J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.

99 (2011) 955963

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jweia

Long-term monitoring of wind-induced responses of a large-span roof structure

Ji Young Kim a, Eunjong Yu b,n, Dae Young Kim a, Yukio Tamura c
a

Daewoo Institute of Construction Technology, 60 Songjuk-dong, Janan-gu, Suwon, Kyounggi-do 440-210, Republic of Korea Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea c Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-02, Japan
b

a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history: Received 3 November 2009 Received in revised form 15 June 2011 Accepted 23 June 2011 Available online 16 July 2011 Keywords: Full-scale measurement Large-span structures Wind-induced acceleration Finite element modeling Vibration Wind tunnel test

abstract
A long-term monitoring of the wind acceleration responses of the World Cup Stadiums roof structure in Jeju-do, Korea was carried out. Modal properties were extracted from collected data using the system identication technique, and variations of modal properties associated with the change in temperature and vibration amplitude (wind speed) were examined. The investigation indicated that up to a 5% increase in the natural frequencies was accompanied by a 27.2 1C rise in temperature. It also indicated approximately 5% decreases in the natural frequencies and increases of more than twice the damping ratios with an increase in ve times the vibration amplitude. In addition, the reliability of the natural frequency prediction for this type of structures using the current analytical technique was examined by comparing with measured natural frequencies. In the FE model, nonlinear effects caused by the geometric stiffness and stress stiffening were included. The analytical natural frequencies showed good agreement with the measured values within a difference of 5%. An analytical prediction of wind-induced responses of the structure was made based on the wind tunnel test results, the analytical natural frequencies and mode shapes, including the added mass effect. Predicted wind-induced responses showed reasonable match with the measured accelerations during typhoons and winter storms. & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction The effects of wind on large and complicated structures including large-span structures have mainly been assessed by wind tunnel tests (Vickery and Majowiecki, 1992; Yasui et al., 1999; Suzuki et al., 1997; Biagini et al., 2007). Typically, the tests are implemented to acquire measurement data regarding the structures vibrations or the pressure distributions at different parts of the structure due to the applied wind. Then, dynamic analyses in the time or frequency domain using presumed dynamic properties of the structure and measured data from the wind tunnel test are adopted to determine the wind-induced responses of the structure. Accordingly, for an accurate prediction of the wind-induced responses, in addition to the precision of the wind tunnel test, proper estimates of the structures dynamic properties are important as well. Generally, in the numerical calculation to determine the windinduced responses, natural frequencies are estimated via the modal analysis of the FE model. Since actual natural frequencies

Corresponding author. Tel.: 82 2 2220 4311. E-mail address: eunjongyu@hanyang.ac.kr (E. Yu).

of a structure vary greatly with the size and shape of a structure and the conguration of the structural members, it is more reasonable to use estimates from the FE model rather than the values from the empirical equations, and the use of appropriate assumptions in modeling is very important. For building structures, a number of studies that compared measured natural frequencies and mode shapes with their analytical counterparts are available, and some of them successfully matched analytical natural frequencies with measured ones (Su et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2009). However, in the case of long-span structures, little eld measurement data are available (Magalhaes et al., 2008; Tamura et al., 2005; Letchford et al., 2002; Chen et al., in press), and analytical assumptions that are used in FE models for such special structures have not been veried factually. In the case of damping ratios, since analytical techniques that can assess the damping properties of structures have not been previously developed, empirical values based on the previously collected data are generally applied. In this study, the dynamic properties of the long-span roof structure of the World Cup Stadium in Jeju-do, Korea, were extracted from the data collected from a eld measurement that lasted more than four years. The rst issue that will be addressed in this paper is the verication of the analytical assumptions in

0167-6105/$ - see front matter & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2011.06.008

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the FE model through the comparison of the analytical and measured natural frequencies. The second issue covered in this study is the investigation of the effects of the changes in the vibration amplitude and ambient temperature on the dynamic properties. As can be seen in the case of structures such as cablestayed bridges (Ni et al., 2005; Macdonald and Daniell, 2005), tall buildings, and stacks (Kanazawa et al., 2003; Kanazawa, 2007), the dynamic properties of large-span roof structures whose structural members are exposed to the outdoor air may vary with the temperature or with the vibration amplitude. To investigate the variations caused by the vibration amplitude, modal properties of measured acceleration data during summer typhoons and winter storms were identied respectively and compared. The inuence of the temperature change was examined using measured data collected during the summer, fall, and winter. In addition, to check the reliability of the natural frequency estimation by the FE model, the structure was carefully modeled using a FE analysis program and its analytical natural frequencies were compared with the measured values. Finally, predicted wind-induced responses of the structure were compared with actual measured responses to assess the overall validity of determining wind-induced responses based on the wind tunnel tests combined by the dynamic analysis, which is the general procedure for the current structural design practice.

2.2. Field measurement A total of 16 strain gage-type accelerometers were installed at nine measurement points in the roof structure, as shown in Fig. 4. Accelerometers were positioned to enable the measurement of acceleration in the x-, y-, and z-directions. Accelerometers for the x- and y-directions had a 1g capacity whereas the accelerometers for the z-axis direction had a 2g capacity in consideration of the acceleration due to gravity. Signals from the accelerometers were amplied by additional ampliers, digitized using an A/D converter, and nally recorded into a computer. During the A/D conversion, an anti-aliasing lter with a cut-off frequency of 50 Hz was used to eliminate the aliasing of signals. Details of the equipment used for the acceleration measurement are summarized in Table 1. In addition to the accelerometers, an anemometer was installed on the top of the roof structure to measure the direction and velocity of the wind, respectively. The locations of the anemometer are also shown in Fig. 4.

Rear Truss

Rear Rim Truss Radial Truss

2. Monitoring of wind-induced response 2.1. Description of structure The structure investigated in this study was the roof structure of the World Cup Stadium in Seogwipo, Jeju-do, Korea, which was built for the KoreaJapan World Cup held in 2002. The overall shape of the stadium is shown in Fig. 1(a). The maximum width of the roof is 200 m, and the maximum height from the ground to the top of the roof is 47 m. The roof is a truss structure constructed of steel pipes and clad with Teon sheets as shown in Fig. 1(b). As shown in the plan view (Fig. 2), the roof truss has a crescent shape composed of the front and rear cords, which are linked by radial truss elements. The roof truss is anchored to concrete block foundations at both ends and is supported by six masts. As shown in Fig. 3, the roof is hanging to the masts with stay cables and pin connections between the rear cord of the truss and the central part of the masts. The masts are supported by the back stay cables to prevent overturning. Prestressing forces are applied to both of the stay cables and back stay cables. As shown in Fig. 1(b), arch pipes were installed at each truss bay and Teon sheets were attached to the tops of the pipes as exterior cladding. Halfway between the arch pipes and the outside of the sheets, valley cables were placed to restrain the movement of the sheets.

Front Truss Front Rim Truss

200 m
Fig. 2. Plan view of the roof structure.

Stay Cable Back Stay Cable Mast

47 m

Fig. 3. Section of the stadium.

Fig. 1. Seoguipo 2002 World Cup Stadium: (a) perspective view and (b) detail of roof membrane.

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their paths are indicated in Fig. 5. Fig. 6 shows the measured 10 min average wind velocities and wind directions during the two events. The maximum 10 min average velocity and its respective wind direction were 22.35 m/s and 53.751 for Nabi, and 17.34 m/s and 51.11 for Shanshan. The average wind directions during the typhoons were 59.791 and 68.201, respectively. The responses of the roof structure during the winter storm from November 12th to 18th, 2006 were also measured. The winter storms maximum 10 min average wind velocity was much lower than that during the typhoons. The average wind direction during the winter storm event ranged from 501 to 801. At the end of 2007, the measurement system was upgraded to a permanent system that allowed for continuous measurement. The collected data by the upgraded system from 2008 to 2009 was used to

Fig. 4. Locations of the accelerometers and the anemometer.

Table 1 Sensors and DAQ system. Equipment Specications Total numbers 2g: 9 EA 1g: 7 EA 16 channels

Accelerometers Capacity: 1g for translational; 2g for vertical directions Strain gage type Manufacturer: Tokyosokki/Japan Amplier Bandwidth: DC  2.5 kHz Range: 50,000 10 6 strain Manufacturer: Tokyosokki/Japan Resolution: 24-bit No. of channel: 16-channel (Anti-aliasing lter) Manufacturer: DEWETRON/Austria

A/D converter

16 channels

: Location of peak influence to Seoguipo-city

Date: Sep./8th/2005 Date: Sep./19th/2005 Japan

Typhoon Nabi
Time: 21:00 Date: Sep./5th/2005

Seoguipo-city Jeju island

Korea
East Sea

Typhoon Shanshan
Time: 10:00 Date: Sep./17th/2006

Taiwan

Date: Aug./5th/2005 Date: Sep/17th/2006

Fig. 5. Path of the typhoons, Nabi and Shanshan.

The dates of the measured data for this study spanned from September 2005 to February 2009. However, in 2005 and 2006, measurements were carried out temporarily only during typhoons and strong wind events: typhoon Nabi in 2005, typhoon Shanshan in 2006, and a winter storm event in 2006. Nabi and Shanshan affected Seogwipo City from September 5th to 6th, 2005 and from September 17th to 18th, 2006, respectively, and

Fig. 6. 10 min mean wind velocities and corresponding wind directions during (a) Typhoon Nabi and (b) Typhoon Shanshan.

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identify the effects of temperature change on the dynamic properties of the roof structure.

3. Identication of modal properties from the measured data 3.1. Procedure of modal identication The measured data were digitally ltered using a band-pass lter with cut-off frequencies of 0.01 and 10 Hz to remove signal drifts and high frequency noises. The data were then decimated to a 20 Hz signal for efcient numerical data processing. Subsequently, the frequency domain decomposition (FDD) technique (Brincker et al., 2000) was applied to extract the dynamic properties of the structure. In the FDD, a cross power spectral density (CPSD) matrix is rst calculated from the measured acceleration and subsequently decomposed into singular values and singular vectors at each frequency point using singular value decomposition (SVD). The natural frequencies of the structure are determined from the peaks of the SV plot. Vibration mode shapes are obtained from the singular vectors at their corresponding natural frequencies. For the evaluation of modal damping ratios, singular values near a certain mode (peak) with a corresponding vector having a sufciently high modal assurance criterion (MAC) (Allemang and Brown, 1982) value were selected and transformed back into the time domain, which is approximately equivalent to the impulse response of the SDOF system. The modal damping ratio was evaluated from the free-decaying impulse response signal using the logarithmic decrement (LD) technique (Brincker et al., 2001). For frequency domain techniques such as the FDD, the accuracies of the extracted dynamic properties depend on the frequency resolution of the transformed frequency domain data (Tamura, 2006). The appropriate frequency resolution may vary with the amount of noise and precision of the data. To determine the optimum frequency resolution for the dataset, FDD analyses using the same datasets but different frequency resolutions ranging from 1.22 103 to 9.77 103 Hz were carried out and their results were compared. Fig. 7 shows the change in the natural frequencies and modal damping ratios with respect to the change in the frequency resolution. As shown in the gure, the natural frequency remained almost constant irrespective of the change in frequency resolution. However, damping ratios showed some differences when the frequency resolution was larger than 4.88 103 Hz. Thus, in this study, a frequency resolution of 4.88 103 Hz was used in the FDD analysis. As an example of modal identication by the FDD, Figs. 8 and 9 show the SV plot and mode shapes, respectively, obtained from the sub-sample of which the root-mean-square (rms) acceleration of A3 was 0.9 cm/s2. The determined natural frequencies and modal damping ratios for this sub-sample are shown in Table 2. Modal damping ratios higher than the second mode could not be extracted because the transformed data into the time domain were not entirely those of a free-decaying signal. The rst, second, and third mode shapes obtained from their respective singular vectors are shown in Fig. 9. 3.2. Inuence of the vibration amplitude According to previous researches on tall buildings (Jeary, 1986; Tamura et al., 2005; Kijewski-Correa et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2009), the natural frequencies and damping ratios changed with the variations in vibration amplitude. To investigate the inuence of the vibration amplitude on the structure being studied, the natural frequencies and damping ratios extracted from data samples that had different vibration amplitudes were

Fig. 7. Variations of dynamic properties with respect to the changes in frequency resolution.

1.0E+03
1st

1.0E+02 SV 1.0E+01 1.0E+00 1.0E-01 0.5

2nd

3rd 4

th

6th 5
th

10th 7th 8th th 9

0.7

0.9

1.1 1.3 Frequency (Hz)

1.5

1.7

Fig. 8. SV Plot (sub-sample with rms acceleration of 0.90 cm/s2 at A3).

compared. To this end, the acceleration data measured during the typhoons and storms in 2005 and 2006 were divided into subsamples and sorted by the rms values of the A3 channel measurement (vertical acceleration at the top of the roof, see Fig. 4). Then, the FDD technique was applied to obtain the dynamic properties of each sub-sample. Figs. 10 and 11 summarize the changes in the natural frequencies and modal damping ratios obtained from the sub-samples, respectively. The natural frequencies and modal damping ratios were plotted against the vibration amplitude (i.e., the rms acceleration levels of the accelerometer at A3). Since the accuracy of the higher mode natural frequencies was questionable for some sub-samples that had short durations, only the rst and second modal properties were compared. As shown in

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1st

2nd

3rd

Fig. 9. Mode shapes of the rst to third modes (sub-sample with rms acceleration of 0.90 cm/s2 at A3). Table 2 Measured natural frequencies and damping ratios. Mode Natural frequency (Hz) Damping ratio (%) 1 0.745 0.63 2 0.874 0.74 3 0.950 4 0.989 5 1.108 6 1.213 7 1.453 8 1.536 9 1.555 10 1.616

are presumed as the cracking of structural members and the damage (or detachment) of non-structural components. For exible structures such as cable-stayed bridges and large-space structures that do not have any non-structural components, it is thought that the changes in the natural frequency are presumably caused by the change in geometrical stiffness although clear explanations have not been made yet. The increase in damping is generally explained by the increase in friction within the structures. In addition, aerodynamic damping might have been another factor for the exible roof structure. 3.3. Inuence of temperature change Structures exposed to the outdoor air experience contraction and expansion due to the changes in the ambient temperature. Such contraction and expansion affect the stiffness of the structure and eventually result in a change in the natural frequencies. For the case of other types of structures, especially for the cable-stayed bridges, considerable amount of studies based on long-term eld measurement have been performed. From one-year acceleration and temperature measurement of cable-stayed Ting Kau bridge, Ni et al. (2005) reported that the rst ten natural frequencies changed by 0.2  1.25% with the temperature change of about 50 1C. From ambient vibration measurement of a concrete stack, Kanazawa reported a change of about 1% in the natural frequency with daily uctuations of temperature of about 5 1C, and proved analytically using the heat transfer analysis that the development of heat stress is the main reason for such variations. However, studies for the roof structures regarding the inuence of temperature change on the natural frequencies have not been found from the literature. To observe the effect of temperature on the natural frequencies of the roof structure in this study, data samples with similar acceleration amplitudes were selected from the data collected from July 2008 to February 2009. Table 3 shows the dates of the selected data samples, the 6 h average temperatures, the maximum and minimum temperatures, and the average wind velocities at the time of the collection. Since the average wind velocities of the data samples were almost the same, as that shown in the table, the variations in the natural frequencies were mainly due to temperature change ignoring the change in the vibration amplitude. Fig. 12 shows the variations of the natural frequency with the average temperature for the selected data. The natural frequencies of the rst, second, third, and fourth mode increased by 2.5%, 4.3%, 5.0%, and 4.9%, respectively, while the temperature decreased by 27.2 1C from 27.8 to 0.6 1C. Such variations are somewhat higher than that for the other types of structures mentioned above. This can be supposedly attributed to the fact that the roof truss structure in this

Fig. 10. Identied natural frequencies versus rms acceleration at A3.

Fig. 11. Identied damping ratios versus rms acceleration at A3.

Fig. 10, the rst and the second natural frequencies decreased by 4.26% and 4.75%, respectively, while the rms acceleration at A3 increased from 0.9 to 5.39 cm/s2, respectively. Variations in the damping ratios were more severe than those of the natural frequencies (Fig. 11). As the rms acceleration amplitude increased from 0.9 to 5.39 cm/s2, the rst mode damping ratio increased more than twofold from 0.63% to 1.44%. A decrement in the natural frequency with an increase in the vibration amplitude was reported by previous studies based on the eld measurements of various types of structures. Generally, the causes of the natural frequency drop for building structures

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Table 3 Dates of selected data samples to examine temperature effects. Year Date Temperature (1C) Mean Max Min 2008 07/20 27.6 28.7 26.2 4.0 09/30 20.6 22.1 18.9 4.4 12/05 4.2 9.1 1.6 4.5 12/20 15.7 18.4 11.5 3.5 2009 01/12 2.1 4.9 0.7 3.5

Beam element

Beam element Link element

Daily mean wind velocity (m/s)

Fig. 13. FE modeling of the roof structure.

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

Measurement Analysis

Tension (kN)

10

15 Cable Number

20

25

30

Fig. 14. Comparison of measured and predicted tension forces of the stay cables. Fig. 12. Identied natural frequencies versus temperature.

study is a highly indeterminate structure comparing with the cablestayed bridges or the concrete stack, and thus, changes in the initial stress accompanied with the temperature change were more severe, accordingly resulting in larger variations in the natural frequencies.

Table 4 Comparison of measured and predicted natural frequencies. Mode Natural frequency FDD (a) FE analysis (b) 0.732 0.868 0.959 0.983 1.165 1.8 0.7 0.9 0.6 5.2 6 7 8 9 10 Error (%) Mode Natural frequency FDD (a) 1.213 1.453 1.536 1.555 1.616 FE Analysis (b) 1.378 1.462 1.538 1.612 1.667 13.6 0.6 0.1 3.6 3.2 Error (%)

4. Finite element analysis The analysis of the static and dynamic behaviors of the roof structure was carried out using a three-dimensional FE model, and the results were compared with the measured values. The FE model was constructed using a general-purpose nite element analysis program, ANSYS (2007), based on the information provided in the design document (Korean Structural Engineers Association, 1999). As shown in Fig. 13, the roof truss and the masts were modeled with beam elements, and the master stay cables were modeled with link elements. The self-weight and mass of the structural members were automatically calculated by the analysis program from the material densities. The weights of the nonstructural components, such as the Teon sheets and valley cables (0.8 kN/m2) and the catwalks and the mechanical/lightening/ acoustic devices installed along the catwalks (1.65 kN/m), were estimated as accurately as possible and were included in the FE model as gravity loads and then converted into masses. The natural frequencies and associated mode shapes of the roof structure were calculated considering the nonlinear effects caused by geometric stiffness and stress stiffening, and the results were compared with the measured values. The roof structure was constructed in the following order: (1) installation of a temporary structure to provide workspaces; (2) assembly of the roof truss on the temporary structure; (3) linking the assembled truss with the stay cable and application of the initial tension; and (4) removal of the temporary structure. Thus, to account for the stress state of the truss member accurately, the initial tensile stress applied to the stay cables (i.e., the link elements of the analytical model) as well as the dead loads were considered in the static analysis. The stress of
1 2 3 4 5 0.745 0.874 0.950 0.989 1.108

Error (%) (b a)/a 100

the stay cables after removing the temporary structure was measured experimentally by the vibration method and compared with the static analysis result in Fig. 14. The values of the measured and predicted tensions showed very good agreement, which validates the analysis results. Modal parameters such as natural frequencies and mode shapes were calculated based on detailed static analysis results stated above (based on the deformed conguration and the actual state of the member stress after the application of the permanent loads and initial stress). Obtained natural frequencies and mode shapes are shown in Table 4 and Fig. 15, respectively. The measured natural frequencies in Table 4 were from the dataset, the rms acceleration at A3 of which was 0.9 cm/s2 (identical dataset for Table 2). As shown in Table 4, the predicted natural frequency was in good agreement with the measured natural frequency within a margin of error of 5%. The mode shapes of the rst and third mode obtained from the same dataset (Fig. 9) and from FE analysis looked almost identical and their MAC values (0.947 and 0.972, respectively) were very high. However, in the case of second mode shape, the MAC value was very low (0.033) and the similarity between the analytical and measured mode shape was hard to catch. This is probably due to the fact that the

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Fig. 15. Obtained mode shapes from FE model: (a) 1st, (b) 2nd, (c) 3rd, (d) 4th, (e) 5th, and (f) 6th.

majority of the sensors were located along the z-direction whereas the most of the deformations in the second mode in the FE analysis occurred along the y-direction.

5. Comparison of measured responses with results of the wind tunnel test 5.1. Description of the wind tunnel test Wind-induced vibrations of the roof structure were predicted based on the wind tunnel test results and compared with the measured acceleration during the typhoons and storm events. The test was conducted in the Wind Tunnel Laboratory of the Daewoo Institute of Construction Technology. Fig. 16 shows the test model for the wind tunnel test. The geometric scale of the model was 1/350. The roof of the test model was created as a double skin surface in which the wind pressure taps and tubes were installed to enable measurement of the wind pressure at both the upper and lower surfaces. Since the stadium is located in a coastal area that belongs to the Hurricane Prone Region according to the ASCE Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE, 2002), the exposure category and the power law exponent of the mean wind velocity prole of the model wind were set as open terrain and 0.15, respectively. The wind direction was adjusted to 651 from North to provide similar conditions to those in the Nabi and ShanShan typhoon

Fig. 16. Wind tunnel test model.

events. The average wind directions for Nabi and ShanShan were 59.791 and 68.201, respectively. The wind pressure was measured simultaneously at 298 wind pressure taps with a sampling frequency of 800 Hz. The measured pressures were digitally compensated to eliminate the effects of vibration of tubes, which connect pressure sensors and the pressure taps on the surface of the model. 5.2. Prediction of wind-induced responses Measured pressure data were transformed into wind forces at each tap location by multiplying their respective tributary area and were subsequently converted to a set of generalized forces by

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r.m.s. Acceleration (cm/s2 )

multiplying the mode shapes of each mode obtained from the FE model. The response of each mode was calculated by solving the generalized equation of the motions as Eq. (1), and the nal prediction was made by the superposition of the responses from considered modes. i t 2zi x _ i t oi xi t x 1

15
fn=0.95xorignal fn fn=1.05xorignal fn Storm Nabi Shan-Shan

10

fT i mfi

fi fi t

where oi and zi denote the circular natural frequency and the associated modal damping ratio of the ith mode, respectively, fi is the mode shape vector, xi(t) is the generalized displacement, and m and fi(t) are the mass matrix of the structure and the generalized wind force of the ith mode obtained from the integration of wind pressure, respectively. The solution of the generalized equation of motion for the ith mode given by Eq. (1) can be obtained using a conventional step-by-step numerical solution scheme, such as the Newmark method. As stated above, predictions of wind-induced response for structural design are made using the FE analysis and the wind tunnel test results without eld measurement data. Thus, modal properties and generalized mass in Eq. (1) were produced by the modal analysis of the FE model stated in Section 4. Since, generally, most of the wind load energy is located in the frequency range below 1 Hz, up to the rst ve modes whose natural frequencies were lower than 1 Hz were considered in the analysis. The damping ratios, on the other hand, should be based on the empirical values since no relevant analytical estimation procedure is available. However, in the case of long-span roof structures, data on the damping ratio based on the eld measurement are very limited. Previous studies indicated that measured damping ratios of roof structures ranged from 0.7% to 2.0% (Magalhaes et al., 2008; Tamura et al., 2005; Letchford et al., 2002; Chen et al., in press). However, since these values were obtained from various types of roof structures using various types of vibration test method, it is hard to specify the damping ratio for a certain type of structure. Thus, in this study, a value of 1.5%, which is the identied damping ratio corresponding to the highest wind speed was used for the analysis (refer to Section 3.1). Fig. 17 compares the measured accelerations with the estimated accelerations at A3 in terms of the rms values. The estimates were made at various wind velocities from 5 to 22 m/s with an increment of 1 m/s. Predicted response based on the mass values of the FE model (dotted line) shows somewhat higher than the measurement, especially at high wind speed. According to Li et al. (2000) wind-induced response of long-span roof structures are additionally affected by the aero-elastic damping and the added mass effect. The added mass refers to the additional mass corresponding to the kinetic energy of air ow, which was produced by the vibration of a membrane. The equation for the

10

15

20

25

Wind Velocity (m/s)

Fig. 18. Variation of wind-induced response prediction with respect to E5% change of the natural frequencies.

added mass was proposed as in Eq. (2) (Minami, 1998) MA ac rl 2

where r is the density of air, l is the length of the membrane, and ac is the added mass coefcient. As the value for the added mass coefcient, Minami proposed 0.68. Similar equation to Eq. (2) was also proposed by Irwin and Wardlaw (1979) using 0.282 for added mass coefcient. The dashed line and the solid line of Fig. 17 indicate the predictions based on the two different added mass coefcients, respectively. Both lines showed better predictions when the added mass effect was not considered. As can be seen in the gure, Minamis added mass coefcient shows better accuracy at high wind speed. As stated previously, the variations in the natural frequencies due to changes in the vibration amplitude and the temperature were about 5%. To see the impact of such variations of the dynamic properties on the response estimate, the dynamic analysis was repeated using natural frequencies that were 5% higher and lower than the original values. The results are plotted in Fig. 18. A value of 1.5% was used for the damping ratios as in Fig. 17. In addition, the added mass effect was considered based on Minamis added mass coefcient, which showed better predictions at high wind speed. As shown in Fig. 18, the differences in the response estimates were not signicant, which indicates that overall responses of the structure were not so sensitive to possible annual variations in the natural frequencies originating from the vibration amplitude and temperature change.

6. Conclusions Data obtained from eld measurements serves as the basis of understanding and predicting the behavior of structures subjected to various external effects. For large-span roof structures, few eld measurement data have been previously provided. Consequently, limited information about the dynamic properties under various environmental effects is available. Furthermore, the comparison of the analytical prediction of the dynamic properties with the measured values, which is an important step in validating the current analytical modeling techniques, has seldom been conducted. In this paper, a long-term monitoring of the acceleration response and applied wind at the steel-trussed roof structure of the World Cup Stadium in Jeju-do, Korea was carried out over a time period of more than four years, and the dynamic properties of the structure were extracted from the collected data using a

15
Structural Mass Only

r.m.s. Acceleration (cm/s2)

Considering Added Mass Effect(Irwin) Considering Added Mass Effect(Minami) Storm Nabi Shan-Shan

10

10

15

20

25

Wind Velocity (m/s)

Fig. 17. Comparison of predicted wind-induced accelerations at A3 (damping ratios 1.5%) with measured values.

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system identication technique. From the collected data, the relationship between the change in the dynamic properties of the roof structure, such as the natural frequencies and the modal damping ratios, and the variations in the vibration amplitude and the ambient temperature were investigated. It was observed that the natural frequencies decreased by about 5% and the damping ratios increased by more than twice with a ve-fold increase in the vibration amplitude. Observed natural frequencies increased by up to 5% when the temperature decreased by 27.2 1C. Such variations of modal properties are presumably caused by the changes in the geometric stiffness and aerodynamic damping effects. The identied natural frequencies under a mild climate condition were compared with the analytical predictions using the FE analysis program. In the FE model, the progressive application of loads during the construction phase was accounted for to accurately include the geometric stiffness and stress stiffening effects. The analytical natural frequencies showed good agreement with the measured values within a margin of error of 5%. Using the wind tunnel test results and the calculated analytical natural frequencies and mode shapes, the wind-induced response of the structure was estimated and compared with the measured acceleration during the typhoons and storm events. The estimated wind-induced responses showed reasonable agreement with the actual measured accelerations, and the accuracy of estimation in high wind speed range can be improved when the added mass effects was considered. References
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