Child Developmental Milestones

As children grow older, they tend to learn new things everyday and indulge in more and more complex activities. They also start understanding as well as expressing things much more clearly than before. All these activities constitute the physical, mental and emotional growth of a child. There can be disparities in the development and progress of different children. Some children may learn to do certain things a bit earlier or a little later than the other kids. Still, keeping an eye on the developmental milestones of your child, based on what average children are able to do within a certain age, can help you apprehend any developmental delays and problems in time. Let us get some information on the development and milestone charts for children. What are Developmental Milestones Developmental milestones can be described as a set of functional skills or age-specific tasks that an average child is able to do when he reaches a specific age. Most of the pediatricians make use of these milestones to make sure that a child is developing at a normal pace and is not suffering from any growth-related problems. However, while making use of these milestones, a parent should keep in mind that it is not necessary for a child to be able to do a specific task exactly within the age range mentioned. Some variations are bound to be there, as every child is unique. It is only when the variations become too much that a need for worry arises. Skills The skills that are generally studied in the growth and development charts for babies include: Basic Motor Skills: Using large muscle groups in sitting, standing, walking, running, balancing and changing positions Advanced Motor Skills: Using hands to eat, draw, dress, play, write and indulge in other things Learning Skills: Learning to speak and use body language as well as gestures for communication, ability to understand others Cognitive and Thinking Skills: Learning, problem-solving and reasoning Social Skills: Interacting with others, maintaining relationships with family, friends and teachers, learning to share and cooperate and responding to other people's feelings

Milestone Chart for Young Children (Two to Two and a Half Years Old)
This milestone chart is for kids who are twenty-five months to thirty months old. It enumerates skills that children normally do, are still learning and the ones that they might do though they are still advanced for their age, month by month, from twenty five months of age to the age of thirty months or two and a half years:

Age of the Child 25 and 26 months old or just two years old

Common Skills Dresses down on his own Know the names of many body parts and can say them Builds tower of three or four blocks

Skills Still Learning Washes and dries hands by himself Brushes teeth with help Dresses up on his own Speech is understandable most of the time Throws a ball overhand Builds tower of several blocks Speech is understandable all the time Draws a vertical line Speech is understandable all the time Can balance himself on one foot

Rare Skills Speech is understandable all the time Draws vertical line

27 and 28 months old

Speech is understandable most of the time Dresses up on his own Jumps up and down Washes and dries hands by himself Brushes teeth with help

Draws vertical line Can balance himself on one foot Can put on T-shirt Can recognize and say names of colors Known the names of his friends

29 to 30 months old or two and a half years old

Milestone Chart for Babies (One to Six Months Old)

This milestone chart is for babies who are one to six months old. It enumerates skills that children normally do, are still learning and the ones that they might do though they are still advanced for their age, month by month, from immediately after their birth as a newborn up to the age of six months:

Age of the Child 1 month old

Common Skills Lifts head Responds to sound Stares at faces

Skills Still Learning Follows moving objects by eyes Make cooing sounds Can see patterns in black and white and their contrasts Smiles Laughs Holds head at 45 degree angle Smoother movements Squeals and make gurgling and cooing sounds Recognizes mom's voice

Rare Skills Smiles Laughs Holds head at 45 degree angle

2 months old

Make gurgling and cooing sounds Follows moving objects by eyes Holds head up for short periods Laughs Keeps head steady Recognizes mom's face and

Keeps head steady Bears weight on legs May lift head and shoulder in a pushup-like position

3 months old

Listens and turns toward loud sounds Can bring hands together

can know her by her scent 4 months old Keeps head up and steady Can bear weight on legs Make cooing sounds in response to your talk Understands differences in bold colors Rolls over Plays with own hands and feet Turns to look at the source of sounds and voices Imitates sounds Blows bubbles Rolls in both directions

Do mini-pushups Can grasp a toy Reaches out to touch or grab objects Rolls over Recognizes and turns to look at the source of new sounds Recognizes own name Reaches for objects and puts them in mouth Sits without support Ready for solids

May try to bat at toys Rolls over Imitates sounds and speech made by you such as baba, mama First tooth may show up May be ready for solids May sit without support for a moment or two Puts objects in mouth Stranger anxiety may begin May start crawling or lunge forward May jabber trying to combine syllables May try to drag objects toward himself

5 months old

6 months old

Milestone Chart for Children (Two and a Half to Three Years Old)
This milestone chart is for kids who are thirty-one months to thirty-six months old. It enumerates skills that children normally do, are still learning and the ones that they might do though they are still advanced for their age, month by month, from thirty one months of age to the age of thirty six months or three years:

Age of the Child 31 and 32 months old or just two and a half years old

Common Skills Can stack up to six blocks to make a tower Knows at least six body parts by names Throws ball overhand Can name colors Can carry on conversations using two to three sentences at once Can name at least four pictures in a book Learn to use at least two common objects well Uses sentences with about four to five words. Can describe everyday actions such as jumping and running

Skills Still Learning Puts on a T-shirt on his own Can keep balance on each foot for a moment or two Learns to brush teeth on his own Builds tower of up to eight blocks Starts using prepositions in sentences Speech is clear Can keep balance on each foot for about three seconds Can follow more complex commands with tow or three instructions such as go to your room; switch off the lights and go to sleep. Can stay without parents for sometime and do not cry and wail for them

Rare Skills Calls friend by names Washes and dries hands on his own Can use up to two adjectives in one sentence Toilet trained fully, at least during the day Wiggles thumb Express many emotions using body language and sounds Learns to hop, skip and jump. Can draw a circle Can dress up and down on his own

33 and 34 months old

35 to 36 months old or three years old

Milestone Chart for Kids (One and a Half Year to Two Years Old)
This milestone chart is for kids who are nineteen months to twenty-four months old. It enumerates skills that children normally do, are still learning and the ones that they might do though they are still advanced for their age, month by month, from nineteen months of age to the age of twenty four months or two years:

Age of the Child 19 months old or just one and a half year old

Common Skills Learns to use a spoon and fork Runs Throws ball underhand

Skills Still Learning Speech becomes clearer and about half of it is understandable Recognizes trouble or that something is wrong and may call for help Vocabulary increases rapidly and learns 10 or more words a day Can walk up stairs Tries to find objects that are hidden Kicks the ball and can throw it overhand Makes block towers

Rare Skills Can brush teeth with help and wash and dry hands too Can understand the meaning of animal names such as cat or dog and point to its picture May recognize and tell you when child needs to go toilet May be curious about his genitals Draws straighter lines Knows the name of many body parts and can say them Can recognize the picture of cat or dog and say it Can make tow-word sentences such as go park or want candy Can walk down stairs Can put on clothing Might be ready for a big bed Understands opposites (tall and short) Walk down stairs Expresses his likes and dislikes and talks about himself Asks 'Why?' questions about almost everything Learns and understands simple abstract words and concepts like sooner and later Understands gender differences Starts jumping

20 months old

Will pretend a doll to be a baby and feed it Can take off own clothes with help Can imitate actions just as throwing garbage Can walk up stairs Loves to help with household chores Can follow simple goals such as keeping a toy in its place Can kick a ball forward Follows two-step requests (get your doll and bring it here) Imitates others' behavior Stack up to 4 blocks to make a tower Names simple pictures in a book Learns and uses about 50 words Can tell at least six body parts in a doll About half of what he says is clear and understandable Can make short sentences

21 months old

22 months old

Can do simple puzzles Can draw a straight line Can identify several body parts Uses two or three word sentences Sings simple tunes Loves to play with other kids Expresses his likes and dislikes and talks about himself Can arrange and categorize things Can walk down stairs

23 months old

24 months old or two years old

Milestone Chart for Toddlers (One Year to One and a Half Year Old)
This milestone chart is for toddlers who are thirteen months to eighteen months old. It enumerates skills that children normally do, are still learning and the ones that they might do though they are still advanced for their age, month by month, from thirteen months of age to the age of eighteen months or one and a half year:

Age of the Child 13 months old or just one year old

Common Skills Learns to use two words besides 'mama' and 'dada' well Stoops while standing to pick up objects Stands without support Feeds using fingers Pull things out from jars and empties containers Imitates others

Skills Still Learning Finds gazing at his reflection funny and amusing Drinks from a cup Plays hide-and-seek or peek-a-boo Walks well while toddling Makes and starts his own games to play Learns the names of body parts and point to them when the name is said Can draw a dot and a line Masters running 'No' becomes his favorite word

Rare Skills Uses combination of words and gestures to express himself Tries to lift heavy things Rolls a ball back and forth like to play 'Catch and throw' Starts learning how to use spoon or fork Can find matching lids of containers, pots and pans according to size and shape Pushes and pulls toys while walking Can climb up stairs Begins to learn with household chores Learns to put his fingers to mouth and say 'shhh' to indicate silence or secrecy Can take a piece or two of clothes by himself May become picky eater Nap times reduce from two to one Dances when music plays Learns to sort toys by color, shape or size Learns to kick ball to launch it forward Throws ball overhand Loves to pull toys apart and then put them back together Ready for toilet training

14 months old

15 months old

Plays with ball Learns about five words other than initial vocabulary Can walk backward

16 months old

Can turn the pages of a book Has toddler temper tantrums Has favorite toy or object to which he becomes attached Vocabulary increases and he learns to use some words regularly Loves to play pretend games and riding toys Loves to watch the pictures or 'read' his board books on his own Learns to scribbles well Can pedal his tricycle

Climbs well Can stack up to three blocks Learns to use common objects such as telephone Understands and responds to directions May feed dolls like a real baby Speech becomes clear Can put words together to make phrases Brush teeth with help Can stack up to four cubes together

17 months old

18 months old or One and a half year old

Personality disorders are a class of social disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture. These patterns develop early, are inflexible and are associated with significant distress or disability. The definitions may vary some according to other sources. Official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the diagnostic manual of the American Psychiatric Association and in the mental and behavioral disorders section of the ICD manual of the World Health Organization. The DSM-5 published in 2013 now lists personality disorders in exactly the same way as other mental disorders, rather than on a separate 'axis' as previously. Personality, defined psychologically, is the set of enduring behavioral and mental traits that distinguish human beings. Hence, personality disorders are defined by experiences and behaviors that differ from societal norms and expectations. Those diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience difficulties in cognition, emotiveness, interpersonal functioning or control of impulses. In general, personality disorders are diagnosed in 4060 percent of psychiatric patients, making them the most frequent of all psychiatric diagnoses. These behavioral patterns in personality disorders are typically associated with substantial disturbances in some behavioral tendencies of an individual, usually involving several areas of the personality, and are nearly always associated with considerable personal and social disruption. A person is classified as having a personality disorder if their abnormalities of behavior impair their social or occupational functioning. Additionally, personality disorders are inflexible and pervasive across many situations, due in large part to the fact that such behavior may be ego-syntonic (i.e. the patterns are consistent with the ego integrity of the individual) and are, therefore, perceived to be appropriate by that individual. This behavior can result in maladaptive coping skills, which may lead to personal problems that induce extreme anxiety, distress or depression. These patterns of behavior typically are recognized in adolescence and the beginning of adulthood and, in some unusual instances, childhood. There are many issues with classifying a personality disorder - is it really a disorder, or just difficulties getting on socially? There are many categories of definition, some mild and some extreme. Because the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders stem from prevailing cultural expectations, their validity is contested by some experts on the basis of invariable subjectivity. They argue that the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders are based strictly on social, or even sociopolitical and economic considerations.

Personality disorder diagnoses in each edition of American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic [21] Manual

DSM-I

DSM-II

DSM-III

DSM-III-R

DSM-IV(-TR)

DSM-V Proposals

Personality

Pattern disturbance:

Inadequate

Inadequate

Schizoid

Schizoid

Schizoid

Schizoid

Schizoid

Cyclothymic

Cyclothymic

Paranoid

Paranoid

Paranoid

Paranoid

Paranoid

Schizotypal

Schizotypal

Schizotypal

Schizotypal*

Personality

Trait disturbance:

Emotionally unstable

Hysterical

Histrionic

Histrionic

Histrionic

Borderline

Borderline

Borderline

Borderline

Compulsive

Obsessivecompulsive

Compulsive

Obsessivecompulsive

Obsessivecompulsive

Obsessivecompulsive

Passiveaggressive:

Passivedepressive subtype

Dependent

Dependent

Dependent

Passiveaggressive subtype

Passiveaggressive

Passiveaggressive

Passiveaggressive

Aggressive subtype

Explosive

Asthenic

Avoidant

Avoidant

Avoidant

Avoidant

Narcissistic

Narcissistic

Narcissistic

Narcissistic**

Sociopathic personality

Disturbance:

Antisocial reaction Antisocial

Antisocial

Antisocial

Antisocial

Antisocial-

psychopathic

Dyssocial reaction

Sexual deviation

Addiction

Appendix:

Appendix:

Appendix:

Self-defeating

Negativistic

Dependent

Sadistic

Depressive

Histrionic

Paranoid

Schizoid

Negativistic

Depressive * Not actually to be classified as a personality disorder; classified instead as a form of schizophreniaspectrum disorder.

Millon's description of personality disorders[edit]

Psychologist Theodore Millon, who has written numerous popular works on personality, proposed the following description of personality disorders:
[22]

Millon's brief description of personality disorders

Type of personality disorder

Description

Paranoid

Guarded, defensive, distrustful and suspiciousness. Hypervigilant to the motives of others to undermine or do harm. Always seeking confirmatory evidence of hidden schemes. Feels righteous, but persecuted.

Schizoid

Apathetic, indifferent, remote, solitary, distant, humorless. Neither desires nor needs human attachments. Withdrawal from relationships and prefer to be alone. Little interest in others, often seen as a loner. Minimal awareness of feelings of self or others. Few drives or ambitions, if any.

Schizotypal

Eccentric, self-estranged, bizarre, absent. Exhibits peculiar mannerisms and behaviors. Thinks can read thoughts of others. Preoccupied with odd daydreams and beliefs. Blurs line between reality and fantasy. Magical thinking and strange beliefs.

Antisocial

Impulsive, irresponsible, deviant, unruly. Acts without due consideration. Meets social obligations only when self-serving. Disrespects societal customs, rules, and standards. Sees self as free and independent.

Borderline

Unpredictable, manipulative, unstable. Frantically fears abandonment and isolation. Experiences rapidly fluctuating moods. Shifts rapidly between loving and hating. Sees self and others alternatively as all-good and all-bad. Unstable and frequently changing moods.

Histrionic

Dramatic, seductive, shallow, stimulus-seeking, vain. Overreacts to minor events. Exhibitionistic as a means of securing attention and favors. Sees self as attractive and charming. Constant seeking for others' attention.

Narcissistic

Egotistical, arrogant, grandiose, insouciant. Preoccupied with fantasies of success, beauty, or achievement. Sees self as admirable and superior, and therefore entitled to special treatment.

Avoidant

Hesitant, self-conscious, embarrassed, anxious. Tense in social situations due to fear of rejection. Plagued by constant performance anxiety. Sees self as inept, inferior, or unappealing. Feels alone and empty.

Dependent

Helpless, incompetent, submissive, immature. Withdraws from adult responsibilities. Sees self as weak or fragile. Seeks constant reassurance from stronger figures.

Obsessive compulsive

Restrained, conscientious, respectful, rigid. Maintains a rule-bound lifestyle. Adheres closely to social conventions. Sees the world in terms of regulations and hierarchies. Sees self as devoted, reliable, efficient, and productive.

Depressive

Somber, discouraged, pessimistic, brooding, fatalistic. Presents self as vulnerable and abandoned. Feels valueless, guilty, and impotent. Judges self as worthy only of criticism and contempt.

Passive aggressive (Negativistic)

Resentful, contrary, skeptical, discontented. Resists fulfilling others expectations. Deliberately inefficient. Vents anger indirectly by undermining others goals. Alternately moody and irritable, then sullen and withdrawn.

Sadistic

Explosively hostile, abrasive, cruel, dogmatic. Liable to sudden outbursts of rage. Feels selfsatisfied through dominating, intimidating and humiliating others. Is opinionated and close-minded.

Self-defeating (Masochistic)

Deferential, pleasure-phobic, servile, blameful, self-effacing. Encourages others to take advantage. Deliberately defeats own achievements. Seeks condemning or mistreatful partners.