc., loc. entrd* acc, loc. abl. acc., loc., instr. acc. instr. komtrd* instr, loc. n dhertrd* acc., loc. acc., loc. acc., loc. ntrd* acc., loc.
Particles ols, lteri pra pros per(i)/perti perom pos(ti), psteri poti pri priteri prd / pro prteri proti pnim rdh sn / sn ter seqi teni / tenos trntis / teres / tr qe upo peri / ups ud(i) / uds w / wi wr stom acc., loc. acc. abl. acc., loc. loc., abl. postrd* acc. acc. loc., abl. acc. acc., dat., abl. acc. acc., dat., abl. acc. gen. abl. gen. gen. acc. acc., loc. pertrd* acc., loc. abl. loc., abl. acc. oltrd*
*Kiwonim lokteiw ptt
*Only with the accusative case
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Chapter A5: Particles
neu Smoldom welmi goldom neu Suknstim neu ighoighei Ad Ad glgaljnt sm Ad litomos smmdom Petrom ad, wrom tod n bht Ambh Ambh dms swepnt oljoi Ciwnt dekm ambh dlsjobhis dhochoi Ambh kolsom dht kolsowospom Ambh wedhrom glgoljomos Ana (na) Somosds douknosttoriom na wrgeti Ana bhuwr tgesi Nwis na (=priteri) pluwt dnum Ana okrim montjos stighm Woghoi na (=wogh) ludht
Without I want coffee without sugar He departed without saying good-buy At, to, towards, according to They were talking by the fireplace We are going to the party According to Peter, this was not true Around, about All the colleagues were sleeping around They lived approximately on ten dollars a day He put the scarf around the neck We are talking about the weather To, on, along in an upwards direction The train heads to the train station They were on board The ship navigated along the river I hiked up to the top of the hill He came on cart (=by cart)
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Anta Somosds douknosttoriom anta wrgeti Prksk newans rirgseti anta snitmestins Ant Domom ant stt(o) Stmr tod ant sontjes, ttrudme Apo / ap /aps Ptlotjd lpeti ap Domd ap mene sentum ad km tom sonti podes Ap meghei dede ghornm plmn Ghwedh, krsi mewom ghawe ap Apteri Dhighd apteri sedjonti maqs Kaiwoditibhes apteri uksrm wedht Awo(u) Awo dhobhnm dhghjesi protipornjom aanoke Awo porsgaldhrom stolom leloghm
Towards The car heads towards the train station The question aims at the new restriction measures In front of He stopped in front of the house We are worried by the situation we are facing From, since, back He stutters since his childhood From my house to the path there are one hundred steps. He gave the lent book back to me Please call me back tomorrow Behind/ after The boys are sitting behind the wall After his bachelor times he got married Back The spoiled goods came back yesterday I laid the phone back on the table
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D/de D nbheses kdeti wrst D kmtom dlsjobhes pornetum sklomos D/ do D stight drmntjom D oltrd srt dnewi tetnt Ek / eks / ksteri / ekstrd ekts Dhmjet eks skreibhtorjd Ekstrd awmd sodt prnkom ghwtewei Skownous eks trijom nuwts esti En / en / ens / endo / entrd Kleitlm en mijomes Skreibhtorjei n esti en En te spektewi matrm -two mmnsk nteri Dmese nteri esti prtim Bhewet katus oljans nteri wnjsi Gntos esti iwowidsi nteri Epi / opi Domus st dhm bhonjoi epi Epi trjm bht woinos Epi wr st, chdhsomos dom
From upwards Rain falls from the sky We have to negotiate from one hundred dollars downwards Until He walked until the end of the corridor The queue reached the other side of the river Outside He uses to smoke out of his office He went our of the hotel to call for a taxi He passed two (out) of the three exams Inside We entered the cabin He isnt in his office When I look at you I remember your mother Between, among There is a statue between the two buildings The was a fight among all the families He is known among specialists On, in addition, despite The house was situated on a graveyard There was cheese in addition to wine Despite the rain, well keep walking
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Jwnts (momdom) Kelutim jwnts swpnt Probhoudhos: solwom dhochom swpont Kmti Domus st arw kmti Kmti bhokom mmsm dht Kom, komtrd Kom dht wodr glaktiqe = kom dht wodr glakt Ndheri ndhertrd Dhghmi ndheri esti kow Dhghomm ndheri kidr Ndhi Weqmn ejos qid ordhsmenes ndhi bht Ti pr ksks ghi jenti prd ndhi lubhobhoudhd Trstje ndhi spordhs ptum sklonti N, nitrd Klopnim nitrd kidonti ekw N klopne esti lakus N s nbhudhnm spekt
During They slept during the journey Caveat: They slept (during) all the day Next to, beside The house was situated beside a field He put the meat close to the fire Together He put the water and the milk together = he put the water together with the milk Deep under, underneath There is a cavern underneath the ground They descended deep under the ground Further than, in addition to His comment was something more than a proposal These questions go well beyond mere curiosity Athletes must drink beyond thirst Down, downwards, at the bottom They go down the valley on horse At the bottom of the valley there is a lake She looked down the abyss
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Obhi Obhi sentoi lougos st Obhi dhworim sedlm stelt Ols /lteri/ oltrd Ols kreekwi bhrankonim bhr Oltrd loidom bhtos esti Ols Reinom sodnt twrms Pra Polnins pra senti toqe stnejes stoighei Pra drtim minusterjei, lismona wspenja ddti donsonjei Tosjo pra aiwos, yuwoon prpeti Pros Domd pros swepet ekwos Sttos Johannis Claudyd pros esti Per()/perti Gerjai per aussm Kwn drewom wrteti per Perom Perom wergd, trudn kdena wwora Gheris bhod esti, wnmoti perom
In the middle of There was a log in the middle of the path He put a chair before the door Beyond, on the other side Beyond the border French is spoken He has spoken more than permitted Thee troops went beyond the Rhein. Close, beside(s) Beside the shops there are stands in the street Besides his work at the ministry, he gives classes in an evening school He looks young for his age Before, in front of The horse was sleeping in front of the house John was appointed as Claudias boss About, around I am waking up about dawn The dog is turning around the tree Apart from, besides Apart from work, I found severe problems She is really friendly, to say nothing of her beauty
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Pos(ti), psteri / postrd Pos wrsotrom praikonkei esti Jodqid daitim pos prkskesi, jewos skmbesi ighei bhjdjom psteri Poti (=wr stom) Trejes kowireges grdjontoi stdhlom poti Mnjs twij neustum poti welis qm spartum esti Pri /prai Pri nket Petros Marjd Rgi krseti pri Kersnd pri ghighj! Priteri Nwis priteri (=ana) pluwt dnum Dikns legm priteri dt Prd / pro Pro stighomes sqomnom woikom Ludhseti Marj Klaudjd pro (=Klaudjs stnei) Ednom tod meghei (prd) pqeti (sudhiwom) Prteri Bhmn adst ejos modnom prteri Teksnastnom m gm prteri mnena tewe sonti
Behind, after The umbrella is behind the curtain Since you ask after time, you lose your right He departed after lunch Towards The three wise men advance towards the stable You are more favourable to spending than to saving Before Peter arrived before Maria He runs before the king Come back before dinner! Along, depassing, laying aside The ship navigated along the river He gave orders laying aside the law Forwards, onwards, instead of , in favour of We went on walking towards the next village Maria will come instead of Claudia (=in lieu of Claudia) Hes cooking this fodd for me (benefactive) In advance, further He prepared his speech in advance of the meeting Your ideas are much further than the state of technique
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Proti Trosopoljom proti strudoime (dusdhiwom) Bhrgjomnons proti qrponti loughs Daitrom meghei dedwe upstnojos proti Marki proti wewqt (=Marki apo wewqt) Marki proti (=apo) wewqt coti Marki proti (=apo) wewqt cotom Mrkosjo proti cotom wewqt Pnim Sr tm eiti pnim Dewmn n ket pnim sonttorm Rdh W wr sts wr tn rdh spordh esti N enmemeiteto esti, nitosjo prtijosjo sewe rdh Sn/ snter Smsts oljoi dmes, Markos aw nobhes sn sdt Sn loiqd kmertom tom Anni dhka lodis gwmsn tei Seqi Ispanjs seqi, Mrokom bhod wesolijs esti Prtijosjo ejos seqi knsjeti/ knsjetor
Against, in exchange of Let us fight against terrorism (malefactive) Lies turn against people who use them He gave me a watch in exchange of (my) services He answered to Mark He answered to Marks comment He answered to Marks comment He refuted Markss comment Behind, back He goes to the rear of the queue The message arrived back to its emissor Because of, due to The match was suspended because of the rain He was not allowed in, due to his rivals rancour Apart We were eating together, but Mark was sitting apart, though Ive put this lobster apart from the rest for Anna, who is coming later Vis--vis, in comparison to, relating In comparison to Spain, Marocco is really cheaper He is considered on a par with his rival
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Teni / tenos Snm kanenntjsjo tenos Ucbhwnt ostjom tenos Trntis / teres / trqe Wed robhoi reimm teres soilt (=Wedr robhoreim soilt) Probhupropodom trntis eitum sklomos Ud(i) / uds Ud lkuwes sodt sweljos Polmd ud dhrghe roupjom Uperi / ups / pertrd Oros uperi skandt resi uperi bht smmdos Upo Noinloi upo senti penkwe cmona Dhghmi upo bht dnus Oisoi Percjwonta ms dhghomm upo teqr W / wi W dhghm skedr koimss W dew ghordhjd dtjs dlijro mgtwijbhos nwostibhos Wr stom (=poti) Trejes kowireges grdjontoi stdhlom wr stom Mnjs twij neustum wr stom welis qm spartum esti
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Until I swam until the end of the channel They were wet until their bones Through Water dripped through a crack in the roof We have to go through a test process Out (to a visible place), from under The sun came out from the lake He pulled a coin out of his pocket Up, upwards, up to, over He hiked up to the mountain There was a party up on the mountain Under, below We have five degrees below zero There was a river (just) under the ground Those surviving mice fled under the ground Asunder The drawing pins got scattered on the floor The messengers dispersed far from the palace to anounce the news Towards The three wise men advance towards the stable You are more favourable to spending than to saving
Chapter A6: The adverb
6.-nawrmn An? D, ji Drt Oqoskrd Ni Ghi, ka, sm, toi Uta d, uta ji Wropropd Bhewtum mgheti Mghnijom Opt Bhwonim Wrd An n Uta n n mghnijom N Ghawd Nei Ghi n nbhtidoljs -i, -em, -ka
The adverb Perhaps? Yes Surely Obviously Absolutely yes Certainly Rather yes Probably Maybe Optionally Possibly In reality Truly Maybe not Rather not Impossible No Not at all Absolutely not Not at all Emphatic particles (This) right here, right now
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Qom? N Mlei kosmi/tosmi Mlei tosmi/nosmi Tom(-ke) Qomqe /qomqid Edqom Neqom iwesi/ aiwi Jomqid Qqom Ambhom Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe Aljom Onjom Weghtei kosmi/tosmi Weghtei tosmi/nosmi Nnoi
Nper
When? Now At this moment At that moment Then At any moment At some moment Never Always Whenever At each moment In both moments In this very moment In that very moment In another moment again In another moment else This time That time Nowadays For the moment Before Afterwards During In a moment (it happened in a moment) In a moment (in a moment Ill be with the client) For a while/for a moment On time At the beginning At the end For a short time Short time ago Since short time ago For a long time Since long ago A long time ago After a while Sometimes Often Frequently From time to time Occasionally, incidentally Rarely
Pri Pos(ti)/ psteri Jwnts/ momdom Mig/ bhroqoi (mig gisto) Meigm pos/ bhroqom pos (meigm pos qoks bhews) Meigm / bhroqom Prestim Bhwite /prjei Antjoi Pauper/ neddom Neddd Neddoi Ddom/ dwrm/ djwks Ddr d Ddoi Qoild Qr tus Bhn gh Mn gh Apomomdomom Qmdqid(qe) R dh
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Sm per Tntom/protntm/sm tntom Edjw, kidiwi Dhghjesi Ausrom/ krsi Auseri/ ausr/ kwijs Snpdei/ snpdoi Praidhghjesi Posausrom Perndiwi Smit / smit Jmi/jm Dom Nedom /n dom Penqedwijoi (nklawstijom dolos) Penktd pri diws Penqe dwm diwbhs mroi/ prteri Wesproi Medhidiw Medhinoqt Noqt Noqtm Ati jeri/ ghrw Lodi Stjosi/ psqoterom Mogs Psqoterom mogsteromwe Wtesi kekn dwes/ procecwes Wtesi ()kosmi Wtesi ndsmoi Prjei Olnim/ Antjei Udh/ kitd Trmn tos pitmd ksemt
Once and for all Continously/continually Today Yesterday Tomorrow At dawn At sunset On the day before yesterday After tomorrow In a few days At the same time Already Still Not yet In four days (inclusive counting) Four days ago Since four days ago In the morning In the evening At noon At midnight By night During the night Again Early Late Later Soon Sooner or later Last year This year Next year At first At last/ finally Immediately Finally Definitively Exceptionally
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Qom apo? N-apo Mlei kosmi/tosmi apo Mlei tosmi/nosmi apo Tom(-ke) apo Qomqe /qomqid apo Edqom apo Neqom apo iwesi/ aiwi apo Jomqid apo Qqom apo Ambhom apo Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe apo Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe apo Aljom apo Onjom apo Qom d? N-d Mlei kosmi/tosmi d Mlei tosmi/nosmi d Tom(-ke) d Qomqe /qomqid d Edqom d Neqom d iwesi/ aiwi d Jomqid d Qqom d Ambhom d Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe d Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe d Aljom d Onjom d
Since when? From now on From this moment From that moment Since then From any moment From some moment Since never Ever since Since whenever From each moment From both moments From this very moment From that very moment From another moment again From another moment else Until when? Until now Until this moment Until that moment Until then Until any moment Until some moment Until never For ever Until whenever Until each moment Until both moments Until this very moment Until that very moment Until another moment again Until another moment else
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Qm? S Bhl g Dus Bhodis Wolis Pedis Qwntom Kwntom/ twntom iswntom Enwntom Qwntomqid dqwntom Nqwntom lwntom Jwntomqid ljwntom/ njwntom Ligom Ge St, st Pau Meiwis/ mnusi Ait Ambh/ swi-per/ ad qolom Epi, n dhi Chon Pel Mgis/ mjis/ pljis Welm M gm Sl wots Pl nim N dhi/ n dhidhughnm Kiwotos Minum, km bhism Mgsm Dris/ pr
How? Well Wonderfully Badly Better Preferably Worse How much? This much That much That much Any quantity Some quantity No quantity Every quantity Any quantity Another quantity A bit At least Enough Little Less Partly Approximately Additionally Abundantly Much More A lot Plentily, at wide extent Completely Fully Too/ too much Only Minimum Maximum For free
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Qodhei? Kei/tei Oisei /idhei Enei Qdheiqe /qdheiqid dqodhei Nqodhei lodhei Jdheiqid Qqodhei mbhodhei Kei-pe/tei-pe/oisei-pe Oisei-pe/idhei-pe/enei-pe terodhei ljodhei/ njodhei Q(i), qote, qotrd? Kei/ kote / kotrd Tei / tote/ totrd Oisei/ isote/ isotrd Enei /note / notrd Q(i)qe / q(i)qid Qteqe / qteqid Qtrdqe /qtrdqid Edq(i) / dqote/ dqotrd Neq(i)/ nqote/ nqotrd Ol(i) / lote / lotrd J(i)qid / jteqid / jtrdqid Qq(i)/ qqote/ qqotrd mbh(i)/ mbhote/ mbhotrd K(i)-pe/ t(i)-pe/ ois(i)-pe Kote-pe/ tote-pe/ isote-pe Ois(i)-pe/ idh(i)-pe/ en(i)-pe isote-pe/dhote-pe/note-pe ter(i)/ terote/ terotrd Alj(i) / onj(i) ljote / ljotrd njote/ njotrd
Where? Here There Over there Anywhere Somewhere Nowhere Everywhere Wherever In each place In both places In this very place In that very place In the rest of places Somewhere else Whither? Here Here There Over there To anywhere To anywhere To anywhere To somewhere To nowhere To everywhere To wherever To each place To both places To this very place To this very place To that very place To that very place To the rest of places To somewhere else To somewhere else To somewhere else
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Qeti? Qotrd? Keti/ kotrd Teti/ totrd iseti/ isotrd Enei/ notrd Qtiqe /qtiqid Qtrdqe /qtrdqid dqeti/ dqotrd Nqeti/ nqotrd leti/ lotrd Jtiqid / jtrdqid Qqeti/ qqotrd mbheti/ mbhotrd Keti-pe/teti-pe/iseti-pe Kotrd-pe/totrd-pe/isotrd-pe iseti-pe/dheti-pe/neti-pe isotrd-pe/dhotrd-pe/notrd-pe tereti/ terotrd ljeti/ ljotrd njeti/ njotrd Qosd? Kosd/ tosd isosd nosd Qsdqid dqosd Nqosd losd Jsdqid Qqosd mbhosd Kosd-pe/tosd-pe/isosd-pe isosd-pe/dhosd-pe/nosd-pe terosd ljosd/ njosd
Wherefrom? From here From here From there From over there From anywhere From anywhere From somewhere From nowhere From everywhere From wherever From each place From both places From this very place From this very place From that very place From that very place From the rest of places From somewhere else From somewhere else Whereby? By here By there By over there By anywhere By somewhere By nowhere By everywhere By wherever By each place By both places By this very place By that very place By the rest of places By somewhere else
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Qismi? Kosmi/tosmi isosmi nosmi Qdhosmiqe /qdhosmiqid dqosmi Nqosmi losmi Jdhosmiqid Qqosmi mbhosmi Kosmi-pe/tosmi-pe/oisosmi-pe Oisosmi-pe/idhosmi-pe/enosmi-pe terosmi ljosmi njosmi Qori? Q-i? Q-tu? Qija? Kori/ tori isori nori Qriqid dqori Nqori lori Jriqid Qqori mbhori Kori-pe/tori-pe/isori-pe isori-pe/dhori-pe/nori-pe terori ljori njori
What for? For this For that For that over For any purpose For some purpose For no purpose For every purpose For whatever purpose For each purpose For both purposes For this very purpose For that very purpose For the rest of purposes For some other purpose For another purpose Why? For this reason For that reason For that reason For any reason For some reason For no reason For every reason For whatever reason For each reason For both reasons For this very reason For that very reason For the rest of reasons For some other reason For another reason
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Qota? Kota/ tota / ita (it) isota nota Qtaqe /qtaqid dqota Nqota lota Jtaqid Qqota mbhota Kota-pe/tota-pe/isota-pe isota-pe/dhota-pe/nota-pe terota ljota/ njota Q? K, t Ois En Qtaqe /qtaqid dq Nq l Qqid Qq Ambh K-pe/t-pe/ois-pe Ois-pe/idh-pe/en-pe ter lj/ nj
How? This way, like this, so That way, like that That way, like that Anyhow Somehow Nohow Everyhow In whatever way In each way In both manners In this very manner In that very manner In the rest of manners Somehow else/ otherwise By what means?; In what manner? This way, like this, so That way, like that That way, like that Anyhow Somehow By no means Everyhow By whatever means In each way In both manners In this very manner In that very manner In the rest of manners Somehow else
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Apltd/ perm Bhelnim Kr dts rmi/ wl Dus Andh Mn mn tos Sm kloutnim/ sm pod Prbhudhnim Skrd Kmmoin / kmmoinitos Smojd/ Sm cnim Kr diks Regtd Dhn gh Reidhd Somd / aiqd Arti Bhersi/ k/ twr td Dhernim/ str Dhreghnim Kloutnim N k Ml k Dikmn tos Swd Cmn tos Ghoild Molis Uktim Cr, swr, nok Nmn tos N bhrg Ghleunim Prsednim Slags Streptim Moild Bhewt Kolis Gnsmn tos bhidhnim
Absolutely Aloud Angry/ angrily Appropriately Bad Blindly By heart By chance Carefully Clearly Commonly Conventionally Cordially Correctly Directly Easily Equally Exactly Fast Firmly Fluently Fortunately Forcingly, necessarily By fumbling, gropingly For instance Gently, smoothly Gradually Happily Hardly Honestly Importantly In the name of In vain Jokingly Kindly Loosely Loudly Mildly Naturally Nearly Normally Officially
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Sikes Plmi Kmsqr tim Swedhumenesbhi Orom Awis/ dsteunim sterotos Ksip Wr/ wrd Rdhis Klmi/ tjis / kustoisu Tn gh, swr Tausnim Ml s Ml d/ mltim Dhn gh Krep/ nert/ nertd/ blown t Abhnim Nekopnd N kloutnim, ghler Bhrg Bhel/ ln /klamrd S Wk (wekonts) Dusmenesbhi Dusqold Ernim Sumenesbhi Mr s Pedbhi Ghsr tos Krsn tos Ghornim Twoisd Widld/ widr
On purpose Openly Perfectly Politely Properly Publicly (perceptibly) Publicly (by the public) Rashly Really Regularly Secretly Seriously Silently Slowly Softly Straightly/ directly Strongly Suddenly Unexpectedly Unfortunately Usefully Weakly Well Willingly With bad intention With difficulty With energy With good intention With neglection With the foot With the hand With the head With pleasure With violence Wisely
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7.-Wrmn nonms Prw Dwtera Tritj Woqes Qqerj Medhj Ptjomn ksonmis Wrtja Enstnt Nroki Kmsqrtom Bhewsont Mdesa Diktijom Prknejom Upotgtijom ptijom ntagtijom Bhrgtjes Bhwtij Stiw Kntij Propdej ntonw Mnghij Wistij Wnskiw
The verb Persons First Second Third Voices Active Middle Passive Impersonal Tenses Present Aorist Perfect Future Modes Indicative Precative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Uses Natural Stative Inceptive Progressive Intensive Frequentative Causative Desiderative
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Chapter A7: The verb
nonms Prw bhtei leght d (Eg) edqom welmi kwatsom Dwtera-klutorei leght d trity Age (t) dom Third nprtei leght d Knakjes cmm iknt tsmona Woqes qqerj Trestij Markos dhanum ghortei qeti ntrestij Markos stigheti Bhondhw Markos pnwrs esti
Persons First refers to the speaker I want some cheese Second- refers to the listener Go ahead! Third-refers to that one whos not participating Bananas have lots of vitamins Voices active Transitive Mark sees a pinetree in the garden Intransitive Mark is walking Copulative Mark is a fireman
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Medhj Dhnghuprtikokej (Upologhos semli qrtirstr qrtijatjrdisqe esti) Tegai Kei dhejai Markos spektlei qetoi Markos ksnjetoi Ndhnghuprtikokej -swesudhiw Adejai owoqtjm Pinjom sepai Aljoaljter Cromedha Nokjomedha Smstter Grnmedha Wertjomedha Trestij Gherijai Bhrgjai Qnumai Mtijai ntrestij Mntijai (mntij wrdhejwe qertis) Rmoi (rmoi) Bhmoi (bhmoi) Medai ksemtjes Bhbheimi Sprigj Eusaj (Sweqr ts propods) Krdijai Skedhai Dhuwlijai ksemtjes Rudhsk (rudhsmi) Albhsk (albhsmi) R gsk (r gsmi) Sensk (sensmi)
Middle Direct reflexive (The subject is both the initiator and the endpoint of the action) I cover myself I place myself here Mark looks himself at the mirror Mark shaves Indirect reflexive - autobenefactive I prepare myself an omelette I provide myself with a stab Reciprocal We praise each other We destroy each other Collective We gather together We appreciate ourselves Transitive I wish I use I avenge I measure Intransitive I put on, I pretend (mental o verbal activity) I reckon I speak I ponder Exceptions I am afraid I am fed up I get burnt (Spontaneous processes) I get angry I get hurt I go mad Exceptions I get red I get white I get white/ brilliant I get old
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rijai (Krpesmowos) Slijai Pl nama Leghjai Bhudhjai ksemtjes Qerp sweljom na Sisd Eimi, steigh Chadh Skand, keid Mejai (Meitis) Wrtai, gignai Gnskai Mrijai ksemtjes rdhj, augsk, krsk swj ussketi, luksketi (en) Sttijm Keimoi smoi Bherolinjei S qeisai (qismoi) ksemtjes Gem Senj Rudhj Sedj Legh ksonmis Smitlm ktjntimenes oqer Smlogwos Prati noqt dus swper Ptjomn Markos nduwis qetor
I stand up, I set out (Body motion) I spring I get near I go to bed I wake up, I get conscious Exceptions I turn towards the sun I sit down I go, I walk I fall I go up, I go down I change (change) I become I am born I die Exceptions I grow I diminish It gets light Stative I am lying I find myself in Berlin I feel good Exceptions I am loaded I am old I am red I am sitting I am lying Impersonal The spot is seen from the other side of the room Collective Last night we slept badly Passive Mark is seen by his neighbours
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Ambhtow spekjs wrtjm modesomqe Qqerj woqs deik wwermi gign reg sdej pr nmi kupj ddmi newj lubhj mmnsk esmi bhewmi r neumi Medhj woqs i/ deikr deik wiwrai/ wiwrar i gign i reg i sdej pr nmai i kupj ddwai i newj i lubhj i mmnsk seqi bhmai r nuwai
General outlook of tenses and moods Active voice I show I find I produce I govern I make s.o. sit I sell I demand I give I renew I love, I like I remind I am I am, I result to be I move Middle voice/ passive/ deponent I show myself/ I am shown I find myself/ I am found I produce myself I govern myself I make myself. sit I sell myself I demand myself I give for myself I renew myself I love, I like myself I remind myself I follow I say I move myself
Example: First person endings. Active and middle

Active Middle Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Thematic *oh2> om Thematic *oh2ei>*oai>i>i *oh2e>*oa>/oma Athematic mi m Athematic *h2ei>ai/mai *h2e>a/ma
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Deik show. Active voice. Present and aorist.
Indicative Effective deik dikesi diketi dikowos(i) Present diketas diketes dikomos(i) dikete dikonti dikm diks dikt dikowes Aorist diketom diketm dikomes dikete diknt Protelative deikom deikes deiket dikowes diketom diketm dikomes dikete deikont dikm diks dikt dkwes dktom dktm dkmes dkte diknt
Subjunctive deik/ deikm diks(i) dikt(i) dikwos(i)/ dikwes diktas/ diktom diktes/ diktm dikmos(i)/ dikmes dikte diknt(i) dik / dikm dks(i) dkt(i) dkwos(i)/ dkwes dktas/ dktom dktes/ dktm dkmos(i)/ dkmes dkte dknt(i)
Optative
Precative
Imperative
deikoijm deikois deikoit dikoiwes dikoitom dikoitm dikoimes dikoite deikoijnt dikoijm dikois dikoit dkoiwes dkoitom dkoitm dkoimes dkoite dikoijnt
deiksm deikss deikst dikswes dikstom dikstm diksmes dikste deiksnt diksm dikss dikst dkswes dkstom dkstm dksmes dkste diksnt
----deike diketu ----diketanu diketenu ----dikete dikontu ----dike dketu ----dketanu dketenu ----dkete dkontu
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Deik show. Active voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.
Indicative Effective doika doikta doike dikw Perfect dikadhum dikate dikm dikst dikr doikm doiks doikt dikws Pluperfect diktm dikt m dikms dikt dikn t deiks(j) diks(j)esi diks(j)eti diks(j)owos(i) Future diks(j)etas diks(j)etes diks(j)omos(i) diks(j)ete diks(j)onti doiksm doikss doikst dikswes dikstom dikstm diksmes dikste doiksnt deiks(j)om deiks(j)es deiks(j)et diks(j)owes diks(j)etas deiks(j)otes diks(j)omes diks(j)ete deiks(j)ont Protelative
Subjunctive dikom(i) dikes(i) diket(i) dikowos(i)/ dikowes diketas/ diketom diketes/ diketm dikomos(i)/ dikomes dikete dikont(i)
Optative dikjm dikjs dikjt dikwes diktom diktm dikmes dikte dik nt
Precative doiksm doikss doikst dikswes dikstom dikstm diksmes dikste doiksnt dikissm dikisss dikisst dikisswes dikisstom dikisstm dikissmes dikisste dikissnt
Imperative ----doikdhi doiktu ----diktanu diktenu ----dikst dikn t
diks(j)/ deiks(j)m diks(j)s(i) diks(j)t(i) diks(j)wos(i)/ diks(j)wes diks(j)tas/ diks(j)tom diks(j)tes/ diks(j)tm diks(j)mos(i)/ diks(j)mes diks(j)te diks(j)nt(i)
diks(j)oijm deiks(j)ois deiks(j)oit diks(j)oiwes diks(j)oitom diks(j)oitm diks(j)oimes diks(j)oite diks(j)oijnt
----diketd dike(tu)td ----diketanutd diketenutod ----diketetd dikon(tu)td
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i show oneself. Middle voice. Present and aorist. Deik
Indicative Effective i deik dikesoi diketoi dikowesdha Present deikei deikei dikomesdha dikesdhwe dikontoi dik / dikoma dikeso/ diketa diketo dikwedha Aorist diki diki dikmedha dikedhwe dikonto Protelative deik dikeso diketo dikowedha deikei deikei dikomedha dikedhwe dikonto dkma dkso dkto dkwedha diki diki dkmedha dkdhwe dknto
Subjunctive deiki/ dikma dikso(i) dikto(i) dikwe(s)dha deiki deiki dikme(s)dha dik(s)dhwe diknto(i) diki/ dkma dkso(i) dkto(i) dkwe(s)dha diki diki dkme(s)dha dkdhwe dknto(i)
Optative dikoija dikoiso dikoito dikoiwedha dikoiji dikoiji dikoimedha dikoidhwe dikoijnto dkoija dkoiso dkoito dkoiwedha dkoiji dkoiji dkoimedha dkoidhwe dkoijnto
Precative diksma diksso diksto dikswedha deiksi deiksi diksmedha diksdhwe diksnto dksma dksso dksto dkswedha diksi diksi dksmedha dksdhwe dksnto
Imperative ----dikeswo diketotu ----deikei deikei ----dikesdhwe dikontotu ----dkeswo dketotu ----dikei dikei ----dkesdhwe dkontotu
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i show oneself. Middle voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future. Deik

Indicative Effective dikai diktai dikei dikwedhai dikaia dikaia dikmedhai diksti dikri/ dikro doikma doikso doikto dikwedha dik dik dikmedha dikdhw dikn to i deiks(j) diks(j)esoi diks(j)etoi diks(j)owesdha Future deiks(j)ei deiks(j)ei diks(j)omesdha diks(j)esdhwe diks(j)ontoi diksma doiksso doiksto dikswedha doiksi doiksi diksmedha diksdhwe diksnto deiks(j)om deiks(j)es deiks(j)et diks(j)owes diks(j)ei deiks(j)ei diks(j)omes diks(j)ete deiks(j)ont Protelative dikoma(i) dikeso(i) diketo(i) dikowe(s)dha doikei doikei dikome(s)dha dike(s)dhwe dikonto(i) dikja dikso dikto dik wedha dikji dikji dik medha dikdhwe diknto diksma diksso diksto dikswedha diksi diksi diksmedha diksdhwe diksnto dikissma dikissso dikissto dikisswedha dikissi dikissi dikissmedha dikissdhwe dikissnto deiks(j)i/ -ma diks(j)so(i) diks(j)to(i) diks(j)we(s)dha diks(j)i diks(j)i diks(j)me(s)dha diks(j)(s)dhwe diks(j)nto(i) diks(j)oija diks(j)oiso diks(j)oito diks(j)oiwedha diks(j)oiji diks(j)oiji diks(j)oimedha diks(j)oidhwe diks(j)oijnto ----dikeswotd diketotutd ----dikeitd dikeitd ----dikesdhwetd dikontotutd ----doikswo diktotu ----dik dik ----dikdhw dkn totu
Subjunctive
Optative
Precative
Imperative
Perfect
Pluperfect
77
Deikr be shown. Passive voice. Present and aorist.

Indicative Effective deikr dikesor/ diketar diketor dikowor(i) deiketr deiketr dikomor(i) dikedhwori dikontor(i) dikr/ dikts esmi dikesor/ diketar/ dikts essi diketor/ dikts esti dikower/ diktu swos(i) diketr / diktu stas diketr / diktu stes dikomer/ dikts smos(i) dikedhwer/ dikts ste dikontor/ dikts sonti/ dikts senti Protelative deikr dikesor/ diketar diketor dikower deiketr deiketr dikomer dikedhwer dikontor dkr/ dikts esm dksor/ dktar/ dikts es dktor/ dikts est dkwer/ diktu swes diktr / diktu stom diktr / diktu stm dkmer/ dikts smes dkdhwer/ dikts ste dkntor/ dikts sent
Subjunctive deikr diksor/ diktar diktor dikwor(i)/ -wer deiktr deiktr dikmor(i)/ -mer dikdhwori/ dhwer dikntor(i) dikr/ dikts som(i) dksor/ dktar/ dikts ses(i) dktor/ dikts set(i) dkwor(i)/ -wer/ diktu sowos/ wes diktr / diktu setas/ -tom diktr / diktu setes/ -tm dkmor(i)/ -mer/ dikts somos(i)/ -mes dkdhwori/ dhwer/ dikts sete dkntor(i)/ dikts sont(i)
Optative dikoir dikoisor/ dikoitar dikoitor dikoiwer deikoitr deikoitr dikoimer dikoidhwer dikoijntor dkoir/ dikts sjm dkoisor/ dkoitar/ dikts sjs dkoitor/ dikts sjt dkoiwer/ diktu swes dikoitr / diktu stom dikoitr / diktu stm dkoimer/ dikts smes dkoidhwer/ dikts ste dkoijntor/ dikts snt
Precative deiksr dikssor/ dikstar dikstor dikswer deikstr deikstr diksmer diksdhwer diksntor diksr/ dikts essm dkssor/ dkstar/ dikstar/ dikts esss dkstor/ dikts esst dkswer/ diktu sswes dikstr / diktu sstom dikstr / diktu sstm dksmer/ dikts ssmes dksdhwer/ dikts sste dksntor/ dikts essnt
Imperative ----dikesoru diketoru ----diketru diketru ----dikedhworu dikontoru ----dkesoru/ dikts esdhi dketoru/ dikts estu ----dketru/ diktu stanu dketru/ diktu stenu ----dkedhworu/ dikts ste dkontoru/ dikts sentu
Present
Aorist
78
Deikr be shown. Passive voice. Perfect and pluperfect.

Indicative Effective dikar/ dikns esmi diktar/ dikns essi dikor/ dikns esti dikwr/ diknu swos(i) Perfect dikaiar/ diknu stas dikaiar/ diknu stes dikmr/ dikns smos(i) dikdhwr/ dikns ste dikn tar / dikns sonti/ dikns senti doikar/ dikns bhm doiksor/ doiktar/ dikns bhs doiktor/ dikns bht dikwr/ diknu bhwes Pluperfect diktr / diknu bhtom diktr / diknu bhtm dikmr/ dikns bhmes dikdhwr/ dikns bhte dikn tor/ dikns bhnt Protelative doikr/ doikr/ dikns som(i) dikesor/ diketar/ dikns ses(i) diketor/ dikns set(i) dikowor(i)/ wer/ diknu sowos/ -wes diketr / diknu setas/ -tom diketr / diknu setes/ -tm dikomor(i)/ mer/ dikns somos(i)/ -mes dikedhwor(i)/ -dhwer/ dikns sete dikontor(i)-/ dikns sont(i) diksr/ dikns bhuwm doikssor/ dikstar/ dikns bhuws doikstor/ dikns bhuwt dikswer/ diknu bhwwes dikstr / diknu bhwtom dikstr / diknu bhwtm diksmer/ dikns bhwmes diksdhwer/ dikns bhwte diksntor/ dikns bhuwnt dikjar/ dikns sjm diksor/ diktar/ dikns sjs diktor/ dikns sjt dikwer/ diknu swes dikjetr / diknu stom dikjetr / diknu stm dikmer/ dikns smes dikdhwer/ dikns ste dikntor/ dikns snt diksr/ dikns essm dikssor/ dikstar/ dikns esss dikstor/ dikns esst dikswer/ diknu sswes dikstr / diknu sstom dikstr / diknu sstm diksmer/ dikns ssmes diksdhwer/ dikns sste diksntor/ dikns essnt dikissr/ dikns bhsm dikisssor/ dikisstar/ dikns bhss Dikisstor/ dikns bhst dikisswer/ dikns bhst dikisstr / diknu bh stom dikisstr / diknu bh stm dikissmer/ dikns bh smes dikissdhwer/ dikns bh ste dikissntor/ dikns bhsnt ----diksoru/ dikns esdhi diktoru/ dikns estu ----diktr/ diknu stanu diktr/ diknu stenu ----dikdhworu/ dikns ste dikn toru/ dikns sentu
Subjunctive
Optative
Precative
Imperative
79
Deikr be shown. Passive voice. Future.

Indicative Effective deiks(j)r diks(j)esor/ diks(j)etar diks(j)etor diks(j)owor(i) Future deiks(j)etr deiks(j)etr diks(j)omor(i) diks(j)edhwor(i) diks(j)ontor(i) Protelative deiks(j)om deiks(j)es deiks(j)et diks(j)owes deiks(j)ei deiks(j)ei diks(j)omes diks(j)edhwe deiks(j)ont deiks(j)r diks(j)sor/ diks(j)tar diks(j)tor diks(j)wor(i)/ wer deiks(j)tr deiks(j)tr diks(j)mor(i)/ mer diks(j)dhwor(i)/ -dhwer diks(j)ntor(i) deiks(j)oir diks(j)oisor/ diks(j)oitar diks(j)oitor diks(j)oiwer deiks(j)oitr deiks(j)oitr diks(j)oimer diks(j)oidhwer diks(j)oijntor ----dikesorutd diketorutd ----diketrutd diketrutd ----dikedhworutd dikontorutd
Subjunctive
Optative
Precative
Imperative
80
Wwermi find. Active voice. Present and aorist.
Subjunctive Effective wwermi wwersi wwerti wiwr ws(i) Present wiwr ts wiwr ts wiwr ms(i) wiwr t wiwrn ti wewrm wewrs wewrt wewrowes Aorist wewretom wewretm wewromes wewrete wewront Protelative wiwerm wiwers wiwert wiwr ws wiwr tm wiwr t m wiwr ms wiwr t wiwrent wewrm wewrs wewrt wwrwes wwrtom wwrtm wwrmes wwrte wewrnt wwerom(i) wweres(i) wweret(i) wwerowos(i) /-wes wweretas/ -tom wweretes/ -tm wweromos(i) /-mes wwerete wweront(i) wewr /-m wwrs(i) wwrt(i) wwrwos(i) /-wes wwrtas/ -tom wwrtes/ -tm wwrmos(i) /-mes wwrte wwrnt(i)
Optative wiwrm wiwrs wiwrt wiwrws wiwrtm wiwrt m wiwrms wiwrt wiwrnt wewroijm wewrois wewroit wwroiwes wwroitom wewroitm wwroimes wwroite wewroijnt
Precative wwersm wwerss wwerst wwerswes wwerstom wwersntm wwersmes wwerste wwersnt wewr sm wewr ss wewr st wwr swes wwr stom wewr stm wwr smes wwr ste wewr snt
Imperative ----wwerdhi wwertu ----wiwr tanu wiwr tenu ----wiwr t wiwrn tu ----wewre wwretu ----wwretanu wwretenu ----wwrete wwrontu
81
Wwermi find. Active voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.
Subjunctive Effective wwora wworta wwore wewr w Perfect wewradhum wewrate wewr m wewr st wewrr wworm wewors wewort wewr ws Pluperfect wewr tm wewr t m wewr ms wewr t wewrn t wers(j) wrs(j)esi wrs(j)eti wrs(j)owos(i) Future wrs(j)etas wrs(j)etes wrs(j)omos(i) wrs(j)ete wrs(j)onti wworsm wworss wworst wworswes wworstom wworstm wworsmes wworste wworsnt wers(j)om wers(j)es wers(j)et wrs(j)owes wrs(j)etom wers(j)ont wrs(j)omes wrs(j)ete wers(j)ont wers(j)/ wers(j)m wrs(j)s(i) wrs(j)t(i) wrs(j)wos(i)/ wes wrs(j)tas/ -tom wrs(j)tes/ -tm wrs(j)mos(i)/ mes wrs(j)te wrs(j)nt(i) Protelative wworom(i) wwores(i) wworet(i) wworowos(i)/ wes wworetas/ -tom wworetes/ -tm wworomos(i)/ mes wworete wworont(i)
Optative wewr jm wewr js wewr jt wewrwes wewrtom wewrtm wewrmes wewrte wewr nt
Precative wworsm wworss wworst wworswes wworstom wworstm wworsmes wworste wworsnt wworissm wworisss wworisst wworisswes wworisstom wworissnt wworissmes wworisste wworissnt
Imperative ----wwordhi wwortu ----wewr tanu wewr tenu ----wewr st wewrn t
wrs(j)oijm wers(j)ois wers(j)oit wrs(j)oiwes wrs(j)oitom wrs(j)oitm wrs(j)oimes wrs(j)oite wrs(j)oijnt
----wwerdhitd wwertutd ----wiwr tnutd wiwr tnutd ----wiwr tetd wiwrn tutd
82
Wiwrai find oneself. Middle voice. Present and aorist.
Subjunctive Effective wiwrai wiwr soi wiwr toi wiwr wesdha Present wiwr wiwr wiwr mesdha wiwr sdhw wiwrn toi wewr / wewroma wewreso/ wewreta wewreto wewrwedha Aorist wewri wewri wewrmedha wewredhwe wewronto Protelative wiwra wiwr so wiwr to wiwr wedha wiwr wiwr wiwr medha wiwr dhw wwrento wwrma wwrso wwrto wwrwedha wewri wewri wwrmedha wwrdhwe wwrnto wweroma(i) wwereso(i) wwereto(i) wwerowe(s)dha wwerei wwerei wwerome(s)dha wwere(s)dhwe wweronto(i) wwri/ wwrma wwrso(i) wwrto(i) wwrwe(s)dha wewri wewri wwrme(s)dha wwrdhwe wwrnto(i)
Optative wwrja wwrso wwrto wwrwedha wwrji wwrji wwrmedha wwrdhwe wiwrnto wwroija wwroiso wwroito wwroiwedha wwroiji wwroiji wwroimedha wwroidhwe wwroijnto
Precative wwersma wwersso wwersto wwerswedha wwersi wwersi wwersmedha wwersdhwe wwersnto wwr sma wwr sso wwr sto wwr swedha wewr si wewr si wwr smedha wwr sdhwe wwr snto
Imperative ----wwr swo wwr totu ----wiwr wiwr ----wiwr sdhw wwrn totu ----wwreswo wwretotu ----wewrei wewrei ----wwresdhwe wwrontotu
83
Wiwrai find oneself. Middle voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.
Subjunctive Effective wewrai wwr tai wewrei wewr wedhai wewraia wewraia wewr medhai wewr sti wewrri/ wewrro wworma wworso wworto wewr wedha Plup. wewr wewr wewr medha wewr dhw wewrn to i wers(j) wrs(j)esoi wrs(j)etoi wrs(j)owesdha Future wrs(j)ei wrs(j)ei wrs(j)omesdha wrs(j)esdhwe wrs(j)ontoi Protelative wworoma(i) wworeso(i) wworeto(i) wworowe(s)dha wworei wworei wworome(s)dha wwore(s)dhwe wworonto(i) wworsma wworsso wworsto wworswedha wworsi wworsi wworsmedha wworsdhwe wworsnto wers(j)om wers(j)es wers(j)et wrs(j)owes wrs(j)ete wers(j)ont wrs(j)omes wrs(j)ete wers(j)ont wrs(j)ma(i) wrs(j)so(i) wrs(j)to(i) wrs(j)we(s)dha wrs(j)i wrs(j)i wrs(j)me(s)dha wrs(j)(s)dhwe wrs(j)nto(i)
Optative wewrja wewrso wewrto wewr wedha wewrje wewrje wewr medha wewrdhwe wewrnto
Precative wworsma wworsso wworsto wworswedha wworsi wworsi wworsmedha wworsdhwe wworsnto wworissma wworissso wworissto wworisswedha wworissi wworissi wworissmedha wworissdhwe wworissnto
Imperative ----wworswo wwortotu ----wewr wewr ----wewr dhw wwrn totu
Perfect
wrs(j)oija wers(j)oiso wers(j)oito wrs(j)oiwedha wrs(j)oiji wrs(j)oiji wrs(j)oimedha wrs(j)oidhwe wrs(j)oijnto
----wwr swotd wwr totutd ----wiwritd wiwritd ----wwr sdhwetd wwrn totutd
84
Wiwrar be found. Passive voice. Present and aorist.
Subjunctive Effective wiwrar wiwr sor/ wiwr tar wiwr tor wiwr wr(i) Present wiwrtr wiwrtr wiwr mor(i) wiwr dhwori wwrn tor(i) wewrr/ wr ts esmi wewresor/ wewretar/ wr ts essi wewretor/ wr ts esti wewrower/ wr tu swos(i) Aorist wewretr / wr tu stas wewretr / wr tu stes wewromer/ wr ts smos(i) wewredhwer/ wr ts ste wewrontor/ wr ts sonti/ wr ts senti Protelative wiwrar wiwr sor/ wiwr tar wiwr tor wiwr wr wiwrtr wiwrtr wiwr mr wiwr dhwr wwrentor wwrr/ wr ts esm wwrsor/ wwrtar/ wr ts es wwrtor/ wr ts est wwrwer/ wr tu swes wewrtr / wr tu stom wewrtr / wr tu stm wwrmer/ wr ts smes wwrdhwer/ wr ts ste wwrntor/ wr ts sent wwerr/ wwerr wweresor/ wweretar wweretor wwerowor(i)/ wer wweretr wweretr wweromor(i)/ mer wweredhwori/ dhwer wwerontor(i) wewrr/ wr ts som(i) wwrsor/ wwrtar/ wr ts ses(i) wwrtor/ wr ts set(i) wwrwor(i)/ wer/ wr tu sowos/ -wes wwrtr / wr tu setas/ -tom wwrtr / wr tu setes/ -tm wwrmor(i)/ mer/ wr ts somos(i)/ -mes wwrdhwori/ dhwer/ wr ts sete wwrntor(i)/ wr ts sont(i)
Optative
Precative
Imperative
wwrr wwrsor/ wwrtar wwrtor wwrwer wwrtr wwrtr wwrmer wwrdhwer wwrntor wwroir/ wr ts sjm wwroisor/ wwroitar/ wr ts sjs wwroitor/ wr ts sjt wwroiwer/ wr tu swes wwroitr / wr tu stom wwroitr / wr tu stm wwroimer/ wr ts smes wwroidhwer/ wr ts ste wwroijntor/ wr ts snt
wwersr wwerssor/ wwerstar wwerstor wwerswer wwerstr wwerstr wwersmer wwersdhwer wwersntor wwr sr/ wr ts essm wwr ssor/ wwr star/ wworstar/ wr ts esss wwr stor/ wr ts esst wwr swer/ wr tu sswes wewr str / wr tu sstom wewr str / wr tu sstm wwr smer/ wr ts ssmes wwr sdhwer/ wr ts sste wwr sntor/ wr ts essnt
----wwr soru wwr toru ----wiwr tru wiwr tru ----wwr dhworu wwrn toru ----wwresoru/ wr ts esdhi wwretoru/ wr ts estu ----wwretru/ wr tu stanu wwretru/ wr tu stenu ----wwredhworu/ wr ts ste wwrontoru/ wr ts sentu
85
Wiwrar be found. Passive voice. Perfect and pluperfect.
Subjunctive Effective wewrar/ wr ns esmi wewr tar/ wr ns essi wewror/ wr ns esti wewr wr/ wr nu swos(i) wewraiar/ wr nu stas wewraiar/ wr nu stes wewr mr/ wr ns smos(i) wewr dhwr/ wr ns ste wewrn tar / wr ns senti/ wr ns sonti wworar/ wr ns bhm wworsor/ wwortar/ wr ns bhs wwortor/ wr ns bht wewr wr/ wr nu bhwes Plup. wewrtr / wr nu bhtom wewrtr / wr nu bhtm wewr mr/ wr ns bhmes wewr dhwr/ wr ns bhte wewrn tor/ wr ns bhnt wworsr/ wr ns bhuwm wworssor/ wworstar/ wr ns bhuws wworstor/ wr ns bhuwt wworswer/ wr nu bhwwes wworstr / wr nu bhwtom wworstr / wr nu bhwtm wworsmer/ wr ns bhwmes wworsdhwer/ wr ns bhwte wworsntor/ wr ns bhuwnt Protelative wworr/ wworr/ wr ns som(i) wworesor/ wworetar/ wr ns ses(i) wworetor/ wr ns set(i) wworowor(i)/ wer/ wr nu sowos/ -wes wworetr / wr nu setas/ -tom wworetr / wr nu setes/ -tm wworomor(i)/ mer/ wr ns somos(i)/ -mes wworedhwor(i)/ -dhwer/ wr ns sete wworontor(i)-/ wr ns sont(i)
Optative
Precative
Imperative
wewrjar/ wr ns sjm wewrsor/ wewrtar/ wr ns sjs wewrtor/ wr ns sjt wewrwer/ wr nu swes wewrtr / wr nu stom wewrtr / wr nu stm wewrmer/ wr ns smes wewrdhwer/ wr ns ste wewrntor/ wr ns snt
wworsr/ wr ns essm wworssor/ wworstar/ wr ns esss wworstor/ wr ns esst wworswer/ wr nu sswes wworstr / wr nu sstom wworstr / wr nu sstm wworsmer/ wr ns ssmes wworsdhwer/ wr ns sste wworsntor/ wr ns essnt wworissr/ wr ns bhsm wworisssor/ wworisstar/ wr ns bhss wworisstor/ wr ns bhst wworisswer/ wr nu bh swes wworisstr / wr nu bh stom wworisstr / wr nu bh stm wworissmer/ wr ns bh smes wworissdhwer/ wr ns bh ste wworissntor/ wr ns bhsnt
----wworsoru/ wr ns esdhi wwortoru/ wr ns estu ----wewr tr/ wr nu stanu wewr tr/ wr nu stenu ----wewr dhworu/ wr ns ste wewrn toru/ wr ns sentu
Perfect
86
Wiwrar be found. Passive voice. Future.
Subjunctive Effective wwers(j)r wwers(j)esor/ wwers(j)etar wwers(j)etor Future wwers(j)owor(i) wwers(j)etr wwers(j)etr wwers(j)omor(i) wwers(j)edhwor(i) wwers(j)ontor(i) Protelative wwers(j)om wwers(j)es wwers(j)r wwers(j)sor/ wwers(j)tar wwers(j)tor wwers(j)wor(i)/ wer wwers(j)tr wwers(j)tr wwers(j)mor(i)/ mer wwers(j)dhwor(i)/ -dhwer wwers(j)ntor(i)
Optative wwers(j)oir wwers(j)oisor/ wwers(j)oitar wwers(j)oitor wwers(j)oiwer wwers(j)oitr wwers(j)oitr wwers(j)oimer wwers(j)oidhwer wwers(j)oijntor
Precative
Imperative ----wwr sorutd
wwers(j)et wwers(j)owes wwers(j)ei wwers(j)ei wwers(j)omes wwers(j)edhwe wwers(j)ont
wwr torutd ----wwr trutd wwr trutd ----wwr dhworutd wwrn torutd
87
Gign beget, reg direct, sdej settle, pr nmi sell, kupj demand, ddmi give. First person active.
Indicative Effective gign reg Present sdej pr nmi kupj ddmi genm regm/rgsm sesedm Aorist prm/prsm keupm d m ggona rga sdoja Perfect ppora koupa deda/ddwa ggonm rgm Pluperfect sdojm pporm koupm dedm gens(j) regs(j) Future sdes(j) pers(j) keups(j) ds(j) ggonsm rgsm sdosm pporsm koupsm ddsm Protelative gignom regom sdejom pr n m kupjom ddm genm regm sesedm prwm keupm dwm
Subjunctive gign /-m reg /-m sdej /-m pr njom(i) kupj /m didm(i) gn /-m rgsom(i) ssed /-m pr()som(i) kupom(i) dwom(i) ggonom(i) rgom(i) sdjom(i) pporom(i) kupom(i) ddwom(i)
Optative ggnoijm rgoijm sdjoijm pr njm kpjoijm didwm gnoijm regm ssedoijm perm kupoijm djm gegn jm regjm sdojm pepr jm kupjm dedjm
Precative gign sm regsm sdesm pr nsm kupsm ddsm gensm regsm sesedsm prsm keupsm dsm ggonsm rgsm sdosm pporsm koupsm ddsm ggonissm rgissm sdjissm pporissm kupissm ddissm
Imperative gigne rege sdeje pr ndhi kupje dddhi/ dsdhi gen rg(se)si sesed prdhi keupe ddhi gegn dhi regdhi sdodhi ppr dhi kupdhi dddhi
gns(j) /-m rgs(j) /-m sds(j) /-m prs(j) /-m kups(j) /-m ds(j) /-m
gnsoijm rgsoijm sdsoijm persoijm kupsoijm dsoijm
ggnetd rgetd sdjetd pr ntd kpjetd ddtd
88
Newj renew, lubhj like, mmnsk remember, esmi be, bhewmi be, result to be, r neumi move. First person active.
Indicative Effective newj lubhj Present mmnsk esmi bhewmi r neumi new sm / newbhm lubh sm / lubhbhm Aorist mimn sm sm bhm orm newja lubhja mmona Perfect ----(bh)bhowa rra newjm lubhjm mmonm Pluperfect ----(bh)bhowm rrm news(j) lubhs(j) Future mmnsks(j) ----bhews(j) r neus(j) newsm lubhsm mmonsm ----(bh)bhowsm rrsm news(j) /-m lubhs(j) /-m mimnsks(j) /m ----bhews(j) /-m r neus(j) /-m new s(jo)ijm lubhs(j)oijm mmnsks(j)oij m ----bhws(jo)ijm r nus(jo)ijm Protelative newjom lubhjom mmnskom esm bhewom r neum new bhuwm newj /-m lubhj /-m mimnsk /-m somi bhew /-m r nuwom(i) new som(i)/ new bhuwom(i) lubhsom(i)/ lubhbhuwom(i) mimn som(i) som(i) bhwom(i) rom(i) new jom(i) lubhjom(i) mmonom(i) ----(bh)bhowom(i) rrom(i) new joijm lubhjoijm mmnskoijm sjm bhewm r nujm new bhjm newsm lubhsm mmnsksm essm bhewsm r neusm new bhusm newje lubhje mmnsketu esdhi bhewdhi r neudhi newj/ new (se)si/ new bhdhi lubhj/ lubh(se)si/ lubhbhdhi mimn (se)si sdhi bhdhi ordhi newdhi lubhdhi memn dhi ----bhbhdhi orr dhi
Subjunctive
Optative
Precative
Imperative
lubhbhuwm mimnsm sm bhuwm orm
lubhbhjm mimnsm sm bhjm orm newjm lubhjm memn jm ----bhbhjm orr jm
lubhbhsm mimnssm ssm bhsm orsm newsm lubhsm mmonsm ----(bh)bhowsm rrsm new jissm lubhjissm mmonissm ----(bh)bhowissm rrissm
new jetd lubhjetd mmnsketd estd bhewtd r neutd
89
i beget o.s., reg i direct o.s., sdej i settle o.s., pr i Gign nmai sell o.s., kupj demand o.s., ddwai give o.s.. First person middle.
Indicative Effective i gign i reg Present i sdej pr nmai i kupj ddwai gen / genoma reg / regoma/ rgsa/ regsma Aorist sesed / sesedoma prma /prsa/ prsma keupa/ keupma dwa/ dma gegnai regai Perfect sdojai peprai kupai dedwai gegn ma regma Pluperfect sdoma pepr ma kupma dedma i gens(j) i regs(j) Future i sdes(j) i pers(j) i keups(j) i ds(j) ggn sma rgsma sdsma ppr sma kpsma ddsma Protelative gig reg sdej pr nma kupj ddwa gnma
Subjunctive ggni /-ma rgi /-ma sdji /-ma pr njoma(i) kpji /ma didi/ ddma gni /-ma
Optative ggnoija rgoija sdjoija pr njma kpjoija ddwja gnoija
Precative ggn sma rgsma sdsma pr nsma kpsma ddsma gnsma
Imperative ggneswo rgeswo sdjeswo pr nswo kpjeswo ddswo geneswo
rgma
rgsoma(i)
rgja
regsma
rg(se)swo
ssedma pr wma kupma dwma
ssedi /-ma pr()som(i) kupoma(i) dwoma(i) ggnoma(i) rgoma(i) sdjoma(i) pproma(i) kpoma(i) ddwoma(i)
ssedoija prja kupoija dwja gegnja regja sdojja peprja kupja dedwja
ssedsma pr sma kupsma dsma ggn sma rgsma sdsma ppr sma kpsma ddsma ggnissma rgissma sdjissma pprissma kpissma ddwissma
sesedeswo pr swo kupeswo dswo gegn swo regswo sdoswo ppr swo kupswo ddswo
gns(j)i /-ma rgs(j)i /-ma sds(j)i /-ma prs(j)i /-ma kups(j)i /-ma ds(j)i /-ma
gnsoija rgsoija sdsoija persoija kupsoija dsoija
ggneswotd rgeswotd sdjeswotd pr nswotd kpjeswotd ddswotd
90
i renew o.s., lubhj i like o.s., mmnsk i remember o.s., seq i follow, Newj bhmai speak, r nuwai move o.s.. First person middle/ deponent.
Indicative Effective i newj i lubhj i mmnsk i seq bhmai r nuwai newsa/ newsma/ new bhma lubhsa/ lubhbhma Aorist mimn sa/ mimn sma seq / seqoma bhma/ bhtos esmi ora/ orma newjai lubhjai memnai Perfect sesqai bhwai/ bhnos esmi orrai newma lubhma memn ma Pluperfect sesqma bhwma/ bhnos bhm orrma i news(j) i lubhs(j) i mmnsks(j) Future i seqs(j) i bhs(j) i r neus(j) new sma lubhsma mmn sma ssqsma bh wisma/ bhnos bhuwm rrsma news(j)i /-ma lubhs(j)i /-ma mimnsks(j)i /ma sqs(j)i /-ma bhs(j)i/ bh s(j)ma r neus(j)i /-ma new s(jo)ija lubhs(j)oija mmnsks(j)oija sqsoija bh s(jo)ija r nus(jo)ija Protelative newj lubhj mmnsk seq bhma r nuwa new bhuwma newji /-ma lubhji /-ma mimnski /-ma seqi /-ma bh woma(i) r neuwoma(i) new soma(i)/ new bhuwoma(i) lubhsoma(i)/ lubhbhuwoma(i) mimn soma(i) sqi /-ma bhwoma(i)/ bhtos som(i) roma(i) new joma(i) lubhjoma(i) mmnoma(i) ssqoma(i) bh woma(i)/ bhnos som(i) rroma(i) new joija lubhjoija mmnskoija sqoija bhja r nuwja new bhwja new sma lubhsma mmn sksma sqsma bh sma r nusma new bhusma new jeswo lubhjeswo mmnskeswo sqeswo bhswo r nuswo newjeswo/ new (se)swo/ new bhswo lubhjeswo/ lubh(se)swo/ lubhbhswo mimn (se)swo seqeswo bhswo/ bhtos esdhi r swo newswo lubhswo memn swo sesqswo bh wiswo/ bhnos esdhi orr swo
Subjunctive
Optative
Precative
Imperative
lubhbhuwma mimn sma sqma bh wma/ bhtos esm orma
lubhbhwja mimn sja sqoija bhwja/ bhtos sjm rja newjja lubhjja memnja sesqja bhwiija/ bhnos sjm orrja
lubhbhsma mimn ssma sqsma bh sma/ bhtos essm rsma new sma lubhsma mmn sma ssqsma bh wisma/ bhnos essm rirsma new jissma lubhjissma mmnissma ssqissma bh wissma/ bhnos bhsm rrissma
new jeswotd lubhjeswotd mmnskeswotd sqeswotd bhswotd r nuswotd
91
Wrtja nstnt Prosod qertis Tbhwrdja gleubh Oisons drwonti setins smalons iwe N edsi Aposkroibhos nstntijosjo bhwon Mtr menj tsaim lbhjeti Doukna nclm jmi n bhr gjontoi Dan polis widhetor Gnmejom (prtonwom) Sujet sei, tropls, slibesnt Wodr pibom, aw woinom so Oljons drewont setins smalons iwe iwesi eds Kntijom (knt qertis) Jom wjona leinont, en krstjont prtija W qekmr dhidhn ti Domum prnm Meugont Mugonti
Tenses Present Accion in progress I am peeling potatoes They are treating those visitors like an animals. You are now eating Description of a present reality My mother likes tea Trains dont use coal anymore The city is divided by the river Gnomic (protelative) When it rains, the sidewalks get slippery I drink water, he, however, drinks wine They use to treat all visitors like animals You are always eating Conative (attempted action) While they try to avoid vices, they rush into opposite ones They are organizing a show I have my house on sale They try to cheat They are trying to cheat
92
Jktijom bhli (Widmenjom) Wl dhdikjm widls, tm lubhsketi Olnom Ausrom bardhapukom dhdhmos Drts udwortos (dolj)
Narrative in the past (Historic) When he sees the princess, he falls in love with her Plan (= indicative future) Tomorrow we are doing a barbecue Sure result (with a particle)
Alchonjom tod snqeti (nnoi) This bank is sinking (at present) Kom alchonjom snqeti (=snqti) This bank sinks (=will sink) Pri n kneumi wesprei kosmi Im arriving this evening (Pri) n prestim n kneumi wesprei kosmi Iteriwom Iterative Dochei qqei edqod skreibh Everyday I write a bit Upodt dhtis Platn wweqti Plato says Rmm ghti Petros 42 AP Peter arrives in Rome in 42 AD Fact transmitted by tradition Im not arriving on time this evening
93
Nroki rtija, dititos wlta gismona Wdmejom Enoiqe, regm kekluwoses, rijonto, wele ita, str qom austroi drknt (ddrknt/ddrksnt), is pri sodt, dom nokws stt(o) epi dhljosjo stnoi (epi jodhei dhljos sto). Mqesjom, qrtibhmejom Pro ordhesnom tewei dek Apo nijm ta wrdha Dhabheso? =dhdhabhta(i)? Qori gels? Bhwtijom Dhghmones tksnt upokrojd pri
AOR. EFF. II (SIGM.)
Aorist Concrete, temporally diluted events Narrative And they, having heard the king, set out; and lo, the star, which they saw (had seen/had been seeing) in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. (Matt. 2.9). Instantaneous / dramatic I accept your proposal I take back my words Are you surprised? Why did you laugh? Why do you laugh? Inchoative/ fientive (single and iterative variants) The people became silent before the show We started to have lunch during the break When the actor started to talk, people would became silent We always started to have lunch during the break Constantive (single act) The people kept silent during the play We had lunch during the break During four decades, he reigned in all the land The concert was unbearable
Bhwits smos ghostum rmom momdom Jom prdoikots bhwjto ghostum, dhghmones tksnt AOR. PROT. SIGM. iwesi bhwjmedha (bhwitjmedha) ghostum rmom momdom Kmstntijom(inok qertis) Dhghmones tkbhnt upokrojom momdom AOR. EFF. I Ghosomes rmom momdom AOR. EFF. I Qtwrdekmatnjom londhei solwoi rgbht AOR. EFF. I. Sm sonchos n tlnijos bht
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Pertriwom Jom kaputprdoikots qrtibhmom prwnim molt AOR.EFF., dhghmones tkbhwnt AOR. PROT. I Prsttos jom rmom momdom en ludht AOR. EFF., ghsmes AOR PROT. Daite nesi, Alksanros londhei solwoi rgbhwt AOR. PROT. I Upokrojntjoi qqei dhghmones iwesi tkjnt AOR. PROT. II Ghsmes (estjmes) rmom momdom
AOR. PROT.
Durative (single and iterative variants) When the main actor came on stage for the first time, people were silent When the boss came in during the break, we were having lunch At that time Alexander reigned in all the land At the end of each play, people were always silent We always had lunch during the break Culminative When I ended my studies, I began to work in an international company They were persuaded by him Proverbial or gnomic As a flower in the fields, thus public esteem passes away. He who wounds by the sword, dies by the sword. Time flees, eternity remains. The grass withers and the flower falls off Children keep quiet when adults talk Prolectic I assume you will do your work
Klmenjom Studja jom tm, drtim enterlndhejoi rij dherbhmei plkjontor dgjejom Mghoisu bhltis iwe, ita dhcht ghdhos ns chenls, ns mrts PART. AOR. Daitis bheugt, aiwom west Pps silbhnt jom altjoses bhnto Prlegtijom Upo labh jod wergom tewe dhjesi (AOR. SUB.) / dhssi (FUT. SUB.)
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Kmsqrtom Tmkejom piworjom upptmm Moskwiji kpe Slwogonjom-Rtrospktijom Lidjm gnwa 1960 apo Udbhtijom Lugttji bht Bhredos Knjm bhlm/qrtibhmejom (kltonowostjes) Mmrtai belopotis Mohammed Aidid Mogadishuwi iwest 61 atnm. (wlmolgd) Bhewsn ti qertjei anabhornm Me pretti an, llai Stiwom enstnt Trija kakawatja wosr N woida, n mmona Epikmsqrtom Bhloqertis permd preiwijs onjd bhloqertjes Regtm eitr emt jodqid dhghmskermn spokt (effective) Regtm eitr emt jodqid dhghmskermn spokst (protelative)
Perfect Resultative The police has caught the suspect in Moscow. Universa-retrospective I have known Lidia since 1960. Existential Fred has been to Paris. Recent past/dramatic (hot news) General Mohammed Aidid has died in Mogadishu at age 61. (From an obituary) Related to a future action If he shall perceive me, I am ruined Stative Present There are three chocolates left I dont know, I dont remember Pluperfect Past action relatively anterior to another past action He took the right way because he had looked at the map He took the right way because he had been looking at the map
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Bhewsont Chltijom -seiktis Prijes-te ywtibhi tewe Pri nksjeti qm lodi ndh bhuwet/ bhjt FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB./ OPT. Qid apmisdhom meghei dsesi? Praidikt qertis Wontlos bhreugwents atnoi kosmei bhwseti Pri nksjeti qm lodi ndh
FUT. ND.
Future Desiderative -intention I should like to thank you for your help He wants to arrive before it will be too late
What reward will you give me? Predicted action Andalusia is going to be rich in fruits this year He will (certainly) arrive before it will be too late You shall not die, dont be afraid Planned action Tomorrow we are doing a barbecue I will shut up before the play I will keep silent during the play Gnomic Biaised mass media will never tell the truth Conjecture Who is this? It may be the postman or the milkman Order (for future imperative) If something new happens, you will let me know
seti/bhweti
PRES. SUB.
N mrsesoi, m bhibhjs
FUT. ND. PREVENTIVE
Olnt qertis Ausrom bardhapukom dhsomos Tks uprokrojd pri Tkbhw uprokrojom momdom Gnmejom Wra loksows tljowoghts neqom wdsonti Pridhmos Qis esti so? Dts bhwseti glaktiqoloswe Nidoikos (bhwsontes pro ntagtijd) Ggisetoi qid nwosjo an, mewom ana woidsesi PRES. SUB. + FUT. IND.
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Mdesa Diktijom Qrmenjom bhwonom Sjeti Oktu wlnawbhei senti kanms Minpnijom Jod imm bhtjoi lbheti tosjo tod Bhewnj updhtis Londhom an pkm geti, neqid bhnm
Moods Indicative Objecive reality It is raining The spider has eight legs Potential Whatever he takes in the battle is his own Real condition If the country lives in peace, nothing is to be feared
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Upotgtijom Ghoriwom jomos aldhjom Wrtjmedha domum An qis ghr dhnos esti, deti Jos (qis) ghr dhnos seti, deti Wskoidwom Qid dhdhjom n? Jsdom emmosi an welis kei wesmosi? Sikejom Ap louksm wreumi, bhodis tsi Wrom weqm, Apowrejom M smughs! (=M smughsi) Bhjejom Bhbheimij m qid ggoiseto (PF.) Bhbheimi m qid gseto (AOR.) Ambhigisejom Anti nkti md, dsdhi kersntwei Edqis weqti n chel ksterom uploghi moghmn Ghlt t solw, domum selm ksterom uploghi moghmn Uprmoimos yom ptjti (ptbhweti), glakti qrs Trktijom Tinjem woqd-two pri
Subjunctive Hortatory Lets go for a walk Let us return home If anyone is hungry, let him eat (Anyone) who is hungry, let him eat Deliberative What shall I do now? Shall we take the bus or rather stay here? Final I open the window so that you may breath better To say the truth, Preventive Dont smoke! Of fear Im afraid something has happened Im afraid something will happen Of eventuality If he arrives before me, give him a dinner Someone can say I dont want Internal possibility for the subject With all this gold I can buy a house External possibility for the subject When the supermarket will be open, I will buy the milk Permissive Let me finish before you speak
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Bhewsontwrtowent Neqid tons dhebhnweti Kn sej qod km jesi (=Tewom kmsontm kn sej) Wltijom Altjosbhis glgaljt Km tom cjwsi atnm Wlptijom Welp qod cws solws nknwenti/ nknti (PRES. SUB./AOR. SUB.) (=ins nksontns/nklns cwns solwns welp) Welp qod cws solws nokont
(PF. SUB.)
With a future value Nothing can harm them I think you will get tired Volitive Let her talk to her parents May you live one hundred years Of expectation I hope they are arriving/ they arrive safe and sound
I hope they have arrived safe and sound
(=ins nokwsns cwns solwns welp) Temporal value of the subjunctive mood in simple and subordinate sentences
Type of clause Simple sentence (modal) Final Anterior Simultaneous Posterior Present present Aorist past Perfect resultative/ present stative ------------anterior to the expected result Future future -----------------
imperfective, relative future perfective relative future ------------posterior to the absolute future eventuality modal in the past/anterior to the absolute future perfective, eventual in the future/perfective, irreal in the future; universally eventual ----relative anterior thematics consequence in the past with perfect aspect (potential) relative anterior
Conditional and concessive
imperfective, eventual in the future/imperfective, irreal in the future* expectative** relative simultaneous thematics consequence in the present (potential) relative simultaneous
-----
eventual result in the future/eventual repetition in the future ----relative posterior thematics consequence in the future (potential) relative future ----(potential) relative future
Comparative Causal Consecutive Completive (disjunctreportative) Completive (disjunctinjunctive) Completive (conjunct)
----relative resultative thematics resultative consequence (potential) relative resultative ----(potential) absolute result
imperfective relative future perfective relative future (potential) absolute present (potential) absolute past
* also expressed by the present precative ** also expressed by the aorist precative
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ptijom Wnesjom Prijs nos bhwjoiso Nosbhis wesoit Jewijs sjm Ghrewis ludhoim Wlmes jwtibhi tewe prijetum Prkn stijom Tod weqois, kr Ddwmes qid diw diw Endoiks Qid uprterom wworta an, selois Qota spmnteros sjm? Swedhumens dik Eks ijs Minpnijom Qota sentum bhodejois tewe? Tod an gisto Tod an ggisto Reiwents sjs (bhjs), prijters enoi Gerls gaudhjoit tod kluls Lokss Sqet jod lodi ludhoint Elnom ad, kwones dhghmonjm n pewnt dnghwm
Optative Cupitive May you become our friend May he stay with us I wish I were younger I wish I had come earlier We would like to thank you for your help Recommendative You should say this, my dear We should give something everyday Iussive If youve found something better, buy it How could I be more attractive? Polite command You may go out Potential How could you improve your performance? This could happen This could be happening If you were (became) rich, they would be friendlier Charles would be happy if he heard that Oblique He said that they would arrive late According to him, dogs dont understand human language
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Nesrom kensos Tod n seqoim/ sqoim (=tod n seqsm) Protiwrtnm (Epi) kms ikoimes lchosjo, loubhom n seltum mghomos
Modest statement I would not say that
Adversative Even if we have a lot of money, we cannot buy love
Temporal value of the optative mood in simple and subordinate sentences

Type of clause Simple sentence (modal) Final Anterior Simultaneous Posterior Conditional and concessive Comparative Causal Consecutive Completive (disjunct reportative) Present present Imperfective relative future posterior in the present* ----Imperfective imaginary potential Aorist past Perfective relative future relative posterior* future absolute* relative anterior* Perfective imaginary potential Perfect resultative/ present stative ------------Resultative imaginary potential ----relative resultative obliquity/absolute resultative hypothesis ----(potential) relative resultative Future future -------------
--------relatve posterior obliquity/absolute future hypothesis ----(potential) relative future
irreal future relative** ----relative simultaneous relative anterior obliquity/absolute past obliquity/absolute present hypothesis hypothesis ----(potential) relative simultaneous ----(potential) relative anterior perfective relative future -----
Completive (disjunct - imperfective relative future injunctive) Completive (conjunct) -----
-----
-----
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Prknejom Soikos Prket jod ad bhewst PRES. PREC. Skekidr jod s im sgist bhloigom PRES. PREC. pos Minpnijom Tod an gssto nbhwoq updhtis stmr we Jewijs an bhewsm, Wetelj kelusm Gerls gaudhst tod kluls Gerls gaudhbhst tod kluls
AOR. PREC.
Precative Intention He asked to have the chance to be present They decided that she would look for him after the film Potential This could have happened Irreal condition or situation If I were younger, I would travel across Italy Charles would be happy if he could hear that Charles would have rejoiced if he could have heard that Modest statement I am to say I was to say/ I would have said I would have been saying
Nesrom kensos Seqsm Sqsm Sqissm
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Temporal value of the precative mood in simple and subordinate sentences

Type of clause Simple sentence (modal) Final Anterior Simultaneous Posterior Conditional and concessive Comparative Causal Consecutive Completive (disjunct reportative) Completive (disjunct injunctive) Completive (conjunct) Present present /future relative future in irreal/ intentional clauses ------------irreality in the present/irreality in the future* simultaneous and irreal comparison in the present absolute present hypthesis** ----(potential) relative future relative future ----Aorist --------expected anteriority ----expected posteriority irreality in the past simultaneous and irreal comparison in the past absolute past hypothesis** consequence in the past with imperfect aspect ----relative past future in the past Perfect --------------------resultative irreality irreal , relative, resultative comparison absolute resultative hypothesis** -----------------
*also expressed by the present/ aorist subjunctive ** also expressed by the optative
ntagtijom Nidoiks Wese kei Skreibhtu (=skreibhtd) meghei Wttijom M pibe (=m pijs AOR. SUB.) M ttu (=m ttd) Protistupejom Ismi seqe. Neqid psesi
Imperative Of order Remain here Write to me Prohibition Dont drink Dont steal Concessive Tell him. You wont get anything
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Bhrgtjes/wlntjom Bhutij Bheudh Eimi Kan Stiw Bhudhj Stntj Tepj Kntij Bhudhjai Potijai Mr ijai Propdej Bhudhsk Wijsk Krsk Swdhsk ntonw Mlmolmi (mlmolj) Drdormi (drdorj) Chnchonmi (chnchonj)
Probhoudhos: krkarj, glgolj, smlij ikonti propsmona, alj n swe-per ntonwa wrmona tdtina senti
Usages/valency Natural I am awake, I pay attention I go I sing Stative I am an invigilator I am delayed I am warm Inceptive I wake up, I get conscious I acquire I die Progressive I get more and more awake I wither I grow I get used Intensive I crush once and again I split once and again I strike once and again
Caveat: krkarj announce, glgalj talk have similar formations, but shouldnt be considered as intensive verbs per so.
Mnghij Bhustj Itj Wistij Bhoudhej snm Sodej Torpej Loghej plmn Ambhqolom bhorom bhorjeti = Ambhqol bhorom bhorjeti Wnskiw Bhbhudhs Dds Jjebhs Jjags
Frequentative I usually wake up I usually go Causative I wake up / rouse my son I settle I rejoice I lay the book down He has/makes the servant carry the burden
(either double accusative/instrumental agent)
Desiderative I wish to wake up I wish to give I want to fuck I want to worship

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Chapter B1: Form of the sentence
Bhnis 1.-Bhniprptus Sm plobhnis Piskim (eg) edmi (=edmi piskim)

OBJ. SUBJ. VERB
The sentence Form of the sentence The simple sentence I am eating fish Say that again Call me tomorrow again Anthony has found what he was looking for: the solution to the problem.
Deike tod ati Ghawe me ati krsi Antonjos jod sgijt wwore, lewtim kdenos
Apgnuj bhnis Piskim n edmi Qis me sqet n dhewtum? Qis moi sqet m dhewtum? Bhbheimi m ludht Bhbheimi nem ludht N dr k qid/ neqid dr k Bhnidemtis Prsteltis Cma, woida, woika
The negative sentence I am not eating fish Who said that I dont run ? Who told me not to run? I fear that he is coming I fear that he will not come I dont see anything Construction of phrases Juxtaposition (parataxis) I came, I saw, I won
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Pr ktij bhnis Dhn ghus itij Qis esti so? Qis essi? /Qis t? Qid esti tod? Qim dr kes? / Qid dr kes? Qterom dr kes? Qterod dr kes? Qesjo kod esti? Qodhei t? Qodhei essi? Qeti t? Qeti essi? Q /qi / qote eisi? Qod donsonjom/olardinjom eis? Qota wljesi? Qom ludhsesi? Qid/qori mewom wlchesi? Qosmi tod dhdhsi? Qlis uponojs-two (esti)? Q wntosmi peri tod qrjetor? Q wntom bholtom eds?
The interrogative sentence Direct Partial Who is this? Who are you? What is this? Whom do you see? What do you see? Whom of the two do you see? Which of the two do you see? Whose is this? Where are you? Where are you from? Where are you going? What school/university do you go to? How are you? When are you coming? Why are you mocking me? What do you do it for? How is your teacher? How much does it cost? How much protein do you eat?
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Qotjons ikesi prijons? Qtjojos wtesbhes gnts t? Qm magns esti kwn-two? Qm dl nghos esti stipls-two? Sl wej Kremom (an) lbhjesi? D/ lubhj/ d, lubhj N / n lubhj
How many friends do you have? How old are you? How big is your dog? How long is your club? Total Do you like beer? Yes, I like it No, I dont like it
Qterom welsi robhetum an rtum/ qijtum? Qterom welsi robhetum uta rtum/ qijtum? Qid mr wos so uta swpeti?
Do you want to play or to rest? Do you want to play or rather rest? Is he dead or rather sleeping?
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ndhn ghus itij N woida qis seti so n gnsj qis sesi / qis t Okjeti qid tod seti Pr ks kjet qim dr Pr ks kjet qid dr Pr kes kjet qterom dr Pr kes kjet qterod dr Gnjt / woidoit qesjo kod (seti) Gntum n kj qodhei t / qodhei sesi? Weistum lubhobhudhj qeti t / qeti sesi? Weqe moi q /qi / qote iesi Kom gje qod donsonjom/olardinjom eijes Weqe moi qota wljsi Gnrejes egj (tod ambh) qom ludhssi Bhtjeswo qid/qori mewom wlchsi Terdhi moi qosmi tod dhdhsi Peri skreibhe qlis uponojs-two (seti) Drdhje qwntosmi peri tod qrjtor Woideje me qwntom bholtom edes
Indirect Partial I dont know who this is? I ignore who you are? He wonders what is this? He is asking whom you are seeing He is asking what you are seeing He is asking whom of the two you are seeing He is asking what of the two you are seeing He would like to know whose this is I need to know where you are Im curious to know where you are from Tell me where you are going Confirm what school/university you go to Tell me how you are you I dont have the knowledge (of) when are you coming? Confess why you are mocking me Explain to me what do you it for Describe how your teacher is Make sure how much it costs Orientate me how much protein you eat
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Winde qotjons iksi prijons Gntum wn sk qtjojos wtesbhes gnts t (sesi) Weistum mendhesnm qm magns kwn-two (seti) Deike moi qm dl nghos stipls-two seti Sl wej N woida qterom lbhjsi kremom N woida qterom kremom lbhjsi an
Find out how many friends you have I want to know how old you are It is interesting to know how big your dog is Show me how long your club is Total I dont know which of the two beers you like I dont know whether you like beer
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Skrgtij bhnis Qum wnm s (esti)! Qum s snchesi! Qot(j)ons bhendhrons ikesi! Qo-i kl tos dhochos! Qo-i geldhs/ kikls dhochos! Qod mgnom s! Qota esti! Q wntom est! Q wntom bharsj est(i)! Qm lodi cmjesi! Qm jeri cmjesi! Qm dus smrdeti! Qlis dhrutr! Qodhei robhjonti!
The exclamative sentence How pretty she is! How well you are singing! How many friends you have! What a hot day! What a cold day! What a big mouth! How he eats! How much he eats! How much bread he eats! How late you come! How early you come! How bad it smells! What a trickster! Where they are playing!
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nbhtij bhnis Antinmn Tod eg sqom Tod eno ludht Eg-pe dhm Nojs onmn ludht me ghrstewei Nei qid ghosnt Eti eg chrs sm Eti n toi woidsnt Eg n plakj Mene mene bht menr tod Nmn Tod wod m lubhj Kanmn ghi/ ka/ d/ em/ sm kobom (esti) Ghi/ ka/ d/ em/ sm kobom kanmn nawrmn nawrmn strowwe N arti ghweti Akmn arti stornji/ arti meti kadt Bhersi bhersi nwostis ght Ita-i (it-i) dhtwijom Num-i skeude! Dm-swo nikijonto Nei/ ghi n regtd mnjet
The emphatic sentence With a pronoun This is me who said it It was he who came I did it myself The director came in person to greet me They ate absolutely nothing Even I was drunk Neither they did know it As for me, I dont agree It was my own idea With a noun It is water I like The song is really a success Really a success (is) the song With an adverb or adverbial construction It is precisely now that he is ringing The stone fell just in the centre/ just in the middle It was very quickly that the news arrived It has to be done like this Shoot right now! They started quarrelling in my own house He is absolutely not right
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Epikeimn Pl nim n qisrm tod! Spus, spus bht ed Sptm bht ed Ghi/ welm spus bht ed Nei/ ghi n regtomns so Skrgtij , Marke! Wai ormi priji!
With an adjective This is completely absurd Delicious, delicious was the food The food was very delicious Really/ very delicious was the food Absolutely not right-minded he Exclamative Oh, Mark! Woe to my poor friend!
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Ndhigsnimobhrgtjes
Uses of the infinitives Active deiktum / deikom /dikonom / deikmn dikt(e)wos/ dikosjo/ dikonosjo/ dikmenos deiktr deiktenos deikwr deikwenos deikes dikesos/ deiksenos dikesdhjom dikesdhjosjo
Middle/Passive
Middle/Passive deik(e)dhjom dik(e)dhjosjo dikendhjom dikendhjosjo
Present
nom. (gen.)
Aorist Perfect Future
nom. (gen.) nom. (gen.) nom. (gen.)

Active
Present
Aorist
gentum regtum newtum lubhtum gentr regtr newtr lubhtr
Perfect
sdetum pertum keuptum dtum sdetr pertr keuptr dtr genwr regwr newwr lubhwr
sdejes pers keupes ds
gn(e)dhjom rg(e)dhjom newdhjom lubhdhjom genendhjom regendhjom newjendhjom lubhjendhjom sdewr perwr keupwr dwr
gnesdhjom rgesdhjom esdhjom newj lubhjesdhjom
sdedhjom perdhjom kup(e)dhjom ddhjom sdejendhjom perendhjom keupendhjom dwendhjom
genes Future reges newjes lubhjes
sdjesdhjom persdhjom kupesdhjom dsdhjom
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Pr pttwejom smpl notjom
Morphological complementarity
Qqerj woqs To close To set fire To find To name, to say To respect To be To eat To fill To earn wreumi/wreumi/ werj wrj (w)wermi werj wrjai esmi edmi pl nmi pel wertum, wr tum wwertum wrtum ----bhewtum ghostum peltum/ pl ntum peltum
Medhjo-ptjomn woqs werdhjom wr dhjom wwerdhjom wrdhjom wrdhjom ----ghosdhjom pl ndhjom peldhjom
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Apokpnm nmn iwe Tod lubhjom galmn Prijej tewom sm daili(jen )dhjobhi Prijej tewom sm dailwenbhi Prijej tewom sm dailijsdhjobhi Qis woide qterom anne cjtum waltr esti, joqe waltr cjtum? Neqid esjo mnonoi cholsews Dljbhis Bheimnos sm strudond (=strudeses) pri bht Prowr stiwdos/swdhuwdos Koil ednom dhmeljom dl nghi ciwoti esti Ersjom dhghomjm, wimnjom diwjm Lskj bhltum ddhmenj Jmi apostolom gnwta n serm: ndhktijns apoworetum aigrotns Mdesj: wr mn su pos chedhj, opj, mogh, didksk, iqo. Skeltim-swo opt dhtum Gnwe qota (mota) korbhim dhtum Mdesj dhn ghuqrmoni Mewom went uponejr dmn
As an abstract noun I like his (way of) talking Thank you for participating (=for your participation) Thank you for being participating Thank you for your future participation Who knows whether to live is not to die, and to die is not to live? There is nothing wrong in his (way of) thinking With particles He was quite afraid before fighting (=before the fight Expression of behaviour or habit To eat healthily is the base for a long life To err is human, to forgive divine I feel like to cry Appositional You already know our mission: to prevent infectious diseases Modal: after the werbs wish, choose, must, be able, to know, to learn, etc. He chose to do his duty He knows how to make a basket Modal with a direct object He wanted me to give the lesson
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Wrmns jota mnj awti n neumi Tewom wrom wedmn mnj M ismi piskim dsdhi (ddhi) - im n nudhi (endhi) pisktum Sikmen (sm bhondhm kmtagmn ) Sm drtores wejes bhwsomos, ambhibhowom pltewei Welpont protiwoqom ghn stum Speude douknom labhtum Yuws me swestum kikloisi wdn su sntum Sikmenos (n sm bhondhm kmtagmn ) Deike nosbhos gntewei (=ei ggnskmos) Stupom ismi ddta tewom stoupmenei Ims sweptum jomos aldhjom Kidomos prmoghostum Kidmos sntum Twenghesj Trija ikomos alsenei sa Alchos so tebhei ddhji Prijontn s ikomos kmnedhus bhenstjes bherghsenei Rktij Dhl eghl rokto apolewesdhji tnantjd pri Kpts koiludhji likst
With verbs like to think or to teach I think you are telling the truth Dont give him fish; teach him how to fish Of purpose (agreeing clause) We will be your cooperators, to protect the environment They were waiting to obtain an answer Hurry to take the train You helped me get used to swim in cold waters (adjunct) Of purpose (not concertated clause) Tell us, so that we may know You gave him a stick to beat you with We go to sleep Lets go for a walk We go down for breakfast Lets go down to swim Of obligation We have three mouths to feed This is the money we have to give you We have friendly relations to maintain with our neighbours Of determination *The debt was established to be paid back before the end of the year The prisoner was allowed to be healed
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Mghtij kktijqe Adels t dhghomn estorjom tod mdnewesei / mednusenei Skrgtij Eg tewom ambh dus bhdhjom? Qid nom? Dhochom sedtum solwom smeustrom ant? Gnesj Djtew(o)s/ djetwos/ djtei(o)s/ djetjos stto Em djetew(o)s/ djetwos/ djtei(o)s/ djetjos stnt Esjo djetim/ djetum (=djonom) stnt Medhi wr gtwos im bhmnom wrnt Kmseqmenj Neqis ita kreps esti tod tlsenei Koituj Neqid bhlt lwesi Nqid-terom Neqid bheitum new prstat Prast Adedhjom welm sperstje dhwtewei Wn skoms peutum ptum
Of capability and aptitude You are the right person to manage this restaurant Exclamatory I am ill-speaking about you!? What then? Shall I sit all the day in front of the computer? Genitive It stopped moving They stopped him moving They stopped his moving (=movement) In the middle of the work they found him talking Consecutive Nobody is so strong so as to endure this calamity Of manner You dont solve anything by weeping With nothing There is nothing to fear with the new boss Yuxtaposed I would like to prepare myself to run in the competition We want to achieve to understand this text
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Aitkpjobhrgtjes Ambhtow spekjs aitkpjoprpesom

Active voice nom. Present (gen.) Aorist nom. (gen.) nom. Perfect (gen.) nom. Future (gen.) deikonts, deikonts/dikont, deikont (deikn ts, deikn ts/ deikn tj s/ deikn tijs, deikn ts) dikls, dikl , diklm (diklosjo, dikl s, diklosjo) dikws, dikusj/dikus, dikws ( dikwesos, dikusjs/diksijos, dikwesos) deiksonts, deiksonts/diksont, deiksont (deiksn ts, deiksn ts /deiksn tijs/ deiksn tj s, deiksn ts) deikmn, deikmon (dikmonos) dikonqos, dikonq, dikonqom (dikonqosjo, dikonqs, dikonqosjo)
Uses of the participles General outlook of participial forms

Middle voice dikomnos, dikomn, dikomnom (dikomnosjo, dikomns, dikomnosjo) dikomns, dikomn , dikomnm (dikomnosjo, dikomn s, dikomnosjo) dikm nos, dikm n, dikm nom (dikm nosjo, dikm ns, dikm nosjo) diksomnos, diksomn, diksomnom (diksomnosjo, diksomns, diksomnosjo) Passive voice deikmos/dikms, deikm/dikm , deikmom/dikmm (dikmosjo/dikmosjo, deikms/dikm s, dikmosjo/dikmosjo) dikts, dikt , diktm (diktosjo, dikt s, diktosjo) doikns/dikns, doikn /dikn , doiknm/diknm (doiknosjo/diknosjo, doikn s/dikn s, doiknosjo/diknosjo) deiktwijos, deiktwij, deiktwijom (deiktwijosjo, deiktwijs, deiktwijosjo)
Possibility participle
diknijos, diknij, diknijom (diknijosjo, diknijs, diknijosjo) diktinos, diktin, diktinom (diktinosjo, diktins, diktinosjo)
Propensive participle
Active voice gignonts Present regonts newjonts lubhjonts genls Aorist regls newls lubhls gegn ws Perfect regws newws lubhws gensonts Future regsonts newsonts lubhsonts genmn Possibility prospective participle regmn newmn lubhmn ggnonqos Propensive participle rgonqos new jonqos lubhjonqos sdejonts pr nnts kupjonts didnts sesedls perls/ prls keupls dls sd()ws pepr ws kupws ded()ws sdesonts personts keupsonts dsonts sdemn permn keupmn dmn sdjonqos pr nnqos kpjonqos ddnqos ggnomnos rgomnos new jomnos lubhjomnos genomns regomns newmns lubhmns ggonmnos rgm nos newmnos lubhmnos gnsomnos rgsomnos new somnos lubhsomnos
Middle voice sdjomnos pr nmnos kpjomnos ddmnos sesedomns prmns keupm ns dmns sdomnos ppormnos koupmnos ddmnos sdsomnos prsomnos kpsomnos dsomnos gnnijos rgnijos new nijos lubhnijos gntinos rgtinos new tinos lubhtinos ggnomos rgomos new jomos lubhjomos gents regts newts lubhts genns regns newns lubhns gentwijos regtwijos newtwijos lubhtwijos sdnijos prnijos kupnijos dnijos sdtinos prtinos kuptinos dtinos
Passive voice sdjomos pr nmos kpjomos (d)dmos sdts pr tos/ prts kupts dts sdns pr nos/ prns kupns/ koupns dns/ dns sdetwijos pertwijos keuptwijos dtwijos
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Pridoikw bheungtis Ln gont eitr Bhmn cows Kr dts prsttos Smiromnos spoks Bhms upgalis Ln gn tjs eitr Kr dtteros prsttos Smiromnoteros spoks Bhmteros upgalis Ln gn tsmom eitr Kr dtsmos prsttos Smiromnosmos spoks Bhmsmos upgalis Lngn tistm eitr Kr dttmos prsttos Smiromnotmos spoks Bhmtmos upgalis Chedhj, prd lgontn s bheudhe Mntwijos wrs kosmi trbheti stoighei Mntwijom widj wrm Mntwij bhts esmi wr Uprbhjom tod mntwijosjo wrosjo Musnijom tod
Predicative function An exhausting trip A talking cow An angry boss An admiring spectator A feared pirate A more exhausting trip An angrier boss A more admiring spectator A more feared pirate The most exhausting trip The angriest boss The most admiring spectator The most feared pirate An extremely exhausting trip An extremely angry boss An extremely admiring spectator An extremely feared pirate Please, attend the people who are reading/while they are reading The man who has to be remembered lives in this street I see the man who has to be remembered I talked to the man who has to be remembered This is the legacy of the man who has to be remembered This is confidential
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dspektijos wertos Enstantaitkpjom: Smoj qertis So prjtins stleti Bhoungj so opes jetoi So esti dmos bhtor/ qtor So esti prjtins stelonts Bhoungj so opoes jomnos esti So esti dmos bhms/ qms So esti prjtins stelonts jom klops wdhjnt So esti prjtins stelonts jom klops wdhjnt So esti prjtins stelonts jom klops wdhsonti Toi bhnt joi mewom sqontes pijonm dusmosimqe dhrwonm bhewtum
Aspectual value Present participle: simultaneous action This one places the orders This one operates the appliance This one is feared/ respected by his colleagues This is the one who places the orders This is the one who operates the appliance This is the one who is feared/ respected by his colleagues This is the one who was placing the orders when the robbers broke in. This is the one who is placing the orders now the robbers are breaking in. This is the one who will be placing the orders when the robbers will break in. These were the people who said I was a drunkard and an ill-tempered rogue
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Mlejom geismn [21a] [23a] [21e] [23e] Bhdhjom didkskonts regs, wlotm enim mdt Bhdhjom ddkskn tos rgos, welots enis ghordhjom ludht (perms) Prisedos wweqn tos: latom, sludhls oljoi, sm sodos bhwsomnos, eg klm en eim (perms)
Momentaneous event [21a] [23a] [21e] [23e] When the king was learning to speak, he met a certain oracle When the king was learning to speak, a certain oracle came to the palace (absolute) When the president uttered: good morning, welcome all of you, the conference is going to begin I was entering the room (absolute) Identical temporal extension [21c] [22c] [23c] [21d] [22d] [23d] He brushed the piece of furniture thinking that the scratch was just a stain When the king was learning to speak, he had an instructor She said goodbye to her friend weeping Occasional action [21b][22b][23b] [21f] [23f] When friends give you something good, it is uncomely not to take it (absolute) When something good is given by friends, it is uncomely not to take it (absolute)
Aiqotempos [21c] [22c] [23c] [21d] [22d] [23d] Entrebhr tr gt mnjonts gherbhos smitlm bhewtum Bhdhjom ddkskonts regs putlonojm ikt/ikt/eiket Priji wljesqet bhlnt praipdej qertis [21b][22b][23b] [21f] [23f] Qid sews didn ts bhndhroisi, n dkesnom m emtum (perms) Qid sews ddmoi bhndhros, n dkesnom m emtum (perms)
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n rokjaitkpjom: antimlej qertis So esti prjtins stells Bhoungj so opesmns esti So esti dmos bhts/ qts
Aorist participle: anterior action This is the one who placed/had placed/will have placed the orders This is the one who operated/had operated/will have operated the appliance This is the one who was/had been/will have been feared/respected by his colleagues This is the one who had placed/ had been placing the orders when the robbers broke in This is the one who has placed/has been placing the orders now the robbers are breaking in This is the one who will have placed/ will have been placing the orders when the robbers will break in *When I stood up from the siesta, the three musketeers were on TV. (absolute) And having heard their arguments, he spoke: Passing through the red desert you arrive to the willow valley After governing for five years, he retired to a monastery Dramatic My father, suspecting at once, cursed me roundly The fountain jets are illuminated, producing a colourful musical show You do well in reminding me You did well in reminding me You will do well in reminding me He easily hid when he entered
So esti prjtins stells jom klops wdhjnt So esti prjtins stells jom klops wdhjnt So esti prjtins stells jom klops wdhsonti Ud sestd stlosjo, w trins gheudont qelispokoi musktonn s (perms) Argmona kluls esom, wewqt: Rudhrm trls tuskjm, widhuklopnim ghs Penqe wolmonebhls wtesa, monwowostum splight Qrtibhmejom Upo ptr-mo dh oqls, upo mewom wedt Awakrosns bhnuntor, ud pr qom swnmejom genls praidoikom S gesi mewom memenls S ags mewom memenls S gsesi mewom memenls Reidhd enludhls kudht (=eneints kudht)
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Komsqrtitikpjom tmkej qertis: Kwn, n gntm widws, dus prd wr teti, uplosjo neqid qn tws Drtm eik tewom tercos wilwmonm pole-nos epistestws Ud sestd stestwesos, w trins gheudont qelispokoi musktonn s (perms) Qtmom r ? usjs bht drejos weismn Qota w dm-two epistl nm lwmos oknom?
Perfect participle: resultative action The dog, when seeing an unknown person, behaves badly, without having suffered any trouble Im sure you can dissolve the threat hanging over our city *While I was up from the siesta, the three musketeers were on TV. (absolute) What was the reason for the arisen dispute? How shall we solve the doubt raised by your colleague?
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Bhewsontaitkpjom: posmlej qertis
Future participle: posterior action This is the one who was going to place/is going to place/will be going to place the orders This is the one who was going to operate/ id going to operated/will be going to operate the appliance This is the one who was going /is going /will be going to be feared/ respected by his colleagues
So esti prjtins stelsonts
Bhoungj so opes somnos esti
So esti dmos bheitwijos/qeitwijos
So esti prjtins stelsonts jom klops wdhjnt So esti prjtins stelsonts jom klops wdhjnt So esti prjtins stelsonts jom klops wdhsonti Bhrw tr qewastwijom dhdhje dnum Karsonts sodt nwostim = Sodt nwostjei kartwiji
This is the one who was going to place the orders when the robbers broke in. This is the one is going to place the orders now the robbers are breaking in. This is the one who will be going to place the orders at the moment when the robbers will break in. He made the river (to be) fordable with a bridge He went to announce the news =He went for the news which was to be announced
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Mdesjos wertos Mlejos Ud medhi stnt obhi dn tes Ud stnt (=stwnt) obhi dn tes Mene dekm (tnojos gnts) sn tos, gentore meictum skidotm (perms) Domum mdneuwn tos ptrs, kms dhedhr pesom (perms) Wismenjos Kannt jod wikls (wikwses) bhnt Wikls /wikwses kannt Wns bhodjosn s qeisonts, Rdists enoi pertisrowoi dhchini (perms) Pole solwi errusji (perms) Protistupejos Swijom eikonts weghtlom, peds isesi? Skeltim-two n prodht, twojo olnt aw bheughet (perms) n sjeti weistum widws, kn Loiq wiwqsont (wiweqsuw), n tr komes (perms) Ad moghl dhertum, apo aw ddje Komwodhom newekn t, aw gisto (perms)
Modal value Temporal They stood up in the middle of the lunch They stood up (=kept standing up) during the lunch When I was ten (years old), my parents decided to move (absolute) When my father administered the house, lots of works were executed (absolute) Causal They sang because they had won Since they had won, they sang Considering that you are better, They were very happy because the leak had disappeared (absolute) Since all the city had been destroyed (absolute) Concessive Having your own wehicle, you want to go (there) on foot? You dont do your duty; however the things you plan come off well (absolute) Even without knowing, he states he knows Even though she wanted say the rest of the things, we did not allow him (absolute) Even though she could have kept it, she gave it back Even though I did not want the conflict, it happened (absolute)
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Koitujs Klpontes gherghrobhn tesqe ciwonti Bhendhros stutls, uperi kom ludhnt (perms) Updhtijos Diktum n mghesi misdhm n lewonts Deiwoi wenli neqid moghet legs, Deiwoi n wenli neqid moghet jotnos 2 x PART. AOR. + PRES. PROT. (perms) Drls udojom widsesi Qorjostnei qijskn t (qoji, sme), solwa s (perms) Sikejos Dhtr cme ghesr meghei dsont dhlj Ap ludht dhgterm lewsonts N nojs enskroibhons ghelsonts esti (=n nojs enskribhobhos gheltwijobhos esti)
Of manner They live stealing and scavenging With their friends supporting them, they managed to get back on their feet (absolute) Conditional You cannot command if you dont pay the salary If God wishes law cannot do anything, if God doest wish the effort cannot do anything (absolute) If you have worked, you will see the results If the office is quiet, everything is OK (absolute) Final The nanny has come to give me a hand with the baby He came to rescue her daughter There is no director to sign the documents (=there is no director for the documents to be signed)
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Qrtr nmn /Ptjomnonmn tr mejs: -tor-, -tr; --, --; -(o)t-, -(et)-/-(e)tj; - ; -wo-, -w-; -iTrebhmn pnkontes kei sonti Piktores senti kei trbhmenos Sptrm bheronts klwm twoi dseti wosj Sptrs bhr twoi dseti wosj tr klwm Sptrabhr twoi dseti wosj tr klwm Sptrs bhors klwm twoi dseti wosj Sptrabhors klwm twoi dseti wosj Peds jntbhs sloiweinm dnt Peditbhs sloiweinm dnt Tod esti moimei cinnts pekr Moimoct tod pekr Bhewsontm widwsm ktum opos esti pr Bhewsn ts wistorm ktum opos esti pr Bhwsn ktum twidm opos esti pr Pontim deikonts bhoungjom kom-ke nos wodhe Pntidik bhoungjom kom-ke nos wodhe
Agent/patient noun endings: tor-, -tr; --, -; (o)t-, -(et)-/-(e)tj-; - ; wo-, -w-, -iHere are these who paint the apartment Here are the painters of the apartment The one who carries the suitcase will give you the key of the room The carrier of the suitcase will give you the key of the room The suitcase-carrier will give you the key of the room The carrier of the suitcase will give you the key of the room The suitcase-carrier will give you the key of the room They gave cola to the ones who went on foot They gave cola to the pedestrians This is the brand prevailing in the market This is the /an in-the-market-prevailing brand It is necessary to ask the one who knows the future It is necessary to ask the knower of the future It is necessary to ask the future-knower The device indicating the way brought us here The way-indicating device brought us here
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Tod esti Anglonim bhmn teut Anglobhw s teut Dhghmonn s ksniji gntns mdomes Eksnigonwons mdomes dhghmonn s Kl jomom tod qermn Kliwom tod qermn Widelmos kluwjonts bht wrs Widelmos kluwis/nmon bht wrs Chori tod kremom
It is an English-speaking nation It is a nation which speaks (in) English We met people born in the exterior We met in-the-exterior-born people This is a hidden activity This is a liable-to-be hid (clandestine) activity There was a man who was named Widelm There was a man named/with the name Widelm This is bitter bier
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Perm kmtagmona Sm bhondhm kmtagmn ksr ludhl bherr adseti Ddom medomns somosdm ismi ghers Joqe kluls, proti wewqt: Joqe apoweqonts, sqet: Joqe gudhjonts ita bhto: Permm stnejom: ambhistanokmleghmn Aposn t prsttoi, urusodjosi drjer n widwesi pote, alchrkjom emt Lukskn t kmeloi (kmeni) ighei K deni lewtiwn neutum n skelss t, mr (updhtijos wertos) Bhwiji deiwei, wergom tisomos Pweros kleuti bhn t uponoji
Absolute clauses Agreeing clause When her wife comes, she will prepare the luggage After having long meditated, I will lend him (my) car And having heard, he answered: And answering, he thus spoke: And rejoicing, he said: Absolute locative: circumstancial context The boss being absent, one works more comfortably Without (his) master knowing it, he took the safe He departed with dawning sky If the problem has a solution, you should not worry (conditional value) With Gods help (in helping God), well finish the work The boy listens with the teacher speaking (=the boy lisens while the teacher speaks) Even though there was nobody in the discotheque, he stayed for a while (concessional value) Three days having elapsed (temporal value)
Neq streptorjei, tenm aw west (protistupejos wertos) Tris djws procecwuss/ kekn duss (mlejos wertos)
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Permm dhtlejom: moghtrokmleghmn Twojo augtor, qid dht maqos? Bhewt duk, bhugsomos Bhwij deiw, wergom tisomos Swonmoqols, jzd niln, peds eitum skidnt (wismenjos wertos) Permm gnejom: meelokmleghmn Promominsterosjo (sn tos), en swruns dukt meitins Rgos ptlosjo, welots enis ghordhjom ludht Lukskn ts kmelosjo (kmenos) ighei Mr tosjo rgos, orbhjom wl dhdiks deketo stolmom kseros ludhl s, bherr adsonti Ddom mene medomnosjo, somosodm med dksetoi Pweros kleuti bhn tos uponojosjo Trijm diwm procecwesom/ kekn dwesom
Absolute instrumental: resource context What did the young lad do having you as an instigator? Well succeed, having nature as a guide With Gods help, well finish the work The musicians, since the bus was out of order, decided to go on foot (causal value) Absolute genitive: temporal context When he/she was a Primed Minister, he introduced important changes When the king was a small child, a certain oracle came to the palace He departed when the sky was dawning After the kings death, the prince inherited the throne When her wife comes, they will prepare the luggage After my long meditating, he will get the car from me The boy listens while the teacher speaks Three days having elapsed
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Sm bhondhos
Agreement
Type of agreement Adjective and determinants with the noun Apposition with the noun Relative with the antecedent Predicate with its subject Attribute with the verb
Gender
Case
Number
Person
2 3 4 5
(X) X (X) X
(X) X (X) X (X)
Epikimenos antinmenomqe nmon Ko paulos krenghos En wnm elmos Twijom argrm menr s (tod) menr Wnm knmona leukm wtejom (=Wnmoknmona leukowtejom= leukowtiwnmoknmona) Oiws pttjes Akris dn ghw Akre dn ghwi (=dn ghwkroi, dn ghwabhr ste) Medhjoi teni kstmoi pedostnei ltmi Rotsji/ dhubew Rotsji Akre resi/pmei resi Prmei samoi/ghimeni
Of the adjective and determinants with the noun This small ring That beautiful elm Your brilliant idea (This is) a good idea Beautiful songs of brilliant poets
Particular cases The tip of the tongue At the tip of the tongue In the middle of the way In the extreme position In the farthest part of Russia At the top of the mountain In the extreme summer/winter period
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ddhmenos nmon Alksanros, makedonom regs, prd dsm wedht Dhreyowsum proti, persm regm Paktm tewe mdm, prijm tom dhghmonm Dnumoloi obhi ghosomes, somi stnoi jod ljotom welomes Weswijom setijomes, ceri deksinoisi Apennnoisu (=deksinotos Apennnois)
Of the apposition with the noun Alexander, king of the Macedonians, made war against Darius, king of the Perses I met your fiance, that lovely person We had lunch at the river embankment, the same place we chose the other time We visited the Vesuvius, mount in the South of the Apennines
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tibhrtimosjo praisod Polim gnwa qd prd cmta Antonios, Markos Claudjosqe, qoi juwsms esnt (juwsms esn tes), prsms ghnt Nqoter gnon Ghdhos opnqe, qa wswa wrjomos, dusopn sonti Ndsm tmeni sm bhondhos Dss, inesa, eduns, qs dhoubnoi sont, ud n skelsnt bhewtum Snstum ad Ghers aitis, qs keiwintibhi mndheswontes sn t, mluwnt sm sodomtrom (=q keiwintibhi mndheswents st, mluwt...) Enod n widjom qos me rgjeti n lbhjeti mewom Spt Globhos, j pl twij wrjetor, chr sketi Tmenom koisom adnmenjm so nteri nonmqe antinmn loubhis eti snter nmon Ekod chedhj mgnom Mewom gert swpontm Mewom dhrut astuwidlm Trudsmm esji tod putlos oini
Of the relative with its antecedent I know the city (from which) you come from Anthony, Mark and Claude, who were the youngest ones (being the youngest ones), arrived first (the first ones) With neuter gender Honour and wealth, which we call goods, are difficult to obtain Agreement with the nearest element Wars, calamities and pains, which are in the world, should not exist Ad sensum A small part who, was (were) interested in politics, spoke during the conference
That stupid person who is tormenting me does not like me With attraction The globe, which is called Earth, is getting warmer Of these adnominal elements between them and with the personal pronoun, even without the noun being present I want this big one He woke me up who was sleeping (=when I was sleeping) He misled me, (being myself) expert in tricks It is difficult to her alone with the children
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Nunjosjo upologh Rodj bhlosjeti Prd agroworgs wr gnt Gheisls dhts sonti Snstum ad Kom mgnm tljom gert Ud km tm dhghmonom erins wewr tr/wr tns sonti Km tm wrm ludht Km tm wrs ludhnt Sml ogwosmgnos Drew bhreugn s bhert (=bhern t) Putl qidqomqe kreddht (=krddhn t) Bhlmr dhwomrqe oiws kreni nosmi esti Anadkosjo upologh Dhghomn mr tijos esti Cen lghl st Daitis bhdsm uponoj Kknj wesn krs (esti) Nqoter gnon Dl ku dekesnmqe n krm jewtum Loubhos mr tisqe nekopn ludhnt Ghourm esti wl qos stdhlobhos Spt Toltom, tagpolis, klutrown t esti So esti loktos mene = tod esti loktos mene
Of the predicate with its subject The rose is blooming The countryment went on working They were made hostages Ad sensum A great multitude gathered together One hundred people have resulted injured One hundred men came One hundred men came Collective singular Trees bear fruit Children believe anything Fauna and flora is special in that region Of the attribute with the verb The human being is mortal The lady was tired Iime is the best teacher The stork is the anouncer of the spring With neuter gender It is sweet and honourable to help the needy Love and death come out of the blue Terrible is a wolf for the stalls With attraction Toledo, the city of the Tajo, is rich in legends This is my fault
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Chapter B2: Sentence combination
2.-Bhnism bhendhmn Komjougos Wedhmosjtra smdhtla joqe, enim, atqe, qe, eti, etiqe, toqe nekiwotos.imm, epi, nekiwotos..toqe/eti/plis Kmbhewontes qertjes (egsmn smdhtld) Silj, n welmi bhdjom Smp ld choniw qertis Petros domom demt joqe ghortom rtujt Smitis Peri kwn lghto, pukom weiponts Kombhndhn /komseqomn qertis Lodi ghwa enim ad n bhoudhai prwm ordhsmonom Prtinom Edjw drs atqe ausrom ers Is glti atqe eg bhlmi Peimis qertis Bhusts esmi (groma), stmqe ud, ltsqe, ghosmqe prm, pektsqe esmi wergmqe sodm. Chonesmn ntms senti prijs eti sm sts usdhowi itjonti Kmstis Nekiwotos me pjeti imm ismi bhldeti
Sentence combination Coordination Copulative clauses
Coexisting actions (lack of link) I keep quiet; I dont want to speak. Simply additive action Peter built a house and arranged a garden Simultaneity The dog licked himself, waving his tail Correlated/consecutive action I arrived late and did not get acquainted with the first proposals Contrast Today Ill work and tomorrow Ill rest He laughs and I weep Quick action I woke up, stood up, got washed, ate breakfast, combed myself and went to work. Addition They are very close friends and even go for holidays together Overmuch state Not only does he insult me, but he also boasts about it
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Delmosjtra smdhtla we, awti, (qterom) an, uta (an), loubhis Sm plom lterotwom Prd nupopodnim wr teto awti n wids so Awti tkjesi awti ccsi (Qterom) drjesi an qlskes? Solwom ad bhewtum n kjesi dinom, awti, an opss t, mrom ge Jsd awti doukn iesi Wesprei qelispektrom spekj awti sontons skreibh
Disyunctive clauses
Simple alternative He either behaves improperly or is an ignorant Either you shut up or you go Are you working or studying? You need to be present all the day, or, if you are busy, at least during the morning You may go there either by bus or by train In the evening I watch TV or write letters
lterotwom+optis Solwom ad bhewtum n kjesi dinom, loubhis, an opss t, mrom ge Jsd loubhis doukn iesi
Alternative + election You need to be present all the day, or, if you are busy, at least during the morning You may go there either by bus or by train
lterotwom+optis+ambhemtjom Jsd loubhis douknwe iesi Wesprei qelispektrom spekj sontonswe skreibh Nosbhos mis meiwiswe dhnijom ordhsmn (esti)
Alternative+ election + indiference You may go there either by bus or by train In the evening I watch TV or write letters We have a more or less feasible proposal
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Protiwrtnosjtra smdhtla m, aw, aly , t, n, tmen, d.aw Lni prtinom Alchom ikmes, m en eitum nosbhis n trknt Llgsmes; putl aw robhetum prd wwelnt Melom prtimn Neqis en eitum mgheti; alj kms an esti tebhei lchosjo, worm bhoidhetum mghesi Neqid swenwidjom ambh woidt. N klwmn swonetum arti bhwits esti. Tldhtis bhrik wedr nkjeti, men T bhrik Austrlij ploudons qntjet (= wedr nkjeti, atqe Australj ploudons qntjet) Uppltis Domowergom-two teidhi qelispktewos stnei (=qelispktewes prd) ! Mdodiks, grjusettejos stnei (=grjusettejes prd), im medonji ghonghst
Adversative clauses
Weak contrast We had money, but they did not allow us to go in. We were tired, but the children wanted to go on playing. Strong contrast No one can go in; however, if you have a lot of money, you can convince the guardian He did not know anything about music. All in all, he just started to play the piano. Balancing If Africa needs water, Australia suffers from floods (=Africa needs water whereas Australia suffers from floods) Substitution Finish your homework instead of watching TV! The doctor, instead of visiting the old lady, had her go to his office
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Winomosjtra smdhtla n.n, swiwe.swi, tomtom lteros.. lteros; so.ene Wdhmejosjo wert Swiwe robhjesi swi qesi lowtum sklesi Dlmejosjo wert N weitins srpjet, n owins pketi; iwesi drjeti. Prtiwrtnejosjo wert lteros srgjonts louksm kludeti, lteros kljonts apo wrjeti
Alternative/correlative/distributive clauses
With copulative value Whether you play or watch you have to pay With disyuntive value Now he prunes the vines, now he shears the sheep; he is always working. With adversative value This one feels cold and closes the window, and the other one feels hot and opens it
Ekswqosjtra smdhtla tod esti, id esti, nmntos, kritm Somowortja sonti smdhtla Kdr lewtum skel, tod esti newom wwertum poqm Bhjoima twojo monwm weqtim, nmntos misdhugmn mene.
Explicative clauses
All the conjunctions are equivalent I have to solve the problem, this is to find another cook Id like to talk to you about an outstanding issue, namely my pay rise
139
Enbhorosjtra smdhtla enim, ita, itaqe, tom-ke, tenim Perils n esmi dhjoi kosmei enim protiwoqom tebhei dtum n mogh Skombns esnt, ita prkont ambhirjosjo qorjostni Ludhr oljoi; tom-ke bhwidhjom mghomos N strigst stum solwom djwm, tenim n regtd mnjes Praiqinasjtra smdhtla ar, ar ge, gar Somowortja sonti smdhtla Tausnim en sodt, ar mtrm n gertum welt Krdijm, gar lought
Illative clauses
I am not an expert in this matter, and cannot give you an answer They were lost, so they asked for the tourist office All (the people) have come, so, we can begin It has not stopped raining the whole day, and thus you are not right
Causal clauses
All the conjunctions are equivalent He came in silently, since he did not want to wake his mother I was angry, as he had lied
140
Upojougos Kmplsjtra
Subordination Completive clauses
Wijugnsjtra Qermn sjtra N dhibhorwa bheidh bhled krddhmi/mi mlg j/neumi peumi prksk/prkj qqoita/kn sj tn gj/awisdhij upoddhmi wbhti wweqmi,seq woida Enjogwa bhbheimi chedhj dikj knjai lein lubhj/lubhj mrj n kj n neumi kinsesmi oposesti/wergomesti prpeti prdbheudh qmj skeid twengh welmi welp wreumin wtmi wn sk
Disjunctclauses Objectclauses Reportative totrust toboast tobelieve toannounce/toproclaim tounderstand toask opinate tofeel tosuppose itseems tospeak,tosay toknow Injunctive tofear tobeg toorder totry toavoid tolike todeserve toneed toteach tobeready itisnecessary,ilfaut toseem tobecareful toappreciate todecide tocompel towish tohope,toexpect towardoff toprohibit towant
Withpersonalforms IND./SUB./OPT. IND./SUB./OPT. IND./SUB./OPT. IND./SUB./OPT. IND./SUB./OPT. IND./SUB./OPT./ PREC. IND./SUB./OPT. IND./SUB./OPT. IND./SUB./OPT. IND. IND./OPT. IND./SUB./OPT. SUB./OPT SUB./OPT./PREC. SUB./OPT./PREC. SUB. SUB./OPT SUB. SUB. SUB. SUB. SUB. SUB. SUB. SUB. SUB. SUB./OPT./PREC. SUB. SUB./OPT./PREC. SUB. SUB./OPT SUB./OPT SUB.
Withparticiple x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Withinfinitive x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Sm jugnsjtra Upologhosjtra adelm(esti)jod aiskrmesmi bhtis(esti)jod dhabhmesti ggistoi jwestom(esti)jod kaunm/aichlmesti mendhesnmesti mghnijomesti mrdhmesti mrneumi n kiwomesti n prijmesti pastosesmi/drtmeik qidtodjod? smeiromesti udwrtai wbhmi wiklutmjod Onjasjtra apotdwdhetor mogh Plakj/sm wids(kosmei) esmi/smorqs(kosmei)esmi prdwdheti skel tdkomststti tdlmbetoi
Withpersonalforms Withparticiple Conjunctclauses Subjectclauses tobeadequate IND./PREC. x tobeclear IND./PREC. x tobesaidthat IND./PREC. x tobesurprising SUB./PREC. x tohappen IND./PREC. x tobefair IND./PREC. x tobeshameful IND./PREC. x tobeinteresting IND./PREC. x tobepossible IND./SUB./PREC. x tobeupsetting IND./PREC. x toworry IND./PREC. x tobenecessary IND./SUB./PREC. x tobedisgusting IND./PREC. x tobesure IND./PREC. x howisitthat? IND./PREC. x tobewonderful IND./PREC. x toresult IND./PREC. x toseem IND./PREC. x tobewidelyknownthat IND./PREC. x Otherclauses tobeduetothefact IND./SUB./PREC. that tobeable toagreeonthefactthat tobringabout tohaveto,must toconsistof todependon IND./SUB./PREC. IND./SUB./PREC. IND./PREC. IND./SUB./PREC.
Withinfinitive x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
142
Wijugn sjtra n dhibhorwa sjtra Wweqmi, seq Bhlokaputsjtrom Dhghjesi sqet jod msnjom pridiwi ptbht Dhghjesi sqet msnjom pridiwi pttr Dhghjesi sqet msnjom pridiwi ptlm Dhghjesi sqet jod msnjom ptjeti Dhghjesi sqet msnjom pttum Dhghjesi sqet msnjom ptjont
Disjunct clauses Reportative clauses To speak, to say The main clause is in the past Yesterday he said that the museum had been open (was open) the day before Yesterday he said that the museum had been open the day before (infinitive clause) Yesterday he said that the museum had been open the day before (participle clause) Yesterday he said that the museum was (is) open Yesterday he said that the museum was open (infinitive clause) Yesterday he said that the museum was open (participle clause) Yesterday he said that the museum would be open on the following day Yesterday he said that the museum would be open on the following day (infinitive clause) Yesterday he said that the museum would be open on the following day (participle clause) Yesterday he said that the museum will be open today (tomorrow) Yesterday he said that the museum will be open today (infinitive clause) Yesterday he said that the museum will be open today (participle clause) She said that it was her (*that it is I)
Dhghjesi sqet jod msnjom psterei diw ptseti Dhghjesi sqet msnjom psterei diw ptjes Dhghjesi sqet msnjom psterei diw ptsont
Dhghjesi sqet jod msnjom krsi ptseti Dhghjesi sqet msnjom krsi ptjes Dhghjesi sqet msnjom krsi ptsont Sqet s jod eg esmi
143
Enstantkaputsjtrom Edjw sqeti jod msnjom dhghjesi ptbht Edjw sqeti msnjom dhghjesi pttr Edjw sqeti msnjom dhghjesi ptlm Edjw sqeti jod msnjom ptjeti Edjw sqeti msnjom pttum Edjw sqeti msnjom ptjont
The main clause is in the present Today he says that the museum was open yesterday Today he says that the museum was open yesterday (infinitive clause) Today he says that the museum was open yesterday (participle clause) Today he says that the museum is open Today he says that the museum is open (infinitive clause) Today he says that the museum is open (participle clause) Today he says that the museum will be open tomorrow Today he says that the museum will be open tomorrow (infinitive clause) Today he says that the museum will be open tomorrow (participle clause)
Edjw sqeti jod msnjom krsi ptseti Edjw sqeti msnjom krsi ptjes Edjw sqeti msnjom krsi ptsont
144
Bhewsntkaputsjtrom Usrom sqseti jod msnjom praidhghjesi/dhghjesi ptbht Usrom sqseti msnjom praidhghjesi/ dhghjesi pttr
The main clause is in the future Tomorrow he will say that the museum was open yesterday / that the museum has been open today Tomorrow he will say that the museum was open yesterday / that the museum has been open today (infinitive clause) Tomorrow he will say that the museum was open yesterday / that the museum has been open today (participle clause) Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open at that moment Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open at that moment (infinitive clause) Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open at that moment (participle clause)
Usrom sqseti msnjom praidhghjesi/dhghjesi ptlm
Usrom sqseti jod msnjom ptjeti (mlei kosmi) Usrom sqseti msnjom pttum (mlei kosmi) Usrom sqseti msnjom ptjont (mlei kosmi)
Usrom sqseti jod msnjom krsi ptseti Usrom sqseti msnjom krsi ptjes
Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open on the following day Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open on the following day (infinitive clause) Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open on the following day (participle clause)
Usrom sqseti msnjom krsi ptsont
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Wrtjosm sopos Wqeti jod ponts dl nghos esti

(PRES. IND.)
Coordination of tenses He says that the way is long
=Wqeti pontm dl nghom bhewtum =Wqeti pontm dl nghom sntm Wqeti jod ponts dl nghos sjt
(PRES. OPT.)
According to him, the way is long He says that the way may be long He says that the way will be long According to him, the way will be long He says that the way was long According to him, the way was long
Wqeti jod ponts dl nghos bhewst

(PRES. PREC.)
Wqeti jod ponts dl nghos bhwseti

(FUT. IND.)
Wqeti jod ponts dl nghos bhewsoit

(FUT. OPT.)
Wqeti jod ponts dl nghos bht

(AOR. IND.)
Wqeti jod ponts dl nghos bhjt

(AOR. OPT.)
Weqt jod ponts dl nghos esti Weqt jod ponts dl nghos sjt Weqt jod ponts dl nghos bhewst Weqt jod ponts dl nghos bhwseti Weqt jod ponts dl nghos bhewsoit Weqt jod ponts dl nghos bht Weqt jod ponts dl nghos bhjt Wqseti jod ponts dl nghos esti Wqseti jod ponts dl nghos sjt Wqseti jod ponts dl nghos bhewst Wqseti jod ponts dl nghos bhwseti Wqseti jod ponts dl nghos bhewsoit Wqseti jod ponts dl nghos bht Wqseti jod ponts dl nghos bhjt ljoisu pri dhghomn su lenght qija im ttgt/ ttgst (PLPF. IND./ PL. PREC.) enim qota udh koilujeto/ koilujto
(AOR. IND./ AOR. SUB.)
He said that the way was long According to him, the way was long He said that the way might be long He said that the way would be long According to him, the way would be long He said that the way had been long According to him, the way had been long He will say that the way will be long According to him, the way will be long He will say that the way may be long He will say that the way will be long According to him, the way will be long He will say that the will have been long According to him, the will have been long He declared unto him before all the people for what cause she had touched him, and how she was healed immediately
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Bhled (Tod ambh) bhledont, jod awobhorons n lewont/ lewnt/ lewoint Sewom ambh bhledont awobhorons n lwontn s Sewe nawobhorolewtum ambh bhledont Putla ambh bhledont awobhorons n lwonta Ins ambh bhledont awobhorons n lwonta Eisom ambh nawobhorolewtum bhledont (Tod ambh) bhldonti, jod awobhorons n lwonti/ lwnti/ lewoint (Tod ambh) bhledont, jod awobhorons n luwnt/ luwnt/ luwoint (Tod ambh) bhledont, jod awobhorons n lwsonti/ lwsnti/ lewsoint
To boast They boast about the fact that they do not pay taxes *They boast about themselves not paying taxes *They boast about their own tax-not-paying *They boast about their children not paying taxes *They boast about their (childrens) not paying taxes *They boast about their (childrens) taxnot-paying They boast about the fact that they are paying no taxes They boast about the fact that they did not pay taxes They boast about the fact that they will not pay taxes
(Tod ambh) bhl dont/ bhl dnt (AOR. EFF./ AOR. PROT.), jod awobhorons n lewont/ lewnt/ lewoint (Tod ambh) bhl dont/ bhl dnt, jod awobhorons n lwonti/ lwnti/ lewoint (Tod ambh) bhl dont/ bhl dnt, jod awobhorons n luwnt/ luwnt/ luwoint Sewom ambh bhl dont/ bhl dnt awobhorons n llns Sewe nawobhorolewtr ambh bhl dont/ bhl dnt
They boasted about the fact that they did/would not pay taxes They boasted about the fact that they paid no taxes They boasted about the fact that they had paid no taxes *They boast about themselves not having paid taxes *They boasted about their own previous taxnot-paying
147
(Tod ambh) bhl dont/ bhl dnt, jod awobhorons n lwsonti/ lwsnti/ lewsoint Sewom ambh bhl dont/ bhl dnt awobhorons n lwsontn s Sewe nawobhorolewes ambh bhl dont/ bhl dnt (Tod ambh) bhldsonti, jod awobhorons n lwont(i)/ lwnt(i)/ lewoint (Tod ambh) bhldsonti, jod awobhorons n luwnt/ luwnt/ luwoint (Tod ambh) bhldsonti, jod awobhorons n lwsonti/ lwsnti/ lewsoint
They boasted about the fact that they would pay no taxes *They boast about themselves not being-topay taxes *They boasted about their own future taxnot-paying They will boast about the fact that they will not pay taxes They will boast about the fact that they wont have paid taxes They will boast about the fact that they will not pay taxes thereafter
148
Woida Woida tewom cenm dhwertum Woida tewom cenm dhwrontm Woida jod cenm dhwresi/ dhwrsi/ dhwerois Woida tewom cenm dhwert Woida tewom cenm dhrulm Woida jod cenm dhruws/ dhruws/ dhruwois Woida tewom cenm dhweres Woida tewom cenm dhrusontm Woida jod cenm dhreuses/ dhreuss/ dhreusois Woidm tewom cenm dhwertum Woidm tewom cenm dhwrontm Woidm jod cenm dhwresi/ dhwrsi/ dhwerois Woidm tewom cenm dhwert Woidm tewom cenm dhrulm
To know *I know you to be unfaithful to your wife *I know you being unfaithful to your wife I know that you are unfaithful to your wife *I know you to have been unfaithful to your wife *I know you having been unfaithful to your wife I know that you have been unfaithful to your wife *I know you to be unfaithful to your wife in the future *I know you being unfaithful to your wife in the future I know that you will be unfaithful to your wife *I knew you to be unfaithful to your wife *I knew you being unfaithful to your wife I knew that you were unfaithful to your wife
*I knew you to have been unfaithful to your wife *I knew you having been unfaithful to your wife
Woidm jod cenm dhruws/ dhruws/ dhruwois Weids cenm twojo dhruwendhjom/ dhrutm/ jod cen twojo dhruwetor/ dhrwtor/ dhrwoitor
I knew that you had been unfaithful to your wife I will know that your wife will have been cheated on by you
149
Pr ksk Pr ksket qid dhdhsi/ dhidhsi/ dhidhs (PRES. IND./ SUB. OPT.) Pr ksket qid dhsesi/ dhssi / dhsois Pr ksket qid dhs/ dhs / dhjs Pr ksket qid dhdhta/ dhedhsi / dhedhjs Pr ksket qid dhidhs an
To ask He asks what you are doing He asks what you will do He asks what you did He asks what you have been doing He asks what you would do
Pr ket qid dhdhsi/ dhdhsi/ dhidhs Pr ket qid dhsesi/ dhssi / dhsois Pr ket qid dhs/ dhs / dhjs Pr ket qid dhidhs an Prkseti qid dhdhsi/ dhdhsi/ dhidhs Prkseti qid dhsesi/ dhssi / dhsois Prkseti qid dhs/ dhs / dhjs Prkseti qid dhidhs an
He asked what you were doing He asked what you would do in the future He asked what you had done He asked what you would do He will ask what you will be doing He will ask what you will do thereafter He will ask what you will have done He will ask what you would do
Pr ksket qterom an dhdhsi/ dhidhsi/ dhidhs
He asks whether you are doing (it)
150
Qqoita (kn sej) Qqoita/ kn sej jod stmr tod cw/ cwm/ cwoijm (PRES. IND./ SUB./ OPT.) Qqoitm / kn sejom jod stmr tod cw/ cwm/ cwoijm Qeqitws bhews/ kn ses jod stmr tod cw/ cwm/ cwoijm Mewom qqoita/ kn sej stmr tod cjtum (ACT. PRES. INF.) Mewom qqoitm / kn sejom stmr tod cjtum Mewom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses stmr tod cjtum Mewom qqoita/ kn sej stmr tod c wontm (ACT. PRES. PART.) Mewom qqoitm / kn sejom stmr tod cwontm Mewom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses stmr tod c wontm Stmr tod mojo cjdhjom qqoita/ kn sej (PASS. PRES. INF.) Stmr tod mojo cjdhjom qqoitm / kn sejom Stmr tod mojo cjdhjom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses Stmr tod mojo cmm qqoita/ kn sej
(PASS. PRES. PART.)
To think, to deem I think that I am living this situation I thought that I was living this situation I will think that I will be living this situation I think I am living this situation I thought I was living this situation I will think I will be living this situation I think myself living this situation I thought myself living this situation I will think myself living this situation
I think this situation is being lived by me I thought this situation is being lived by me I will think this situation is being lived by me *I think this situation being lived by me *I thought this situation being lived by me *I will think this situation being lived by me
Stmr tod mojo cmm qqoitm / kn sejom Stmr tod mojo cmm qeqitws bhews/ kn ses
151
Qqoita/ kn sej jod stmr jmi tod cwm/ cwm/ cwoijm (AOR. IND./
SUB./ OPT.)
I think that Ive already lived this situation
Qqoitm / kn sejom jod stmr jmi tod cwm/ cwm/ cwoijm Qeqitws bhews/ kn ses jmi jod stmr tod cwm/ cwm/ cwoijm Mewom qqoita/ kn sej jmi stmr tod cjtr (ACT. AOR. INF.) Mewom qqoitm / kn sejom jmi stmr tod cjtr Mewom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses jmi stmr tod cjtr Mewom qqoita/ kn sej stmr tod jmi clm (ACT. AOR. PART.) Mewom qqoitm / kn sejom stmr tod jmi clm Mewom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses stmr tod jmi clm Stmr tod mojo jmi cwendhjom qqoita/ kn sej (PASS. AOR. INF.) Stmr tod mojo jmi cwendhjom qqoitm / kn sejom Stmr tod mojo jmi cwendhjom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses Stmr jmi tod mojo cwtm qqoita/ kn sej (PASS. AOR. PART.) Stmr jmi tod mojo cwtm qqoitm / kn sejom Stmr jmi tod mojo cwtm qeqitws bhews/ kn ses
I thought that I had already lived this situation I will think that I will already have lived this situation I think Ive already lived this situation I thought I had already lived this situation I will think I will already have lived this situation I think myself having lived this situation I thought myself having lived this situation I will think myself having lived this situation I think this situation has been lived by me I thought this situation has been lived by me I will think this situation has been lived by me *I think this situation having been lived by me *I thought this situation having been lived by me *I will think this situation having been lived by me
152
Qqoita/ kn sej jod stmr tod ccwa/ ccwom/ ccjm (PF. IND./ SUB./ OPT.) Qqoitm / kn sejom jod stmr tod ccwa/ ccwom/ ccjm Qeqitws bhews/ kn ses jod stmr tod ccwa/ ccwom/ ccjm Mewom qqoita/ kn sej stmr tod cjwr (PF. INF.) Mewom qqoitm / kn sejom stmr tod cjwr Mewom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses stmr tod cjwr Mewom qqoita/ kn sej stmr tod cicwsm (ACT. PF. PART.) Mewom qqoitm / kn sejom stmr tod cicwsm Mewom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses stmr tod cicwsm Stmr tod mojo cjwr sej qqoita/ kn
(PF. INF.)
I think that Ive been living this situation I thought that I had been living this situation I will think that I will have been living this situation I think Ive been living this situation I thought I had been living this situation I will think I will have been living this situation I think myself having been living this situation I thought myself having been living this situation I will think myself having been living this situation I think this situation having been lived by me I thought this situation having been lived by me I will think this situation having been lived by me *I think this situation having been lived by me *I thought this situation having been lived by me *I will think this situation having been lived by me
Stmr tod mojo cjwr / qqoitm kn sejom Stmr tod mojo cjwr qeqitws bhews/ kn ses Stmr tod mojo cwnm qqoita/ kn sej
(PASS. PF. PART.)
Stmr tod mojo cwnm qqoitm / kn sejom Stmr tod mojo cwnm qeqitws bhews/ kn ses
153
OPT.)
Qqoita/ kn sej jod stmr tod cws/ cwsm/ cwsoijm (FUT. IND./ SUB./ Qqoitm / kn sejom jod stmr tod cws/ cwsm/ cwsoijm Qeqitws bhews/ kn ses jod stmr tod cws/ cwsm/ cwsoijm Mewom qqoita/ kn sej stmr tod cwes (ACT. FUT. INF.)
I think that I will live this situation I thought that I would live this situation I will think that I will live this situation
I think I will live this situation I thought I would live this situation I will think I will live this situation I think myself living this situation (in the future) I thought myself living this situation (in the future) I will think myself living this situation thereafter I think this situation will be lived by me I thought this situation will be lived by me I will think this situation will be lived by me
Mewom qqoitm / kn sejom stmr tod cwes Mewom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses stmr tod cwes Mewom qqoita/ kn sej stmr tod csontm (ACT. FUT. PART.) Mewom qqoitm / kn sejom stmr tod csontm Mewom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses stmr tod csontm Stmr tod mojo cwesdhjom qqoita/ kn sej (PASS. FUT. INF.) Stmr tod mojo cwesdhjom qqoitm / kn sejom Stmr tod mojo cwesdhjom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses Stmr tod mojo ctwijom qqoita/ kn sej (PASS. FUT. PART.) Stmr tod mojo ctwijom qqoitm / kn sejom Stmr tod mojo ctwijom qeqitws bhews/ kn ses
*I think this situation being lived by me (in the future) *I thought this situation being lived by me (in the future) *I will think this situation being lived by me (in the future)
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Kn sej/ dhmej/ qeis jod Petros woinwents esti/ seti/ sjt (PRES. IND./ SUB./ OPT.) ertim kktewos Kn sej/ dhmej/ qeis Petrom woinwentm ertim kktewos (bhewtum) Kn sej/ dhmej/ qeis Petrom woinwentm ertim kknuwontm Kn sej/ dhmej/ qeis Petrom woinwentm (esn tm ) jod/ qod ertim kkneuti Tn gj/ awisdhij Pl twijos chrtim/ chrstim tn gjomos/ awisdhjomos Pl tawchrtim / Pl tawchrstim tn gjomos/ awisdhjomos Chrskontm / chrjontm pl twijm tn gjomos/ awisdhjomos Chrtum / chrstum pl twijm tn gjomos/ awisdhjomos Tn gjomos/ awisdhjomos jod pl taw chr sket/ chr skti/ chr skoit chrjeti/ chrjti/ chrjoit Cherwr gjomos/ awisdhjomos tn pl twijm Chechrusjm pl twijm tn gjomos/ awisdhjomos Tn gjomos/ awisdhjomos jod pl taw chchore/ chchoreti/ chchoroit Chrs tn gjomos/ awisdhjomos pl twijm Chrs(s)ontm gjomos/ pl twijm tn awisdhjomos Tn gjomos/ awisdhjomos jod pl taw chrs(s)eti/ chrs(s)ti/ chrs(s)soit
I consider that Peter is guilty for promoting strife I consider Peter guilty for promoting strife
*I consider Peter guilty promoting strife I consider Peter guilty because he promotes strife To feel We feel the warming of the Earth We feel the Earth warming We feel the warming Earth *We feel the Earth to warm We feel that the Earth is warming
We feel the Earth having warmed We feel the having-warmed Earth We feel that the Earth has been warming *We feel the Earth being to warm We feel the being-to-warm Earth We feel that the Earth will be warming
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W bhti W bhti moi jod sjeti W bhti moi seutum W bhti moi jod ssowe W bhti moi seuwr W bhti moi jod sseti W bhti moi seus W bhti moi jod sjti W bht moi jod sjeti W bhti moi seutum W bht moi jod ssowe W bht moi seuwr W bht moi jod sseti W bht moi seus W bht moi jod sjti W bht moi jod ssoweti
It seems It seems to me that it is raining It seems to me that it is raining It seems to me that it has rained It seems to me that it has rained It seems to me that it will rain It seems to me that it will rain It seems to me that it may be raining It seemed to me that it was raining It seemed to me that it was raining It seemed to me that it had rained It seemed to me that it had rained It seemed to me that it would rain It seemed to me that it would rain It seemed to me that it might be raining It seemed to me that it might have been raining It will seem to me that it will rain It will seem to me that it will rain It will seem to me that it will have rained It will seem to me that it will have rained It will seem to me that it will rain thereafter It will seem to me that it will rain thereafter
W bhseti moi jod sjeti W bhseti moi seutum W bhseti moi jod ssowe W bhseti moi seuwr W bhseti moi jod sseti W bhseti moi seus
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W bhti moi leughn W bhti moi jod leughn esti W bhti moi (is) leughn bhewtum W bhti moi (im) leughonm bhewtum W bhti moi Prijotanantim seghtum (INF. PRES.)/ seghontm (PART. PRES.)/ seghontm bhewtum (PART. PRES +
bhewtum)/
He seems to me a liar He seems to me that he is a liar He seems to me to be a liar He seems to me to be a liar It seems to me that Ferdinand is winning
W bhti moi Prijotanantim segtr (INF. AOR.)/ seghlm (PART. AOR.)/ seghlm bhewtum (PART. AOR +
bhewtum)/
It seems to me that Ferdinand won
seghontm bhewtr (PART. PRES + bhewtr ) W bhti moi Prijotanantim seghes (INF. FUT.)/ seghsontm (PART. FUT.)/ seghsontm bhewtum (PART. FUT +
bhewtum)/
It seems to me that Ferdinand will win
seghontm bhewes (PART. PRES + bhewes) W Priotanantis moi bhti seghsonts/ jod sghseti W Priotanantis moi bht seghsonts/ jod sghseti W Priotanantis moi bhseti seghsonts/ jod sghseti Ferdinand gives me the impression that he will win Ferdinand gived me the impression that he would win Ferdinand will give me the impression that he will thereafter
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Enjougwa sjtra Chedhj Komqiqerjosjtrom Im chedhm me leides/ lidesei/ leidesenei sntlomn swonejom Im chedhm jod me lidt/ lidoit sntlomn swonejom AOR. SUB./ OPT. Im chedhm jod me leidst sntlomn swonejom PRES. PREC. Im chedh me leides/ lidesei/ leidesenei sntlomn swonejom Im chedh jod me lidt/ lidoit sntlomn swonejom AOR. SUB./ OPT Im chedh jod me leidst sntlomn swonejom PRES. PREC Im chedhs me leides/ lidesei/ leidesenei sntlomn swonejom Im chedhs jod me lidt/ lidoit sntlomn swonejom AOR. SUB./ OPT Im chedhs jod me leidst sntlomn swonejom PRES. PREC. N komqiqerjosjtrom Chedhnt me rounm bherghtum Chedhnt me jod rounm bherghm/ bherghoim/ bherghsm Chdhjonti me jod rounm bherghm/ bherghoim/ bherghsm Chdhsonti me jod rounm bherghm/ bherghoim/ bherghsm Chdhsonti me rounm bherghtum
Injunctive clauses To beg Perfective clause I begged him to allow me to play the hapsichord I begged him that he would allow me to play the hapsichord I begged him that he would allow me to play the hapsichord I am begging him to allow me to play the hapsichord I am begging him that he allow me to play the hapsichord I am begging him that he allow me to play the hapsichord I will beg him to allow me to play the hapsichord I will beg him that he allow me to play the harpsichord I will beg him that he allow me to play the hapsichord Imperfective clause They begged me to keep the secret *They begged me that I keep the secret
PRES. SUB./ PRES. OPT./ PRES. PREC.
*They beg me that I keep the secret

*They will beg me that I keep the secret

*They will beg me to keep the secret

158
Dikj Komqiqerjosjtrom Me dikjt skeustum Moi dikjt skeudos Moi dikjt jod skeudsm PRES. PREC. Moi dikjt jod skudm/ skudoim
AOR SUB./ OPT.
To order Perfective clause He ordered me to shoot *He ordered to me the shoot He ordered to me that I should shoot He ordered to me that I should shoot
Me dikjeti skeustum Moi dikjeti skeudos Moi dikjeti jod skeudsm PRES. PREC. Moi dikjeti jod skudm/ skudoim
AOR SUB./ OPT.
He is ordering me to shoot *He is ordering to me the shoot He is ordering to me that I should shoot He is ordering to me that I should shoot
Me dikseti skeustum Moi dikseti skeudos Moi dikseti jod skeudsm PRES. PREC. Moi dikseti jod skudm/ skudoim
AOR SUB./ OPT.
He will order me to shoot *He will order to me the shoot He will order to me that I should shoot He will order to me that I should shoot
Komqiqerjosjtrom Me dikjt siltum Moi dikjt silsmn Moi dikjt jod silsm PRES. PREC. Moi dikjt jod siljm/ siljoim
PRES. SUB./ OPT.
Imperfective clause He ordered me to be quiet *He ordered to me silence He ordered to me that I should be quiet He ordered to me that I should be quiet
159
Me dikjeti siltum Moi dikjeti silsmn Moi dikjeti jod silsm PRES. PREC. Moi dikjeti jod siljm/ siljoim
PRES. SUB./ OPT.
He is ordering me to be quiet *He is ordering to me the be quiet He is ordering to me that I should be quiet He is ordering to me that I should be quiet
Me dikseti siltum Moi dikseti silsmn Moi dikseti jod silsm PRES. PREC Moi dikseti jod siljm/ siljoim
PRES. SUB./ OPT
He will order me to be quiet *He will order to me the be quiet He will order to me that I should be quiet He will order to me that I should be quiet
160
Wn sk Komqiqerjosjtrom Wn sk tewom apo eitum Wn sk tewom apo jontm Wn sk jod apo sdsi Wenm tewom apo eitum Wenm tewom apo jontm Wenm jod apo sdsi (AOR. SUB.) Wens tewom apo eitum Wens tewom apo jontm Wens jod apo sdsi N komqiqerjosjtrom Wn sk tewom mojo ad westum Wn sk tewom mojo adwsontm Wn sk tewom qod/jod mojo ad wssi
(PRES. SUB.)
To wish Perfective clause *I wish you to go *I wish you going I wish that you go *I wished you to go *I wished you going I wished that you went *Ill wish you to go *Ill wish you going Ill wish that you go Imperfective clause *I wish you to stay with me *I wish you staying with me I wish that you stay with me *I wished you to stay with me *I wished you staying with me I wished that you stayed with me *Ill wish you to stay with me *Ill wish you staying with me Ill wish that you stay with me
Wenm tewom mojo ad westum Wenm tewom mojo adwesontm Wenm tewom mojo ad wssi Wens tewom mojo adwesontm Wens tewom mojo adwesontm Wens tewom mojo ad wssi
161
Welmi (PRES. IND.), welm (PRES. OPT.), wljm (AOR. OPT.), welsm (PRES. PREC.), wl sm (AOR. PREC.) Welmi sweptum Welm/ wljm sweptr Welm jod sns dn ghwidjom gheln dhls dn ghwds gent/ genoit Welm snm dn ghwidjom ghlenstum joqe dn ghwdm gendhjom (2 x INF.
PRES.)
To want, to choose, to prefer
I want to sleep I would like to have slept Id like that my son, having studied linguistics, becomes a linguist *Id like my son to study linguistics and to become a linguist *Id like my son studying linguistics and becoming a linguist Id like that my son studies (IMPERF.) linguistics and becomes a linguist (PERF.)
Welm snm dn ghwidjom ghlendhontm ghwdm joqe dn gignontm Welm jod sns dn ghwidjom ghlendht/ ghlendhoit (PRES. SUB./ OPT.) joqe dn ghwds gent/ genoit
(AOR. SUB./ OPT.)
Welm jod sns dn ghwidjom ghlndhti (PRES. SUB..) dn ghwds gendhji
Id like that my son would be studying (IMPERF.) linguistics to become a linguist

(PERF.)
Welm snm dn ghwidjom ghlenstr joqe dn ghwdm genendhjom Welm snm dn ghwidjom gheln dhlm (AOR. PART.) joqe dn ghwdm gegn wsm (PERF. PART.) Welm jod sns dn ghwidjom gheln dhst (AOR. PREC.) joqe dn ghwds genst (AOR. PREC.) Wl sm jod sns dn ghwidjom ghln dhisst (PLPF. PREC.) joqe dn ghwds gnisst (PLPF. PREC.)
*Id like my son to have studied linguistics and to have become a linguist *Id like my son having studied linguistics and having become a linguist
Id like that my son would have studied linguistics and would have become a linguist I would have liked that my son would have studied linguistics and would have become a linguist
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n k j n kj sweptum/ swepes (INF. PRES./ INF. FUT.) ausrteni dhtini skowni n kj/ n kjoim sweptr edjwteni dhtini skowni Komqiqerjosjtrom n kj te sm tgosjo dostlona qreitum/ qreis n kj te sm tgosjo dostlona qrinntm / qreisontm (PART. PRES./ PART. FUT.) n kj te sm tgosjo dostlona qreitr n kj te sm tgosjo dostlona qrlm n kj jod sm tgodostlona qrjesi (AOR. n kj jod sm tgodostlona qqrojes
(PF. SUB.)
To need I need to sleep to do the tomorrow exam I need/ I would need to sleep to do the today exam Perfective clause I need you to buy the ingredients of the recipe *I need you buying the ingredients of the recipe *I need you to have bought the ingredients of the recipe *I need you having bought the ingredients of the recipe I need that you buy the ingredients of the recipe I need that you have bought the ingredients of the recipe I needed that you would have bought the ingredients of the recipe I need the ingredients of the recipe to be bought by you *I need the ingredients of the recipe being bought by you *I need you the ingredients of the recipe to have been bought by you *I need you the ingredients of the recipe having been bought by you I need that the ingredients of the recipe are bought by you
SUB.)
n kjm jod sm tgodostlona qqrojes

(PF. SUB.)
Twojo n kj sm tgosjo dostlona qreidhjom/ qreisdhjom Twojo n kj sm tgosjo dostlona qrm/ qreitwija (PART. PRES./ PART.
FUT.)
Twojo n kj sm tgosjo dostlona qrijendjom (PASS. AOR. INF.) Twojo n kj sm tgodostlona qrt Twojo n kj jod sm tgosjo dostlona qrjontor (AOR. SUB.)
163
Twojo n kj jod sm tgodostlona qqrjontor (PF. SUB.) Twojo n kjm jod sm tgodostlona qqrjontor (PF. SUB.) N komqiqerjosjtrom tmgol srgos n kjeti sneightewei tmgol srgtum n kjeti sneightewei tmgoli srgos sneightewei n kiwom tmgoli srgtus sneightewei n kiwos Sneightewei n kiw srgjonts tmgol Sneightewei n kiwom jod tmgol srgjti PRES. SUB. Mrik mtewei sweljom (swl ) n kjonti Mrik m jonta sweljom n kjonti Mrik mtewei sulntum n kjonti Mtewei mrikobhs n kiwos sweljos Mtewei mrikobhs n kiwos sulntus
I need that the ingredients of the recipe have been bought by you I needed that the ingredients of the recipe would have been bought by you Imperfective clause The atmosphere needs cold to snow The atmosphere needs to be cold to snow Cold is necessary for the atmosphere to snow *To be cold is Necessary for the atmosphere to snow *To snow it is necessary the atmosphere being cold To snow it is necessary that the atmosphere be cold
The grapes need sun to ripen The ripening grapes need sun *The grapes need to be sunny to ripen The sun is necessary for the grapes to ripen *To ripen it is necessary for the grapes the being sunny *For the ripening grapes the being sunny is necessary For the ripening grapes it is necessary that it be sunny
Mjn kiwos tbhs mrikobhs n sulntus Mjn tbhs mrikobhs n kiwom jod sulnjti PRES. SUB.
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Mwenei mrikobhs n kiwom sulnwr Memwusbhs mrikobhs n kiwom sulnwr Memwusbhs mrikobhs n kiwom jod sulnbhowet PERF. SUB
*To have been ripening, for the grapes the having-been-sunny is necessary *For the having-been-ripening grapes the having-been-sunny is necessary *For the having-been-ripening grapes it is necessary that it have been sunny
Smona gembhtewei wr stm n kjonti Smona gmbhsonta wr stm n kjonti Smona gembhtewei seuwr kjonti n Gembhn kiwom tbhs smn bhos n seuwr Gembhtewei smn bhos n kiwom seuwr Gembhtewei smn bhos n kiwom jod ssowet PERF. SUB.
The seeds need rain to germinate *The being-to-germinate seeds need rain *The seeds need to have been raining to germinate For the germinating seeds to have been raining is necessary *To have been raining is necessary for the seeds to germinate To germinate it is necessary for the seeds that it has been raining
165
Opos esti/ wergom esti Komqiqerjosjtrom Ghrsmn mstinom/ amstwijom (esti) Opos esti ghrsmn amstum (ACC.) Opos esti ghrsmn amstewes (ABL.) Tebhei opos esti ghrsmn amstum/ amstewes Opos esti jod ghrsmn mss (AOR.
SUB.)
It is necessary, il faut Perfective clause The lawn needs mowing It is necessary to mow the lawn It is necessary to mow the lawn It is necessary for you to the lawn It is necessary that you mow the lawn It is necessary that the lawn be mown by you *There is need of you mowing the lawn There is need of you to mow the lawn Imperfective clause The garden needs maintenance It is necessary to maintain the garden It is necessary to maintain the garden It is necessary for you to maintain the garden It is necessary that you maintain the garden It is necessary that the garden be maintained by you *There is need of you maintaining the garden There is need of you to maintain the garden
Opos esti jod ghrsmn twojo mstor

(AOR. SUB.)
Opos ted esti ghrsmn msn tes Opos ted esti ghrsmn amstewei N komqiqerjosjtrom Ghortos obhidhorom/ obhidhoresmn n kjeti Opos esti ghortom obhidhoretum
(ACC.)
Opos esti ghortom obhidhoretewes

(ABL.)
Tebhei opos esti ghortom obhidhoretum / obhidhoretewes Opos esti jod ghortom obhidhorejs
(PRES. SUB.)
Opos esti jod ghortos twojo obhidhorjtor (PRES. SUB.) Opos ted esti ghorthom obhidhorjntes Opos ted esti ghorti obhidhoretwiji
166
Bhbheimi Bhibheim/bhejm m ludht AOR. SUB. Bhibheim/bhejm jod ludht Bhibheim/bhejm nem / m n ludht Bhibheim/bhejm m ludhoit AOR. OPT. Bhibheim/bhejm jod ludhoit Bhibheim/bhejm nem / m n ludhoit Bhbheimi m ludht Bhbheimi jod ludht Bhbheimi nem / m n ludht Bhbheimi m ludhoit Bhbheimi jod ludhoit Bhbheimi nem / m n ludhoit Bheis m ludht Bheis jod ludht Bheis nem / m n ludht Bheis m ludhoit Bheis jod ludhoit Bheis nem / m n ludhoit
To be afraid I was afraid that he would come I was afraid that he would not come I am afraid that he would not come I was afraid that he would come I was afraid that he would not come I am afraid that he would not come
I am afraid that he will come I am afraid that he will not come I am afraid that he will not come I am afraid that he will come I am afraid that he will not come I am afraid that he will not come I will be afraid that he will come I will be afraid that he will not come I will be afraid that he will not come I will be afraid that he will come I will be afraid that he will not come I will be afraid that he will not come
167
Prd bheudh Prd bheudhe jod lugjm lins

AOR. SUB.
To be careful Be careful to avoid the gap Be careful not to arrive late
Prd bheudhe m lodi nks

AOR. SUB.
Knjai Knjetoi ptlomos bhdsmom aitum uponojom (INF.) Knbhtoi ptlomos bhdsmom aitum uponojom Knsetoi ptlomos bhdsmom aitum uponojom Knjetoi jod (swoj) putl bhdsmom iknti uponojom (PRES. SUB.) Knbhtoi jod (swoj) putl bhdsmom iknti uponojom Knsetoi jod (swoj) putl bhdsmom iknti uponojom Knjetoi jod (swoj) putl bhdsmom eikoint uponojom (PRES. OPT.) Knbhtoi jod (swoj) putl bhdsmom eikoint uponojom Knsetoi jod (swoj) putl bhdsmom eikoint uponojom Knjetoi (swoj) putl bhdsmom eiktum uponojom (INF.) Knbhtoi (swoj) putl bhdsmom eiktum uponojom Knsetoi (swoj) putl bhdsmom ektum uponojom
To try He tries to provide his children with the best education He tried to provide his children with the best education He will try to provide his children with the best education He tries that his children have the best education He tried that his children have the best education He will try that his children have the best education He tries that his children may have the best education He tried that his children may have the best education He will try that his children may have the best education He tries that his children have the best education He tried that his children have the best education He will try that his children have the best education
168
Lubhj /lubhj Lubhj jod s prd wr tsi Lubhj tewom s prd wr sdhjom Lubhj tewom s prwr tomnom Lubhj jod s prd wrtesoi Lubhj tewom s prd wertendhjom Lubhj tewom s prowertomnm Lubhj jod s prd wrtssoi Lubhj tewom s prd wrtesdhjom Lubhj tewom s prowrtsomnom Leubhs jod s prd wr tsi Leubhs tewom s prd wr sdhjom Leubhs tewom s prwr tomnom Qmj Qmjomos jod upstna-nos prokjsi Qmjomos tewom upstna-nos proketum Qmjomos tewom upstna-nos prokjontm Qmjomos jod upstna-nos pepreksi Qmjomos tewom upstna-nos proketr Qmjomos tewom upstna-nos prokelm Qmjomes jod upstna-nos pepreksi Qmjomes tewom upstna-nos proketr Qmjomes tewom upstna-nos prokelm
I like *I like that you behave well *I like you to behave well *I like you behaving well *I like that you behaved well *I like you to have behaved well *I like you having behaved well *I like that you will behave well *I like you to be behaving well *I like you will be behaving well *I will like that you behave well *I will like you to behave well *I will like you behaving well To appreciate We appreciate that you request our services We appreciate your requesting our services *We appreciate you requesting our services
We appreciate that you requested our services We appreciate your having requested our services *We appreciate you having requested our services We appreciated that you had requested our services We appreciated your having requested our services *We appreciated you having requested our services
169
Sm jugn sjtra Upologhosjtra Apsrowokleutis me welm lousujt
Conjunct clauses Subject clauses The hearing of the water streaming relaxed me a lot To hear the water streaming relaxed me a lot I relaxed a lot when hearing the water streaming The water streaming which I heard (=heard by me) relaxed me a lot
Apsrowokleutus/ apsrowokleumn me welm lousujt AOR. IND. Apsrowom kleuwn ts welm lousujoma Apsrowos qom kluwm (=mojo klums) welm me lousujt
Apsrowokleutus/ apsrowokleumn me welm lousjeti PRES. IND. Apsrowom kleuwn ts welm lousujai Apsrowos qom kleumi (=mojo klums) welm me lousjeti
To hear the water streaming relaxes me a lot I relax a lot when hearing the water streaming The water streaming which I hear (=heard by me) relaxes me a lot
Apsrowokleuwr me welm lousjeti Apsrowom kluws welm lousujai Apsrowos qom kkluwa (=mojo kluns) welm me lousjeti
To have heard the water streaming relaxes me a lot Having heard the water streaming I relax a lot The water streaming which I have heard (=having been heard by me) relaxes me a lot To hear the water streaming will relax me a lot I will relax a lot when hearing the water streaming The water streaming which I wil hear (=heard by me) will relax me a lot
Apsrowokleutus/ apsrowokleumn me welm lousseti FUT. IND. Apsrowom kleuwn ts welm loususi Apsrowos qom kleus (=mojo klums) welm me lousseti
170
W bhmi W noqterins eksojos/ noqterin ksitis/ noqterins kseitus/ noqterinm kseimn tewe meghei prowent bhti W noqt moi eks jonts dhr sus bhsi Jod noqt eks jesi w meghei prowent bhti PRES. SUB.
To seem Your going out at night seems dangerous to me *You who go out by night seem bold to me It seems dangerous to me that you go out by night
W noqterinm eksostr tewe meghei prowent bhti W noqt moi eks sodls dhr sus bhsi Jod noqt eks sods w meghei prowent bhti AOR. SUB. W noqterinm eksis tewe meghei prowent bhti W noqt moi eks eisonts dhr sus bhsi Jod noqt eks issi w meghei prowent bhti FUT. SUB.
Your having gone out at night seems dangerous to me *You who went out by night seem bold to me It seems dangerous to me that you went out by night Your future going out at night seems dangerous to me *You who will go out by night seem bold to me It seems dangerous to me that you will go out by night
W noqterins eksojos/ noqterin ksitis/ noqterins kseitus/ noqterinm kseimn tewe meghei prowent bht W noqt moi eks jonts dhr sus bhs Jod noqt eks sods w meghei prowent bht AOR. SUB.
Your going out at night seemed dangerous to me *You who went out by night seemed bold to me It seemed dangerous to me that you went out by night
171
W noqterinm eksostr tewe meghei prowent bht AOR. INF. W noqt moi eks sodls dhr sus bhs Jod noqt eks ijojes w meghei prowent bht PLPF. SUB.
Your having gone out at night seemed dangerous to me *You who had gone out by night seemed bold to me It seemed dangerous to me that you had gone out by night
W noqterinm eksis tewe meghei prowent bht FUT. INF. W noqt moi eks eisonts dhr sus bhs Jod noqt eks eisonts bhss w meghei prowent bht AOR. PREC.
COMP.
Your future going out at night seemed dangerous to me *You who would go out by night seemed bold to me It seemed dangerous to me that you would go out by night thereafter
W noqterins eksojos/ noqterin ksitis/ noqterins kseitus/ noqterinm kseimn tewe meghei prowent bhseti W noqt moi eks jonts dhr sus bhseti Jod noqt eks issi w meghei prowent bhseti FUT. SUB.
Your going out at night will seem dangerous to me *You who will go out by will seem bold to me It will seem dangerous to me that you will go out by night thereafter
W Prijotanantis seghonts bhti moi sprows W Prijotanntejos seghos meghei sprowm bhti
The fact that Ferdinand is winning (winning Ferdinand) seems exciting to me Ferdinands victory seems exciting to me
172
Mr neumi Esjo eksptosjo n sr kitus me mert

AOR. IND.
To worry The fact that he was not fixing the breakdown worried me *He, not fixing the breakdown, worried me That (=because) he was not fixing the breakdown worried me
Is, ekspotom n sr kijonts, me mert Jod ekspotom n sr kijet me mert

PRES. PROT.
Esjo eksptosjo n sr kiwr me mert Is, ekspotom n sr kiws, me mert Jod ekspotom n sr kijt me mert
PERF. IND.
The fact that he had not fixed the breakdown worried me *He, not having fixed the breakdown, worried me That (=because) he had not fixed the breakdown worried me
Esjo eksptosjo n sr kijes me mert Is, ekspotom n sr kisonts, me mert Jod ekspotom n sr kbhst me mert
AOR. PREC.
The fact that he would not fix the breakdown worried me *He, not being to fix the breakdown, worried me That (=because) he would not fix the breakdown worried me
Esjo eksptosjo n sr neuti kitus me mr Is, ekspotom n sr neuti kijonts, me mr Jod ekspotom n sr neuti kjeti me mr
PRES. EFF.
The fact that he does not fix the breakdown worries me He, not fixing the breakdown, worries me That (=because) he does not fix (=is not fixing) the breakdown worries me
173
Esjo eksptosjo n srkiwr neuti me mr Is, ekspotom n sr neuti kiws, me mr Jod ekspotom n sr neuti kije me mr
PERF. IND.
The fact that he has not fixed the breakdown worries me He, not having fixed the breakdown, worries me That (=because) he has not fixed the breakdown worries me The fact that he will not fix the breakdown worries me *He, not being to fix the breakdown, worries me That (=because) he will not fix the breakdown worries me The fact that he will not be fixing the breakdown will worry me He, not fixing the breakdown, will worry me That (=because) he will not be fixing the breakdown will worry me The fact that he wont have fixed the breakdown will worry me He, not having fixed the breakdown, will worry me That (=because) he wont have fixed the breakdown will worry me The fact that he will not be fixing the breakdown thereafter will worry me *He, not being to fix the breakdown, will worry me That (=because) he will not fix the breakdown thereafter will worry me
Esjo eksptosjo n sr neuti kijes me mr Is, ekspotom n sr neuti kisonts, me mr Jod ekspotom n sr neuti kseti me mr
FUT. IND.
Esjo eksptosjo n sr kitus me mrseti Is, ekspotom n sr kijonts, me mrseti Jod ekspotom n sr kseti me mrseti
FUT. IND.
Esjo eksptosjo n srkiwr me mrseti Is, ekspotom n sr kiws, me mrseti Jod ekspotom n sr kiws bhwseti me FUT. PERF. IND. mrseti
Esjo eksptosjo n sr kijes me mrseti Is, ekspotom n sr kisonts, me mrseti Jod ekspotom n sr kisonts bhwseti me mrseti
174
Aiskrm esti Aiskrm st/bhwt jod tewom k spekt Aiskrs ksjs tewom spektus (st/bhwt) Aiskr ksjs tewom spektis (st/bhwt) Aiskrm ksjs tewom spekmn (st/bhwt) Aiskr tewom spkont st/bhwt Aiskrm st/bhwt jod tewom k spekst AOR. PREC. Aiskr tewom spksont st/bhwt Aiskrm st/bhwt jod tewom k spokst PLPF. PROT. Aiskr tewom spekus st/bhwt Aiskrm esti jod tewom k spkjeti Aiskrs ksjs tewom spektus (esti) Aiskr ksjs tewom spektis (esti) Aiskrm ksjs tewom spekmn (esti) Aiskr tewom spkont esti Aiskrm esti jod tewom k spekt Aiskrm esti jod tewom k spkseti Aiskrm bhwseti jod tewom k spkseti Aiskrm bhwseti jod tewom k spekus bhwseti Aiskrs ksjs tewom spektus (bhwseti) Aiskr ksjs tewom spektis (bhwseti) Aiskrm ksjs tewom spekmn (bhwseti)
It is clear It was clear that she was looking at you It (was) clear her looking at you It (was) clear her looking at you It (was) clear her looking at you *She was a clear looker at you It was clear that she would be looking at you *She was a clear future-looker at you It was clear that she had been looking at you *She was a clear having-been-looker at you It is clear that she is looking at you It (is) clear her looking at you It (is) clear her looking at you It (is) clear her looking at you *She is a clear looker at you It is clear that she was looking at you It is clear that she will look / will be looking at you It will be clear that she will look / will be looking at you It will be clear that she will have looked/ will have been looking at you It (will be) clear her looking at you It (will be) clear her looking at you It (will be) clear her looking at you
175
Smeirom esti/smeirom tod Smeirom bht/smeirom tod jod weghj sr AOR. PROT. kjtor Smeirom (bht) weghjs sr kidhjom Smeirom/smeir (bht) weghj sr kjom Smeirom bht/smeirom tod jod weghj sr kjtor/ sr kin (bh)bhowe PLPF. E. sr kstor/ sr kin bhuwt PLPF. PROT. Smeirom (bht) weghjs sr kiwr Smeirom/smeir (bht) weghj sr kin Smeirom esti/smeirom tod jod weghj sr kjetor PRES. EFF. Smeirom (esti) weghjs sr kidhjom Smeirom/smeir (esti) weghj sr kjom
It is wonderful It was wonderful that the road was being repaired *It was wonderful the being repaired of the road (infinitive clause) *It was wonderful the being-repaired road (participle clause) It was wonderful that the road had been repaired/ *had been being repaired *It was wonderful the having been repaired of the road (infinitive clause) *It was wonderful the having-been repaired road (participle clause) It is wonderful that the road is being repaired *It is wonderful the being repaired of the road (infinitive clause) *It is wonderful the being-repaired road (participle clause) It is wonderful that the road has been repaired *It is wonderful the having been repaired of the road (infinitive clause) *It is wonderful the having-been-repaired road (participle clause) It will be wonderful that the road will be repaired *It will be wonderful the being repaired of the road (infinitive clause) *It will be wonderful the being-repaired road (participle clause)
Smeirom esti/smeirom tod jod weghj sr kijer/ sr kin esti PF. IND. Smeirom (esti) weghjs srkiwr Smeirom/smeir (esti) weghj sr kin
Smeirom bhwseti/smeirom tod jod weghj sr ksetor FUT. IND. Smeirom (bhwseti) weghjs sr kidhjom Smeirom/smeir (bhwseti) weghj sr kjom
176
Dhabhm esti Dhabhm bht/dhabhm tod jod woghnom nkr tm bhweti AOR. SUB. Dhabhs (bht) woghnonkr tobhowos Dhabhm (bht) woghnom nkr tm (esn t) Dhabhm bht/dhabhm tod jod woghnom nkr tm bhwisst PLPF.
PREC.
It is surprising It was surprising that the car was (might be) intact *It was surprising the intact condition of the car (nominal clause) *It was surprising the being-intact of the car (participle clause) It was surprising that the car had been (might have been) intact *It was surprising the having-been-intact of the car (infinitive clause) *It was surprising the having-been-intact car (participle clause) It is surprising that the car is (may be) intact *It is surprising the intact condition of the car (nominal clause) *It is surprising the being-intact of the car (participle clause) It is surprising that the car has been (may have been) intact *It is surprising the having-been-intact of the car (infinitive clause) *It is surprising the having-been-intact car (participle clause) It will be surprising that the car will be intact *It will be surprising the intact condition of the car (nominal clause) *It will be surprising the being-intact of the car (participle clause)
Dhabhm (bht) woghnonkrtobheuwr Dhabhm (bht) woghnom nkr tm (esn t) Dhabhm esti jod woghnom nkr tm seti PRES. SUB. Dhabhs (esti) woghnonkr tobhowos Dhabhm (esti) woghnom nkr tm (esn t) Dhabhm esti/dhabhm tod jod woghnom nkr tm bhowet PF. SUB. Dhabhm (esti) woghnonkr tobheuwr Dhabhm (esti) woghnom nkr tm bhebhuws Dhabhm bhwseti/dhabhm tod jod woghnom nkr tm bhwsti FUT. SUB. Dhabhs bhwseti woghnonkr tobhowos Dhabhm bhwseti woghnom nkr tm (esn t)
177
Ud wr tai Ud wr teto jod prs dm n stipbhwt Ud wr teto prs dm n stiptum Ud wr teto prs dm n stipjonts
To result It resulted that the house was not insured against fire The house resulted not to be insured against fire The house resulted not insured against fire
Ud wr teti jod prs dm n stipjeti Ud wr teti prs dm n stiptum Ud wr teti prs dm n stipjonts
It results that the house is not insured against fire The house results not to be insured against fire The house results not insured against fire
Ud wr tseti jod prs dm n stipseti Ud wr tseti prs dm n stiptum Ud wr tseti prs dm n stipjonts Ggistoi Gisto jod akmn upo ttleto Akmn gisto upo tlwr Akmn upotlns gisto Ggistoi jod akmn upo tetler Akmn ggistoi upo tlwr Akmn upotlns ggistoi
It will result that the house will not be insured against fire The house will result not to be insured against fire The house will result not insured against fire It happens It happened that the stone had been removed The stone happened to have been removed *The stone happened removed It happens that the stone has been removed The stone happens to have been removed *The stone happens removed
178
Gisetoi jod akmn upo tlns bhwseti Akmn gisetoi upo tlwr Akmn upotlns gisetoi Onja sjtra Skel Pelu mojo wrgosjo agrowik kosmi dhtwijom: arwom qelstum skel, kaplons tekstum, awigsnm amstum, grnm werstum, dheighlm peistum, prestum debhtumqe Mogh Mghesi chedhj moi wdn krauqjom poti dtum? Apo td wdhetor Apo td wdhontor esjs dusjs knstejes, jod kom n sghetoi neqe prd bhudheti, kowjeti, mndhetoi neqe epi ststti Apo td wedhontor esjs dusjs knstejes, jod kom n sghto neqe pro bhudht, kowbhuwt, mn dhto neqe epi stwt Apo td wedhontor esjs dusjs knstejes, jod kom n sghsto neqe prd bhoudhst, kowbhowst, mndhsto neqe epi ststowst Apo td wdhsontor esjs dusjs knstejes, jod kom n soghei neqe prd bhoudhe, kowbhowe, mondhei neqe epi ststowe Apo td wdhsontor esjs dusjs knstejes, jod kom n soghn neqe prd bhudhus, kowebhowus, mn dhn neqe epi stestwus (bhwseti)
It happens that the stone will have been removed The stone will happen to have been removed *The stone will happen removed Other clauses Must, have to Much work has to be done by me in this farm: I have to furrow the land, to fashion the tools, to reap the oat, to thresh the grain, to crush, press and knead the dough Can Can you please pass me the jug of water? To be due to the fact Her bad marks are due to the fact that she neither gets concentrated, pays attention, is perceptive, feels interest nor devotes herself Her bad marks were due to the fact that she would neither get concentrated, pay attention, be perceptive, feel interest nor devote herself Her bad marks were due to the fact that she had neither got concentrated, payed attention, been perceptive, felt interest nor devoted herself Her bad marks will be due to the fact that she has neither got concentrated, payed attention, been perceptive, felt interest nor devoted herself Her bad marks will be due to the fact that she will have neither got concentrated, payed attention, been perceptive, felt interest nor devoted herself
179
nbhrosjtra nswebhodhja ndoikwa Wrs so qos anchins trins domoi iketi Cen s qm mndhochei widm Qm nokteu nkomes polim dirist bht (=polis qm nokteu nkomes dirist bht: praisodosptis ) Wrm medm qesjo sns jekonjoi esti Putl galm qosmi dwirotlm ddwa Ati stelpe delr, qosmi troikta Pri maqm tebhei stel, q eksi itj Plmn tod qosmd gnnom ghda Rnjm n kj q tr qe mn nwetoi Neqid esti qod me croughjti nswebhodhja witreja Dhghjesi tmklom ghosm, (edlom) qod meghei wesprom atibht solwom Marijm sgjomos, qm ambh ddd neqid widm Nokteu Mr goselwm n komes polim, q dirist bht Ddhi-moi tod, q tewom jewtum moghs Dsm bhwits Klutowoikom proti sonti, qesjo rgos dtjos ludht Pri sesedt empiwdjejom komnom, qosmi dhjoi suwids esti
Relative clauses Dependent defining (specificative) This is the man who has three snakes at home This is the woman I saw on Monday The city we arrived in by night was splendid (atraction of the antecedent) I met the man, whose son is in hospital I talked with the child to whom I gave the bike Revise the calculation in which you got wrong Ill introduce you to the girl Im going out with This is the book I got the information from I need a secretary which can translate There is nothing that can make me sad Dependent descriptive (explicative) Yesterday I ate curdled milk, (food) which repeated on me during the whole evening We are looking for Mary, about whom we dont know anything since long ago We arrived by night in Brussels city, which was splendid Give me that, with which I will be able to help you They started war against Ludovic, king of whom a messenger came He chaired the meeting about entomology, subject in which he is an expert
180
Newom ims widhunjom, qosmi (qodhei) n qontlos esti Pelu nkjet tltjosjo, qd apltim egjet Enterwoidos Karol ikt, qesi ddom worge Prejr leloubhm plejos ness, qesi wosa tisrns sptmtims Swebhodhja ndoikwa Ud jos jeri stt tosmi deiwos dt Jom deiws lubhjont jwenis mrjeto Tebhei ds solwa ja nkjsi Tosjo bhibhje ja wewqs Jons n wernt toibhos stlm regsnt Suwoljm prijejoim toisom joibhis olnom bhwitum mogh M triks jodhei (josmi) prsnim dusqors tebhei bhnt Ddhi-moi (tod) j tewom jewtum moghs
We are going to the new park, in which (where) there is now a festival He needs a lot of patience, which he absolutely lacks He had an interview with Carol, for whom he has long been working I was delighted by the charm of that city, in which (where) I spent (remained) three weeks Independent defining (specificative) God gives to this who wakes up early (It is the early bird that catches the worm) The one whom the gods love dies young Ill give you all you need Im afraid of what you may say For any whom they did not find, they raised a stele Id like to thank the good will of those with whom I can start the project Dont get wrong where you had difficulties before (=dont make the same mistake) Give me that with which I will be able to help you
181
Mdesjos wertos Sikejos Wlos stnom dikt, qosmi kllsnto
Jos (qis) prsttom n klusoit mm bhoitor Modal value Final The leader indicated the place where (in which) they should camp (=so that they would camp) (There is) nobody to help us (=who may help us) Causal (only in indicative clauses) You behave strangely, since you dont give us anything The drainpipe of these waters, being obstructed, the plumber unblocked it Consecutive Who is so crazy, that does not want to be your friend? Conditional If (what) I dont know, I dont pretend I know it If it (what) is ugly, we wont do it I told you not to do (it if it) what is not beautiful Open class relation (Anyone) who needs to to go to the toilet should do it now (Anyone) who hasnt done the homework will have a negative mark today (Anyone) who does the homework today will have a positive mark tomorrow (Anyone) who does not obey the boss will be punished
Neqis n sme jos jwti (esti) Wismenjos (kiwotos deiktisjtroisu) Prd nuktd wr tesi, jos/ qos neqid n smi ddsi Apm eksloitrom tsom obhistm qod st, auloworgos apo wwore Kmseqmenjos Qis so dhwolnteros, jos n wekti prijos-two bhewtum? Updhtijos Ja n woida, apo n deik weistum Ja tr pij sonti, n dhsomos Tebhei sqom m n wnm (=ja n wnm sonti) dhtum Ptwoqrejos nbhros Jos (qis) lwonjom eitum n kjti, n jeti Jos (qis) domuwergom n dhdhjet, edjw dmtijom ikseti gnmenjom Jos (qis) domuwergom edjw dhidht (dhedhws sjti), usrom dhmenjom ikseti gnmenjom Jos (qis) prsttom n klusti mmbhsetor
182
(Anyone) who would not obey the boss would be punished Jos (qis) mewom pos cemtum chlti, apo sewom-pe gjti, kreukm ghbhjt enim me sqtoi An qis mewom pos cemtum chleti, apo sewom-pe gjti, kreukm ghbhjt enim me sqtoi An qis mewom pos cemtum chlti, apo sewom-pe gjti, kreukm ghbhjt enim me sqtoi Jos (qis) ousins klumenei ikti, klwti An qis ousins klumenei iketi, klwti
(Anyone) who desires to come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me
If any one desires to come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me If any one ever desires to come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me (Anyone) who has ears to hear, let him hear If anyone has ears to hear, let him hear
183
Ambhistnosjtra Soikowdos smdhtla ei, d, ad Soms upologhos promei upojukteiqe sjtroisu Wodhlom sola Angljm kelutewei Wodhlom sola Angljm klunqos Wodhlom sola Angljm kelutjei Wodhlom sola ad Angljm kelutim Wodhlom sola Angljkelutim ad Wodhlom sola Angljkelutisoiki Wodhlom sola Angljkelutijoqi Wodhlom sola Angljm setitewei Wodhlom sola Anglji setitwiji Wodhlom sola Angljm ad setjotinm Wodhlom sola Angljs ad setitim Wodhlom sola Angljsetitim ad Wodhlom sola Angljsetitisoiki Wodhlom sola Angljsetitijoqi
Circumstancial clauses The expression of finality
The same subject in principal and in subordinate clauses I bought a guide to travel to England I bought a guide intending to go to England I bought a guide for the trip to England I bought a guide for the trip to England I bought a guide for the trip to England I bought a guide for the sake of the trip to England I bought a guide with a view to travel to England I bought a guide to visit England *I bought a guide for England to be visited *I bought a guide for England to be visited I bought a guide for the visit of England I bought a guide for the visit of England I bought a guide for the sake of visiting England I bought a guide with a view to visit England
184
jomos sweptum jomos aldhjom Paulom (udwiklm) protiwrumn olnom nteri klawstum solwod mgheti Paulom (udwiklm) protiwrumn enim olnom nteri solwod klwdetor Kom paulom (udwiklm) noke protiwrumn olnom nteri klawstewei solwod kins esmi qid wgosjo euktum kerktejei/ kerktewei kins esmi qid wgosjo euktewi/ eukte kerktejei/ kerktewei Mjsn s jotnons dhnt spordhm wiktewei
Lets go to sleep Lets go for a walk A small (upcoming) setback may block the entire project A small (upcoming) setback and the entire project is blocked A small (upcoming) setback is enough to block the entire project I am ready to practise some sport to get slimmer I am ready to the practice of some sport to get slimmer They made big efforts to win the match
Kritu upologhu kaputsjtrei upjougosjtreiqe Komqiqerjosjtrom Mjsn s jotnons dhnt spordhi wiktwiji Dtjom sesentm tebhei udojowdi Dtjom sesentm tebhei udoj wdi Dtjom sesentm tebhei udoj west(e)jei Dtjom sesentm tebhei udojom westewei
Different subjects in principal and in subordinate clause Perfective clause *They made big efforts for the match to be won *I sent a messenger for the account of the result to you I sent a messenger to tell you the result
185
Dtjom sesentm tebhei udojom ad wdotinom Dtjom sesentm tebhei udoji westwiji Dtjom sesentm ei udojom tebhei wedt (AOR SUB.) Dtjom sesentm ei udojom tebhei wedt (AOR. OPT.) Dtjom sesentm qos udojom tebhei wedt (AOR SUB.) Dtjom sesentm qos udojom tebhei wedt (AOR. OPT.) Dtjom sesentm udojom tebhei wedontm Koisjonti m qis skombet PF. SUB. Koisjonti m qis skomboit Koisjonti m qim skembwenei Koisjonti m qis skm bt Koisjonti m qis skm boit Koisjonti m qim skembesei Koissonti m qis skm bns bhwsti Koissonti m qim skembwenei Qid dhidhms, ei ststst mqe piptst? Qid dhjms, ei ststst mqe piptst?
*I sent a messenger for the result to be told to you *I sent a messenger for the result to be told to you I sent a messenger so that he could tell you the result I sent a messenger so that he would tell you the result I sent a messenger who could tell you the result I sent a messenger who would tell you the result *I sent a messenger telling you the result They take care that no one has got lost They take care that no one may have got lost They take care that no one has got lost They take care that no one will get lost They take care that no one may get lost They take care that no one will get lost They will take care that no one will have got lost They will take care that no one will have got lost What could we do, so that it kept standing and did not fall? What could we have done, so that it had kept standing and had not fallen?
186
N komqiqerjosjtrom Bhewdhi swedhumens ke-terosom qmi twe ad Bhewdhi swedhumens ei ke-teroi twe qm jnti/ qm joijnt PRES. SUB./
OPT.
Imperfective clause *Be polite, for the others appreciation to you Be polite, so that the others appreciate you Be polite to be appreciated by the others
Bhewdhi swedhumens ke-teros qmdhji Koisjonti m ghosr mnkti Koisjonti m ghosr menkoit Koisjonti m ghosr menktewei Koisjonti m ghosr mnksti Koisjonti m ghosr menksoit Koisjonti m ghosr menkesei Kisbhnt (koissn t) m ghosr mnkti Kisbhnt (koissn t) m ghosr menkoit Kisbhnt (koissn t) m ghosr menktewei Koissonti m ghosr mnkti Koissonti m ghosr menkoit Koissonti m ghosr menktewei
They take care that no food is lacking They take care that no food may be lacking They take care that no food is lacking They take care that no food will be lacking They take care that no food may be lacking in the future They take care that no food will be lacking They took care that no food was lacking They took care that no food might be lacking They took care that no food was lacking
They will take care that no food will be lacking They will take care that no food may be lacking They will take care that no food will be lacking They will take care that no food will be lacking thereafter
Koissonti m ghosr mnksti
187
Stnowdos smdhtla jo(n)dhd; jodhei; ji, j, jote Proitistnom Eks nwes pluwnt jondhd prwnim nkn t Stnom qodhei qertis ggistoi Ursodejes qsmes jodhei en kllmedha Soikos Einqos jote prd kseutrom stnetwijom
The expression of place
Place of departure The ships set sail from the place where they had first arrived Place where the action takes place We felt pretty comfortable where we had camped
Destination He has to go where they can fix his shaver
Mdesjom prtinom Woghej twe jote chlesi Woghej twe jote chlsi Woghej twe jote chelois
Modal contrast I take you where you want I take you where you may want I take you where you may ever want
188
Mlowdos
Relative location of the Absolute location principal of the action sentence Past Anterior Present/atemporal Future Simultaneous Past Present/atemporal Future Past Posterior Present/atemporal Future
The expression of temporality

Action limit not m arked Singular action Iterative action Action limit marked Mixed composition Singular action Iterative action Singular Iterative action action [11c] [12c] [13c] [21c] [22c] [23c] [31c] [32c] [33c] [11d] [12d] [13d] [21d] [22d] [23d] [31d] [32d] [33d]
[11a] [12a] [13a] [21a] ----[23a] [31a] [32a] [33a]
[11b] [12b] [13b] [21b] [22b] [23b] [31b] [32b] [33b]
[21e] ----[23e]
[21f] ----[23f]
189
Antimlowdos smdhtla anti qm, pri qm, prosei, prteri, priwijosi, preitjom, prtmom, dom, dqod, adqod, adnqod dnqod, tiqe, prsnim 11a Bhwq dhtis Pri krpjons eks owm qm en sodm AOR. EFF. + AOR EFF. nsostjes pri krpjons eks owm Seiktis/Adesmndiktis neisonts krpjons eks owm Pri wra tesi wedm qm krdt bhjt Pri smdhmn pagtm esti qm strudoint Pri smdhmn pgsto qm strudoint AOR. PREC. + AOR. OPT. 12a Bhwq dhtis Pri krpjons eks wa qm en ijoja PF. IND. + PF. IND nsostjes pri krpjons eks wa Pri krpjons eks ow qm en eimi PRES. EFF.+ PRES. EFF. nsostjes pri krpjons eks ow Seiktis/Adesmndiktis neisonts krpjons eksi wa Pri wra tesi wda qm krdt bhjt/sjt PF. IND. + AOR./PR. OPT. neisonts krpjons eksi ew Pri wra tesi wed qm kr dt bhjt PRES. EFF. + AOR.
The expression of anteriority
11a
Actual fact I took off my shoes before I entered Before (my) going inside I took off my shoes Intention/Indication of preparation With a view to going in, I took off my shoes I told her the truth before she got angry In anticipation of the fight, a treaty was struck In anticipation of the fight, a treaty would be struck
12a
Actual fact Ive taken off my shoes before entering Before (my) going inside Ive taken off my shoes I am taking off my shoes before entering Before (my) going inside I am taking off my shoes Intention/Indication of preparation With a view to going in, Ive taken off my shoes Ive told her the truth so that she may not get/be angry With a view to going in, am taking off my shoes I am telling her the truth so that she may not get angry
OPT.
190
13a
Bhwq dhtis Pri krpjons eks ows qm en sdmi FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB. nsostjes pri krpjons eks ows Pri seqe tod qm eks sods
PRES. IMP. + AOR. SUB.
13a
Actual fact I will take off my shoes before entering Before (my) going inside I will take off my shoes Say this before you go out Intention/Indication of preparation With a view to going in, I will take off my shoes I will tell her the truth before she gets angry
Seiktis/Adesmndiktis neisonts krpjons eksi ows Pri wra tesi weds qm krdt bhjt FUT. IND. + AOR.
OPT.
N Rmjm swdhus esti upo qim dtum pri qm lokns drk en drkm lkontns eikoit joqe nklmn kepoit wertri loktesmn proti dhtwiji
PRES. IND.+ PRES. OPT.+AOR. OPT
It is not the custom of the Romans to hand over anyone before the accused has (met) the accusers face to face and has taken an opportunity to make a defense against the charge
191
11b
Bhwq dhtis Pri iwesi pro ghawt qm ludht AOR. PROT. Pri iwesi pro ghawt cemtjes Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leudhsonts pri iwesi pro ghawt PART. FUT.+AOR. PROT. Pri iwesi lughnt qm alchom apo djent AOR. PROT. +
AOR. OPT.
11b
Actual fact He would always phone before coming He would always phone before (his) coming Intention/Indication of preparation He would always phone before with a view to coming They would always lie before giving back the money
12b
Bhwq dhtis Pri iwesi pro ghawet qm cemjet PRES. PROT. Pri iwesi pro ghawet cemtjes Pri dhl tercet qum nedhet Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leudhsonts pri iwesi pro ghawet. Pri iwesi leughont qm alchom apo djent PRES. PROT.+
AOR. OPT.
12b
Actual fact He always phones before coming He always phones before (his) coming The tempest threatens before it rises Intention/Indication of preparation He always phones before with a view to coming They always lie before giving back the money
13b
Bhwq dhtis Pri iwesi pro chwseti qm ludht FUT. IND..+ AOR. SUB. Pri iwesi pro chwseti cemtjes Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leudhsonts pri iwesi pro chwseti Pri iwesi lughsonti qm alchom apo djent FUT. IND..+
AOR. OPT.
13b
Actual fact He will always phone before coming He will always phone before his coming (=13a) Intention/Indication of preparation He will always phone before with a view to coming (=13a) They will always lie before giving back the money
192
11c
Bhwq dhtis Swpomes/swpmes adqod stropom kleumes

AOR. EFF./PROT.+AOR. EFF
11c
Actual fact We kept sleeping until we heard the noise It remained written until they deleted it He did not announce the victory until he reached the city Intention/Indication of preparation We kept sleeping until we would hear any noise It remained written until they could delete it (=until deletion) He would not announce the victory until he would reach the city
Skroibht/skribhsto adqod w tod lijnt PLPF. EFF./PROT.+AOR.

EFF.
Seghos n pri kart qm polim ept AOR. EFF.+AOR. EFF. Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Swpmes adqod stropom klwmes (=d stropokltim)
AOR. PROT.+ AOR. OPT.
Skribhsto adqod w tod lijoint (=d wilojom) Seghom pri n karst qm polim epoit AOR. PREC. + AOR.
OPT.
(=ptm d polim, eptim d plejos, d polptm) 12c Bhwq dhtis Tlqomedha adqod eks krddhmn ausijmes
PRES. EFF. + AOR. SUB.
12c
Actual fact We are talking until we run out of credit It remains written until they delete it Intention/Indication of preparation We are talking until we may run out of credit It remains written until they may delete it
Skroibhei adqod w tod lijnt

PF. IND. + AOR. SUB.
Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Tlqomedha adqod eks krddhmn ausijoimes

PRES. EFF. + AOR. OPT.
Skroibhei adqod w tod lijoint

PF. IND. + AOR. OPT.
13c
Bhwq dhtis Swpsomos adqod stropom kluwomes

FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB.
13c
Actual fact Well be sleeping until we hear the noise It will remain written until they will delete it Three months will elapse until/before they discover the truth
Skribhtm bhwseti adqod w tod lijnt Trejes procecwoses bhwsonti mnoses adqod eks wra weront
FUT. PF. IND. + AOR. SUB.
193
Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Swpsomos adqod stropom klwmes Skribhtm bhwseti adqod w tod lijoint Trejes procecwoses bhwsonti mnoses adqod eks wra werjnt 11d Bhwq dhtis Leumn neu kelujmes adqod mmbhomes
AOR. PROT. + AOR. EFF.
Intention/Indication of preparation Well be sleeping until we might hear the noise It will remain written until they can delete it Three months will elapse until/before they might discover the truth 11d Actual fact We would travel without paying until we got punished We would travel without paying until our punishement Intention/Indication of preparation We travelled without paying until we could get punished 12d Actual fact We usually travel without paying until we get punished Intention/Indication of preparation We are travelling without paying until we get punished 13d Actual fact We will travel without paying until we get punished Intention/Indication of preparation We will travel without paying until we (may) get punished
Leumn neu kelujmes nserm d mombhom Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leumn neu keljmes adqod mmbhoimes
AOR. PROT. + AOR. OPT.
11d
Bhwq dhtis Leumn neu nitjd keljomes adqod mmbhomes

PRES. PROT. + PRES. PROT.
Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leumn neu keljomes adqod m mmbhoimes

PRES. PROT. + AOR. OPT.
11d
Bhwq dhtis Leumn neu kelsomes adqod mmbhmes

FUT. + AOR. SUB.
Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leumn neu kelsomes adqod mmbhoimes

FUT. + AOR. OPT.
194
Smitiwdos smdhtla seijod, qidei, jwn ts sm, smit, jom, dom, mom, mtrom 21a Prdoikots jom petet, stenmn qesnim strpet Prdoiketi piptn t, stenmn qesnim strpet (En) prdoiketos potoi, stenmn qesnim strpet Ksurm jom eks dhr ght, tresoma Ksurm eks dhraghn t (dhr ghl), tresoma Ksurm en (esjo) dhraghtewi tresoma 22a 23a [mnketi] Bhwq dhtis Prdoikots jom ptseti, stenmn qesnim strpseti 2x FUT. IND. (En) prdoiketos potoi, stenmn qesnim strpseti Apo jom isesi, dhworim klawde Apo jonts dhworim klawde En apo itewi/ (en) apo ojoi dhworim klawde Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Sedos jom drkm, seds
AOR. SUB. + FUT. IND.
The expression of simultaneity
21a
When the actor fell down, the orchestra rumbled plaintively *The actor falling down, the orthestra rumbled plaintevely With the actors downfall the orchestra rumbled plaintively When he took out the knife, I got scared When taking out the knife (having taken out), I got scared In (his) taking out the knife, I got scared
22a 23a
[uacat] Actual fact When the actor falls down, the orchestra will rumble plaintively With the actors downfall the orchestra will rumble plaintively When you go, close the door When going, close the door When going, close the door Intention/Indication of preparation When I see a seat, I will sit down When I happen to see a seat, I will sit down
Sedos jom drkoijm, seds

AOR. OPT. + FUT. IND.
195
21b
Stoighom jom trm (=stoighom sei trm, iwesi dkster-laiw spekm Stoighom en tertewi iwesi dkster-laiw spekm Stoighom trnts (teronts), iwesi dkster-laiw spekm Bhltom drkt sei, ment wesr jmi bhewtum (kolisposmlej) Bhltom drkls, ment wesr jmi bhewtum (posmlej) Bhltom en drktewi/ en drkteni, ment wesr jmi bhewtum Nbhes perti jom ims bhbhmes Nbhes perti jontes bhbhmes Nbhes perti en itewi bhbhmes
21b
When crossing a street (=everytime I crossed a street), I always looked right and left *In the crossing a street, I always looked right and left As I crossed a street, I always looked right and left When he saw a flower, he would think it was already spring (quasipost.) Having seen a flower, he would think it was already spring (posterior) *In seing a flower, he would think it was already spring When we passed through the cloud we were afraid When we passed through the cloud we were afraid *In passing through the cloud, we were afraid
22b
Stoighom terom sei, (iwesi) dkster-laiw spekjom Stoighom jom ter, iwesi dkster-laiw spekj Stoighom trnts (teronts), iwesi dkster-laiw spekj Stoighom en tertewi iwesi dkster-laiw spekj Sikena ta en upo seqdhjoi, Einos sqomna snseti qrmona, qelnubhmn qrmona sm pl nnts
22b
Everytime I cross a street, I look right and left When crossing a street, I always look right and left As I cross a street, I always look right and left *In the crossing a street, I always look right and left In pursuing these objectives, the Union shall carry out the following activities, complementing the activities carried out in the Member States
23b
Stoighom jom ters, iwesi dkster-laiw speks Stoighom en tertewi iwesi dkster-laiw speks
23b
When I will cross a street, I will always look right and left *In the crossing a street, I will always look right and left
196
21c
Demtr drjt joqe smit swisdt Demtr swisdt dom drjt Drjonts demtr swisdt Drtim jwnts (drte) demtr swisdt Drtimtrom demtr swisdt Neqom grnos mdet jwnts deuks nsers cecst
AOR. EFF. + PLPF. PROT.
21c
The bricklayer worked and whistled at the same time The bricklayer whistled while he worked The bricklayer whistled while working The bricklayer whistled during the work (at work). *The bricklayer whistled in the meantime of work Never did the council meet while our leader was away
22c
Demtr swisdeti joqe smit drjeti Demtr swisdeti dom dr jeti Drjonts demtr swisdeti Drtim jwnts demtr swsdeti *Drtimtrom demtr swsdeti N altjs esmi, n meghei pelu esti daitjos Qidei skwnoisi nuwts smes, Weteljm usdhowi bhms
22c
The bricklayer works and whistles at the same time The bricklayer whistles while he works The bricklayer whistles while working The bricklayer whistles during the work *The bricklayer whistles in the meantime he works Now I am an adult, I dont have much time Now we have passed our exams, we are on holidays in Italy. (quasiposterior)
23c
Demtr swisdseti dr seti dom Drjonts demtr swisdseti
23c
The bricklayer will whistle while (he will be) working The bricklayer will whistle while working 21d The bricklayer would always whisle while working 22d The bricklayer always whisles while working 23d The bricklayer will always whistle while working
21d 22d 23d
Demtr swisdt iwesi dom drjt Demtr swisdeti iwesi dom dr jeti Demtr swisdseti iwesi dom dr seti
197
21e
Jwnts w qid dhs labhnt, nwostis molt Jwnts w qid dhs lbhontes esnt, nwostis molt W qid dhs lbhontom (gen. abs.), nwostis molt Jwnts w qid dhs lbhtor, nwostis molt Jwnts w qid dhs labhmom st, nwostis molt W qid dhs lbhmosjo (gen. abs.), nwostis molt Qid dhs en w labhtewi/ labhdhjoi nwostis molt Jom putlom sm, meghei daitjos teusmn est enim skidm swenmn ddktum Qidei (=praipodei jom) skwnoisi nuwts smes, Weteljm usdhowi sodomes
21e
While they were debating what to do, the news came up While they were people debating what to do, the news came up While debating what to do, the news came up While what to do was being discussed, the news came up While what to do was object of discussion, the news came up What to do being object of discussion, the news came up *In the debate what to do, the news came up When I was a child, I had a lot of time and decided to learn music When (=on the occasion of) we passed all our exams, we went on holiday to Italy (quasiposterior)
22e 23e
[mnketi] Bhwq dhtis Jwnts w qid dhs lbhsonti, nwostis mlseti Qidei skwnoisi nuwts bhwsomes, Weteljm usdhowi isomos/litsomos. (kolisposmlej) Jom senos bhews, meghei daitjos teusmn bhwseti enim skeids qid tbhi dhs
22e 23e
[uacat] Actual fact While they will be debating what to do, the news will come up Having passed all our exams, we will go on holiday to Italy (quasiposterior) When I am old I will have a lot of time and will decide what to do with it
198
Kolisposmlej Apo ludhsesi, bhsomedha Apo jom ludhsesi, bhsomedhai Apo tewe ludhlosjo, bh somedhai Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Jom senos bhuwom (an moghm), skeids qid ditibhi dhs AOR. SUB.+FT. IND. Jom senos bhjm (praipodom an eiksm), skeids qid ditibhi dhs AOR. OPT.+FT. IND. 21f Jwnts w qid dhs labhnt, iwesi nwostis molt (moltjt) Qid dhs en w labhtewi iwesi nwostis molt (moltjt) 22f 23f [mnketi] Jwnts w qid dhs lbhsonti (labhtsonti), iwesi nwostis mlseti (moltseti) FUT. (ITER.) Qid dhs en w labhtewi iwesi nwostis mlseti (moltseti)
FUT. (ITER.)
Quasiposterior Youll come back, well speak When you come back, well speak Having you come back, well speak
Intention/Indication of preparation When I am old (if I can), I will decide what to do with my time When I am old (if I ever have the chance), I will decide what to do with my time 21f While they were debating what to do, the news would always come up *In the debating what to do, the news would always come up 22f 23f [uacat] While they will be debating what to do, the news will always come up *In the debating what to do, the news will always come up
199
Posmlowdos smdhtla pos, posti, posnim, jom epi, pori, met, jn tos, apoqod, tpo, ita tom, jom epi 31a Bhwq dhtis Pos krpjons trgm qm dnum term AOR. EFF.+ AOR. EFF. Krpjons trgm dnewos pos tertim Krpjons trgm dnutrtim /dnutorom pos Dnum tetr ws/ tetrusj krpjons trgm Krpjons trgm jom epi dnum term/ jom epi dnum tetr ws/ tetrusj Krpjons trgm epi dnutrtim pos Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Pos Mnkom teksnt qm kusdhom klpont Pos Mnkom teksnt qm kusdhom klpoint AOR. PREC.+
AOR. OPT.
The expression of posteriority
31a
Actual fact I wiped my shoes after crossing the river I wiped my shoes after the crossing of the river I wiped my shoes after ther rivercrossing Having crossed the river, I wiped my shoes I wiped my shoes as soon as I crossed the river (quasisimultaneous) I wiped my shoes just after the river-crossing Intention/Indication of preparation They would flee to Monaco after stealing the treasure (and they did steal the treasure) They would flee to Monaco after stealing the treasure (but everything was just a plan) They would flee to Monaco after the theft of the treasure They may have fled to Monaco after stealing the treasure (the theft is a fact) They may have fled to Monaco after stealing the treasure (everything is a conjecture) Lets hope they have fled to Monaco after stealing the treasure
Mnkom teksnt ksdhosjo pos klopom/kusdhom pos klptm/ kusdhoklopom pos Pos Mnkom tekwnt qm kusdhom klpont AOR. SUB.+
AOR. EFF.
Pos Mnkom tekwnt qm kusdhom klpoint AOR. SUB.+

AOR. OPT.
Pos Mnkom tekwoint qm kusdhom klpoint AOR. OPT.+

AOR. OPT.
200
32a
Bhwq dhtis Pos krpjons torga qm dnum tora PF. IND.+PF. IND. Krpjons torga dnutrtim /dnutorom pos/dnewos tertim Dnum tetr ws/ tetrusj krpjons torga PF. PRT.+ PF/ IND. Krpjons torga jom epi dnum tora/ jom epi dnum tetr ws/ tetrusj Pos krpjons terg qm dnum tora PRES. IND.+ PF. IND. Krpjons terg dnutrtim /dnutorom pos/dnewos tertim Dnum tetr ws/ tetrusj krpjons terg PF. PRT+PRES. IND. Krpjons terg jom epi dnum tora/ jom epi dnum tetr ws/ tetrusj Domus mgjs prpeti pori werga dhdhra Domus mgjs prpeti wergodhmn pos Pertidemn domus mgjs prpeti PF. PART. +PRES. IND. Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Pos Mnkom tekwnti qm kusdhom klpoint Mnkom tekwnti kusdhoklopom pos/ksdhosjo pos klopom/kusdhom pos klptm
32a
Actual fact Ive wiped my shoes after crossing the river Ive wiped my shoes after the rivercrossing/the crossing of the river Having crossed the river, Ive wiped my shoes Ive wiped my shoes as soon as I have crossed the river (quasisimultaneous)
I am wiping my shoes after crossing the river I am wiping my shoes after the river-crossing/the crossing of the river Having crossed the river, I am wiping my shoes I am wiping my shoes just after crossing the river (quasisimultaneous) The house looks bigger after they have done works The house looks bigger after the execution of the works The house looks bigger once it has been refurbished Intention/Indication of preparation They may be fleeing to Monaco after stealing the treasure They may be fleeing to Monaco after the theft of the treasure
201
33a
Bhwq dhtis Pos krpjons tergs qm dnum torom FUT. IND. + PF. SUB. Krpjons tergs dnutrtim /dnutorom pos/dnewos tertim Dnum tetr ws/ tetrusj krpjons tergs Krpjons tergs jom epi dnum torom/ jom epi dnum tetr ws/ tetrusj Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Pos Mnkom tksonti qm kusdhom klpoint FUT. IND.
+AOR. OPT.
33a
Actual fact I will wipe my shoes after crossing the river I will wipe my shoes after the rivercrossing/the crossing of the river Having crossed the river, I will wipe my shoes I will wipe my shoes as soon as I have crossed the river (quasisimultaneous) Intention/Indication of preparation They will flee to Monaco after stealing the treasure They will flee to Monaco after stealing the treasure They may flee to Monaco after stealing the treasure They may flee to Monaco after the theft of the treasure
Mnkom tksonti kusdhoklopom pos/ksdhosjo pos klopom/kusdhom pos klptm Pos Mnkom tksnt(i) qm kusdhom klpoint Mnkom tksnt(i) kusdhoklopom pos/ksdhosjo pos klopom/kusdhom pos klptm
202
31b
iwesi pos skeidt qm (ambhu) aitje wewqtm/ wqstm

AOR. PROT. + AOR./PLPF PROT.
31b
He always decided after both parts had spoken
iwesi skeidt (ambhus) aitjus wewqlus/woqwesus

AOR. PROT. + PART. AOR./PF.
He always decided after both parts had spoken He always decided after the speech of both parts He always decided after the bilateral speech He always decided just after both parts had spoken He always decided just after the speech of both parts
iwesi pos skeidt (ambhus) aitjus wqom/weqtim pos iwesi skeidt ambhitiwqom/ambhitiweqt im pos iwesi pos skeidt jom epi (ambhu) aitje wewqtm/ wqstm iwesi skeidt epi ambhitiwqom/ambhitiweqt im pos / (ambhus) aitjus wqom/weqtim pos
32b
iwesi pos skeidet qm (ambhu) aitje wweqtm

PRES. PROT.. + PRES. PROT.
32b
He always decides after both parts have spoken He always decides after both parts have spoken He always decides after the speech of both parts He always decides just after both parts have spoken
iwesi skeidet (ambhus) aitjus wewqlus/woqwesus iwesi skeidet ambhitiwqom/ambhitiweqt im pos / (ambhus) aitjus pos wqom/weqtim iwesi pos skeidet jom epi (ambhu) aitje wweqtm
203
33b
iwesi pos skidseti qm (ambhu) aitje wewqtm

FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB.
33b
He will always decide after both parts will have spoken He will always decide after both parts have spoken He will always decide after the speech of both parts He will always decide just after both parts had spoken
iwesi skidseti (ambhus) aitjus weqlus/woqwesus iwesi skidseti ambhitiwqom/ambhitiweqt im pos / (ambhus) aitjus pos wqom/weqtim iwesi pos skidseti jom epi (ambhu) aitje wewqtm
204
31c
Ghebhl mene pisdjt pori bheudhm Ghebhl mene pisdjt bheustjes apo Mijnto pori prwnim mdont
31c
My head ached since I woke up My head ached since my awakening They (had) changed since they first met
32c
Ghebhl poqod bhoudha pisdjeti Mijr (mijrai) pori prwnim mdont Mijr (mijrai) pori dhljs esnt Trqr twos gr nos mdet poqod deuks nsers cece AOR.+ PF. Neqom grnos mdet poqod deuks nsers cece AOR. +AOR. Grnokl kklawstai poqod deuks nsers cece PF. + PF.
32c
My head aches since I woke up They have changed since they first met They have changed since they were babies The council has met three times since our leader departed Never has the council met since our leader departed The meeting room is closed since our leader departed
33c
Bhwq dhtis Ghebhl mene pisdseti pori bhoudhom FUT. IND. +SUB. PF. Moimns bhwsonti pori prwnim mdont
FUT. PF. IND.+ AOR. SUB.
33c
Actual fact My head will ache since I wake up They will have changed since they first met They will change/will have changed since they first meet Intention/Indication of preparation We wont have to work from the time we may hit the lottery
Misontoi/mijusjs bhwsonti pori prwnim mdnt

FUT./FUT. PF IND. +AOR. SUB.
Seiktis/Adesmndiktis N drtum sklsomos pori klutjom tghoimes
205
31d
Slwoqom niknt pori prwnim mdont AOR. SUB. Slwoqom niknt prwd po modnd
31d
They quarrelled all the time since they first met They quarrelled all the time since their first meeting
32d 33d
Slwoqom nkjonti pori prwnim mdont Slwoqom nksonti pori prwnim mdnt
32d
They are quarreling/have been quarreling all the time since they first met They will quarrel once and againg since they fist meet
33d
206
Updhtiwdos smdhtla an, s(w)ei, jod ei Bhwoq updhtis Udbhwr deiws an, swes senti
PERF. IND. + PRES. IND.
The expression of condition
m an tom-ke Real condition (Indicative-effective) If gods exist, they are good If you know it, please say it If it is Claudia, she has a mole on her left arm
Woista an, chedh seqe

PERF. IND. + PRES. IMP.
Kaudj an esti, (tom-ke) esji bhghewi esti mlnomos laiwi

PRES. IND. + PRES. IND.
Ainos dhdhja an (=woinwents esmi an), membhtwijos esmi

PERF. IND./PRES. IND.+ PRES. IND./FUT. IND.
If I have commited a crime (=if I am guilty), I shall be punished
Upo mewom an seqonto, upo yusm toqe sqsonto AOR. IND. + FUT. IND. Te n widrim klst, tom-ke ers st
AOR. IND. + AOR. IND.
If they persecuted me, they will also persecute you If he called you stupid he was wrong
Probhoudhos: nglij opwents bhmr , Namibj ita n (Smodhiwom)
Attention: If England is a rich nation, Namibia not so much (Comparative)
207
Enstntqmdqdqej updhtis
Incidental condition in the present (Indicative-protelative) If you press the button, the lift comes
Gourom premes an, skanstos cm sket

PRES. IND. (PROT.) + PRES. IND.
ndhi edm sei, ghebhl edunt

PRES. PROT. + PRES. PROT.
Everytime I eat too much, my head aches Whenever you call me, I try to help you
Ghawes mewom sei, knja tewom jewtum

PRES. PROT. + PRES. PROT
Bhloqmdqdqej updhtis
Incidental condition in the past (Indicativeprotelative)
Ghawnt ns sei, ins knjmedha jewtum

AOR. PROT. + AOR. PROT.
Whenever they called us, we tried to help them If he promised something, he would not lie
Spepondt qid (an), n lught
Bhewsontqmdqdqej updhtis Ghwssi sei, knsi tewom jewtum

FUT. SUB. FUT. IND.
Incidental condition in the future (Future subjunctive) Whenever you call me, I will try to help you
208
Ambhgois updhtis N komqiqerjosjtra En seti an, widseti ss bhwssi (an), dnom tebhei ds
FUT. SUB. FUT. IND.
Eventual condition (Subjunctive) Imperfective clauses If he happens to be inside, he will know it If you are good, I will give you a present If he keeps silent, I will fall asleep Perfective clauses Should he come, I will tell him what to do
Tkjt (an), dr misi

PRES . SUB. + FUT. IND.
Komqiqerjosjtra Ludht (an), weqs qid dhtwijom (seti)

AOR. SUB. FUT. IND. PRES. SUB.
Posti ghwet (an), en gals

AOR. SUB. FUT. IND.
If she calls later, I will talk with her
Mrtis pelset an, n qis mrtum welt

AOR. SUB. AOR. IND.
When death approaches, no one wants to die The board decided that should any employee win more clients or have an exemplary performance, they would be rewarded If he shuts up, they will not expel us
Komnom skkidet jod worgs qis an pljosns epet qoksns awti dikmenjom eikt pronojom, apo misdhsto
AOR. SUB. + PRES. SUB. + PRES. PREC.
Tkset (an), apo n sme n jsonti

AOR. SUB. + FUT. IND.
209
Mnstrej minpnij updhtis N komqiqerjosjtra Prijm ikojm (an) enim eikmi-, ghoilos sjm
PRES. OPT. + PRES. OPT.
Imaginary potential condition (Optative) Imperfective clauses If I had a friend -and I may have it-, I would be happy If I were rich, I would live otherwise If you had time, you should help (Recommendative) If he kept silent, I would fall asleep Perfective clauses If I became rich, I would leave my present job and live otherwise If I left my present job I would live otherwise If he shut up, they would not expel us If he had shup up, they would not expel us
Reiwents sjm (an), njota cejwoim

PRES. OPT. + PRES. OPT.
Daitim eikois, jewois (Prkn stijom) Tkjoit (an), dr mjoija Komqiqerjosjtra Reiwents bhjm, ntenm linqoim wergom enim njota cejwoim
AOR. OPT. + PRES. OPT. + PRES. OPT.
Ntenm liqoim wergom njota cejwoim Tkbhjt, apo n sme n jijnt

AOR. OPT. I + PRES. OPT.
Tkst, apo n sme n jijnt

AOR. OPT. II + PRES. OPT.
210
nsntos nbhwoq updhtis Prijm eiksm (an) atqe n eikmighoilos bhewsm 2 x PRES. PREC. Bhlosjo nbhwoq updhtis Alchom noudsm solwom, n n
PERF. PREC.
Irreal condition of present (Precative) If I had a friend -but I cant have it-, I would be happy Irreal of past (Precative) If I had spent all the money, now I could not go on holidays
moghsm usdhowi eitum

PRES. PREC
Meghei leiktim pplkss (an), n mn sm AOR. PREC. + AOR. PREC. Alchom nudissm solwom, tom-ke n moghsm usdhowi eitum
PLPF. PREC. + AOR. PREC
If you had advised me to leave, I would not have stayed. If I had spent all the money, then I could not have gone on holidays If he had kept silent, they would not have expelled us Irreal of future (Subjunctive/ precative) If he were married by that time, he would not believe the reality If he were married by that time, he would not believe the reality
Tkbhst, apo n sme n jsnt

AOR. PREC. + AOR. PREC.
Bhewsntnbhwoq Sm jugns tom an eset, bhwonom n krddhjet

PRES. SUB. + PRES. SUB.
Sm jugns tom an bhewst, bhwonom n krddhjet

PRES. PREC. + PRES. SUB.
Rd ciwotm (an) ludht, bhwonom n krddhjet

AOR. SUB. + PRES. SUB.
If he came back to life, he would not believe the reality If he came back to life, he would not believe the reality
Rd ciwotm (an) cemst, bhwonom n krddhst

PRES. PREC.+ PRES. PREC.
211
Smosttwdos smdhtla jota, jotei, s(w)ei, swi, tm.qm, mgis, plis, pljs, meiwis, minos, jwn tomtwn tom Somot Knmona-swo knonti jota esom awisdhjonti wqesa Twn tod bherois klwesos m wn tod pkos n smei loiqta (Ita) bhto jota sei duspodom woidst
AOR. EFF. + PF. PREC.
The expression of comparison
Equality They sing their songs as they feel their lyrics Take as much glory as peace you leave to us He spoke as if he had seen the accident He was speaking /used to speak as if he were seeing the football match He was speaking /used to speak as if he were going to see the football match He is speaking as if he had seen the accident He is speaking as if he were seeing the football match He is speaking as if he were going to see the football match Just like frogs move by jumping and jumping, the same way my children move Well do it as you want Well do it as you may want it
(Ita) bhwto jota sei pedgugjospordhm widst

AOR. PROT. + PRES. PREC.
(Ita) bhwto jota sei pedgugjospordhm widoit

AOR. PROT. + AOR. OPT.
(Ita) bhtoi jota sei duspodom woidst

PRES. EFF. + PF. PREC.
(Ita) bhtoi jota sei pedgugjospordhm widst

PRES. EFF. + PRES. PREC.
(Ita) bhtoi jota sei pedgugjospordhm widoit/widjt AOR. PROT. + AOR.

OPT./PRES. SUB.
Arti jota prows (wodroks) djejont dhr neut, dhr neut, ita putla menja (djejont) Tod dhsomos jota wn skes Tod dhsomos jota wn sks/ wn skois
212
n somot Bhodjs apoworetus qm upoqeltus Pri ststti apoworetus upoqltewes Apoworetis upoqltewes bhodjs Prosodos Meiwis ghost, minos kn krewos eikt (=meiwis kn kjt) Mgis wel bhrtros-two dr km, mgis glmi Jwn tom tom jwn tom te spekj, twn twn tom lubhsmi
Inequality It is better to prevent than to treat It is more worth preventing than treating Prevention is better than treatment Progression The less she ate, the less appetite she had The more I see your brothers face, the more I laugh The more I look at you, the more I fall in love
213
Weismnwdos smdhtla jod, qod, jod qid, ar, ar ge, qija, ghina, josmd Bhwoqos Nws sonqe; jegibhr ghom proti stoupt Nws sonqe q-i jegibhr ghom proti stoupt Nws sonqe jodqid jegibhr ghom proti stoupt Nws sonqe jegibhr ghom proti stupl
(kolimlejom sjtrom) PF. IND. + PART. AOR.
The expression of cause
Real The ship sank; she had hit an iceberg The ship sank which (=because she) had hit an iceberg The ship sank because she had hit an iceberg The ship sank having hit an iceberg (quasitemporal clause) The ship sank because of the fact of colliding against an iceberg The ship sank because of a collision against an iceberg The ship sank on account of a collision against an iceberg The ship sank due to the collision against an iceberg
Nws jegibhr ghoprotistupt sonqe Nws jegibhr ghoprotistupt sonqe Nws jegibhr ghoprotistuptews/ jegibhr ghoprotistuptejs rdh sonqe Nws jegibhr ghoprotistuptiwois sonqe
Bhloigos n dom tje; dhghmones oljoi en senti Bhloigos n dom tje; ghina dhghmones oljoi en senti Bhloigos n dom tje, jod (=qija) dhghmones oljoi en senti Bhloigos n dom tje dhghmones oljoi nesn tes (kolimlejom sjtrom)
The film has not finished yet; all the people are inside The film has not finished yet; indeed all the people are inside The film has not finished yet, since all the people are inside The film has not finished yet, all the people being inside (quasitemporal clause)
214
Elwom adjonti wosjom; dhljos cm jti Elwom adjonti wosjom, ar ge dhljos cm jti (=komjougosjtrom) Elwom adjonti wosjom, jod dhljos cm jti Elwom adjonti wosjom dhlj cmonq (prmom sjtrom) Elwom adjonti wosjom dhljcm t Elwom adjonti wosjom dhljcm t Elwom adjonti wosjom dhljcm tiwois
They are preparing the pink room; a baby is coming They are preparing the pink room because a baby is coming (=coordinative clause) They are preparing the pink room because a baby is coming They are preparing the pink room, a baby being coming (absolute clause) They are preparing the pink room because of the fact of the babys arrival They are preparing the pink room because of the babys arrival They are preparing the pink room due to the babys arrival
Bhendrom ormodht s; im mrjomnom widt Bhendrom ormodht s jod/ qod im mrjomnom widt Bhendrom ormodht s qom im mrjomnom widt Bhendhrom mrjontm widl , im ormodht Bhendhrom mrjomnom weidn ts, im ormodht
He pitied her friend; she saw him dying He pitied her friend, because she saw him dying He pitied her friend, whom (=because) she saw him dying As (=when, because) she saw her friend dying, she pitied him As (=when, because) she was seing her friend dying, she pitied him
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Aljodhmnabhns Apjnos esti wergd jod/ qod adkl nobhos n prijs sjt/bhjoit Twkr ts jod/ qod jwn tm kr njt loketor Twkr ts jod/ qod jwn tm keroit loketor Twkr ts prowrtosjo juwn tkrjosjo rdh loketor iwesi prijtms ismei bhuwnt jod/ qod prd ins nosojoit iwesi prijtms ismei sont jod/ qod prd ins bhwsn ti nosesoit
Referred as someone elses opinion Hes been expelled from work (as they said/allegedly) because he was not friendly to the clients Socrates was arraigned on the ground that he was corrupting the youth Socrates was arraigned on the ground that he (had) corrupted the youth Socrates was arraigned on account of alleged corruption of the youth They were always very kind to him because he had delivered them from danger They are always very kind to him because he is supposed to deliver them from danger in the future
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Proqrejos Gudhj jod wljesi Gudhj jod wljsi Gudhbhm jod wljesi Gudhj jod wlbhs Gudhbhm jod wljsi Gudhj jod wlbhuwes Gudhs jod wljesi Gudhj jod wlsesi Gudhs jod wljsi Gudhj jod wlssi Tod esti jod swr ghmes Tod esti jod swrghmosi Tod esti jod swrghsmosi
Thematic I am happy you are fine I am happy you are probably fine I was happy you were fine I am happy you were fine I was happy you were probably fine I am happy you were probably fine I will be happy that you will be fine I am happy you will be fine I will be happy that you will probably be fine I am happy you will probably be fine This is something we had to be careful about This is something we have to be careful about This is something well have to be careful about
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Epistmejos (koliskomjougosjtra) Josmd somosod cm jesi, ad moi wogheje koinns (Josmd) n knmis n moght steightum N moght steightum, josmd knmns n eikt (=ar knmns n eikt) n dhistutejos Oqowidnim Ludhj donsonjom cme, qidpe im edjw woida Upomnejos (ptij /prknej) Epi tewom n dhedhmm jod/ qod odws bhsm r sonbhsmwe, n jod/ qod lubhm
2 X AOR. PREC + AOR. IND.
Epistemic (quasicoordinative clauses) Since you are coming by car, bring the cradle to me (Since) legless it could not walk It could not walk, since it had no legs (=as it had no legs Assertive Of course Lydia has come to school, since Ive seen her today Hypothetical (with optative/precative) I did not critize you because I hated or envied you, but because I loved you
Epi tewom n dhmsm jod/ qod odws bhjm r sonbhjmwe, n jod/ qod lubhm
2 X AOR. OPT. + AOR. IND.
I did not critize you because I hated or envied you, but because I loved you
Epi tewom n dhmej jod/ qod dsm r sonesmwe, n jod/ qod lubhj
2 X PRES. PREC. + PRES. IND.
I dont criticize you because I hate or envy you, but because I love you I dont criticize you because I hate or envy you, but because I love you I wont criticize you because I will hate or envy you, but because I will ove you
Epi tewom n dhmej jod/qod doim r sonejoimwe, n jod/ qod lubhj

2 X PRES. OPT. + PRES. IND.
Epi tewom n dhmes jod/qod odws bhewsoim r sonesoimwe, n jod/ qod leubhs
2 X FUT. OPT. + FUT. IND.
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Sqermnwdos/kmseqmnwdos smdhtla tori, ita, itaqe, tom, tom-ke, jotosqe, t wn tos, ute, itajod, ita..jota, tm..qm, tmjod, ttom Bhl qertis Akrd dhuwt wentos, klsomom med repet (ddhmn ) Akrd dhuwt wentos, tom-ke klsomom med repet (enbhorokomjougos) Akrd dhuwt wentos, (enim) tori klsomom med repet Ita akrd dhuwt wentos, jod klsomom med rept AOR. PROT. IND. + AOR. SUB. (Ita) akrd dhuwt wentos ute med klsomom reptewei AOR. INF. Tm akrd dhuwt wentos qm klsomom med reponts AOR. PART. Akrd dhuwt wentos klsomom med reponts AOR. PART. Tm apo sm dew, jod im n dr ksm
AOR. EFF. + AOR. PREC.
The expression of effect/ consecution
Past action The wind blew strongly; it pulled off my scarf (apposition) The wind blew strongly, and so pulled off my scarf (illative coordination) The wind blew strongly, (and) therefore pulled off my scarf The wind blew so strongly, that it pulled off my scarf *(So) strongly blew the wind as to pull off my scarf *The wind blew so strongly as (being able to) pull off my scarf The wind blew strongly pulling off my scarf I was so far that I could not see him I was so far that I did not see him I was so far that I would not see him thereafter
Tm apo sm dew, jod im n dr km

AOR. EFF. + AOR. SUB.
Tm apo sm dew, jod im n dr ksonts bhsm

AOR. EFF. + AOR. PREC. COMP.
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Enstnts qertis Kmm ikomos wrgosjo, qorjostnei sptmantjoisi wsomosi Kmm ikomos wrgosjo, tom-ke qorjostnei sptmantjoisi wsomosi Kmm ikomos wrgosjo, (enim) tori qorjostnei sptmantjoisi wsomosi T wn tod ikomos wergom (wrgosjo), jod qorjostnei sptmantjoisi wsmosi PRES. IND. + PRES. SUB. T wn tod ikomos wergom (wrgosjo) ute qorjostnej sptmantjoisi westewei T wn tod ikomos wergom jotosqe qorjostnej sptmantjoisi wsontes Tm apo esmi dew, jod im n ddorkom
PRES. EFF. + PERF. SUB.
Present action We have a lot of work; are staying in the office during the weekends We have a lot of work, and so we are staying in the office during the weekends We have a lot of work, (and) therefore we are staying in the office during the weekends We have so much work that we are staying in the office during the weekends We have so much work so as to stay in the office during the weekends We have so much work that we are staying in the office during the weekends I am so far that I havent seen him
Tm apo esmi dew, jod im n dr kjmi

PRES. EFF. + PRES. SUB.
I am so far that I dont (cannot) see him I am so far that I will not see him
Tm apo esmi dew, jod im n dr ksm(i)

PRES. EFF. + FUT. SUB.
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Bhewsonts qertis Douknom stn tjeti, per modnom oighejm (oighes) Douknom stn tjeti, tom-ke per modnom oighejm (oighes) Douknom stn tjeti, (enim) tori per modnom oighejm (oighes) Ita douknom stn tjeti, jod per modnom oighejm PERF. IND. + PRES. SUB. Ita douknom stn tjeti, jota eg modnom oighjesei ACT. FUT. INF. Ita douknom stn tjeti, jota per mojo modnom oighjesdhji PASS. FUT. INF. (Tm) douknom stn tjeti, jotosqe per mojo modnom oighsont ABS. INSTR.+
D.OBJ.
Future action The train is delayed, I will miss the meeting The train is delayed, and so I will miss the meeting The train is delayed, (and) therefore I will miss the meeting The train is so delayed, that I will miss the meeting *The train is delayed, so as to miss the meeting *The train is delayed, so as the meeting to be missed by me The train is (so) delayed, being myself missing the meeting The train was delayed, so that he would miss the meeting I will be so far that I wont see him
Ita douknom stn tjet, jod per modnom oighesonts bhst PRES. PROT. + AOR.
PREC. COMP.
Tm apo bhews dew, jod im n dr ksmi

FUT. IND. + FUT. SUB.
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Protistoupowdos smdhtla eti, eti s(w)ei, eti an, epi, qita, n, qidimmqe, qmqm Dhtijos protistoupos Bhl qertis Bhloukjom roudhom bht, stoighom tert AOR. IND. + AOR. IND. Bhloukjom roudhom bht. N stoighom tert (protiwrtnokomjougos) Eti sei bhloukjom roudhom bht, stoighom tert Eti (sei) bhloukj roudh sn t, stoighom tert PART. PRES. + AOR. IND. Epi/eti bhloukj roudh, stoighom tert nstnts qertis Eti sei bhloukjom roudhom esti, stoighom treti PRES. IND.+PRES. IND. Eti (sei) bhloukj roudh sn t, stoighom treti PART. PRES.+ PRES. IND. Wra wdonti, eti (sei) kaun Wra wdonti, eti kaun snta Wra wdonti, eti sei kaun sonti Bhewsonts qertis Eti sei bhloukjom roudhom bhwseti, stoighom trseti FUT. IND. +FUT. IND Eti (sei) bhloukj roudh sn t, stoighom trseti PART. PRES. + FUT.
IND.
The expression of concession
Factual concession Past accion The light was red; he crossed the street The light was red; however he crossed the street ( adversative coordination) Even though the light was red, he crossed the street Even the light being red, he crossed the street Even with the red light, he crossed the street Present action Even though the light is red, he is crossing the street Even the light being red, he is crossing the street They tell the truth, even (if) shameful They tell the truth, even being shameful They thell the truth, even if it is shameful Future action Even though the light will be red, he will cross the street Even the light being red, he will cross the street
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Updhtijos protistoupos Eti sei bhloukjom roudhom bhst, stoighom terst

Conditional concession Even if the light had been red, he would have crossed the street Even the light being red, he would have crossed the street Even if the light were red, he would (now) cross the street Even the light being red, he would (now) cross the street Even if the light may be red, he would cross the street Even the light being red, he would cross the street Even if he had apologized, I would not have forgiven him Even having apologized, I would not have forgiven him Even if he apologizes, I will not forgive him Even having apologized, I will not forgive him Even if he would apologize, I would not forgive him Even having apologized, I would not forgive him Even if he may apologize, I would not forgive him Even having apologized, I wouldl not forgive him
Eti (sei) bhloukj roudh sn t, stoighom terst

PART. PRES. + AOR. PREC.
Eti sei bhloukjom roudhom bhewst, stoighom terst

PRES. PREC. + PRES. PREC.
Eti (sei) bhloukj roudh sn t, stoighom terst

PART. PRES. + PRES. PREC.
Eti sei bhloukjom roudhom bhewt, stoighom tert

PRES. SUB. + PRES. SUB.
Eti (sei) bhloukj roudh sn t, stoighom tert

PART. PRES. + PRES. SUB.
Eti sei prd prekst, w im n mn bhsm

Eti (sei) proprekl, w im n mn bhsm PART. AOR. + AOR. PREC. Eti sei prd prekt, w im n mn jmi
AOR. SUB. + PRES. SUB.
Eti (sei) proprekl, w im n mn jmi

PART. AOR. + PRES. SUB.
Eti sei prd pr kst, w im n mnsm

PRES. PREC. + PRES. PREC.
Eti (sei) proprekl, w im n mnsm

PART. AOR. + PRES. PREC.
Eti sei prd prekoit, w im n mnjoim

AOR. OPT. + PRES. OPT.
Eti (sei) proprekl, w im n mnjoim

PART. AOR. + PRES. OPT.
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Skndsljos protistoupos Epi mneswos (esn ts), n bhughseti Mneswos esn ts, n bhughseti Qmqm ghlendhm PRES. SUB., n kom n kj kod ddktum uponejr Dn suqlosjo skreibhmn, epi prjotnim skrbhnm, iwesi n lgnijom Wtnstijos protistoupos Qidimmqe gssto, ddi tewom stergs Qidimmqe gistm, ddi tewom stergs Qidimmqe gsto AOR. SUB., ddi tewom stergs Qidimmqe geistwijom, ddi tewom stergs Apgnujos protistoupos Ita dht, (t) n tosmi proktor (protiwrtnokomjougos) Ita dht, pr ktim neu tosmi Ita dht tosmi npr kns Ambhimojs protistoupos Qita lchodtijom edqom pomos/ psmos AOR./ FUT SUB. stoutom newe, prd oln-nos isomos lchodtijom edqom epls/ psontes stoutom newe, prd oln-nos isomos Strongwos protistoupos Neqid nsttjei wdhn tos pitmd prowent bhewtum mgheti eti sei nsttis dhghomenmsm w krtt
Scalar concession However clever he may be, he wont succeed Clever as he is/may be, he wont succeed No matter how much I study, I dont succeed in learning this lesson A scholars writing, though written carefully, is always illegible Extensional concession Whatever may have happened, I shall love you for ever *Whatever happened, I shall love you for ever Whatever may happen, I shall love you for ever *Whatever to happen, I shall love you for ever Negative concession He did so, (however) he had not been asked for that (adversative coordination) He did so, without having been asked for that *He did so unasked for that Alternative concession Whether we get/ get thereafter any financial support or not, we will go ahead with our project *Getting any financial support or not, we will go ahead with our project Restrictive concession Nothing that leads to revolt can be definitively dangerous even if revolt may distort the character of the people.
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Koituwdos Pslkes dhr neut djejont Pslkes dhr neuwn tes djejont Pslkes dhrt djejont Pslkes dhr djejont Pslkes dhromoghtr/ dhrtimoghtr djejont -t (-tw) demtis Piskim ghost kersrom n neut didksker Strteni mmnt, ati swijom ugeti croughnos Suswedhesregdhlns n dhighrst wergopedom ghde Deiwom gnt sl wopkowidhchijos bhweti; ollnoisu qntessu, gntimrtjewidhchijos bhweti. Ismi mest, tritjos esti sttus; kr peswileute , olardijaudhis, oinei wn sk kmpl n Apo n strept sodt jekom bhrghesi
The expression of manner Fleas move by jumping Fleas move jumping Fleas move with the jumping Fleas move with the jump Fleas move by means of the jump/jumping
-t (-tw) construction By eating fish you keep your brain healthy One learns by teaching On constantly remembering, ones grief grows anew He got his post by transgressing rules of ethics By knowing God there is a falling off of all fetters; when the sufferings are destroyed, there is a cessation of birth and death. By meditating on him, there is the third state; on the dissolution of the body, universal lordship; being alone, his desire is fulfilled She went without making any noise
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Atikpjodemtis Piskim edn ts jekom bhrghesi kersrom n neunts didksker Strteni mmnskn tos, ati swijom ugeti croughnos (perm) Strteni mmnskonts, ati swijom augjeti croughnos Suswedhesregdhlns ndhighr dls wergopedom ghde Piktamorignasweqtum wedhmn koits (esti) Morignasweqtum pikusjs updtijos (esti) (perm) Apo n streponts sodt Koliskmseqmenjos Qqi ghostipotjei wrsotrom bht, qesjo wornos qqosjo ghstipotjos kr pjobhjom plakbhwt Qqi ghostipotjei wrsotrom bht, ita jod qqoworsotrowornos qqosjo ghstipotjos kr pjobhjom plakbhwt Qqi ghostipotjei wornoi kr pjobhjom plakntm wrsotrom bht updtijos morignm wedhmn koits
Participial construction By eating fish you keep your brain healthy The one who teaches learns On constantly remembering, ones grief grows anew (absolute) The one who constantly remembers, makes ones grief grows anew He got his post by transgressing rules of ethics Blessing the adorned girl is the traditional way of marriage Blessing the girl after adorning the girl is the traditional way of marriage (absolute) She went without making any noise Quasiconsecutive For every guest there was an umbrella the colour of which went with the colour eacb guests shoes For every guest there was an umbrella so that the colour of eacb umbrella went with the colour eacb guests shoes For every guest there was an umbrella going with eacb guests shoes in the colour
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3.-Ambhtowos wistolos mdesom, wr tjm esomqe kmseqmenos
General pattern of tenses, moods and their sequence
Mood Indicative mood Subjunctive mood Optative mood Precative mood Imperative mood Infinitives/ participles
Modal connotations Reality, universality or assertiveness Capacity, eventuality or potentiality Potentiality, wish or recommendation Potentiality, intention or irreality Order -----
Indicative mood: Reality, universality or assertiveness Aspect Temporal perspective In simple sentence/ in principal clause/ in In rest of subordinate clauses temporal, causal or consecutive subordinate* Reproduction of an ongoing action Relatively simultaneous action Universal Absolute: universal action Aorist effective Perfective. Absolute: action vanished in the past Absolute: past action recalled in the present (dramatic) Relatively past action
Present effective Present protelative
Imperfective. action in progress Imperfective or durative
Aorist protelative
Imperfective or repetitive Resultative, consequent, stative Imperfective and perfective
Perfect Future
Absolute: single action with a duration in the past (constantive) Past action caming over to the Relatively resultative present action Future singular or durative Relatively future action action
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Chapter B3: General pattern of moods, tenses and their sequence
Subjunctive mood: Capacity, eventuality or potentiality Aspect In simple sentence/ in principal clause/ in causal clause* Present Imperfective. Possible or eventual Future eventual Aorist Perfect Future Perfective. Past potential Temporal perspective In subordinate In subordinate clause clause (temporal, final, (conditional and consecutive, or concessive type) injunctive type)
In subordinate clause (reportative type) Relatively simulataneous transmitted action Relatively past transmitted action
Relative future eventual
Relative Resultative, Resultative Relatively resultative Resultative resultative consequent, potential/ transmitted action potential/ eventual potential/ eventual stative eventual Imperfective Future potential/ Future potential/ Relative future Relatively future and perfective eventual eventual potential/ eventual transmitted action
Optative mood: Potentiality, wish or recommendation Aspect Temporal perspective In simple In subordinate In subordinate sentence/ in clause clause principal (conditional (temporal, final, clause/ in and concessive consecutive, or causal clause* type) injunctive type) Present Imperfective. Potential, recommendative or desiderative Past potential, recommendative or desiderative
In subordinate clause (reportative type) Relatively simultaneous potential transmitted action Relatively past potential transmitted action
Imaginary potential
Relative potential
Aorist
Perfective.
Perfect
Resultative, consequent, stative
Resultative potential, recommendative or desiderative
Relative resultative potential
Relatively resultative potential transmitted action Relatively future potential transmitted action
Future
Imperfective and perfective
Future potential, recommendative or desiderative
Relative future potential
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Aspect
Present
Imperfective.
Aorist
Perfective. Resultative, consequent, stative
Precative mood: Potentiality, intention or irreality Temporal perspective In simple sentence/ in In subordinate clause In subordinate clause principal clause/ in causal, (final, portative and (conditional-concessive temporal or consecutive temporal type) and injunctive type) subordinate clause* Intentional future of the Relative intentional Irreal present/ irreal future present. Recommendative future proposal. Potential event. Relative intentional Irreal past Irreal past future of the past Intentional future of the past Relative irreal past Intentional future of the past Resultative irreal Relative resultative irreal Resultative irreal
Perfect
Imperative mood: Order or concession Aspect Temporal perspective In simple sentence/ in principal clause Present or future order Presen, past or future order Resultative order Future or universal order
Present effective Aorist effective Perfect Future
Action to be realised Perfective. Resultative, consequent, stative Imperfective and perfective
*In these subordinate constructions, the perfect in the subordinate clause has a correlation with the principal clause and viceversa. This perfect may thus adopt past (pluperfect) o future (perfect future) forms, either in principal or in subordinate clause, following rules of sequence of tenses.
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Chapter B3: General pattern of moods, tenses and their sequence
Dikmona Kmmi jod n swswdha Kmm jod n swswdhm Kms jod n sweswdhws bhews
Examples I get tired because I am not used to it I got tired because I was not used to it I will get tired because I will not be used to it I am so tired that I am not liking it I was so tired that I was not liking it I will be so tired that I will not be liking it
Tm kkoma jod n lubhjm Tm kkomm jod n lubhjm Tm kekmws bhews jod n lubhsm Lloubha jod im gnwa Lloubhm jod im gnwm Lelubhws bhews jod im gnws bhews Pos lloubha qm im gnwa Pos lubh sm qm im gnwm Pos lelubhws bhews qm im gnws bhews Pos leubhs qm im gnws bhews
I have a liking for him because I know him I had a liking for him because I knew him I will have a liking for him because I will know him I have a liking for him after having known him I got a liking for him after having known him I will have a liking for him after having known him I will get a liking for him after having known him
Pri lloubha qm im gnwa Pos lloubhm qm im gnwm Pri lelubhws bhews qm im gnws bhews
I have a liking for him before having known him I had a liking for him before having known him I will have a liking for him before having known him
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4.-Kmseqtis mdesom iwoisu pttisu, ud modessptis bhweti Jom slis bhweti, dhghomm tepti AOR. SUB (=Jom slis bhuweti, dhghomm tepit/ tpst AOR. OPT) Qota oinonts tn gjois jodhei mtr-two sjt? (=jodhei mtr-two esti?)
Sequence of moods In some particular cases, modal attraction may take place: When there is sun, may it warm the earth
How could you feel lonely where your mother is?
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References
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A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean

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A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean

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Fernando Lpez-Menchero Dez

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