1.1 Sarf 1. Patterns: (Vowellisation) identifying the patterns of vowellization associated with tenses 2.

Endings/Suffixes: designated suffixes which come at the end of verbs and reflect the gender, plurality of the pronoun. on or underneath it is called Any letter with a ( // ) Absence of vowel is called ) ( letters are the final consonant in a syllable. A syllable is the sound produced by coupling at least one consonant and one vowel. Consonants alone can not be pronounced. Like the word Qabla the part Qab is a single syllable because the baa is . , and the letter is said pronouncing of the letter twice, first with a sukoon, and then with a , is called or to be Weak letters or . They are also three in number: Combining a verb with its subject (mafool) tells you the following about the doer. 1. Gender 2. Plurality 3. Person (1st/2nd/3rd) 4. Voice (active/passive)

1.2 Lafdh: Utterance/Articulation any words that comes out of a persons mouth. Muhmal: Meaningless doesnt mean anything in the Arabic language. Mawdoo: Meaningful more utterances become meaningful as time passes, e.g. pepsi. Mufrad/Kalimah: Single word - Ism: indicates on a meaning within itself and is not linked to time. i) Jamid: Not derived from anything not anything derived from it. Words only found in dictionaries. ii) Mushtaq: Words (verbs/nouns) derived from the masdar. iii) Masdar: Source of derivation but not derived. - Fil: indicates on a meaning within itself and is also linked to time. i) Madee: Past tense ii) Mudaari: Present tense iii) Amr: Commanding iv) Nahi: Forbidding - Harf: does not indicate on a meaning within itself. i) : Governing Agent Affects (changes) the grammatical state of words after it. ii) / : Non-Governing Agent Doesnt affect (change) grammatical state of words after it. Governing: e.g. emotions/pronouns Words experience grammatical states that show on the word (sound/combo) due to the influence/interaction of other words. This happens in personal pronouns in English, he=doer, him=detail and his=possessive structure but all refer to male in 3rd person. All are in different statuses depending on how they are used in the sentence. Murakkab:More than one word Mufeed/Jumlah: conveys a complete idea, where if the person stops speaking there is benefit. Ghayr Mufeed/Fragment: More than a word but less than a sentence upon stopping no benefit is gained as a complete idea wasnt conveyed. 1.3 Simple past is the past tense without any distance indicated

 2.1 Nahw

Maroof: verb is directed at the subject which is also mentioned e.g. he helped Majhool: Verb directed to object and subject is missing. Characteristics of object shown by verb. : simple past-tense active positive ( ) : simple past-tense passive positive ( ) : simple past-tense active negative ( ) : simple past-tense passive negative ( )

a) Talks about the grammatical states of the 3 parts of speech and the effect of status on the word. b) How to arrange words to result in a meaningful structure (valid/invalid). Musnad ilayh: primary part of all sentences topic Musnad: descriptive part about the subject comment Is expresses internal relationship between the words copula Jumlah Filiyyah: Begins with a fil fail, fil(details not necessary) Jumlah ismiyyah: Begins with an ism mubtada khabr (Everything before is= subject Everything after is= predicate) Problem: Arabic has no is Given lack of is its hard to find musnad and musnad ilayh in long sentences Problem: Arabic no sequence needed how to determine verb/doer/detail in verbal sentences? Status tells us. 2.2 2.3 Present perfect tense ( /): relates a past action to a present time. Used when = I have cleaned the house (use of has/have) ( 2 tables no negative) /Fragments: Group of words linked together, not forming a complete sentence. Note on Idafa: Sequence invertedAllahs messenger=messenger of Allah (rasoolu Allahi) The grammatical state of the is subject to the governing agent. Mawsoof Sifah.

Past perfect tense: ( /) Adds had to a fil he had helped Suffixes will be the same for as they are for the verb it is coupled toe.g.

( 4 tables)